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The aim of this study was determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain of Nellore steers. Thirty six Nellore steers with a average weight and age of 359±13 kg and 20 months at the beginning of the trial were individually fed for 56. The steers were fed the same diet (76.43% TDN and 13.62% CP) in three levels of dry matter (DM) intake, ad libitum, 75 g DM/kg BW0.75 and 60 g DM/kg BW0.75. The initial and final body composition was estimated with the marker deuterium oxide that allowed repeated water estimate in the same animal. Deuterium in blood samples was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of intake levels, comparison of intercept and slope among feeding level, and equations were evaluated by the analysis of variance, adopting P

ABSTRACT Currently, feed formulations for quail are based on foreign data or data from other species; this undermines productivity with the use of excessive or deficient levels of some nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional requirement levels of calcium (Ca) and supplementation vitamin D in meat-type quail from 1 to 14 d of age. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (levels of Ca: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74 and 0.90% and levels of vitamin D: 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 IU) with 3 replicate pens and 43 quails per pen. Weight gain increased quadratically with increased levels of Ca and vitamin D; this variable yielded estimated levels of 0.73% Ca and 2,883 IU vitamin D. There was no Ca x vitamin D interaction effect on bone variables. Bone Ca, bone phosphorus, bone ash, femoral bone strength, tibial bone strength and the femoral Seedor index increased quadratically with an increase in Ca levels. These variables yielded estimated values of 0.78, 0.71, 0.78, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.71% Ca, respectively. It is concluded that the requirements of Ca and vitamin D for the maximum weight gain of meat-type quails, in the period from one to 14 days of age, were 0.73% Ca (p=0.001) and 2,883 IU vitamin D (p=0.02), respectively.

Himachal Pradesh State encompasses total livestock population of 4.41 million in the year 2017, of which 55 % encompasses of bovine and 40.8 % encompasses of ovine population to total livestock population. District-wise trend analysis was performed from the year 2003 to 2017. The population of indigenous cattle has declined by 20.50 %, the population of crossbred cattle is increased by 20.73 % but the buffalo population was remained almost constant and the population of ovine was declined by 6.41 %.  The milk production in year 2018 accounted for 1460.33 metric tone and milk productivity 1.91, 4.72 and 3.38 kg per day from Indigenous, crossbred and buffalo respectively. The milk production increased by 2.28 %, 7.30 % and 3.85 % from indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle and buffalo respectively. The increased milk production in the state was mainly due to shift from indigenous cattle to crossbred dairy animals across state and increase in Lactating efficiency (LE). The predicted milk production in the state will be 1941 MT by 2030. The lactating efficiency of crossbreed occupied highest among the livestock in the Himachal with 51 per cent. Moreover the shift in growth rate of milk production would be in favor of crossbred rather than indigenous cattle and buffalo due to observed CAGR and LE trends in past. Therefore the favorable conditions including required infrastructure facilities such as subsidies, Higher AI centers, veterinary clinics and market access should be created for promoting crossbred cattle’s in Himachal Pradesh for the benefit and advancement of the dairy sector.

ABSTRACT A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ), based on growth performance, whole-body composition, muscle development, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Six isoproteic (345.0 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (19.51 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated, and crystalline L-lysine was added to obtain diets with lysine concentrations of 12.13, 13.31, 15.36, 18.79, 19.92, and 23.02 g kg−1 dry diet. Female adult lambari (n = 480; weight of 4.96±0.02 g) were distributed into 24 (70 L) aquaria and fed the experimental diets six times daily. Fish fed 12.13 to 19.92 g kg−1 lysine showed increased weight gain and percent weight gain, and fish from those treatments also showed improvement in final carcass quality by a decrease in whole-body lipid content. Fish fed 12.13 g kg−1 lysine showed lower ALT and AST activities in blood serum when compared with fish fed the highest lysine levels. No differences were observed in muscle growth in fish fed graded lysine levels. According to the broken-line model analysis of weight gain and dietary lysine levels, the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari is estimated at 18.72 g kg−1 (5.41% of dietary protein).

ABSTRACT The poultry market has changed due to a higher consumer interest on products with differentiated organoleptic characteristics, making of free-range broiler production a promising activity. This experiment was conducted to determine the digestible lysine requirements of Redbro Cou Nu male and female chickens during the starter phase (one to 21 days of age). Six hundred and thirty Redbro Cou Nu broilers were distributed into 30 pens (21 chickens/pen) according to a randomized complete design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of five levels of digestible lysine and two sexes, with three replicates (pens) per treatments. Diets with increasing digestible lysine levels (8.1, 9.5, 10.9, 12.3 and 13.7 g of digestible lysine per kg of diet) were offered ad libitum. The following performance traits were evaluated at the end of the experiment (d 21): feed intake, lysine intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. No interaction between dietary lysine level and sex was observed for the evaluated traits. The effect of sex was only detected on body weight gain, while effects of dietary lysine level were only detected on the feed intake. Males presented higher body weight gain than females. Lysine intake and body weight gain increased, and feed conversion ratio decreased as the level of dietary lysine increased. The best feed conversion ratio was obtained when birds were fed 12.95 g of digestible lysine per kg of diet.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a vegetal source of choline as a replacement of choline chloride in the diet for broilers from one to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age. In the first experiment, we used 1500 Cobb male broilers at one day of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with ten treatments, five repetitions and 30 birds per experimental unit. In the second experiment, we used 1000 Cobb male broiler at 22 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with ten treatments, five repetitions and 20 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of five levels of choline chloride 60% (400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 mg kg-1) and five levels of vegetal source of choline (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg kg-1). There was no difference between the performance parameters of broilers in the periods of one to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age. The use of up to 100 mg kg-1 of a vegetal source of choline can replace the use of choline chloride, in the studied levels, in corn-soybean meal diets for broilers from one to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age.

