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The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of dairy goat genotypes, as well as the influence of hygienic practices by farmers on the quality of goat milk. Productive and reproductive data of 81 Anglo Nubian and Alpine crossbred goats, as well as data on total milk production of goats over 100 days of lactation and partial production up to 56 days of lactation. Also, in natura milk samples from 160 properties in the region were evaluated. At the time of collection, a questionnaire was applied to diagnose goat milk production systems. Data from productive and reproductive performance were evaluated by Tukey test and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program. The herd presented a variation of the total milk production in lactation (TMP) from 267.40kg to 468.55kg, with lactation length ranging from 157 to 247 days, and average daily production between 1.43 and 1.89kg/day. Fertility rates were satisfactory, with the lowest rate being 76% and the highest 92%, with an average of 85.24% considering the six seasons of birth. The means of the gestation periods varied between 144 and 152 days. Regarding the sanitary characterization, 73% of farmers performed a cleaning of the room before and after milking. However, 94.8% of farmers did not eliminate the first jets of milk and only 29.2% used the screened mug test to identify clinical mastitis. Only 41% of farmers performed pre and post-dipping and 30.2% applied the iodine solution. Only 8.3% of farmers used disposable paper towels. However, 92% of producers still used fabric towel. It was also observed that 99% of the properties stored milk in buckets or cans without refrigeration. In the microbiological analysis, a small amount of milk samples (5.6%) was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, however the total coliform count was high. Regarding the somatic cell count, it was found that 86% of the properties presented values above one million cells per mL of sample. The study demonstrated the prevalence of several factors that contribute to the vulnerability of milk contamination in various stages of production such as milking and processing. Thus, the guidance and awareness of those responsible is extremely important to improve goat milk quality in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de genótipos caprinos leiteiros, assim como a influência da adoção das práticas higiênicas pelos produtores sobre a qualidade do leite caprino. A primeira parte da pesquisa foi realizada na Estação Experimental Pendência-PB. Foram analisados dados produtivos e reprodutivos de 81 cabras Anglo-Nubiana e alpinas mestiças, bem como dados de produção total de leite das cabras acima de 100 dias de lactação e produção parcial até 56 dias de lactação. Também foram avaliadas amostras de leite in natura de 160 propriedades da região. No momento da coleta, foi aplicado um questionário de diagnóstico dos sistemas de produção de leite caprino. Os dados de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey e pela análise descritiva utilizando o programa SPSS. O rebanho apresentou uma variação da produção de leite total na lactação desde 267,40kg a 468,55kg, com durações de lactação variando de 157 e 247 dias, e produção média diária entre 1,43 e 1,89kg/dia. As taxas de fertilidade foram satisfatórias, sendo a menor taxa de 76% e a maior de 92%, com uma média de 85,24% considerando as seis estações de parição. As médias dos períodos de gestação variaram entre 144 e 152 dias. Quanto à caracterização da sanidade, 73% dos produtores realizam limpeza da sala antes e após a ordenha. No entanto, 94,8% dos produtores não eliminam os primeiros jatos de leite e somente 29,2% utilizam o teste da caneca telada para identificação de mastite clínica. Apenas 41% dos produtores realizam pré-dipping e pós-dipping e 30,2% aplicam a solução de iodo. Somente 8,3% dos produtores usam toalhas descartáveis e 92% ainda utilizam toalha de tecido. Observou-se, ainda, que 99% das propriedades armazenam o leite ordenhado em baldes ou latões, sem refrigeração. Pequenas quantidades de amostras (5,6%) estavam contaminadas por Staphylococcus aureus, porém a contagem de coliformes totais teve valor elevado. Em relação à contagem de células somáticas, verificou-se que 86% das propriedades apresentaram CCS acima de um milhão de células por mL, devendo-se ajustar corretamente os manejos alimentar, produtivo e reprodutivo. As épocas de parição, lactação e o genótipo influenciaram de forma direta os índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos animais. Obsevou-se a prevalência de vários fatores que contribuem para a vulnerabilidade de contaminação do leite em diversas etapas de produção, tais como ordenha e processamento. Portanto, a orientação adequada e a conscientização dos responsáveis são de extrema importância para melhorar a qualidade do leite de cabra na região semiárida da Paraíba.