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This paper addresses the origin, evolution, and explosive profusion of the German Anglicism der Shitstorm referring to social media outrage across all registers in German. The word Shitstorm was declared Anglicism of the Year 2011 in the context of a project initiated by a group of German linguists that was designed to characterize Anglicisms as a positive contribution to the German lexicon. Using detailed corpus analysis, this paper explains the origin of the English etymon, its evolution and resemanticization over time. By comparing data from news media corpora in English and German, this study explains why the Anglicism Shitstorm is not perceived as vulgar in German. While German linguists behind the Anglicism of the Year intended to change the negative perception of the increasing influence of English in contemporary German, this analysis explains why Anglicisms like Shitstorm in German can be problematic in international contexts. From a wider perspective on the semiotics of a general German Anglophilia, the profusion of the Anglicism Shitstorm in German is representative of precisely the social media practices the word is used to describe. The case of the Anglicism der Shitstorm in German is therefore symptomatic of the influence social media have on all media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the theoretical assumptions and content of Nowy słownik zapożyczeń angielskich w polszczyźnie (A New Dictionary of Anglicisms in Polish) that is being compiled by three Kraków scholars. The dictionary will include the newest direct loanwords and various types of calqued expressions sourced in English. We discuss data sources, the solutions we adopted to structure the dictionary entries, as well as the criteria used for data selection. The paper also addresses methodological issues that concern the etymology, identification, excerption, classification and description of loanwords and calques of English origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RILCE. Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper introduces the concept of pseudoanglicism to Czech lexical studies. It sketches its history and use in the literature. It outlines the standard account of foreign word adaptation in Czech to bring out the distinction between adaptation and neologization. The adopted approach develops Duckworth's (1977) broad definition of pseudoanglicisms. Whether including only English elements (baby-box, basket) or both English and Czech ones (hokejista, soráč, onlinovka, etc.), the pseudoanglicism is a neologism rather than a simple loanword: a lexeme with a new form and a meaning of its own and no formal counterpart in English. Another possibility is that a lexeme (largely) retains its English form but acquires a different meaning in Czech (sprayer, mixér). In any case what separates English-based neologisms from adapted loanwords is their meaning peculiar to Czech. The different types of Czech pseudoanglicisms are illustrated using a sample of 516 items. The paper argues for the desirability to differentiate between anglicisms and pseudoanglicisms. The latter transcend linguistic borrowing, bearing witness to the active role of Czech speakers who employ English elements to produce Czech neologisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Polish Linguistics is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annual Review of the Faculty of Philosophy / Godisnjak Filozofskog Fakulteta is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ScienceRise: Pedagogical Education is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzing a corpus of over 36,000 words of foreign origin and 33,000 native words, the paper presents a detailed account and comparison of the distribution of consonant-vowel combinations in Czech. These combinations are discussed according to their vowel class. Both combinations typical for foreign-origin words and combinations typical for native words were found. In some cases, the typicality is predictable from the phonemes in the combinations (i.e. from the phonemes typical for either type of vocabulary), but there are many combination types for which this is not possible. The paper concludes with a discussion of the factors that may influence the distribution of consonant-vowel combinations, including sound changes, phoneme frequency, morphological processes, and universal preferences in the combinability of consonants with vowels. Special attention is paid to loanwords from English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Sciences & Humanities Studies / Društvene i Humanističke Studije (DHS) is the property of Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to identify some implied sense markers in the poetic text to draw translators' attention to their reproduction and scholars of translation on their analysis. This paper pioneers the idea that poetic implied sense as a psycholinguistic category is interpreted as The study of the creation, decoding, and translation of implied sense as a constituent of a poem's macro-image structure in general, and with the untranslatable form of poetical implied sense based on Anglicism dispersion in the text of the American verse in particular, contributes to a better perception of the original poem and promotes finding ways of its adequate reconstruction in translation. making primary content of a poem and is considered a dominant image in poetic translation. Semantic context significance in poetic implied sense interpretation and translation are revealed. The presence of implied sense in poems is characterized by the text markers that help disclose it and direct translators. Poetical implied sense is determined as implied sense image functioning within a poem macro-image structure. Implied sense image decoding and rendering requires prior examination of the system of inner textual and extra-textual context relationships and psycholinguistic aspects of poetic discourse. Among the main tools applied in this study is the method of macro-analysis of a poetic work, which involves comparison of the original and translation at the level of autosemantic, synsemantic and subsemantic (implied sense) images and, in particular, text analysis to identify purely linguistic and psycholinguistic implied sense markers for its decoding and reproduction in translation, and factor analysis (principal components method) to determine the features of the semantics of the poetic original and translated texts. As a result of this research, it is discovered that signals-markers of the poetic implied sense are simultaneous