A uniform design (UD) was used to construct models to explain the growth response of Japanese quails to dietary metabolizable energy (ME), and digestible methionine (dMet) and lysine (dLys) under tropical condition. In total, 100 floor pens with seven birds each were fed 25 UD different diets containing 25 ME (2808-3092 kcal/kg), dMet (0.31-0.49% of diet), and dLys (0.91-1.39% of diet) levels from 7 to 14 d of age. A platform of artificial neural network based on UD (ANN-UD) was generated to describe the growth response of the birds to dietary inputs using random search. Artificial neural networks of body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were optimized using random search algorithm. The optimization the ANN-UD results showed that maximum BWG may be achieved with 2995 kcal ME/kg, 0.45% dMet, and 1.18% dLys of diet; and minimum FCR may be obtained with 3000 kcal ME/kg, 0.45% dMet, and 1.17% dLys of diet. The result of this study showed that a ANN and UD hybrid model can be used successfully to optimize the nutritional requirements of quail chicks.

We used 525 bullfrog tadpoles, distributed into 15 boxes with one tadpole per liter. The water was daily renewal (200%). The feeding regimes were constituted of five arrangements using seven commercial rations with levels of 22, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45 and 55% of crude protein (CP), supplied every 15 days. We used a random blocks design, subdivided plots with three replications. The subplots were constituted of five biometries: at the beginning of the experiment, at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The tadpoles submitted to feeding regime FR1, with 22, 32, 36, and 40% of CP, presented the highest consumption and the same performance as the others. Tadpoles that received FR5, with 40, 45, 45 and 50% of CP, presented greater weight, however, they showed smaller weight gain, greater consumption, conversion and mortality, indicating that this regime is expensive and not adequate for management. Feeding regimes FR2, with 28, 32, 36 and 40% of CP, and FR3, with 32, 36, 40 and 45% of CP, were more adjusted to this kind of management. Animals in all treatments showed higher performance that animals fed traditionally.

The inclusion of different sources and levels of vitamin C was evaluated on growth, survival, protein retention and health of Litopenaeus vannamei with initial weight of 5.90 ± 0.57 g. Five hundred and forty individuals were distributed in 27 cages in a completely randomized design in a 4x2 factorial scheme (four sources and two levels) (n = 3). The sources used were ascorbic acid crystal, coated ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid monophosphate and ascorbic acid PEG (polyethylene glycol) with two levels: 180 and 260 mg kg-1. No influence was observed (P>0.05) from the source, level of vitamin C nor interaction of these factors on growth, survival, retention of protein and parameters of health of the shrimp. Necrosis was observed in the abdomen of all animals. The use of vitamin C in sources and levels estimated for the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei weighing over 5 g shows no improvement in growth, survival, protein retention and health of shrimp.

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de fósforo na dieta de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) sobre a qualidade da água, o desempenho zootécnico, o rendimento corporal e a composição química da carcaça. Foram utilizados 100 juvenis com peso médio inicial de 25,9±1,32 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, às 8; 11; 14 e 17 h, com dietas extrusadas contendo 0,40; 0,55; 0,70; 0,85 e 1,0% de fósforo total. Não foram observadas diferenças nos parâmetros de qualidade de água, com exceção da concentração de ortofosfato na água, que apresentou aumento linear. Os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento corporal e composição química da carcaça não diferiram entre os níveis de suplementação de fósforo na dieta. A utilização de 0,40% de fósforo total atende às exigências de fósforo de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), além de disponibilizar menor concentração de ortofosfato da água.The objective of the present research was to evaluate phosphorus in diet for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles on water quality, livestock performance, body yield and carcass chemical composition. A total of 100 juveniles, 25.9±1.32 g average weight were randomly assigned into 20 fiberglass tanks, with five treatments and four replications. The fish were fed four times a day (8 and 11 a.m.; 2 and 5 p.m.), with extruded diets containing 0.40; 0.55; 0.70; 0.85 and 1.0 % total phosphorus. No differences were observed in water quality parameters, except for the concentration of orthophosphate in water, which presented linear increase. The parameters livestock performance, body yield and carcass chemical composition showed no differences for the levels of supplementation of phosphorus in diet. The use of 0.40% total phosphorus meets the requirements of phosphorus for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles, in addition to releasing lower concentration of orthophosphate in water.

The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de macrominerais de novilhos zebuínos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens suplementada com concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos, não-castrados, com idade e pesos médio iniciais de 7 meses e 180 kg. Foram abatidos oito animais-referência para determinação da composição corporal inicial. Os 16 animais restantes foram divididos em quatro lotes de quatro animais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Cada lote recebeu mistura mineral ou suplementos nos níveis de 0,75; 1,50 ou 2,25 kg/animal/dia. A meia-carcaça direita de oito animais, dois por grupo, foi dissecada em músculo, gordura e ossos e todos os constituintes do corpo foram pesados para determinação do peso de corpo vazio e da composição corporal. As exigências líquidas de cálcio e fósforo para um animal de 400 kg de peso corporal foram, respectivamente, 11,13 g e 5,40 g. Para estimar as exigências dietéticas de mantença e, posteriormente, somá-las às exigências dietéticas para ganho, no intuito de se obter as exigências dietéticas totais, foram adotadas as perdas endógenas e a biodisponibilidade presentes na literatura para cada macroelemento mineral. As exigências dietéticas totais de cálcio, fósforo, magnesium, sódio e potássio para um animal de 400 kg de PC com ganho diário de 1,0 kg foram, respectivamente, 34,59; 17,36; 7,82; 5,19 e 41,11 g/dia. As exigências em macrominerais de bovinos de corte sob suplementação a pasto são semelhantes às recomendadas pelo BR-Corte para bovinos de corte em confinamento.

