Search

To evaluate the effects of milk replacer (MR) feeding rate (FR) and frequency (FF) on performance, abomasal emptying, and nutrient digestibility in the southeastern United States, Holstein calves (n = 48/season) were enrolled at 8 d of age (DOA) during summer [June to August, body weight (BW; mean ± SD) = 40.71 ± 4.35 kg] and winter (November to January, BW = 42.03 ± 3.83 kg). Within season, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including 2 FR [0.65 (low) or 0.76 kg of solid per day (high) of a 26% crude protein and 17% fat MR], and 2 FF [2× (0700 and 1600 h) or 3× (0700, 1600, and 2200 h) daily]. Calves were housed in polyethylene hutches and managed similarly throughout the trial. Milk replacer (12.5% solids) was fed to calves based on their respective treatments until 42 DOA, when MR allowance was reduced by 50% and offered once a day (0700 h) for the following 7 d until weaning. Calves remained on trial until 63 DOA. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Ambient temperature and relative humidity inside and outside hutches were measured hourly. Starter and MR intakes were recorded daily. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were recorded 3 times a week. Structural growth and BW were measured weekly. Acetaminophen (50 mg/kg of BW) mixed with MR was fed to a subset of calves (0700 h, n = 10/treatment per season) on 20 DOA. Plasma was collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 420, and 480 min after feeding, to analyze acetaminophen. The acetaminophen concentration-time curve was modeled to the first derivative of Siegel's modified power exponential equation, and the time for plasma acetaminophen to reach maximum (Tmax) was calculated to evaluate abomasal emptying rate. During the pre- (14.9–17.9 DOA) and postweaning (51.0–54.0 DOA) periods, a subset (n = 8/treatment per season) of calves was used to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients, using chromic oxide as the external marker. Feeding 3× reduced preweaning respiration rate during summer and reduced rectal temperature during winter. Increasing FR improved BW gain and structural growth. Feeding more times per day tended to improve growth during winter but not summer. We found no effect of treatment on nutrient digestibility. Increasing FR had no effect on Tmax during winter but tended to delay Tmax of plasma acetaminophen during summer. Regardless of season, increasing FF lowered Tmax of plasma acetaminophen. In conclusion, increasing FF accelerated abomasal emptying and might reduce heat load of preweaning dairy calves but improved growth only during winter. Increased MR allowance improved growth in both seasons but delayed abomasal emptying only under heat stress conditions.

Physical activities are associated with the health of transition dairy cows and pregnancy outcomes are positively related to early resumption of postpartum estrous cycles. The objective was to assess key metabolites and patterns of prepartum and postpartum physical activity as they relate to the onset of first postpartum ovulation in lactating dairy cows. Close-up dry Holstein cows (n = 82) and late gestation heifers (n = 78) were enrolled beginning 3 wk before expected calving date (Day 0). Cows were fit with Cow SensOor ear tags to assess transitional changes in eating, resting, rumination, high activity, and ear-surface temperatures. Rectal temperatures were assessed and blood samples were collected on Days 0, 3, 7, and 14 to measure concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), calcium, and haptoglobin. Body condition scores (BCS) and body weights (BW) were measured weekly, and blood samples were collected weekly from Day 21 ± 3 through 70 ± 3 to quantify changes in progesterone to detect luteal function after ovulation. Cows first ovulating before median Day 33 were classified as early (n = 76), whereas those first ovulating after Day 33 were classified as late (n = 84). Early ovulating cows first ovulated earlier (P 0.001) than the late ovulation cows (24.3 ± 1.2 d [range: 16-32 d] vs. 48.8 ± 1.2 d [range: 33-74 d]), respectively. Mean days to first ovulation excluded seven cows that failed to ovulate before insemination. Compared with late ovulating cows, early ovulating cows had lesser (P 0.05) concentrations of FFA, BHB, and haptoglobin on Days 0, 3, 7, and 14 in addition to having lesser (P 0.05) rectal temperatures and ear-surface temperatures. Ear-surface temperatures began to decrease 4 d before parturition and remained less (P 0.05) after calving than cows that subsequently ovulated late. Early ovulating cows tended (P = 0.07) to spend more time eating, and less (P = 0.02) time resting and being active during the first 3 wk after calving, and lost less (P = 0.03) BW and BCS during the first 9 wk compared with late ovulating cows. Although no differences were detected in yields of milk or energy-corrected milk during the first 9 wk after calving, early compared with late ovulating cows produced more (P 0.01) milk protein. We concluded that metabolic measures during the first 2 wk after calving, and physical and behavioral traits are associated with the onset of postpartum ovarian activity.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heat stress on the physiology of dairy cows and to detect the relationship between rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and plasma concentrations of cortisol, thyroxine, and prolactin. During the experiment, 44 Holstein cows were allocated to two groups for each season. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) values were 55 ± 2.31 in winter and 78 ± 1.9 in summer. As the THI values increased from 55 to 78, RR rose by 35 inspirations per minute, HR by 3 beats per minute, and RT by 1.2 °C. In addition, the average concentration of cortisol increased from 19.30 to 21.04 nmol/L, and prolactin from 58.52 to 129.79 ngm/L, whereas free thyroxine decreased from 15.43 to 14.01 pmol/L. Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were similar in the two seasons. These results confirmed that RT is an indicator of the response in dairy cows to hot environmental temperatures. However, they also showed signs of stress, which were reflected in higher levels of cortisol and in certain physiological responses.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the method of giving rations during the day and night on the physiological response (respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and heart rate) of medium type roosters in postal cages and to determine the effect of the best day and night ration methods on physiological response of medium type rooster in postal cage. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of three treatments with six replications, those were P1: 30% day and 70% night ration; P2: 50% day and 50% night ration; P3: 70% day and 30% night ration. The chicken used was male Lohman strain medium type of 144 chickens. The resulting data were analyzed with variance at 5% level. The results showed that the influence of day and night administration method was not different (P > 0.05) on the frequency of breath (51.73 to 55.27 Times/min), rectal temperature (41.13 to 41.16oC), and heart rate frequency (421.2 to 434.7 times/minute). Keywords: Day and night rationing, Medium type rooster, Physiological response, Postal cage

This study aimed to determine the effect of sex differences on the physiology of chickens including respiratory frequency, heart rate, shank temperature, and rectal temperature of KUB chickens. The research was conducted on 10--16 August 2017 at Cage Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used 50 chickens (25 males and 25 females) aged 13 weeks with an average weight of 850 g. Data were collected after measuring the temperature and humidity at 08.00-17.00 for 3 consecutive days to determine the extreme temperature of the environment. The variables in this study were respiratory rate, heart rate, shank temperature, and rectal temperature of KUB chickens at extreme temperatures. The results were analyzed using the t-test at the 5% significance level. The t-test results showed that the sex of KUB chickens had no significant effect on respiratory frequency, heart rate, shank temperature, and rectal temperature. Key words : Chicken physiological, KUB chicken, Sex type

This study was conducted to test the effect of season and breed on thermoregulatory parameters of three Nigerian indigenous breeds of cattle raised in Sudan Savanna Zone. A total number of nine (9) cattle aged between 4-5 years were used for this study. Data were taken for sixteen weeks across two seasons; Cold and Hot Season from three indigenous breed of cattle. Rectal temperature was recorded using digital thermometer, pulse rate was determined using stethoscope and respiratory rate was determined by counting of the respiratory movements of flank area. Data of ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded on daily basis and temperature humidity index was calculated. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. Seasons significantly (P < 0.05) affect all the thermoregulatory parameters of with hot seasons having the highest values. Breed influenced (p