actualization of the meanings of the same word and scattered inclusions of Anglicisms in American verse, which form an implied sense that is difficult to translate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the impact of English observed in the language of an international magazine Cosmopolitan. The research was conducted taking into account three language versions of the monthly magazine: Russian, Polish and Spanish. Factual material was excerpted from the periodicals published in 2017-2021. Taking up this topic stems from the need to fill the gap in research on the language of luxury magazines, which have a great influence on forming the canons of linguistic norms and the linguistic awareness of their readers. The aim of the study is to analyze the collected Anglicisms (mainly loanwoard) in terms of their function, way of adaptation and presentation in the text space. Determining the reasons for the popularity of foreign forms in a given language space is also an important point of analysis. An additional assumption of the publication is to indicate the connections between the use of borrowings and the ideological concept of the magazine with cosmopolitanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Slawistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to analyse post-1989 Anglicisms in present-day Slovak. Central concepts of the study are neologisms (new items in the lexicon of a language), present-day Slovak (the Slovak language from 1989 onwards), borrowing (one of several ways of lexical enrichment) and adaptation (the process of adapting loans into Slovak as a recipient language). The most extensive part consists of sections devoted to particular adaptation processes on the levels of phonology, orthography, morphology, word-formation, semantics and pragmatics. Finally, the paper addresses the issues of the variability and synonymy of English borrowings in Slovak.

In the analysis of language contact and borrowing, the category of internationalism denotes lexical items that are formally and semantically similar across unrelated languages, mainly of neo-classical origin. Internationalisms are characteristically unmarked for a specific national provenance, like the pair En electricity / It elettricità. On the other hand, many similar examples, such as En romantic and It romantico, are the result of borrowings from English into Italian, a fact that can be established only on historical grounds, because the word itself does not reveal any trace of foreignness to the lay Italian speaker, being Italian a Latin-based language. In this paper, the lexical category of internationalism will be defined and set apart from other outcomes of language contact, like direct and indirect Anglicisms, Anglo-Latinisms, and other forms of linguistic kinship between these two, partly unrelated, European languages. Linguistic factors such as etymology, route of transmission, and non-linguistic ones such as historical events and motivation for borrowing (Wexler 1969) are used for this analysis, which will be applied to relevant examples of Italian vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The influence of English on German has grown in the last decades and is likely to continue. The aim of this paper is to investigate the occurrence of Anglicisms in the travel magazine Lonely Planet Traveller Deutschland (October, 2014). The particular focus is on the parts of speech and word formation types they represent. First we make an attempt to define the terms loanword and Anglicism. In the second part we present and discuss the results of our corpus linguistic study. The findings of the study show the dominance of nouns in the analysed Anglicisms (especially hybrid nominal compounds). The research can be of significance for further studies on the language of tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the types of English borrowings contained in the Global Anglicism Database (GLAD) with a special focus on multi-word and phraseological units. GLAD is a newly-planned online lexicographic tool, currently in progress, designed to store the input of English borrowings in an open-ended number of languages. One of the major challenges posed by the building of GLAD's macrostructure is bringing together English borrowings in languages that have been differently influenced by English, not only because of diverse genetic and historical contacts but also because of different ways of integrating foreign loans, depending on their systems (through direct borrowing, adaptation or calquing) and their degree of openness to 'Anglicization'. Types of multi-word and phraseological units are presented and classified, drawing on entries already recorded in GLAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The paper proposes a new analytical apparatus for the study of borrowing of discourse-pragmatic items. [•] Pragmatic borrowing includes the borrowing of discourse markers, interjections, expletives, vocatives, intonation, gestures, etc. [•] Pragmatic borrowing is often characterised by post hoc adaptation, which may be functional narrowing, broadening or shift. [•] The paper offers a case study of functional adaptation of the English-based expletive fuck and the discourse markers yeah right, sorry and hello in Norwegian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the reception of new anglicisms by native speakers of Serbian, from semantic and pragmatic viewpoints, through theoretical and empirical observations. The main goal of the paper is to demonstrate to what extent and in what ways speakers understand anglicisms which they regularly encounter in Serbian daily newspapers and weekly magazines. It is through Grice's Cooperative Principle that the relationship between the journalist and the reader is examined and described. The conclusions are based on an analysis of the results of a large-scale research project conducted on a representative sample of native speakers who constitute the target readership of the selected newspapers and magazines. The research tool – an extensive written questionnaire – was created on the basis of a large corpus of anglicisms extracted from non-specialist daily and weekly press. The results of the analysis corroborate the initial hypothesis that there are varying degrees of noise in the communication channel between the journalist and reader, and that the journalist does not adhere to the Cooperative Principle. The way in which one of its maxims is regularly disregarded cannot fit into the existing classification and displays characteristics of a new category here termed ‘neglecting the maxim of manner’.