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) by two alkaline products on intake, performance and on the growth curve of goat?s kids. 24 were used, Saanen goats (n=12) and Anglo Nubian (n=12), with initial body weight of 16.2±0.67 kg, initial age of 3 months and confined during the growth phase. The treatments consisted of three diets: a standard diet formulated with a traditional protein source, the soybean meal (SM); and test diets, which consisted of a protein source alternative, differing detoxification processes, on the basis of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial 3 x 2 (diet SM, Ca(OH)2 DCC and NaOH DCC x Saanen and Anglo Nubian) totaling six sessions with four replicates each. The experimental period lasted 270 days. The non-linear models used were the Gompertz and Logistic. There was no effect (P < 0.05) of diets on the intake of nutrients, but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of breeds and interaction between both factors. The intake of DM during the phase of growth was greater for the goats fed with SM. There was no effect (P>0.05) of diets nor of the breeds in the ADG. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by the diets, in which the goats fed diets with DCC presented better feed conversion. It has been observed that both models had good adjustments, with values numerically superior to 90%, however, the logistic model showed higher R2 and, at the same time, asymptotic index (AI). Despite the ADG be equal, the breeds presented absolute growth rate (AGR) vary over time, where the Saanen goats reached the peak first 3378Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 41, n. 6, suplemento 2, p. 3377-3390, 2020Araújo, R. A. et al.(181 days), with AGR of 0.14 kg day-1. However, even the goats Anglo Nubian reaching the highest peak late, the AGR was higher, around 0.16 kg day-1 higher than the Saanen. Both castor cake has the potential to replace the SM on a diet of goat?s kids during the growth phase. The mathematical model of Logistics estimates more accurately the growth of Saanen goats and Anglo Nubian, being that the rate of absolute growth is greatest in goats Anglo Nubian. [Curva de crescimento e desempenho de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes soluções alcalinas]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o consumo, desempenho e na curva de crescimento de cabritas de aptidão leiteira. Foram utilizadas 24 cabras, Saanen (n=12) e Anglo Nubiana (n=12), com peso corporal inicial de 16,2±0,67 kg, idade inicial de 3 meses e confinadas durante a fase de crescimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: dieta padrão formulada com uma fonte proteica tradicional, o farelo de soja (FS); e dietas testes, que consistiram de uma fonte proteica alternativa, diferindo os processos de destoxificação, à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Ca (OH)2) ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta FS, TMD Ca(OH)2 e TMD NaOH x raça Saanen e Anglo Nubiana) perfazendo seis sessões com quatro repetições cada. O período experimental durou 270 dias. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram os de Gompertz e Logístico. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) das dietas sobre o consumo dos nutrientes, porém não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das raças e interação entre ambos os fatores. O consumo de MS durante a fase de crescimento foi maior para as cabras alimentadas com FS. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das dietas nem das raças no GMD. A conversão alimentar foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelas dietas, em que as cabras que consumiram as dietas com TMD apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar. Observou-se que ambos os modelos tiveram bons ajustes, com valores numericamente superiores a 90%, contudo, o modelo Logístico apresentou maior R2 e, ao mesmo tempo, índice assintótico (IA). Apesar do GMD ser igual, as raças apresentaram taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) diferenciado ao longo do tempo, onde as cabras Saanen atingiram o pico primeiro (181 dias), com TCA de 0,14 kg dia-1. Porém, mesmo as cabras Anglo Nubianas atingindo o pico mais tardiamente, a TCA foi maior, cerca de 0,16 kg dia-1 superior às Saanen. Ambas as tortas tem potencial de substituir o FS em dieta de cabritas de aptidão leiteira durante a fase de crescimento. O modelo matemático Logístico estima de forma mais precisa o crescimento de cabras Saanen e Anglo Nubiana, sendo que a taxa de crescimento absoluto é maior em cabras Anglo Nubianas. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-22T09:04:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Art-57.pdf: 413527 bytes, checksum: 3a08e6e9423d85a1e88df535a6d9896a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-06T11:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Detoxified.pdf: 290436 bytes, checksum: 4f3829369886797800ab2ca579dc552e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