We evaluated the effects of heat stress on physiological responses and milk production in Holstein and Jersey cows reared in Korea. The mean average temperature-humidity index (THI) increased significantly from May to August and then decreased until October. The mean average rectal temperature (RT) was increased in Holstein cows compared with Jersey cows, as the THI values increased from 61 to 85. The average respiratory rate (RR) was increased in Jersey cows compared with Holstein cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. The average surface temperature of the rumen and udder was higher in Jersey cows than in Holstein cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. No significant difference was noted with respect to relative serum volumes between the breeds and THI ranges, but we measured significant changes in serum pH in Holstein and Jersey cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. Milk production was not significantly changed in Holstein cows when the THI increased from 61 to 85, but milk production and milk protein content were significantly altered in Jersey cows when the THI increased from 61 to 85. Current study suggests that Holstein cows still have an advantage in terms of the economic returns of dairy farms in Korea. Therefore, further research is required regarding the heat tolerance of Jersey cows in Korean climatic conditions.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different doses (5g/kg,10g/kg, 15g/kg) of rosehip fruit, which is a source of ascorbic acid (vitamine C),on fertility rate, chick quality and some blood parameters in the feed of breederhens and roosters raised under high altitude and cold stress. It was appliedduring 12-week trial. While the fertility rate was not significantly affected by thetreatments, the plasma vitamine C content of the laying hens was significantlyaffected by the treatments (P < 0.0001). While the lowest plasma vitamine Ccontent was determined as 34.54 μg/ml in the control group, it was determinedas 53.23, 133.40 and 214.69 μg/ml in the groups receiving rosehip fruit,respectively. When the blood plasma values were examined, the differenceamong the groups was found to be significant only in terms of triglyceride valuesin laying hens and uric acid values in roosters (P < 0.05). Likewise, the differenceamong the groups in terms of hatching body weight values of chicks was foundto be statistically significant (P < 0.05). As a result, it can be said that 5 g/kgrosehip fruit can be added to the diets of breeder hens and roosters exposed tohigh altitude and cold stress.

Animals kept in extensive production systems are constantly exposed to the effects of climatic aspects, which could favour thermal discomfort, decreasing productive and reproductive performances. Utilisation of Bos taurus crosses with Bos indicus animals is increasing in the tropics aimed at improving production and it is now well known how these animals respond in such environment. The objective was to characterize the morpho-physiological thermoregulation responses of weaned heifers from four different genetic groups to infer regarding the different degrees of adaptation to heat under tropical conditions Forty-eight, pasture-kept, 6-month-old, weaned heifers from four distinct genetic groups: (1) Nellore; (2) Senepol; (3) Angus x Nellore; and, (4) ¼ Brahman x ¼ Nellore x ½ Senepol (Tri-cross) were evaluated. Skin, hair coat and rectal temperatures; sweating rate; respiratory and heart rates; visual analysis of hair and hair coat colour; hair coat temperature and thickness; and length, diameter, density and number of hairs were evaluated. In addition, the temperature-humidity index, black-globe temperature and humidity index, and radiant thermal load were determined. Angus x Nellore animals presented the lowest (P=0.008) respiratory rate. Rectal temperature did differ (P=0.001) between seasons. Angus x Nellore heifers showed the greatest (P=0.001) values for the morphological measures in the evaluated months, coinciding with thermal comfort indexes above those considered comfortable for cattle. Nellore (Bos indicus), Brahman x Nellore x Senepol, and Senepol (B. taurus) present the best adaptive traits in savanna. The utilisation of B. indicus animals or adapted breed confers desirable morphological characteristics for the tropical environment.

The present work aims to investigate adaptation of local Wahati sheep ( Farafra) and Wahati goats in the breeders’ flocks, to summer heat stress of desert oasis in the New Valley , Egypt. The study involved , 9 flocks from ; El Dakhla, EL Kharga and El Farafra oasis . Total animals covered were 113 mature Wahati ewes and 100 mature Wahati does. Animals were exposed to summer heat stress (SHS) under solar radiation, from 12 pm to 2 pm in July 2018 and 2019. THI during exposure , averaged 101.8 and 103.8, respectively; indicating that animals were under severe heat stress. Exposing the animals to summer heat stress, significantly increased their physiological body parameters. Rectal temperature (RT) increased by 1.00 C; where skin temperature (ST) increased by 9.5 and 9.00 C, in only two species, respectively. These can be attributed to high intensity of solar radiation under desert oasis conditions. The major changes with SHS were in the respiratory rate (RR) as the main mechanism practiced by desert sheep and goats to get rid of the extra heat load through respiration. Accelerating RR, was not sufficient to cope with the severe heat stress load, so animals practiced deep breathing (increase gas volume); which was more recognizable in sheep than in goats. Species variation in response to heat stress can be attributed, for a great extent, to differences in their body size and coat. The smaller the animal size, the lesser changes in their physiological body parameters with heat stress.

This study aimed to determine the effect of cage microclimate manipulation with misting on physiological responses and heat resistance of goats (Sapera and Ettawa Grade). This research was conducted in April - May 2020 at Telaga Rizki People's Farm, Metro City, Lampung Province. This study used an experimental method, Split Plot design with a completely randomized design (CRD). This study used two treatments, namely modification of the pen consisting of pens without misting (K0) and pens with misting (K1) and two breed of goats, namely Sapera and Ettawa Grade (PE) goats. Each treatment was carried out 3 times. Goats as subplots and microclimate modification of the pen as the main plot. In this study, twelve female goats were used, namely 6 Sapera goats and 6 Ettawa Grade (PE) goats aged 2-3 years. The parameters observed were microclimate condition, namely air temperature, relative humidity (RH), and Temperature Humidity Index (THI), and physiological responses including rectal temperature, respiration frequency, heart rate frequency, and heat tolerance (HTC). The results of the research showed that there was significant effect (P0.05) of treatments on rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration frequency, HTC and environment temperature. Keywords : Misting, Pens microclimate, Physiological responses

This study was designed to alleviate theheat stress during summer season on growth performance of New Zealand white rabbits by using feed withdrawal; Animals were reared in batteries anddivided into four comparable groups (32 growing weanedrabbits in each). The four treatments were as follows: Control group (C) (rabbits were fed continuously for 24 hrs), T1 (feed was removed from 9 am to 12 am), T2 (feed was removed from 12.00 am to 3.00 pm) and T3 (feed was removed from 9.00 am to 3.00 pm).Theresults revealed that, daily body weight, feed conversion and some blood constitutes of growing NZW rabbits affected significantly. Feed withdrawal improved significantly body weight gain, feed conversion, dressed carcass and health status and decreased significantly whole fat percentage and rectal temperature. Rabbits of T2 and T3 groups showed the lowest (P

Impacts of an additional cooling event during the night on physiological and productive parameters of two breeds (B) of dairy cows under severe heat stress conditions were determined. Fifteen Holstein (H) and 15 Jersey x Holstein (JxH) cows were assigned to one of the two cooling strategies (CS), where the difference was an added 1 h cooling event during the night (i.e., 3X and 4X cooling events) with the 4X group having the added night cooling event. Maximum and minimum average temperature/humidity indices during the study were 86 and 77 units, respectively. There were no CS x B interactions for any response variable. Body condition score (BCS) was similar between CS, but H cows had higher (P