Highlights • Comprehension of anglicisms by the target audience is essential. • The communicative intent of a message shapes the usage of non-catachrestic anglicisms. • Pragmatic markedness of non-catachrestic anglicisms benefits the image of adult-contemporary radio stations. • Diachronic development of non-catachrestic innovations from M- to I-implicatures does not favour their frequency. Abstract This paper explores the usage of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicism occurrences in radio station imaging materials. These programme elements are taken from a transcribed radio corpus and analysed by means of examining quantitative data and qualitative interviews with 19 journalists. The linguistic analysis of the station imaging content is grounded in the concept of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms developed by Onysko and Winter-Froemel (2011) , which redefines the traditional distinction of luxury and necessary loans in German. Based on a second study by Winter-Froemel et al. (2014) , which analyses reasons for the success of some non-catachrestic anglicisms over others, this study examines if the significant factors discovered in a print corpus by the above named study can also be discovered in radio language. The factors analysed in station imaging materials include word length, diachronic development, semantic reasons and lexical field. It is the intention of this research to refine and extend the approach by Winter-Froemel et al. by means of examining each anglicism occurrence in the context of its semantic and pragmatic usage in station imaging elements. The results show that while some factors can be discovered in radio language too, comprehension by the target audience is overriding for the usage of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms in station imaging language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization has been a much debated phenomenon with consequences at all levels - social, economic, technical, scientific, cultural, every day life, in a word. Linguistic globalization, obvious more and more all over the world, manifested itself by Anglicization or Americanization of most current languages which, at least in what concerns their basic stock of words, allowed English and American loans to enter their vocabulary. The paper tackles the problem of linguistic globalization in Romanian and the reactions of the Romanian linguists and men of letters towards this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Departing from the traditional and controversial distinction between necessary and luxury loans, this paper proposes a differentiation into catachrestic and non-catachrestic innovations which mirror two general pragmatic effects of borrowings. As such, the paper deconstructs the notions of necessary and luxury loans and proposes a new set of terms rooted in rhetorical tradition. At the same time, the criterion of semantic equivalence between borrowings and existing terms in a language is taken as a valid starting point for categorizing loans as catachrestic and non-catachrestic. Levinson''s theory of presumptive meanings supports this distinction since catachrestic anglicisms in German (e.g. E-Mail, Computer, and Internet) mainly bear I-implicatures (of informativeness) whereas borrowings such as cool, Kids, and Airport evoke M-implicatures (of manner) as marked lexical choices. This pragmatic framework is tested on about 100 highly frequent anglicisms in German. The study combines the consultation of major reference works with the analysis of usage-based data from a German newsmagazine corpus and the Internet. While the results show that a basic pragmatic classification of anglicisms in German is possible, usage-based evidence highlights that I- and M-implicatures are interwoven in a number of cases and that the pragmatic values of borrowings are susceptible to change over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper deals with the creation, the use and the functions of new words, so called neologisms, in French. Two diverse sources of new words are described – in magazines such as À Nous Paris and Les Inrockuptibles, and in colloquial speech, and therefore, two distinct types of neologisms are distinguished, that is “neologisms in magazines” and “neologisms in colloquial speech”. Comparing various word-formation processes, a special attention is paid to Anglicism, very frequently used in the analysed magazines. In conclusion, motivation of young French people to create neologisms and that of journalists are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fashion is one of the most influential social phenomenon nowadays. It is accesible to the general public through different means of communication, being gossip magazines one of them. Fashion is always changing and evolving. New styles and tendencies continuously emerge and are named with new words, usually English or "from the English language". This paper aims to examine the degree of use of these words in Spanish gossip magazines. Thus, several magazines have been analyzed and the Anglicisms related to fashion were recorded and classified according to formal typology, subject area and discourse marking. They