Avaliou-se a exigência de proteína bruta (PB) e energia digestível de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) no período de 45 dias. Utilizaram-se 150 alevinos com peso médio de 0,40 ± 0,08 g, distribuídos em 30 aquários de 30 litros, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial 3 x 2, composto de três níveis de PB (25, 30 e 35% de PB) e dois de energia digestível (3.250 e 3.500 kcal de ED/kg), totalizando seis dietas e cinco repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas quatro vezes ao dia. O ganho de peso aumentou de forma linear, enquanto a conversão alimentar diminuiu, também de forma linear, de acordo com os níveis de PB. A energia digestível influenciou somente o ganho de peso, cujo melhor resultado foi observado nos animais alimentados com rações contendo 35.00 kcal de energia digestível. A conversão alimentar não foi afetada pelos níveis de energia digestível. Ocorreu interação entre os níveis de PB e ED para a composição corporal em umidade, proteína e lipídeos. Níveis de 35% de PB e 3.500 kcal de energia digestível proporcionam melhores resultados zootécnicos sem afetar a composição química da carcaça de alevinos de piavuçu, portanto, a relação energia:proteína indicada é de 10 kcal/g de PB.The aim of this study was to evaluate the requirement of crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) in piavuçu fingerlings (Leporinus macrocephalus), for a period of 45 days. It was used 150 fingerlings with average weight of 0.40 ± 0.08g, distributed in 30 aquariums (30L) in a completely randomized design in a 3x 2 two-factorial scheme composed of three levels of crude protein (25, 30 and 35% of crude protein) and two levels of digestible energy (3,250 and 3,500 kcal of DE/kg), totaling six diets and five replicates. The rations were given four times a day. Weight gain linearly increased while feed conversion decreased, also in a linear fashion, according to crude protein levels. Digestible energy only influenced weight gain whose best result was observed on animals fed diets containing 3,500 kcal digestyble energy. Feed conversion was not affected by levels of digestible energy. A significant interaction occurred among CP and DE levels for body composition in moisture, protein and lipids. Levels of 35% of CP and 3,500 kcal of DE provide better zootechnical results without affecting chemical composition of carcass of piavuçu fingerlings, so the suggested energy:protein ratio is 10 kcal/g CP.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) criados em tanques-rede e alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de proteína bruta (PB) e energia digestível (ED). Foram utilizados 3.960 peixes com 293,38 ± 5,67 g de peso inicial, distribuídos em 18 tanques-rede de 5 m³, com 220 peixes por unidade experimental (44 peixes/m³), em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, composto de três níveis de proteína bruta (25, 30 e 35%) e dois de energia digestível (3.250 e 3.500 kcal/kg). O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia (às 9 h, 11h30min, 14 h e 17 h) até a saciedade aparente dos animais. Não foram observadas diferenças no ganho de peso, na taxa de sobrevivência, na conversão alimentar aparente nem na taxa de crescimento específico. No entanto, houve diferença na deposição de gordura visceral, que foi maior nos animais alimentados com as rações de maior nível energético. Também não foi observada influência dos níveis de proteína e energia da dieta nos teores de umidade, proteína bruta, matéria mineral e lipídio dos filés. Rações contendo 25% de proteína bruta e 3.250 kcal/kg de energia digestível promovem melhores resultados de desempenho.The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) raised in cages and fed diets containing levels of crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE). It was used 3.960 fish with an average initial weight of 293.38 ± 5.67 g, distributed in 18 net-ponds with 5 m³, with 220 fish per experimental unit (44 fish/m³) in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme composed of three levels of crude protein (25, 30 and 35%) and two levels of digestible energy (3,250 and 3,500 kcal/kg). Feeding was performed four times a day (9:00 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.) until apparent satiety of the animals. No differences were observed for weight gain, survival rate, apparent feed conversion and specific growing rate. Nevertheless, there was a difference on visceral fat deposition which was higher for animals fed ration with higher energy level. It was not observed influence of levels of protein and energy of the diet in contents of moisture, crude protein, mineral matter and lipids in the fish fillets, either. Rations containing 25% of crude protein and 3,250 kcal/kg of digestible energy promote better performance results.

Verificou-se o efeito dos teores de cálcio (Ca) na dieta sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas durante o terço final do ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 350 codornas, com 313 dias de idade, distribuídas em 35 unidades experimentais de 10 aves. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, composto de cinco níveis de Ca - 2,2; 2,6; 3,0; 3,4; 3,8% -, com sete repetições. O aumento do Ca na dieta melhorou linearmente a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos, melhorou a espessura de casca e influenciou o peso da gema e da casca dos ovos, além da porcentagem da casca. Observou-se redução nos teores de P, Ca e Mg na casca com o aumento dos níveis de Ca da dieta. Para os demais parâmetros, não houve efeito do teor de Ca da dieta. Considerando-se a importância da conversão alimentar, em termos econômicos e de desempenho, o teor de 3,8% de Ca na dieta mostrou-se satisfatório em atender às demais variáveis relacionadas com a qualidade dos ovos. Dieta que contenha 3,8% de Ca, correspondendo ao consumo diário de 982mg por ave, melhora a conversão alimentar e a qualidade da casca dos ovos de codornas japonesas no terço final do ciclo de produção (45 a 57 semanas de idade).The effect of calcium (Ca) levels in the diet on performance and egg quality of Japanese quail during the final third of the production cycle was evaluated. A total of 350 313-day-old quails was used. They were distributed in 35 experimental units of 10 birds. The design was completely randomized, composed of five levels of Ca (2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4 and 3.8%), with seven replications. The increase of Ca in the diet linearly improved the feed conversion per dozen eggs, improved the shell thickness, and influenced the weight of yolk and egg shell as well the percentage of shell. There was reduction in levels of P, Ca, and Mg in the shell with increasing levels of Ca in the diet. For other parameters, no effect of calcium levels in the diet was recorded. Considering the importance of feed conversion in economic terms and performance, the level of 3.8% Ca in diet showed satisfactory to meet the other variables related to egg quality. Diet containing 3.8% Ca, corresponding to a daily intake of 982mg per bird, improves feed conversion and egg shell quality of Japanese quails in the final third of the production cycle (45-57 weeks old).