The skin has the closest contact with the environment and, thus, the role of coat in the adaptation to the changing environmental conditions cannot be over emphasised. The study was aimed at comparing the thermoregulatory response of Yankasa rams with distinct thick coarse and short-slick hair types at the peak of the hot-dry season in tropical Guinea Savannah. A total of 10 Yankasa rams with thick-coarse (n=5) and short-slick (n=5) hair types, balanced for age and body condition score were used. The meteorological and thermoregulatory parameters were measured four times at 2 days interval at 9:00, 13:00 and 17:00 h. In the afternoon, the temperature humidity index and ambient temperature were higher than the thermoneutral zone for sheep. Yankasa sheep with thick-coarse hair had higher (P < 0.05) hair length than those with short-slick hair type. Respiratory rate at all hours, body surface temperature in the morning hours, eye and inter-digital surface temperature in the afternoon hours were lower in thick-coarse hair than short-slick hair sheep. Significant rise (P < 0.05) in respiratory rate, skin and rectal temperatures from morning to afternoon hours were observed in both hair types. Subsequently, in the evening hours, the rectal temperature in the thick-coarse hair sheep returned to values comparable to those of the morning hours; while the values in short-slick hair sheep remained higher (P

Numerous plants are reported to have ethno-therapeutic properties; among these plants are the leaves of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica used for the treatment of protozoan infections. Forty grower rabbits at approximately 70 days old were used to determine the prophylactic anti-trypanosomal effects of the dry leaf meals of Moringa oleifera (MLM) and Azadirachta indica (NLM). The rabbits were placed into eight groups of five animals each in a completely randomized design, with mean live weights of 1.2 Kg. The rabbits were allotted to four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) and two levels of inoculation (inoculated and uninoculated rabbits) in a 4×2 factorial arrangement of a Completely Randomised Design. Parameters monitored were performance, serum biochemistry and rectal temperature. The parasitaemia were presented as line graph for the infected rabbits. The percent mortality of the groups was evaluated and no mortality was observed for rabbits fed D4. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between treatments for growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion, except rectal temperature and total protein (P0,05) n'a été observée entre les traitements pour le taux de croissance, l'apport alimentaire et la conversion des aliments pour animaux, à l'exception de la température rectale et de la protéine totale (P

This study aimed to assess the impact of seasonal thermal stress on oxidative stress, immune response, and stress hormones of lactating dairy cows in subtropical regions with different levels of temperature-humidity index (THI). A total of 32 healthy lactating Holstein dairy cows experienced 4 seasons (8 cows/season). The physiological parameters were categorized into low THI (LTHI, THI = 42.97 ± 0.95) in winter, moderate THI (MTHI, THI = 61.84 ± 0.42) in spring and autumn, and high THI period (HTHI, THI = 86.09 ± 0.23) in summer. The blood samples were collected twice in each season to measure oxidative stress, inflammatory and hormonal parameters. Our results showed THI had a positive correlation with the rectal temperature (R2 = 0.821, P

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate (nCrPic) during heat stress (HS) in sheep. In the initial study, 36 Merino × Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0, 400 and 800 μg/kg nCrPic) for 8 wk. Body composition was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The sheep remained in their dietary groups but were then placed in metabolic cages and randomly allocated within the dietary group to differing ambient temperature regimes, i.e., thermo-neutral (TN) (n = 18) and HS (n = 18), for 3 wk. Dietary nCrPic had no effect on growth performance and body composition during the initial study conducted under TN conditions. Heat stress decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.002) whereas sheep under HS had reduced average daily gain (ADG) and indeed lost weight (P < 0.001). Dietary nCrPic increased both ADFI (P = 0.041) and ADG (P = 0.049) under both TH and HS conditions such that the performance of sheep receiving supplemental nCrPic and exposed to HS was similar to that of control sheep maintained under TN conditions. Heat stress increased rectal temperature (P < 0.001) and respiration rate (P < 0.001), particularly during the hottest parts of the day as indicated by interactions (P < 0.001) between time of day and thermal treatment. Rectal temperature was lower in sheep fed nCrPic (P = 0.050), particularly under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and time of day (P < 0.001) and dietary nCrPic, thermal treatment and time of day (P = 0.010). Similarly, respiration rate was lower in sheep fed nCrPic under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and thermal treatment (P < 0.001) and dietary nCrPic and time of day (P = 0.030). In conclusion, dietary nCrPic can partially ameliorate the negative effects of HS as indicated by the maintenance of ADFI and decreased physiological responses, such as elevations in rectal temperature and respiration rate.

Purpose The magnitude of heat acclimation (HA) adaptations varies largely among individuals, but it remains unclear what factors influence this variability. This study compared individual characteristics related to fitness status and body dimensions of low-, medium-, and high responders to HA. Methods Twenty-four participants (9 female, 15 male; maximum oxygen uptake [$$\dot{{V}}$$ V ˙ O2peak,kg] 52 ± 9 mL kg−1 min−1) completed 10 daily controlled-hyperthermia HA sessions. Adaptations were evaluated by heat stress tests (HST; 35 min cycling 1.5 W kg−1; 33 °C, 65% relative humidity) pre- and post-HA. Low-, medium-, and high responder groups were determined based on tertiles (n = 8) of individual adaptations for resting rectal temperature (Tre), exercise-induced Tre rise (ΔTre), whole-body sweat rate (WBSR), and heart rate (HR). Results Body dimensions (p > 0.3) and $$\dot{{V}}$$ V ˙ O2peak,kg (p > 0.052) did not differentiate low-, medium-, and high responders for resting Tre or ΔTre. High WBSR responders had a larger body mass and lower body surface area-to-mass ratio than low responders (83.0 ± 9.3 vs 67.5 ± 7.3 kg; 249 ± 12 vs 274 ± 15 cm2 kg−1, respectively; p p = 0.02). $$\dot{{V}}$$ V ˙ O2peak,kg did not differ among levels of responsiveness for WBSR and HR (p > 0.3). Conclusion Individual body dimensions influenced the magnitude of sudomotor and cardiovascular adaptive responses, but did not differentiate Tre adaptations to HA. The influence of $$\dot{{V}}$$ V ˙ O2peak,kg on the magnitude of adaptations was limited.

The study was conducted to evaluate breed differences in thermoregulatory parameters of four Nigerian indigenous breeds of cattle over two seasons (late rainy and late dry). Data on thermoregulatory parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and Heat Tolerance Coefficient) of eighty (80) cattle, comprising 20 each of Bunaji, Rahaji, Bokoloji and Adamawa Gudali were obtained and subjected to analysis of variance of SAS software. In the pooled breed variation, breed influenced (p0.05) rectal temperature. The highest recorded values of respiratory rate (27.85 beat/min), Pulse rate (27.62breaths/min) and HTC (2.19) were in the late dry season. The effect of interaction between breed and season on thermoregulatory parameters significantly affected (p 0,05) la température rectale. Les valeurs les plus élevées enregistrées de la fréquence respiratoire étaient (27,85 battements / min), la fréquence cardiaque (27,62 respirations / min) et le 'HTC' (2,19) étaient à la fin de la saison sèche.L'effet de l'interaction entre la race et la saison sur les paramètres thermorégulateurs était significativement affecté (p