We aimed to evaluate the lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and 43±2.97 kg body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The lactation curves showed greater persistence of lactation in Saanen goats. There were significant effects of diets on the profile of some fatty acids present in the milk. We observed that the NaOH DCC diet led to an increase in desirable fatty acid content. Both Ca(OH)2 and NaOH DCC diets led to decreased milk production during the lactation period; however, the NaOH DCC diet led to high productive efficiency. Furthermore, NaOH DCC did not negatively affect the desirable fatty acid content, unlike Ca(OH)2 DCC. Diets formulated with detoxified castor decrease the production of milk from goats during lactation phase. It should be emphasized that milk produced by goats fed DCC diets does not contain unwanted waste. Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-06T11:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Detoxified-castor.pdf: 332924 bytes, checksum: a8c897fd4a810085279c7d87e0b174c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-01 Capragene(R) goat breeders association (Associacao dos Criadores de Caprinos e Ovinos de Minas Gerais - Caprileite/ACCOMIG) Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Milk production traits, milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) from exotic dairy goats were characterized in tropical climate using data from Dairy Goats Breeding Program. The breeds analyzed are distributed in two regions of Brazil (Southeast and Northeast). The Alpine, Saanen and Toggenburg (raised in Southeast) breeds were compared among themselves and with the breeds of Northeast (Anglo Nubian and Saanen). This study demonstrated that milk yield, 305-day lactation yield, lactation length and daily milk yield were influenced by the genetic of animal (breed) and the environmental conditions, such as flock, month and year of production. These same effects affected the milk composition and SCC which also were influenced by physiological stages of the does (lactation and test-day milk order). There were differences in milk composition between the breeds. This may be a result of diet and chemical composition of the pasture feeding the animals, as well as others genetic and environmental factors. The global averages for proportion of lactose were below of the minimum limits established by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. The average of SCC was above one million of cells/mL. This study is the first work of characterization of exotic breeds in tropical climate with a database derived of official milk recording. Embrapa Caprinos & Ovinos, Estr Sobral Groairas,Km 4,Caixa Postal 71, BR-62010970 Sobral, CE, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Rua Quirino de Andrade 215, BR-01049010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Vale do Acarau State Univ, Ave Univ 850, BR-62040370 Betania Sobral, CE, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Rua Quirino de Andrade 215, BR-01049010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil goat breeders association (Associacao dos Criadores de Caprinos e Ovinos de Minas Gerais - Caprileite/ACCOMIG): 20300.10/0005-2

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e margem bruta de lucro de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos não castrados, sendo 10 ½ Anglo Nubiana × ½ Sem Raça Definida, 10 ½ Boer × ½ Sem Raça Definida e 10 Sem Raça Definida, alimentados com dieta contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os cabritos Boer × Sem Raça Definida (SRD) apresentaram maiores consumos de matéria seca, em percentual do peso vivo, em relação aos SRD, tendo obtido os Anglo Nubiana × SRD resultados semelhantes aos demais grupos genéticos. Os consumos de água, a conversão alimentar e o escore corporal ao final do confinamento não foram influenciados pelo grupo genético. No entanto, houve efeito significativo do grupo genético sobre o ganho de peso total e ganho de peso médio diário, que foram maiores para os cabritos Boer × SRD em comparação aos SRD. Os cabritos Anglo Nubiana × SRD e SRD obtiveram maiores escores corporais no início do experimento quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. A utilização da raça Boer no cruzamento melhora o desempenho dos cabritos SRD. Os cabritos Boer × SRD, terminados em confinamento, apresentam maior margem bruta de lucro em comparação aos Anglo Nubiana × SRD. The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and gross profit margin of goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty kids non-castrated were used, being 10 ½ Anglo Nubian × ½ undefined breed, 10 ½ Boer × ½ undefined breed and 10 undefined breed, fed with diet containing 15.5% of crude protein and 2.58Mcal/kg dry matter. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater dry matter intake, live weight percentual, in relation to undefined breed kids, obtained the Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids similar results to the others genetics groups. The water intake, the feed conversion and the corporal score no influenced by genetics groups. However, there was significant effect of the genetics groups on the total weight gain and daily weight gain that were greater for the Boer × undefined breed kids when compared with undefined breed. The Anglo Nubian × undefined breed kids and undefined breed obtained greater corporal score at the beginning of the experiment when compared with Boer × undefined breed. The use of the Boer breed in the crossbred improves the performance of undefined breed kids. The Boer × undefined breed kids showed greater gross profit margin than the Anglo × undefined breed kids finished in feedlot.