Two experiments using Cobb broiler chicks from 8 to 35 days of age were carried out to evaluate the effect of reducing levels of calcium and available phosphorus in diets supplemented with 500 ftu phytase/kg on the performance of the birds, the content of ashes in the tibia, the metabolizable energy of the diet, and the metabolizability of the dry matter and crude protein. It was used 1,404 broiler chicks in the experiment 1 to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, food conversion and percentage of the ashes in the tibia. In the experiment 2, simultaneously carried out with experiment 1, a total of 390 birds were transferred to a metabolism room to determine the metabolizable energy and metabolizability of the dry matter and crude protein. It was used in the two experiments, a complete random design in a 3 × 4 + 1 factorial scheme with three levels of available phosphorus (0.375; 0.325; and 0.275%) and four levels of calcium (0.85; 0.75; 0.65 and 0.55%) in the diets, supplemented with phytase. It was also used a control diet without phytase, based on corn and soybean bran, formulated with 0.425% of available phosphorus and 0.85% of calcium. In the experiment 1, the reduction of levels of calcium and phosphorus did not cause a significant difference on the performance and percentage of bone ashes. The levels of calcium and available phosphorus used in the experiment 2 can be reduced down to 0.65 and 0.325%, respectively, because the effects are similar to those obtained with the currently suggested levels.Dois experimentos com pintos de corte da linhagem Cobb no período de 8 a 35 dias de idade foram realizados para avaliar o efeito da redução dos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) em rações suplementadas com 500 ftu de fitase/kg sobre o desempenho das aves, o teor de cinzas na tíbia, a energia metabolizável (EMAn) da dieta e a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB). No experimento 1, foram utilizados 1.404 pintos de corte para avaliação do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso, da conversão alimentar e da porcentagem de cinzas na tíbia. No experimento 2, conduzido simultaneamente ao primeiro, um total de 390 aves foram transferidas para uma sala de metabolismo para determinação da EMAn e da metabolizabilidade da MS e PB. Nos dois experimentos, utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 4 + 1, com três níveis de fósforo disponível (0,375; 0,325 e 0,275%) e quatro níveis de cálcio (0,85; 0,75; 0,65 e 0,55%) nas dietas, suplementadas com fitase. Também foi usada uma dieta controle sem fitase, à base de milho e farelo de soja, formulada com 0,425% de fósforo disponível e 0,85% de cálcio. No experimento 1, a redução dos níveis de cálcio e fósforo não ocasionou diferença significativa no desempenho e na porcentagem de cinzas ósseas. Os níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível utilizados no experimento 2 podem ser reduzidos em até 0,65 e 0,325%, respectivamente, pois os efeitos são semelhantes aos obtidos com os níveis atualmente recomendados.

Foram realizados três experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para aves da linhagem ISA Label, de ambos os sexos, criadas em semiconfinamento durante as fases: inicial (1 a 28 dias), de crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias). Em cada experimento, foram utilizadas 480 aves, alojadas em 24 piquetes, cada um contendo abrigo coberto de 3,13m² e área de pastejo de 72,87m². O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de lisina e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090 e 1,210% na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990 e 1,110% na fase de crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880 e 1,000% na fase final. Foram mensuradas as variáveis de desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. Com base nos resultados de desempenho, recomendam-se 1, 041; 1,006 e 0,760% de lisina digestível em rações para aves ISA Label nas fases inicial, de crescimento e final, respectivamente.Three assays were carried out to determine digestible lysine requirement for ISA Label, both genders, in free-range system on starter (1 to 28 days), growing (28 to 56 days) e finishing phases (56 to 84 days). A total of 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13m²) and pasture (72.87m²). The experimental design was a completely randomized in factorial arrangement (four levels of lysine and two genders) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.85, 0.97, 1.09, and 1.21% for starter; 0.75, 0.87, 0.99, and 1.11% for growing; and 0.64, 0.76, 0.88, and 1.00% for finishing phases. The analyzed parameters were performance, carcass yield, protein and fat deposition, weight, and protein in the feathers. Based on bird performance the estimated digestible lysine level, was 1.041, 1.006, and 0.760% for the starter, growing and finishing phases, respectively.

Estudou-se a exigência de lisina total para a linha EV1 de codornas de corte na fase de crescimento utilizando-se 288 aves, de ambos os sexos, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, cujos tratamentos consistiram de dietas com seis níveis de lisina total, 1,4; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7; 1,8 e 1,9%, e quatro repetições de 12 codornas por unidade experimental. Estudaram-se o ganho de peso (g), o peso corporal ao final de cada período (g), o consumo alimentar (g) e a conversão alimentar (g de alimento/g de peso) nos períodos inicial (do nascimento ao 21º dia) e total (do nascimento ao 42º dia de idade). No período inicial não se observou efeito do nível de lisina sobre o consumo alimentar, mas houve efeito quadrático sobre o peso corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, com máximo desempenho nos níveis de 1,74; 1,75 e 1,70% de lisina total, respectivamente. Para o período total houve efeito quadrático do nível de lisina da dieta sobre o peso no 42º dia, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar, com máximo desempenho das codornas nos níveis de 1,65; 1,65; 1,62 e 1,64% de lisina total, respectivamente. A exigência de lisina total para ganho de peso de machos e fêmeas de codornas de corte do nascimento ao 21º dia foi estimada em 1,75% e do nascimento ao 42º dia, em 1,65% da dieta.Total lysine requirements for EV1 meat type quail line, during the growing phase were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with four level of lysine (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9%) and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. The recorded traits were weight gain (g), body weight (g), feed intake (g), feed:weight gain ratio (g/g) for the initial (from hatch to 21days of age) and total period (from hatch to 42 days of age). The effects of lysine level on body weight, weight gain and feed:weight gain ratio were quadratic and significant with maximum values estimated for 1.74, 1.75 and 1.70% of total lysine respectively, but no effect on feed intake from hatch to 21 days of age was observed. Significant effects of lysine level on feed intake and feed : weight gain ratio from hatch to 42 days of age and on body at 42 days of age were observed, with maximum values estimated for 1.65, 1.65, 1.62, 1.64% of total lysine in the diets . The total lysine requirements for weight gain (males and females) from hatch to 21 days of age were estimated in 1.75% and from hatch to 42 days of age in 1.65% of the diet.

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de lisina digestível em rações suplementadas ou não com ractopamina (RAC) sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação. Quarenta suínos, híbridos comerciais, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 - dois níveis de lisina digestível (0,67 e 0,87%), com ajuste para os demais aminoácidos para a relação de proteína ideal, e dois níveis de RAC (0 e 5,0 ppm) - em um período de 28 dias. A suplementação com RAC resultou em maiores ganho de peso diário e taxa de deposição de carne magra diária e melhor conversão alimentar. Os níveis de lisina não influíram no desempenho dos animais, porém reduziram a espessura de toucinho nos pontos P1 e P2 e aumentaram a taxa de deposição de carne magra diária na carcaça de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo 0,87% de lisina digestível quando avaliadas in vivo. Concluiu-se que as características de desempenho e de carcaça dos suínos alimentados com ração suplementada com RAC na fase de terminação melhoraram, porém, o efeito da RAC sobre a profundidade de lombo foi maior no nível de 0,87% de lisina digestível.An experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of different lysine levels in diets supplemented or not with ractopamine (RAC) on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows. Forty commercial hybrid swines were distributed to a randomized experimental block design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two digestible lysine levels (0.67 and 0.87%), with adjustment for the others amino acids to achieve an ideal protein relationship, and two levels of RAC (0 and 5.0 ppm) in a period of 28 days. Supplementation with RAC resulted in a higher daily weight gain and of daily lean meat deposition rate, and better feed conversion. The lysine levels did not affect the performance of the animals, however there was a reduction of backfat thickness on P1 and P2 points and increased the daily lean meat deposition rate on the carcass of swine fed with diets containing 0.87% of digestible lysine when in vivo evaluated. In conclusion, performance and carcass characteristics of swine fed with diets supplemented with RAC in the finishing phase improved; however the effect of RAC on the loin depth was higher for the higher level of 0.87% of digestible lysine.