Bu çalışmada, et verim yönlü yavaş gelişen Hubbard Red JA57 genotipi, kapalı ve serbest (free range) yetiştirme sistemlerinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi (KSÜ), Hayvansal Üretim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezinde 12 hafta süre ile yürütülmüştür. Her tekerrürde 28 adet civciv (muamele başına 84, toplam 168 civciv) her muamelede 3 tekerrür kullanılmıştır. Kapalı yetiştirme sisteminde (KYS) civcivler, geleneksel yer bölmelerinde (3,7 civciv/m2) büyütülmüştür. Serbest (Free-range) muamele grubunda (SYS) ise, tavuklar benzer kapalı bölmelerde barındırılmış (3,7 civciv/ m2) ve buna ek olarak, yonca ekili yeşil alanda serbest dolaşım (0,9 civciv/m2) imkânı verilmiştir. Deneme boyunca tüm civcivler aynı yemlerle sınırsız beslenmiştir. İki farklı yetiştirme sisteminde; canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi, yem dönüşüm oranı, yaşama gücü, karkas ve parça oranları, yenilebilir iç organ ağırlık ve oranları, erkeklerin testis ağırlıkları, rektal sıcaklık ve tonik immobilite süreleri incelenmiştir. Haftalara ait yem dönüşüm oranı bakımından 11. haftada, eklemeli yem dönüşüm oranı bakımından ise 12. haftada, gruplar arasındaki fark önemli bulunmuştur. Yine, rektal sıcaklık ve tonik immobilite değerleri testis ağırlıkları ve oranları bakımından gruplar arasındaki farklılık önemli bulunmuştur. İnteraksiyon ortalamaları bakımından; sıcak karkas, soğuk karkas, sırt, göğüs eti ve boyun oranları ortalamaları aynı bulunurken, but, kemikli göğüs ve kanat oranları ortalamaları farklı bulunmuştur. En yüksek abdominal yağ oranı ortalaması KYS dişilerinde, en yüksek taşlık oranı ortalaması SYS dişilerinde, en yüksek karaciğer ortalaması KYS dişilerinde ve en yüksek kalp ağırlığı SYS erkeklerinde bulunmuştur.

A 20-week experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between markers and some quantitative traits in the Nigerian Local chicken. A total of fifty normal female chickens, about 16-18 weeks of age were used for the study. Data were collected bi-weekly on physiological and biochemical markers (packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocyte count, blood haemoglobin, blood glucose, rectal temperature) and quantitative traits (egg weight, shell thickness, Haugh unit, body weight, short term egg production) from each bird. The association between each identified marker and the quantitative traits was determined using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Rectal temperature showed significant (P < 0.05) positive association with shell thickness and body weight. Packed cell volume showed significant (p < 0.05) positive association with Haugh unit. However, significant (p < 0.01) negative association was found between rectal temperature and Haugh unit. Packed cell volume showed significant (p < 0.01) negative association with shell thickness and egg weight (p < 0.05). Other markers did not show any significant association with the quantitative traits studied. The results of this study suggest that since packed cell volume and rectal temperature showed definite association with important quantitative traits, they should be included in the marker bank that could be used by animal breeders and producers in marker assisted selection.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of photoperiod and pen colouration on growth performance characteristics of grower gilts. Forty-eight crossbred (Large white x Landrace) grower gilts at 16 weeks of age with mean body weight of 16.82±0.26 kg were randomly allotted to four (4) treatments. Pens were painted with different colours: pantone441 (control), pantone293 (blue), pantone185 (red) and pantone361 (green) and exposed to photoperiods of 12, 15 and 18 hours (h). The experimental design was 4x3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design. Performance parameters measured were Feed Intake (FI), Final Weight (FW) and Weight Gain (WG), while Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was calculated weekly throughout the 8 weeks of the experiment. Respiratory and rectal temperatures were monitored. The ambient temperature-humidity index (THI) was also monitored. The main effect of pen colour showed significant (p

The aim of the survey was to study the effect of heat stress (HS) on health lipid indices in milk of Holstein-Friesian cows. The study was conducted in a cattle farm with Holstein-Friesian cows in the region of Karnobat (Southeastern Bulgaria) in 2018. Cows were housed in semi-open free stall dairy barn, fed year-round ad libitum with a total mixed ration. The study included 22 cows on different parities studied in two periods - at thermo-neutral environment conditions and at heat stress, respectively, May and August. Extraction of milk fat was performed by the Rose-Gottlieb method. Conditions of HS lead to changes in the values of health lipid indices associated with a decrease in the values of Atherogenic index (AI), Thrombogenic index (TI), Lipid Preventive Score (LPS) and Desaturase (18) index (DI 18) and an increase in Health promoting Index (HPI), polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA), unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA), mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), Desaturase (16) index (DI 16) and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (h/H). Increasing the Temperature-humidity index (THI) above 72, results in a decrease in the AI values and an increase in those of the PUFA/SFA. The values of health lipid indices showed a moderate positive correlation with those of THI (PUFA/SFA - 0.36) with rectal temperature (h/H, MUFA/SFA, UFA/SFA) rp from 0.36 to 0.37, and with respiratory rate (h/H, PUFA/SFA), rp of 0.33 and 0.31, respectively. Under the influence of heat stress, changes in the metabolic processes occur in the body of dairy cows leading to changes in the fatty acid content of milk related to the improvement of health lipid indices in terms of human health due to an increase in UFA and reduction in SFA.

Early weaning is a widely accepted approach for enhancing productivity. This practice always accompanies undesirable stresses in lambs. Lambs must adapt these emotional and physical stresses rapidly to be productive. To estimate the stress, due to early weaning, 14 Patanwadi lambs weighing 9-11 kg, aged 50 days, were randomly divided into two different groups, that is weaned (W) and unweaned (UW) group. Before the start of the experiment, each group was given a 10 days’ acclimatization period with their group members. On the 11th day of the experiment (60th day), the W group lambs were separated from their dams. After weaning, on day 1, the W group had 1.6% declines, whereas the UW group had 4% increases in the growth rate over their respective preweaned weight (the day before weaning). The body weight of W group, which was reduced drastically on day 1, started rising by the second day after weaning. All the physiological parameters such as respiration rate, pulse rate, and rectal temperature were significantly (P

This experiment was set to evaluate rectal temperature and haematological indices of grower rabbits fed graded levels of dried ginger root meal (DGRM). Twenty-four rabbits (12 does and 12 bucks) weighing 557.09g on the average were used for the study which lasted for eight weeks. The experimental diet was compounded with the inclusion of DGRM at 15% (T2) 25% (T3) and 35% (T4) while treatment (T1) was the control (without DGRM). The experimental animals were randomized by weight into the four treatments with six replicates each. Rectal temperature was measured weekly in the course of the study. At the end of the feeding trial, the rabbits were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological analysis and serum biochemical analysis. Parameters measured were Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC), Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin count (MCHC) and leucocytes differential count. Also measured were serum sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus concentration. The mean values obtained for rectal temperature were not significantly (p>0.05) difference across treatments. T3 presented higher mean haemoglobin (Hb) concentration (15.31±0.52 g/dl) while White Blood Cell values (7.36±0.68 109/mm3) in T differed significantly (p 0.05) de différence entre les traitements. T3 présentait une concentration moyenne d'hémoglobine (Hb) plus élevée (15.31 ± 0.52 g / dl) tandis que les valeurs de globules blancs (7.36 ± 0.68 109 / mm3) en T2 différaient significativement (p

In this study, meat production performance of male chicks of the ATAK-S genotype, which is an egg-yielding line, were examined in both indoor and free range raising systems. The study was carried out at the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (KSU), Animal Production Application and Research Centre for 12 weeks. Each treatment was represented by 3 replications containing of 28 male chicks (84 male chicks per treatment). During the indoor treatment, the chicks were raised in floor pens in a conventional house (3.7 birds/m2). In the free-range treatment, the chickens were housed in a similar indoor house (3.7 birds/m2); in addition, they also had a free-range clover paddock (0.9 birds/m2). All birds were provided with the same diets as ad-libitum. Results showed that the thigh rate of the chickens in the free-range treatment were higher than that of the chickens in the indoor floor treatments, but the neck rate of the chickens in the free-range treatment were lower than that of the chickens in the indoor floor treatments. There was no significant effect of the free-range raising system on live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, eviscerated carcass, breast, thighs, wings, back rates, edible giblets, testes weight, rectal temperature and tonic immobility.