were looked up in the online Oxford Dictionaries in order to find out their definition in English and their translation into Spanish and in the Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary (DRAE) to explore if these words were already accepted in the Spanish language. The number of Anglicisms found was quite high and most of them were non-adapted Anglicisms. They were usually garments, styles and general words used in fashion. Adjectives describing garments were also quite common. The number of voices admitted in the DRAE was not too high, probably being words newly arrived in the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate gender assignment to recently borrowed English loanwords in Dutch, introducing several innovations to the field of gender assignment to anglicisms. For example, we use multiple mixed-effects logistic regression to determine which factors underlie gender assignment in Dutch. This model indicates that there is variation in the degree of homogeneity in the speech community (that is, agreement among respondents) concerning the gender assigned to an anglicism; therefore, we analyze the contexts in which homogeneity is the lowest. Our analysis reveals that the degree of consensus does not solely depend on how established an anglicism is. In contrast to what has been argued in previous studies, gender assignment to anglicisms in Dutch is not a categorical process: Gender variation increases when respondents are faced with a conflict between the default article de and some factor that favors its neuter counterpart, het.* [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses Anglicism issues in Malay translations of printed catalogues in English. The research data is made up of 2,064 headlines collected manually from Cosway and Avon printed catalogues. This study uses an eclectic approach to analyse the research data collected. Therefore, for the purpose of data collection and analysis, this study utilises and modifies the loanword category in the Malay language proposed by Heah (1989) and Puteri Roslina (2012), and adopts Haugen's (1972) definition of loanwords, to classify Anglicism that exist in the translation version of advertising headlines. The findings show that translation, especially through the transference procedure, contributes to Anglicism in the said headlines. Loanwords can be classified into six types, namely unassimilated loanword, partially assimilated loanword, wholly assimilated loanword, orthographically assimilated loanword, assimilated compound loanword and truncated loanword. Based on the study conducted, the implication is translation contributes towards the existence of Anglicism in the translated version of Malay printed catalogues, which can be explained from positive and negative impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the use of six English verbs and phrases in Romanian which have barbarically been introduced into everyday language by corporate staff and young people today. Research is based on a questionnaire survey that was filled by 25-35 aged people in three different companies, as well as 18-25 aged students. The article focuses on the grammatical changes that occur when introducing foreign terms, as well as the users' preference and reasons for using a mixture of English and Romanian words and phrases intro Spoken Romanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no question nowadays as to the international and powerful status of English at a global scale and, consequently, as to its presence in non-English speaking countries at different levels. It is the languages which have mostly influenced French after the Two World War. So that now Anglicism exists in all levels of French. In this paper, besides the phenomenon of Anglicism, we will mainly focus on the reasons of increasing French interest in using of this phenomenon and also on the reactions taken against it in France. The method used in this research is descriptive – analytical. The Result of this study shows that there is no purely linguistic reason for “Anglicism” in a country like France. In fact this paper remarks that the strong impact of English on French rather than being influenced by linguistic reasons is influenced by the cultural & social reasons. Additionally, the finding shows that the French especially the youth like using English for several reasons which include “prestige”, “snobbery” and “superiority”. Amongst the mentioned reasons in this paper, what caused the French to worry about the spread of Anglicism is due to fear of the American cultural influence, what is changing in the American cultural hegemony.