Estudou-se a exigência de proteína bruta para a linha EV1 de codornas de corte na fase de crescimento utilizando-se 288 aves, de ambos os sexos, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, cujos tratamentos foram dietas com seis níveis proteína bruta, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 e 33%, e quatro repetições de 12 codornas por unidade experimental. Nos períodos de estudo - inicial (do nascimento ao 21º dia) e total (do nascimento ao 42º dia de idade) - foram registrados o peso corporal (g), o ganho de peso (g), o consumo de ração (g) e a conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de peso). No período inicial houve efeito quadrático do nível de proteína da dieta sobre peso corporal, ganho de peso e consumo alimentar, com máximo desempenho nos níveis de 30,2; 30,1; e 30,8%, respectivamente. Efeito quadrático significativo foi observado no peso no 42º dia de idade, com pico máximo em 30,2% de proteína bruta. Do nascimento ao 42º dia de idade, observou-se efeito quadrático do nível de proteína bruta sobre o ganho de peso e o consumo alimentar, com ponto de máximo para ganho de peso em 29,5 e maior consumo em 32,6% de PB. Houve efeito linear significativo do nível protéico sobre a conversão alimentar. A exigência de proteína bruta para o máximo ganho de peso de codornas de corte em crescimento do nascimento ao 21º dia de idade foi estimada em 30,1% e do nascimento ao 42º dia, em 29,4% da dieta.Crude protein requirements for EV1 meat type quails were estimated using 288 quails of both sexes in a completely randomized experimental design with six crude protein levels (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 32%) and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. The following traits were recorded in each experimental period (from hatch to 21 days and from hatch to 42 days of age): body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed:weight gain ratio. From hatch to 21 days of age quadratic effects of crude protein levels on live body weight, weight gain and feed intake were observed and maximum performances were estimated for quails fed 30.2; 30.1; and 30.8% crude protein diets, respectively. Quadratic effect of protein level on body weight at 42 days of age was significant and quails fed 30.2% crude protein diets showed maximum performance. Quails fed 29.5 and 32.6% crude protein diets from hatch to 42 days showed maximum weight gain and feed intake while feed:weight gain ratio was negative and linearly related to crude protein level of diet. Crude protein requirement for weight gain (male and female), from hatch to 21 days of age is estimated in 30.1% and from hatch to 42 days of age in 29.5%.

Estudou-se a exigência de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável para codornas européias em crescimento, em cinco períodos experimentais, de sete dias cada. Foram utilizadas 384 codornas de ambos os sexos, com sete dias de idade em delineamento experimental utilizado inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 2×4, dois níveis de energia (2900 e 3100kcal de EM/kg de ração) e quatro níveis de proteína (22, 24, 26 e 28% de PB), com seis repetições de oito animais cada. Foram estudadas as variáveis ganho de peso (g), peso acumulado (g), consumo de ração (g) e conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de peso). Observou-se efeito linear dos níveis de proteína no primeiro período e quadrático nos demais períodos sobre o ganho de peso das aves. Os níveis de proteína foram estimados em 28,0% (2900kcal de EM/kg), 25,7% (3100kcal de EM/kg), 27,9%, 24,8% (3100kcal de EM/kg) e 23,1% (2900kcal de EM/kg) para o segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto período, respectivamente.Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels during five experimental periods of seven days each of the growing phase for European quail were determined. A total of 384 quails of both sexes were used in a completely randomized design in a 2×4 (energy and crude protein) factorial treatment with six replications of eight quails each. The metabolizable energy levels were 2900 and 3000kcal of ME/kg of diet and the crude protein levels were 22, 24, 26 and 28%. The analyzed variables were weight gain (g), accumulated weight (g), feed consumption (g), feed:gain ratio (g/g). Performance responses were evaluated by linear and quadratic regression of the traits on crude protein levels. Higher weight gains from the following protein and metabolizable energy levels combinations: 28.0% PB and 2900 kcal EM/kg (first period); 25.7% CP and 3100kcal ME/kg (second period); 27.9% and 2900kcal ME/kg (third period); 24.8% PB and 3100kcal/kg (fourth period) and 23.1% CP and 2900kcal/kg (fifth period).

Estudou-se a exigência de metionina + cistina total para codornas de corte em crescimento durante os períodos inicial (sete a 21 dias) e final (22 a 42 dias de idade). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições de 13 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,73; 0,79; 0,85; 0,91; 0,97 e 1,03%). Foram estudadas as variáveis: ganho de peso (g), peso final no período (g), consumo de dieta (g) e conversão alimentar (g de dieta/g de peso). As respostas de desempenho foram obtidas por meio de modelos de regressão linear e quadrática. Codornas de corte alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,95% de metionina + cistina total no período inicial (sete a 21 dias) e 0,73% de metionina + cistina total no período final (22 a 42 dias) de criação obtêm máximo ganho de peso.Total methyonine + cystine requirements during the initial (7-21 days of age) and final period ( 22-42 days of age) of the growing phase were estimated for meat type quails in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments, five replicates and 13 quails per experimental unit. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), feed consumption (g) and feed : weight gain ratio (g/g) were evaluated for quails fed on .73, .79, .85, .91, .97 and 1.03% methyonine + cystine diets. Meat type quails fed .95% and .73% methyonine + cystine diets during the initial (7-21days of age) and final period (22-42 days of age) of the growing phase show maximum weight gain.