Heat stress is an environmental factor that negatively affects the morphological and physiological properties of dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat stress and milk yield, milk fat ratio and body temperature in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Data Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey's Siirt province was obtained from a special Kurtalan Farm. Milk yield and content of 13 head Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle were recorded in March, April, May, June, July, August and September. In addition, temperature and humidity records were recorded in the farm and in the parlor to be used for calculating the temperature humidity index value. In the analysis of data, correlation and regression methods were used in SAS 9.4 program. As a result, positive correlation (P

The installation of fans and rooftop sprinklers in swine housing and management facilities can increase noise intensity and may impair workers' hearing health over longs periods of time; therefore, an assessment of the piglets’ stress during invasive practices was made. This study set out to evaluate the noise intensity emitted by environmental enrichment devices (fans and rooftop sprinklers) and by piglets restrained for body temperature assessments and its effect on animal welfare and on the hearing health of workers exposed to it for long periods. Twenty piglets ranging in age from five to twenty days were observed. The sow gestation area was divided into a cooled (fans and rooftop sprinklers) and uncooled area. Two decibel meters were used to measure noise intensity, one for the general noise in the facilities and the other for the piglets, with five-minute intervals between assessments. Digital thermometers were used to take the rectal temperature, and infrared thermometers were used to take the body surface temperature. Fixed-effects ANOVA for the housing environment and periods and multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5% were applied. The average dorsal temperature of the piglets was 36 °C ± 1.2 in the cooled area and 38.4 °C ± 0.5 in the uncooled area. In both periods, the average maximum noise intensity was over 100 decibels. In the afternoon, the maximum intensity was higher for the uncooled environment. The results indicate that neither the fans nor the rooftop sprinklers installed in the facilities nor the squealing piglets during restraint affect the noise intensity of the environment. However, the noise intensity demonstrates the piglets’ stress and the need for protective equipment to preserve the workers’ hearing health.

Transportation plays important factor in broiler industry. Whole transportation process from loading tounloading can cause stress to broilers. The duration of the trip can affect oxidative stress, physiologicaland performance of broiler. This study aim to evaluate the effects of different transportation durationson oxidative stress, physiological responses and performance of broilers. Transportation from farm toslaughterhouse using a truck with a capacity of 144 crates. There were two durations treatment in this study,180 and 240 mins. Variables measured in this study were oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde/MDA content and catalase enzyme activity), physiological responses (rectal temperature and heterophilelymphocytes (HL) ratio), and performance represented by weight loss percentage. Normality test wasdone before T Test. Data analyzed using T Test independent which compared data between before andafter transportation. T Test dependent which compared data between short and long duration. The resultshowed that duration of transportation significantly affects on decrease liver and thigh catalase enzymeactivity, decrease malondialdehyde value on liver, decrease HL ratio after transportation, differenceson rectal temperature and weightloss. Long transportation duration resulted the lowest liver and thighcatalase enzymes activity (0.097±0.023 and 0.088±0.014 U/mL). It can be concluded that the long durationtransportation catalase enzyme activity reduce MDA value and affected performance indicator

Objectives were to determine the effects of a product containing electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds (EOEC) on body temperature indices in heat-stressed (HS) Holstein cows. Lactating cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a control diet (n = 10) or 2) a control diet supplemented with 113 g/d of EOEC (n = 10; Bovine BlueLite® Pellets; TechMix LLC, Stewart, MN). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (4 d), cows were fed their respective treatments and housed in thermoneutral conditions. During P2 (4 d), HS was artificially induced using an electric heat blanket (EHB). Overall, HS markedly increased vaginal temperature (Tv), rectal temperature (Tr), skin temperature (Ts), and respiration rate (RR) (P .01). There were no dietary treatment differences in Tv, Tr, or RR; however, during P2 EOEC-supplemented cows had increased Ts (0.8 °C; P = .04). Compared to P1, HS decreased DMI and milk yield (45 and 27%, respectively, P .01) similarly amongst treatments. Relative to P1, circulating insulin decreased (41%; P = .04) in CON cows, whereas it remained unaffected in EOEC-supplemented cows, resulting in a 2-fold increase in EOEC compared with CON-fed cows (P .01) during P2. Relative to P1, HS increased circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; 63%; P .01). During P2, there tended to be a treatment by day interaction on circulating NEFA, as concentrations decreased from d 2 to 4 of P2 in EOEC-fed cows but continued to increase in CON cows. In summary, feeding EOEC altered some key aspects of energetic metabolism and increased Ts.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil stres pada induk kambing Peranakan Ettawah pasca melahirkan tunggal dan kembar berdasarkan kondisi faali (suhu rektal, denyut nadi dan respirasi) serta jumlah komponen darah yang meliputi leukosit, neutrofil dan limfosit. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen, pengambilan data sampel 22 ekor induk kambing umur 2-3 tahun, pengamatan profile stress berupa suhu rektal, denyut nadi dan respirasi dilakukan pada induk kambing pasca melahirkan dengan rentan waktu 1-4 jam, pengambilan darah untuk mengukur kadar leukosit, neutrofil dan limfosit dilakukan setelah pengamatan kondisi faali, uji kadar Leukosit dan beberapa komponennya menggunakan alat uji darah Nihon Kohden Celltac a MEK -7222k dengan Reagen Isotonac 3 serta menggunakan metode Elektronic Impedance ( Focused flow Impedance ), Analisis data menggunakan Uji-t tidak berpasangan, dengan menggunakan program SPSS 16.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kambing kelahiran tunggal berbeda sangat nyata (P

This study analyzed the rectal and surface temperature of the horse's body, its heart rate variability parameters, and the step length when walking and trotting geriatric horses using blankets with various thermoinsulating properties. Twenty-four hot-blooded geldings were included in the study. The experiment was conducted in winter over a period of 30 consecutive days. The horses in the study were kept under three types of blankets (light, medium, thick). The control group was kept without blankets. The rectal and surface body temperature and the HRV parameters were measured before the experiment, immediately after the blankets were removed and an hour later. The step length when walking and trotting was measured before the experiment and the day before it was finished. The use of horse blankets in winter was found to have a positive effect on increasing the surface temperature of geriatric horses and thicker blankets produced more significant effects. For thick winter blankets, since one would expect an increase in the rectal temperature and elongation of the trotting step, it is recommended that they should be used at all times for geriatric horses prone to hypothermia and horses with painful muscles in the hind legs and the shoulder as the most common cause of reducing the length of the trotting step. The use of blankets should also result in a general body vitality improvement, which is demonstrated by a general increase in the activity of the autonomic nervous system, especially the sympathetic system.