Thirty-two intact male goats from four genetic groups (eight pure-bred Boers, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbreeds, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds, and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbreeds) were evaluated for meat quality. The goats were reared in confinement and slaughtered at the average live weight of 29 kg. Temperature and pH decrease in the longissimus dorsi muscle was determined for 24 hours, and analyses of colour, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and sensory attributes were also performed. Genotype significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the confinement period; ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbreeds required the most time in confinement to reach the target weight, while the pure-bred Boers required the least time. Genotype also significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the weight loss due to cooking, shearing force, colour (intensity of yellowness and luminescence), and the sensory attributes of flavour, odour, and raw colour of the meat. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the native SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality. Trinta e dois caprinos machos não castrados de quatro grupos genéticos, oito da raça Boer Puro, oito mestiços de ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD, oito mestiços de ½ Boer + ½ SPRD e oito mestiços de ½ Anglo Nubiano + ½ SPRD, foram utilizados para caracterizar a sua qualidade de carne. Os caprinos foram criados em confinamento e abatidos com o peso vivo médio de 29 kg. Em conjunto com as análises de cor, foram determinados o decréscimo da temperatura e do pH durante 24 horas no músculo longissimus dorsi, a perda de peso por cocção, a capacidade de retenção de água e sensoriais. O genótipo (p < 0,05) influenciou significativamente o período de confinamento: mestiços de ½ Boer + ½ SPRD apresentaram maior número de dias em confinamento, enquanto os Boer Puro alcançaram o peso final no menor período de dias. O genótipo também influenciou significativamente (p < 0,05) os parâmetros de perda de peso por cocção, força de cisalhamento e cor (intensidade de amarelo e luminescência) e os atributos sensoriais de sabor, odor e cor de carne crua. O cruzamento das raças Boer e Anglo Nubiana com os nativos SPRD resultou em carne caprina de elevada qualidade.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente. A espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR apresentaram correlação significativa, indicando que estas avaliações representam à cobertura de gordura na carcaça de cabritos. O genótipo influencia a espessura de gordura subcutânea, os rendimentos de carcaça, a conformação e acabamento de carcaça de cabritos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer UB. However, the Boer UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical quality and fat profile of meat from crossbred goats (native and exotic) reared under feedlot systems. Thirty-two entire male goats were divided in equal number into four racial groups: eight pure Boer breed, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbred. All goats were reared under feedlot system and slaughtered at the average age and live weight of 223 days and 29 kg, respectively. The chemical composition including moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids was determined. The breed types had no significant effect on moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol and phospholipids contents. However, the percentages of oleic and stearic acids and the MUFA/SFA ratio showed significant differences between the four breed groups, with percentages ranging from 0.72 for ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred to 0.95 for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred. The oleic acid (C18:1) was found in the highest percentage in the fatty acid profile in goat meat, particularly for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD and ½ Anglo + ½ SPRD genotypes. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the natives SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality, even at a ratio of 50%, since the goat meat showed low cholesterol percentage and high protein and unsaturated fatty acids contents. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a composição química e o perfil lipídico da carne de caprinos terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 animais machos não-castrados de quatro tipos raciais 8 Boer puros, 8 ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD (Sem Padrão Racial Definido), 8 ½ Boer + ½ SPRD e 8 ½ Anglo Nubiano + ½ SPRD criados em regime de confinamento e abatidos com peso médio de 29,0 kg e idade média de 223 dias, para avaliação da composição centesimal e dos componentes lipídicos (colesterol, fosfolipídios e ácidos graxos). O genótipo dos animais não teve efeito sobre a composição centesimal e os níveis de colesterol e fosfolipídios da carne, mas influenciaram os percentuais dos ácidos graxos oléico e esteárico e a relação AGMI:AGS, que variou de 0,72 (grupo genético ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD) a 0,95 (grupo ½ Boer + ½ SPRD). O ácido oléico (C18:1) foi o que mais contribuiu na composição dos ácidos graxos na carne caprina, especialmente nos grupos ½ Boer + ½ SPRD e ½ Anglo + ½ SPRD. O cruzamento genético das raças Boer e Anglo Nubiana com nativos SPRD, mesmo na proporção de 50%, resultou em carne de boas qualidades nutricionais, como baixo teor de colesterol, elevado teor protéico e elevado índice de ácidos graxos insaturados.