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the Anglicisms used in print press from Latin America. We are interested in to what extent the Anglicisms encountered in print media from Latin America are characteristic to the Hispanic-American space or if they enter in the category of general Anglicisms also used in peninsular Spanish. The Corpus on which we based our analysis consists of Anglicisms excerpted from some of the most prestigious journals from Latin America and Spain. We analyzed, during the year 2007, four newspapers on electronic format, from three states from Latin America and from Spain: El Universal – Mexico, El Tiempo – Columbia; La Nación – Argentina and El País – Spain. Once the corpus was created, in order to formulate appreciations of qualitative and quantitative nature regarding the distribution and productivity of the elements from our inventory we appealed to the three criteria of selection proposed in the study El español de América (Marius Sala, 1982), elaborated by the team of hispanists from the Linguistics Institute "Iorgu Iordan–Al. Rosetti": geographical criterion, productivity criterion and semantic richness criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among those areas linked to the forbidden, homosexuality has traditionally met one of the strongest interdictions. Given the taboo nature of homosexuality, it is our purpose in this paper to gain an insight into the axiological values that anglicisms present in the Spanish homosexual vocabulary. The analysis of the different types of anglicisms in a sample of 253 English borrowings reveals that pure anglicisms (including clippings and initialisms) are the most frequently used, followed by pseudoanglicisms. Calques, hybrids and adapted anglicisms are used less often to refer to homosexuality. The research carried out reveals that anglicized units perform different X-phemistic functions in homosexual discourse: not only that of softening or avoiding the use of a taboo term in Spanish but also displaying in-group solidarity or referring to homosexuality disparagingly. Homosexual-related anglicisms promote innovative uses of the Spanish language and provide evidence of a special kind of language used by homosexuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When lexemes are borrowed from a foreign language they go through different phases of integration, typically divided into four types: phonetic, orthographic, morphological, and semantic. The question of which gender to assign to a loanword and which gender assignment criteria to apply is still ambiguous in linguistics. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the regularities of gender assignment to lexicalized and non-lexicalized anglicisms in German within linguistics and glottodidactics. In addition, the present study also investigates the question of whether deviations in gender assignment, in the case of lexicalized anglicisms from our corpus, can be explained by their semantic differences. The corpus for our research is composed of a total of 194 scientific articles, containing a wide range of linguistic topics and issues in the field of glottodidactics. The analysis showed that different criteria are used to assign different genders. Thus, in the case of feminine and neutral nouns, the suffixal analogy prevails, while in the case of masculine nouns, semantic analogy and monosyllabicity play a greater role.

The article aims to identify some implied sense markers in the poetic text to draw translators' attention to their reproduction and scholars of translation on their analysis. The study of the creation, decoding, and translation of implied sense as a constituent of a poem's macro-image structure in general, and with the untranslatable form of poetical implied sense based on Anglicism dispersion in the text of the American verse in particular, contributes to a better perception of the original poem and promotes finding ways of its adequate reconstruction in translation. This paper pioneers the idea that poetic implied sense as a psycholinguistic category is interpreted as making primary content of a poem and is considered a dominant image in poetic translation. Semantic context significance in poetic implied sense interpretation and translation are revealed. The presence of implied sense in poems is characterized by the text markers that help disclose it and direct translators. Poetical implied sense is determined as implied sense image functioning within a poem macro-image structure. Implied sense image decoding and rendering requires prior examination of the system of inner textual and extra-textual context relationships and psycholinguistic aspects of poetic discourse. Among the main tools applied in this study is the method of macro-analysis of a poetic work, which involves comparison of the original and translation at the level of autosemantic, synsemantic and subsemantic (implied sense) images and, in particular, text analysis to identify purely linguistic and psycholinguistic implied sense markers for its decoding and reproduction in translation, and factor analysis (principal components method) to determine the features of the semantics of the poetic original and translated texts. As a result of this research, it is discovered that signals-markers of the poetic implied sense are simultaneous actualization of the meanings of the same word and scattered inclusions of Anglicisms in American verse, which form an implied sense that is difficult to translate.

Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle maga­zines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiq­uitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współ­czesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapoży­czone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).