Objective: To verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls, either fit or unfit, exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass. Methods: A total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups: 12 obese fit, 9 obese unfit, 5 lean fit, and 8 lean unfit. The obese groups (13.2 ± 1.4 years, 40.5% ± 5.8% fat by DXA) differed in their aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak 76.0 ± 8.1 vs. 56.6 ± 5.8 mL.kg muscle mass-1.min-1), as well as the lean groups (13.1 ± 1.6 years, 24.0% ± 4.8% fat) (V˙O2peak 74.5 ± 2.9 vs. 56.2 ± 5.0 mL.kg muscle mass-1 min-1). Girls cycled two bouts of 25 min with a 10 min rest in between, at ∼5.4 W.kg-1 in the heat (36 °C and 40% relative humidity) and they were kept euhydrated. Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5 min. Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise. Results: Initial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects (37.5 ± 0.3 and 37.2 ± 0.3 °C). No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese (eight fit or unfit) and lean (also fit or unfit) throughout the exercise in rectal temperature (37.6 ± 0.2, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.5 ± 0.3, 37.4 ± 0.3 °C, respectively), skin temperature (34.8 ± 0.8, 35.1 ± 1.0, 34.4 ± 0.9, 35.2 ± 0.9 °C), and heart rate (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 beats min-1). No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups. Conclusion: Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production. Resumo Objetivo: Verificar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas obesas e magras, com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica, exercitando-se no calor com produção metabólica de calor similar por massa corporal. Métodos: Um total de 34 meninas púberes foram alocadas em quatro grupos: 12 obesas com alta aptidão aeróbica, 9 obesas com baixa aptidão aeróbica, 5 magras com alta aptidão aeróbica e 8 magras com baixa aptidão aeróbica. Os grupos obesos (13,2 ± 1,4 anos, 40,5% ± 5,8% de gordura por DXA) diferiram em sua aptidão aeróbica (V˙O2peak 76,0 ± 8,1 vs. 56,6 ± 5,8 mL.kg de massa muscular-1.min-1), bem como os grupos magros (13,1 ± 1,6 anos, 24,0% ± 4,8% de gordura) (V˙O2peak 74,5 ± 2,9 vs. 56,2 ± 5,0 mL.kg de massa muscular-1min-1). As meninas pedalaram duas sessões de 25 minutos com descanso de 10 minutos entre as sessões, a ∼5,4 W.kg-1 no calor (36∘C e 40% de umidade relativa) e foram mantidas hidratadas. As temperaturas retal e cutânea e a frequência cardíaca foram medidas a cada 5 minutos. As respostas perceptivas foram avaliadas durante o exercício. Resultados: A temperatura retal inicial foi maior nas meninas obesas em comparação com as magras (37,5 ± 0,3 e 37,2 ± 0,3 °C). Não houve diferença entre as meninas obesas (com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) e magras (também com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) durante todo o exercício em relação à temperatura retal (37,6 ± 0,2; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,5 ± 0,3; 37,4 ± 0,3 °C; respectivamente), temperatura da pele (34,8 ± 0,8; 35,1 ± 1,0; 34,4 ± 0,9; 35,2 ± 0,9 °C), e frequência cardíaca (128 ± 18; 118 ± 12, 130 ± 16, 119 ± 16 batimentos.min-1). Não foram observadas diferenças nas respostas perceptivas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Independentemente da adiposidade ou do condicionamento aeróbico, as meninas púberes tiveram respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas semelhantes, enquanto pedalavam no calor com uma produção metabólica de calor similar.

Tunnel ventilation is an increasingly popular approach to mitigate the effects of heat stress on dairy cattle. Tunnel-ventilation barns use a bank of high-power fans to move air horizontally from one end of the barn to the other at cow level. The overall objective of the present experiments was to determine whether tunnel ventilation is superior to housing with fans and sprinklers with respect to rectal temperature during heat stress and seasonal variation in milk yield. In the first study, rectal temperatures were measured for 1097 lactating Holstein cows in six freestall barns with fans and sprinklers and 575 lactating Holsteins in four tunnel-ventilated freestall barns at a time point between 14:00 and 16:00 h during the months of June to August in Florida, USA. Rectal temperatures were lower for cows in tunnel-ventilation barns than sprinkler-and-fan barns when the tunnel-ventilation barns were built de novo but not when the tunnel-ventilation barns were produced by retrofitting a sprinkler-and-fan barn (interaction, P = 0.0129). In the second study, average daily milk yield in the first 90 days in milk was examined for 8470 lactating Holsteins housed in three sprinkler-and-fan barns and two tunnel-ventilation barns. Milk production for cows calving in cool weather (October to March) was greater (P

The study aimed to investigate the effects of ice slurry ingestion during break times and half-time (HT) on repeated-sprint performance and core temperature in the heat. Seven males performed two different trials as follows: ice slurry (−1°C) or room temperature water ingestion at each break and HT break at 36.5°C, 50% relative humidity. Participants performed 30 sets of 1-min periods of repeated- sprint exercises protocol using a cycling ergometer. Each period consisted of 5 sec of maximal pedaling, 25 sec of pedaling with no workload, and 30 sec of rest; two sets of exercise periods were separated by 10 min of rest. Each break was implemented for 1 min after every 5 sets. The rectal temperature in ice slurry ingestion was significantly lower than that of the room temperature water at 45 set (p=0.04). Total and mean work done was greater in ice slurry ingestion compared to room temperature water ingestion (p < 0.05). These results suggested that ice slurry ingestion during break times and HT break may be an effective cooling strategy to attenuate the rise of core temperature in the second half of exercise and improve the repeated-sprint exercise capacity in the heat.

Lighting regimes are possibly used as a strategy to improve rabbit production in tropical regions; on this background, this study was conducted to assess the possible role of different light (L):dark (D) regimes in improving growing New Zealand white rabbit’s performance. Sixty-four growing rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. Rabbits of the first group (C) were exposed to 12 h of light (from 10.00 to 22.00 h). Rabbits of the second group (T1) were exposed to 12 h of light (from 22.00 to 10.00 h). The third group (T2) was exposed to 8 h of light (from 10.00 to 18.00 h), while the fourth group (T3) was exposed to 8 h of light (from 22.00 to 06.00 h). Temperature-humidity index values ranged between 27.00 and 28.87, indicating exposure of growing rabbits to very severe heat stress. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass traits, blood parameters, and some physiological (rectum temperature, respiration rate) and health aspects (morbidity, mortality, and health risks %) were investigated. Rabbits of T1 showed the highest (P

Background While active heat acclimation strategies have been robustly explored, not many studies highlighted passive heat acclimation strategies. Particularly, little evidence demonstrated advantages of utilizing a water-perfused suit as a passive heating strategy. This study aimed to explore heat adaptive changes in physiological and perceptual responses during 10-day heat acclimation training using a water-perfused suit. Methods Nineteen young males were divided into three experimental groups: exercise condition (N = 6, HAEXE, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed by 1-h rest in a sitting position), exercise and passive heating condition (N = 6, HAEXE+SUIT, 1-h exercise at 6 km h−1 followed 1-h passive heating in a sitting position), and passive heating condition (N = 7, HASUIT, 2-h passive heating in a sitting position). All heating programs were conducted for 10 consecutive days in a climatic chamber maintained at 33 °C with 60% relative humidity. The passive heating was conducted using a newly developed water-perfused suit with 44 °C water. Results Greater whole-body sweat rate and alleviated perceptual strain were found in HASUIT and HAEXE+SUIT after 5 and/or 10 days (P < 0.05) but not in the exercise-only condition (HAEXE). Lower rectal temperature and heart rate were found in all conditions after the training (P < 0.05). Heat adaptive changes appeared earlier in HASUIT except for sweat responses. Conclusions For heat acclimation in hot humid environments, passive and post-exercise heat acclimation training using the suit (water inflow temperature 44 °C) were more effective than the mild exercise (1-h walking at 6 km h−1). This form of passive heating (HASUIT) may be an especially effective strategy for the elderly and the disabled who are not able to exercise in hot environments.