Foram realizados dois experimentos para se estudar a exigência de metionina + cistina para frangos de corte fêmeas da marca comercial Ross, nas fases de 1 a 21 e de 22 a 42 dias de idade, criados em região de clima tropical. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, os pesos absolutos e os rendimentos de cortes nobres (peito, coxas e sobrecoxas) e de gordura abdominal. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de metionina + cistina, quatro repetições e 12 animais por unidade experimental, totalizando 288 aves em cada experimento. As dietas foram calculadas para atender às exigências nutricionais das aves, exceto quanto aos níveis de metionina + cistina. As dietas foram suplementadas com DL-metionina nos níveis de 0; 0,08; 0,16; 0,24; 0,32 e 0,40%, resultando em rações com 0,69; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93; 1,01 e 1,09% de metionina + cistina, para o período de 1 a 21 dias, e 0,61; 0,69; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01% de metionina + cistina, para o período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Os níveis de metionina + cistina influenciaram de forma quadrática o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar (no período de 1 a 21 dias) e de forma linear o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, os pesos absolutos de gordura abdominal, carcaça, peito, coxas e sobrecoxas e os rendimentos de carcaça e gordura abdominal (período de 22 a 42 dias de idade). As exigências nutricionais de metionina + cistina para frangos de corte fêmeas da marca comercial Ross foram estimadas em 0,96% para os períodos de 1 a 21 e 22 a 42 dias de idade.Two trials were conducted to determine the requirement of methionine + cistyne for Ross female broilers from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days old on tropical climate region. The following parameters were evaluated: feed intake, weight gain, feed: gain ratio, absolute weights and yields of noble cuts (breast, thighs and drumsticks) and abdominal fat. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with six levels of methionine + cystineand four replicates of 12 birds per replicate, in a total of 288 birds for each experiment. The diets were formulated to meet the bird nutricional requirements, except for methionine + cystine levels. The diets were supplemented with DL-methionine at levels of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, and 0.40% to contain 0.69, 0.77, 0.85, 0.93, 1.01, and 1.09% of methionine + cystine, for the period from 1 to 21 days and 0.61; 0.69; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 and 1,01% of methionine + cystine, for the period from 22 to 42 days old. Quadractic effect of levels of methionine + cistyne on weight gain and feed: gain ratio, from 1 to 21 days old, and linear effect on weight gain, feed: gain ratio, absolute weights of abdominal fat, carcass, breast, thighs, and drumsticks and yields of carcass and abdominal fat, from 22 to 42 days old, were observed. According to the performance data, the nutritional requirements of methionine + cystine for female Ross broilers were estimated in 0.96%, for the periods from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days old.

Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinação das exigências nutricionais de metionina + cistina total para frangos de corte machos da marca comercial Ross nos períodos de 1 a 21 e de 22 a 42 dias de idade, criados em clima tropical. Avaliaram-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, os pesos absolutos e os rendimentos de carcaça, de cortes nobres (peito, coxas e sobrecoxas) e de gordura abdominal. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de metionina + cistina, quatro repetições e 12 animais por unidade experimental, totalizando 288 aves em cada experimento. As rações foram calculadas para atenderem às exigências nutricionais das aves, à exceção dos níveis de metionina + cistina. As dietas foram suplementadas com DL-metionina nos níveis de 0; 0,08; 0,16; 0,24; 0,32 e 0,40%, resultando em rações experimentais com 0,69; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93; 1,01 e 1,09% de metionina + cistina, para o período de 1 a 21 dias, e 0,61; 0,69; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%, para o período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Os níveis de metionina + cistina influenciaram de forma quadrática o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, no período de 1 a 21 dias, e o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, os pesos absolutos de carcaça e de peito e os rendimentos de carcaça, coxa e sobrecoxa no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. De acordo com os resultados de desempenho produtivo, as exigências nutricionais de metionina + cistina para frangos de corte machos da marca comercial Ross foram estimadas em 0,96 e 0,89%, para os períodos de 1 a 21 e de 22 a 42 dias de idade, respectivamente.Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional requirements of total methionine + cystine for Ross male broilers from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days old on tropical climate. The following parameters were evaluated: feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and absolute weights and yields of carcass, noble cuts (chest, thighs and drumsticks) and abdominal fat. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with six levels of methionine + cystine and four replicates of 12 animals, in a total of 288 birds for each experiment. The diets were formulated to meet the bird nutricional requirements, except for methionine + cystine levels. The diets were supplemented with DL-methionine at levels of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, and 0.40%, resulting in experimental diets with 0.69, 0.77, 0.85, 0.93, 1.01 and 1.09% of methionine + cystine, for the period from 1 to 21 daysold and 0.61, 0.69, 0.77, 0.85, 0.93, and 1.01% of methionine + cystine, for the period from 22 to 42 days old. Quadratic effects of methionine + cystine levels on weight gain and feed:gain ratio, from 1 to 21 days old, and on feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio, absolute weights of carcass and chest and yields of carcass, thighs and drumsticks, from 22 to 42 days old , were observed. According to the performance data, the nutritional requirements of methionine + cystine for male Ross broilers were estimated in 0.96 and 0.89% from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days old, respectively.