Given the international tendency towards democracy, the relevance of standard languages, which are undeniably ideological and discriminatory in nature, is increasingly being questioned. In the Afrikaans speech community the legitimacy of Standard Afrikaans has been questioned since the 1980s due to its association with apartheid. In recent times this awareness of the politicisation of Standard Afrikaans has led some Afrikaans linguists to ask the question whether or not Afrikaans should be restandardised. In an attempt to provide an answer to this question, this paper investigates whether or not restandardisation is desirable from a sociolinguistic viewpoint. This is done by giving an overview of why Standard Afrikaans is not seen as being representative of the entire Afrikaans speech community since the 1980s, why it is necessary that the standard be redefined, and lastly, what the restandardisation of Afrikaans would entail in outline. There are various reasons why Afrikaans is not representative of the entire Afrikaans speech community, the first being that standardisers relied heavily on Dutch during the standardisation process. By introducing many Dutch loan words into Afrikaans and relying heavily on the Dutch morphosyntactic pattern, the natural development of Afrikaans was disturbed. This Dutchification of Standard Afrikaans gave the standard an artificial nature which made it difficult for speakers of Afrikaans to learn. As a result of anti-British sentiments after the South African War, the standardisation of Afrikaans was also characterised by opposition against Anglicisms in Afrikaans. An attempt was made to remove as many traces of English influence on Afrikaans as possible, thereby denying the real language contact situation. This anti-English attitude further alienated speakers from the standard and led to diglossia in the Afrikaans speech community. Lastly, the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans, especially those spoken by coloured speakers of Afrikaans, were disregarded during standardisation. Not only was Standard Afrikaans appropriated as a "white man's" language, but it was also based on Eastern Cape Afrikaans, which was mainly spoken by white speakers of Afrikaans. The stigmatisation of the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans led to discrimination against the speakers of these varieties on a social, educational and economic level. Vernacular speakers were marginalised as they were often excluded from all language domains for higher functions and have difficulty acquiring the standard language. Seeing as standardisation inhibits variation and strives towards uniformity of linguistic form, one could argue that the standard language cannot be representative of the entire speech community. This view on the standard language as a seemingly innocent variety ignores the fact that standardisation is ideologically motivated, as it favours the elite in a given speech community. This elitist situation is, however, no longer tenable in a democratic society. At the same time, one cannot deny that standard languages play an important role in the political, economic and educational life of a speech community. As democratising language planning, restandardisation can play an important role in resolving this tension in the standard language. As deliberate language planning from above and from below, aimed at revising the form and function of a standard language and influencing the linguistic behaviour of a speech community in order to create a democratic standard, restandardisation is aimed at correcting some social injustice or another in the speech community by standardising the language from a broader varietal base, thereby making the standard language more inclusive and empowering all speakers. This implies that Standard Afrikaans should be redefined in order to include all varieties of Afrikaans, as well as lessening the influence of Dutch on Afrikaans and giving recognition to the influence of English on Afrikaans. Although the Dutch burden on Standard Afrikaans has been lifted to a certain extent over the past years, there are Dutchisms in Afrikaans which make the language unnecessarily formal and alienate speakers. The restandardisation of Afrikaans thus entails that Dutch should no longer be used as norm for Afrikaans. Over the years there has also been greater realism with regard to the influence of English on Afrikaans, but there are still many English loans missing in Standard Afrikaans which have been prevalent in the vernacular for many years. The restandardisation of Afrikaans should lead to a greater acceptance of English influence on Afrikaans, as English often has an enriching effect on Afrikaans. Disregard of this influence may alienate speakers to such an extent that they decide to use English because they have difficulty acquiring Standard Afrikaans. Lastly, there has also been an increased acceptance of other varieties of Afrikaans into the standard. However, much still needs to be done, since especially coloured speakers of Afrikaans feel like strangers in their own language. Standard Afrikaans should be broadened to include not only lexical items from the vernacular varieties of Afrikaans, but also give recognition to grammatical differences. Restandardisation would further require that norms be determined in a democratic manner, so that all speakers may have a say in the structure of the standard. In this way, restandardisation can be utilised to reform Standard Afrikaans in order to serve the entire speech community, thereby reflecting the democratic ideals of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will make an approximation to the presence of words that come from the English language studying the Extremenian town of Mérida (Badajoz). To do this, from the implementation of the questionnaire for the study of the educated norm (Lope Blanch, 1972) and using as lexical base semantic fields of "the clothes", "the social life and entertainment" and the concepts of the theatre, the press, the film and the television (I have included also a subject area of internet), I will make a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus composed of 25000 words. In the corpus, I include the use of foreign voices and also the presence of Spanish versions to describe some terms of English origin. With this research, I intend to observe the spread of anglicisms in the locality and I want to also check how semantic fields are foreign terms and why the presence of these voices in the current spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being surrounded by English language leads us to think that anglicisms are found in everyday language. Innevitably, even children of primary school age come into contact with anglicisms. The online classes that were conducted, and due to the epidemic of the Kovid 19 virus, made the availability of words of foreign origin, in this case from the English-speaking area, even easier. The subject of this paper is to examine the differences in the use of anglicisms among pupils ofthe primary school in Kosovska Mitrovica, aged 9 to 12 years, in relation to sociodemographic variables (gender, grade and age of students, school successand educational level of parents and socioeconomic status of the family). Online survey was conducted offering words of Serbian and English origin with the aim of giving an insight into how many foreign words are used instead of domestic ones. The research found that a statistically significant difference exists only between pupils whose mothers are of different educational levels. Other hypotheses have not been confirmed.

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Copyright of Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas (RLLA) is the property of Universidat Politecnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)