This study aimed to investigate effects of pretransport diet (rearing milk vs. electrolytes), type of vehicle (open vs. conditioned truck), and transport duration (6 vs. 18 h) on physiological status of young calves upon arrival at the veal farm. A total of 368 calves were transported in 2 consecutive batches from a collection center to a veal farm. Blood samples were collected from calves before transport; immediately posttransport (T0); and 4, 24, and 48 h, and 1, 3, and 5 wk posttransport. Blood was analyzed for glucose, urea, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine kinase, albumin, total protein, osmolality, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and hematological variables. Body weight, rectal temperature, and skin elasticity were determined before and immediately posttransport. Blood glucose, NEFA, and urea concentrations at T0 showed an interaction between pretransport diet and transport duration. Milk-fed and electrolyte-fed calves transported for 18 h did not significantly differ in plasma glucose concentration or serum NEFA concentrations. However, after 6 h of transport, milk-fed calves had higher plasma glucose and lower serum NEFA concentrations (4.71 mmol/L and 586.5 µmol/L, respectively) than electrolyte-fed calves (3.56 mmol/L and 916 µmol/L, respectively). After 18 h of transport, milk-fed calves had lower urea concentrations (5.40 mmol/L) than electrolyte-fed calves (7.38 mmol/L). In addition, at T0, after 6 h of transport, milk-fed calves gained weight (Δ = 0.41 kg), whereas electrolyte-fed calves lost weight (Δ = −0.16 kg). After 18 h of transport, both milk-fed and electrolyte-fed calves showed body weight losses (Δ = −0.67 and −0.74 kg, respectively). Type of vehicle had a limited influence on blood parameters. Concentrations of NEFA and BHB reached the maximum values at T0 and then decreased until wk 5 posttransport. The increase in NEFA and BHB concentrations between prior to and just posttransport (T0) was less pronounced in calves transported for 6 h (746.1 µmol/L and 0.38 mmol/L, respectively) than in calves transported for 18 h (850.6 µmol/L and 0.50 mmol/L). Overall, the recovery rate of calves at the veal farm seemed rapid; all blood parameters returned to (below) pretransport values within 48 h posttransport. We concluded that feeding milk before short-term transport helps young veal calves cope with transport, whereas this is not the case during long-term transport.

Bos taurus indicus temperament is variable and affects beef tenderization. Our objective was to investigate temperament and performance of non–castrated Nellore and identify groups based on Longissimus lumborum (LL) pH decline as well as beef characteristics produced by those groups. We investigated 94 animals with a subset of carcasses (n = 24) selected based on LL pH at 24 h postmortem (pm) to represent two groups: resistant to pH decline (> 5.8 called pH–Res; n = 10) and normal (< 5.7 called pH–Nor; n = 14). Steaks were fabricated from the LL muscle and randomly assigned to aging (2, 7, 14, and 21 days). Sarcomere length, cooking loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were determined. Data on temperament were investigated in a multivariate approach, while beef data were compared between groups using the analysis of variance. Rectal temperature at the beginning of the finishing phase and total weight gain were greater and related to animals in the pH–Res group (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Temperature and pH decline curves, sarcomere length, and cooking loss revealed that pH–Res produced beef with lower quality compared to the pH–Nor group. Results for MFI and WBSF did not show differences between groups within each time pm; however, overall steaks from pH–Res were tougher (p = 0.06). Incidence of LL pH between 5.8 and 5.9 at 24 h pm did not compromise the tenderization rate or extension; however, it affected the water holding capacity in this population of Nellore cattle.

The study aimed at evaluating the effects of high ambient temperature (HT: 30 °C) on the thermoregulatory responses and performance of commercial and Piau crossbred (Brazilian Piau breed sires × commercial genotype dams) growing pigs. Commercial and Piau crossbred pigs were reared under thermoneutral (TN: 22 °C) or HT conditions during a 14-day experimental period. Feeding (daily) and animals (beginning and end) were weighted to obtain performance parameters. Skin and rectal temperatures, respiratory rate, and blood parameters were also measured. At the end of the trial (day 15), the animal’s backfat thickness (BF) and loin eye area (LEA) were measured. No interaction (p &gt, 0.05) between the genetic group and ambient temperature was observed for any performance trait. Irrespective of ambient temperature, Piau crossbred pigs had a similar feed intake (ADFI, 2615 g/day, on average, p &gt, 0.05), lower daily weight gain (ADG, −234 g/day, p &lt, 0.01), and a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR, +0.675 g/g, 0.01). There was interaction (p = 0.01) between genotype and ambient temperature for the LEA that decreased significantly in response to HT in commercial pigs (−6.88 cm2) and did not differ in response to ambient temperature in Piau crossbred pigs (29.14 cm2, on average, 0.05). Piau crossbred pigs had greater BF (+7.2 mm, 0.01) than commercial pigs. Regardless of the genetic group, exposure of pigs to HT resulted in decreased ADFI (−372 g/day, 0.01), ADG (−185 g/day, 0.01), and a higher FCR (+0.48 g/g, p = 0.01). Ambient temperature did not affect lipid deposition. Pigs at HT had an increased respiratory rate (+38 bpm, 0.01) and a long-lasting increase in skin and rectal temperatures compared to TN pigs. Total concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were not affected by ambient temperature in commercial pigs, whereas Piau crossbred pigs kept at 30 °C had a transient decrease in both hormones at day 2 (p &lt, 0.01). Serum cortisol concentrations were not affected (p &gt, 0.05) by genotype nor ambient temperature. In summary, Piau crossbred pigs had lower efficiency using nutrients for growth in association with increased lipid deposition when compared to commercial pigs. In response to HT, commercial pigs had a decreased LEA, whereas no effect was observed for Piau crossbred pigs. Apart from that, commercial and Piau crossbred pigs had a similar magnitude of thermoregulatory responses activation in response to HT, evidencing their innate survival-oriented function.

We examined whether blowing hot air above body temperature under work clothing may suppress core temperature. Nine Japanese men engaged in two 30-min bicycle ergometer sessions at a workload of 40% VO2max at 40 °C and 50% relative humidity. The experiment was conducted without wearing any cooling apparatus (CON), wearing a cooling vest that circulated 10.0 °C water (VEST), and wearing a fan-attached jacket that transferred ambient air underneath the jacket at a rate of 30 L/s (FAN). The VEST and FAN conditions suppressed the increases of rectal temperature (CON, VEST, FAN; 38.01 ± 0.19 °C, 37.72 ± 0.12 °C (p = 0.0076), 37.54 ± 0.19 °C (p = 0.0023), respectively), esophageal temperature (38.22 ± 0.30 °C, 37.55 ± 0.18 °C (p = 0.0039), 37.54 ± 0.21 °C (p = 0.0039), respectively), and heart rate (157.3 ± 9.8 bpm, 136.9 ± 8.9 bpm, (p = 0.0042), 137.5 ± 6.5 bpm (p = 0.0023), respectively). Two conditions also reduced the estimated amount of sweating and improved various subjective evaluations. Even in the 40 °C and 50% relative humidity environment, we may recommend wearing a fan-attached jacket because the heat dissipation through evaporation exceeded the heat convection from the hot ambient air.