O experimento foi realizado para determinação da exigência de metionina + cistina (met + cis) da ração para pintos de corte do 1º ao 21º dia de idade mantidos em ambiente termoneutro. Foram utilizados 400 pintos de corte machos Avian Farms, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,756; 0,810; 0,866; 0,920 e 0,976% de met + cis), oito repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. O aumento do nível de met + cis influenciou o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar, o consumo de met + cis, a deposição de proteína, o peso absoluto do fígado, da moela, dos pulmões e o peso relativo dos pulmões. Não foi verificado efeito dos níveis de met + cis sobre o consumo de ração, a deposição de gordura, o peso absoluto da carcaça, do coração, do proventrículo e do intestino, nem sobre o peso relativo do coração, do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo e do intestino. O nível de 0,866% de met + cis total (0,790% de met + cis digestível calculado), correspondente à relação met + cis/lis total de 69% (72% para digestível), proporcionou o melhor GP, enquanto o nível de 0,898% de met + cis total (0,822% digestível calculado), correspondente à relação met + cis/lis total de 72% (74% para digestível), proporcionou melhor valor de conversão alimentar de pintos de corte mantidos em ambiente termoneutro.The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary methionine + cystine (met + cys) requirement of 1-to-21-day-old broiler chicks on thermoneutral environment. Four hundred Avian Farm male broiler chicks were assigned to a randomized experimental design with five treatments (0.756, 0.810, 0.866, 0.920, and 0.976% of met + cys), eight replicates of ten birds. Weight gain (WG), feed:gain ratio, met + cys intake, protein deposition of absolute weights of liver, gizzard, and lung and relative weights of lung were affected by the increasing dietary met + cys levels. No effect of met + cys levels on feed intake, fat deposition, absolute weights of carcass, proventriculus, heart, and intestine or relative weights of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, lung and intestines was verified. The best WG was observed at 0.866% met + total cys (0.790% met + digestible cys calculated) level, corresponding to 69% met + cys/total lys ratio (72% for digestible) and the best feed:gain ratio value was observed at 0.894% met + total cys (0.822% digestible calculated) level, corresponding to 72% met + cys/ digestible lys total ratio (74% met + cys/digestible lys ratio), for broiler chicks on thermoneutral environment.

Estimou-se a exigência de proteína bruta para codornas européias de corte (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) nos períodos de 18-28, 28-42 e 42-56 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, constituído de cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e 15 codornas por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas com 18, 20, 22, 24 e 26% de proteína bruta e 2900kCal/kg de energia metabolizável. As exigências de proteína bruta estimadas no período de 18-28 dias de idade para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e peso corporal foram, respectivamente, 25,7; 25,2 e 25,5%. De 28 a 42 dias de idade, a exigência de proteína bruta para peso corporal foi 24,6%. Não houve efeito significativo do nível de proteína bruta sobre o ganho de peso e conversão alimentar nesse período. De 42 a 56 dias de idade, o efeito do nível de proteína bruta sobre o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e peso corporal não foi significativo. Codornas européias de corte Coturnix coturnix coturnix apresentaram diminuição da exigência de proteína bruta para peso corporal no período 28-42 dias de idade em comparação à exigência no período 18-28 dias de idade. Não foi possível estabelecer o requisito de proteína para peso corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar após o 28º dia de idade.A completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 15 quails per experimental unity was used to estimate crude protein requirements for European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) during the periods 18-28, 28-42 and 42-56 days of age. The experimental diets were formulated with 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26% of crude protein and 2900kcal/kg EM/kg. The protein requirements during 18-28 days of age were respectively 25.7; 25.2 and 25.5% for weight gain, weight gain/feed intake ratio and for body weight. During the 28-42 period the crude protein requirement for body weight was 24.6%, but there was no effect of crude protein level on weight gain and weight gain/feed intake ratio. The effect of crude protein level on weight gain, weight gain/feed intake ratio and body weight during 42-56 period was not significant. The European quails Coturnix coturnix coturnix have lower protein level requirement for body weight during 28-42 days of age in comparison to 18-28 period. No reliable estimates of crude protein requirements were obtained for body weight, weight gain and weight gain/feed intake ratio after 28 days of age.

Avaliou-se o rendimento de carcaça de codornas européias de corte (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) no 42º dia de idade, alimentadas com dietas contendo quatro níveis de proteína e dois níveis de energia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições e oito codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos constituíram de um fatorial 2×4, ou seja, dois níveis de energia (2900 e 3100kcal EM/kg) e quatro níveis de proteína (22, 24, 26 e 28% proteína bruta na dieta). As variáveis estudadas foram: peso vivo, peso de carcaça, rendimento de carcaça, peso de coxa, rendimento de coxa, peso de peito, rendimento de peito, peso de gordura abdominal, rendimento de gordura abdominal, peso de vísceras comestíveis e rendimento de vísceras comestíveis. Não houve efeito significativo dos níveis de energia e nem dos níveis de proteína sobre nenhuma das características de carcaça analisada.The effect of protein and energy levels on 42nd day carcass yield of European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) was evaluated. A completely randomized design with five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit was used. The treatment consist on diets with two energy metabolic levels (2900 and 3100kcal EM/kg) and four protein levels (22, 24, 26 and 28% of crude protein). The traits analyzed were body weight and weight and yield of carcass, tight, breast, fat and edible viscera. No significant effects of crude protein and metabolic energy levels on carcass traits were found.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer as exigências de lisina para galinhas poedeiras de ovos brancos (Lohmann Selected Leghorn [LSL]) e ovos marrons (Lohmann Brown [LB]), no segundo ciclo de produção, da 83ª à 98ª semana de idade. Foi usado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um fatorial 2 x 6 (duas linhagens x seis níveis de lisina). As aves foram alimentadas com rações contendo 2860 kcal EMkg de ração, 14,37% PB e 0,50% lisina e suplementadas com seis níveis de L-lisina HCl 98% (0,00; 0,08; 0,16; 0,24; 0,32; e 0,40%). Foram avaliados consumo de ração (g/ave.dia), produção de ovos (%), massa de ovo (g/ave.dia), peso de ovo (g) e conversão alimentar. As poedeiras LSL apresentaram maior produção de ovos e as LB, maior peso médio dos ovos. Produção de ovos, peso de ovo, massa de ovo, conversão alimentar (g/g e kg/dz) foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina. As exigências nutricionais de lisina para poedeiras LSL e LB foram estimadas, por meio do modelo quadrático, em 0,76 e 0,80%, respectivamente, correspondendo a um consumo de 836 e 880 mg de lisina por ave/dia.This work aimed to establish lysine requirements for white-egg (Lohmann Selected Leghorn) and brown-egg (Lohmann Brown) layers hens in the second producing cycle, from 83 to 98 weeks of age. A completely randomized design with six replicates and eight birds per experimental unit was used. The treatments consisted in a 2 x 6 factorial involving two commercial lines and six lysine levels. The birds were fed diets containing 2860 kcal of ME/kg, 14.37% CP, and .50% lysine, supplemented with six levels of L-lysine HCl 98% (0, .00, .08, .16, .24, .32, and .40%). Feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%), egg mass (g/bird.day), egg weight (g), and feed:egg ratio were evaluated. The white-egg layer hens presented high egg production however and the brown-egg layer lenspresented better results for average egg weight. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed:egg ratio (g/g and kg/dz) were influenced by the lysine level. The nutritional requirements of lysine for eight and brown-egg layer lens were obtained by the quadratic model and estimated in .76 and .80% for eight and semi white-egg layer hens, respectively, corresponding to 836 and 880 mg of lysine intake by bird/day.

Um experimento foi realizado para estabelecer as exigências nutricionais de metionina+cistina (Met+Cis) por galinhas poedeiras de ovos brancos e marrons, no segundo ciclo de produção. Duzentas e vinte oito poedeiras Lohmann Selected Leghorn e 288 poedeiras Lohmann Brown submetidas à muda forçada na 76ª semana de idade foram usadas. Foi usado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas marcas de poedeiras e seis níveis de metionina+cistina, com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alimentadas com ração basal contendo 2751 kcal EM/kg, 14,20% PB e 0,484% de metionina+cistina, suplementada com seis níveis de DL-metionina (0; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20; e 0,25 %). Produção de ovos (%), massa de ovo (g/ave•dia), peso de ovo (g), conversão alimentar e consumo de ração (g/ave•dia) foram avaliados. As poedeiras leves apresentaram melhores índices de produção, massa de ovos e conversão alimentar e as semipesadas, maior peso dos ovos e consumo de ração. Os níveis crescentes de Met+Cis influenciaram produção e massa de ovos, peso médio dos ovos, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar. As exigências de metionina+cistina, estimadas por meio do modelo quadrático, foram 0,692 e 0,655%, para poedeiras de ovos brancos e marrons, respectivamente, que correspondem ao consumo diário por ave de 0,785 e 0,779 g de met+cis, respectivamente. Estes resultados eqüivalem a 0,649 e 0,612% de met+cis digestível, para poedeiras de ovos brancos e marrons, respectivamente.An experiment was conducted to establish the nutritional requirements of methionine+cystine (Met+Cys) for white-egg and the brown-egg layers hens in the second production cycle. Two hundred and twenty eight Lohmann Selected Leghorn and 288 Lohmann Brown laying hens were submitted to forced molting at the 76 weeks of age, were used. A completely experimental randomized experimental design was used. The treatments consisted of two egg laying strains and six Meth+Cys levels, with six replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. The birds were fed a basal diet with 2,751 kcal ME/kg, 14.20% CP, and .484% methionine+cystine, supplemented with six levels of DL-methionine (0, .05, .10, .15, .20, and .25%). Egg production (%), egg mass (g/bird•day), egg weight, feed intake (g/bird•day) and feed:gain ratio were evaluated. The white-egg layer hens presented better production index, egg mass and feed:gain ratio, and the brown-egg layer hens, better egg weight and feed intake. The increasing levels of Meth+Cys influenced the production characteristics, egg mass, average egg weight, feed intake and feed:gain ratio. The methionine+cystine requirements, estimated by quadratic model, were .692 and .655% for white-egg and brown-egg layer hens, respectively, which correspond to a daily intake per hen of .785 and .779g of Meth+Cys, respectively. These results correspond to .649 and .612% of digestible met+cys for the white-egg and the brown-egg layer hens, respectively.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nutrient levels on performance, carcass yield, commercial cuts, digestibility and economical viability of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. During the experiment, 180 COBB 500™ chicks were housed in metal batteries and subjected to a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, of two sexes and three diets (male, female and mixed), totaling 6 treatments and 6 repetitions of 5 birds each. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and the means were compared using the Tukey test, at 5% probability. The results indicate the effect of sex on performance and commercial cuts, except for breast and thigh fillets, in which males and females showed similar results when given the mixed diet. The influence of the nutritional levels on performance, digestibility and commercial cuts was observed, in which the female diet showed the highest results for feed intake, body weight and weight gain, in addition to greater retention of protein and crude energy. For drumstick and abdominal fat yield, the highest values were obtained using the mixed diet and the female diet, and the lowest values were obtained using the male diet. Regarding economic viability, the female diet showed the highest return per unit of Real (R$) spent on feed. Therefore, these data prove that the female diet had a positive effect when provided to both sexes, and it may be a promising alternative for its application at the production level.

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to determine the required levels of supplementary vitamin D and calcium in meat-type quail (Coturnix coturnix sp) between 15 and 35 days old. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial design with four levels of calcium: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74, and 0.90% and four levels of vitamin D: 1,000; 2,000; 3,000; and 4,000 IU. Body weight and body weight gain increased linearly and feed conversion showed some linear improvement due to increased levels of Ca and vitamin D. The increased vitamin D levels resulted in a linear increase in feed intake. Calcium and vitamin D requirements in meat-type quail between 15 and 35 days of age is greater or equal to 0.90% Ca and greater or equal to 4,000 IU of vitamin D, probably because the experiment was conducted during the pre-laying phase.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of dietary amino acid composition from proteins alternative to fishmeal on the growth performance of the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis. Fish of 10.79±0.71 g (n = 150) were stocked in 15 shaded outdoor tanks of 1 m3. The basal diet contained 643.4 g kg−1 salmon byproduct meal (SML) and 200.0 g kg−1 soy protein concentrate (SPC). Two other diets replaced 39 and 29% of the SML with poultry byproduct meal (PBM, 170.1 g kg−1) and SPC (334.9 g kg−1), respectively. Fish were fed twice daily for 84 days under 32±1 g L−1 water salinity and 27.3±0.9 °C temperature. Final survival (99.5±2.6%) was unaffected by dietary treatment. Snook grew slower (0.24±0.03 and 0.27±0.04 vs 0.35±0.06 g day−1) and achieved the lowest body weight (31.1±6.62 and 33.3±10.20 vs 40.4±13.18 g) and the highest feed conversion ratio (3.69±0.29 and 3.11±0.51 vs 2.33±0.34) when fed SPC and basal diets compared with PBM, respectively. Retention of dietary crude protein varied from 36 to 38% for fish fed the basal and SPC diets, but exceeded 51% in fish fed PBM. Results indicate a greater ability of the common snook to gain weight and increase retention of nutrients when dietary protein is of terrestrial animal origin. Dietary protein from PBM yields a more balanced dietary amino acid composition relative to fish muscle, but possibly in excess of the species requirements.