Tryptophan indirectly increases plasma calcium levels, which may improve sow health, and melatonin production, which may improve piglet survival when supplemented during late gestation and lactation. It was hypothesised that tryptophan would increase piglet survival and increase sow circulating melatonin and calcium. Seventy-two multiparous (Landrace x Large White) sows were allocated to either control (0.16% tryptophan, n = 24), low tryptophan (0.42%, n = 24) or high tryptophan (0.56%, n = 24). Piglet viability measures consisted of weights, behaviour, meconium staining, rectal temperature, blood glucose and serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Blood samples collected from sows were analysed for melatonin (two daytime and three night-time samples, n = 17) and calcium (two samples pre- and post-farrowing, n = 14). Both tryptophan treatments increased piglet survival compared to the control group (p &lt, 0.001). Tryptophan had no effect on piglet viability (p &gt, 0.05) and no effect on sow plasma melatonin and calcium concentrations compared with the control group (p &gt, 0.05) except at 21:00 when low tryptophan sows had higher melatonin concentration compared with high tryptophan (p = 0.011). Further research to understand the mediating effects of tryptophan (particularly 5-hydroxytryptophan) on piglet survival, including sow behaviour, is warranted.

This study investigated the effect of high-intensity cycling re-warm up (RW) within a very short time-frame on the subsequent intermittent sprint performance. Twelve active males completed three trials in random order: control (CON); 3-min RW at 30% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (RW30); and 1-min RW at 90% of VO2max (RW90). During the experimental trials, participants performed 40-min intermittent cycling exercise followed by 15-min rest. During the rest period, participants completed CON, RW30, or RW90. After the rest period, participants performed the Cycling Intermittent-Sprint Protocol (CISP), which consisted of 10-s rest, 5-s maximal sprint, and 105-s active recovery with the cycles repeated over 10 min. The mean work during sprint for the CISP was significantly higher in both RW trials than in the CON trial (mean±standard deviation; CON: 3539±698 J; RW30: 3724±720 J; RW90: 3739±736 J; p, This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17J02878 (to TY) and internal funding from the Waseda University (to MM and NH).

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of fans and showers on the physiological measures and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian bulls during subtropical summer in Pakistan. Thirty-six bulls with an average body weight of 898.0 ± 135.2 kg (mean ± SD) and an average age (4 to 6 years) were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) CTL, bulls kept under shade only; (2) FN, bulls provided with fans under shade; and (3) FNS, bulls provided showers in addition to fans under shade. The trial was carried out for 6 months from April to September 2016 and was categorized into two seasons (dry summer and humid summer). Ambient temperature, relative humidity, temperature-humidity index, dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, rectal temperature (RT), pulse rate (PR) and respiration rate (RR) were recorded daily. Semen characteristics and selected blood metabolites were measured every 2 weeks. The results indicated that the DMI of the bulls was similar between the treatment groups. Water intake, RT, PR and RR were significantly lower in the FNS group than in the CTL and FN groups (P 0.001). Semen characteristics, including semen concentration, post-thaw semen motility, progressive motility, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness, live-to-dead ratio, plasma membrane integrity, normal acrosomal ridge and DNA integrity, were not different between the treatment groups (P 0.05). The FNS group tended to have a higher semen volume than that of the FN and CTL groups (P = 0.10). Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the FNS group than in the FN and CTL groups (P 0.05). Blood urea nitrogen and testosterone were not different among the treatment groups (P 0.05). The current results indicated that showers with fans improved the welfare of Holstein Friesian bulls by lowering physiological measures in addition to increasing trends in semen volume during subtropical summer.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of brewer's yeast hydrolysate (BYH) supplementation on growth performance, blood profile, diarrhoea score, faecal microbial and rectal temperature in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged in weanling pigs. A total of 40 cross-bred weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight of 8.15 ± 0.87 kg were used in a 6 weeks experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to the following four dietary treatments (five pigs/two replicate/treatment) according to their initial body weight and gender. Treatments were as follows: CON, basal diet + Saline injection; NC, basal diet + LPS challenge; PC1, basal diet + 1.0% BYH + saline injection; and PC2, basal diet + 1.0% BYH + LPS challenge. Our results demonstrated pig fed diets with BYH had higher (p < .05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) during week 2-4 as well as gain:feed (G:F) during the whole experimental period than pigs fed diets without BYH. At the end of experiment, faecal Escherichia coli counts in pigs with an LPS injection tended to increase (p = .08). Meanwhile, the rectal temperature concentration of IgM and lymphocyte percentage in pigs with an LPS injection increase (p = .05) at 6 and 12 hr. In conclusion, the supplementation of 1.0% BYH can improve ADFI and G:F, as well as may reduce the diarrhoea in weanling pigs.

This study examined the effectiveness of a field-type liquid cooling vest (LCV) worn underneath an impermeable protective suit on heat strain during walking. Eight men walked for 60 min at a moderate speed (3.0 km/h) wearing the suit in a warm environment (33°C, 60% relative humidity) without (control, CON) or with the LCV. A smaller increase in rectal temperature was recorded in participants in the LCV than in the CON condition (37.6 ± 0.1°C vs. 37.9 ± 0.1°C, p

Twenty four adult non-pregnant; non-lactating Barki ewes, aged 3 to 4 years with initial body weight of (35.75 ± 1.15) (kg) were randomly divided to two groups (n=12). Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded along the trail and temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. The first group was kept as a control unshorn group while the second group was shorn to inspect the effects of shearing on body weight, physiological responses and thermal homeostasis of shorn ewes. Animals were weighed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45. Rectal temperature (RT), skin temperature (ST) and respiration frequency (RR) were measured on days 0, 1, 3, 15, 30 and 45 andThermal gradients (RT-ST) and (ST-AT) were assessed. Irrespective of the lost fleece weight on day 0, shorn ewes continued to lose more of their weights till day 15 then they started to regain their body weight. Shearing reduced (P 0.05) compared with the control group. Differences in (RT-ST) and ambient (ST-AT) between groups were insignificant. Shorn ewes retained lower values of RT, ST and RR than the controls during the experiment. Results indicated the capacity of shorn Barki ewes to maintain their thermoregulation stability by using energy retention mechanisms andto regain body weight. That might indicate a temporal moderate effect of shearing if it was under mild climatic conditions.

Two mules weighing 391±22.67 kg were used in carting to pull load equal to two and three times of their live weight including the weight of the operator. The weight of the cart was 170.0 kg. Mules carried each load for three days. The mules walked 5 km in first stretch and then rest of 20 min was given. After rest, mules again walked for 5 km and thus completed a total of 10 km, during the work. The mules were not walking but trotting. All physiological indices (pulse rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature) increased significantly after work and resumed normal by the next morning. The mean values of pulse rate (PR), respiration rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT) before work during two times (x2) load were 32.67±0.88, 26.67±0.49, and 36.49±0.30. The mean values of PR, RR, and RT after completion of 5 km and 10 km distance were 74.33±3.56, 51.67±3.02, 38.35±0.09 and 75.67±0.56, 50.00±1.06, 38.31±0.20, respectively. The mean values of PR, RR, and RT observed after 20-minute rest after completion of 5 and 10 km were 33.83±1.17, 29.00±2.45, 37.52±0.22 and 36.67±0.88, 31.50±0.43, 38.20±0.09, respectively. The mean values of PR, RR, and RT before work during three times (x3) load were 33.5±0.76,26.83±0.48, and 36.72±0.07, respectively. The mean values of PR, RR, and RT after completion of 5 km and 10 km distance were 81.5±0.76, 61.67±1.33, 38.63±0.05 and 91.33±1.99, 68.83±3.53, 38.65±0.0, respectively. The mean values of physiological indices observed after 20-minute rest after completion of 5 and 10 km were 41.00±0.36, 34.83±0.48, 37.57±0.07 and 45.17±0.95, 36.67±0.99, 38.08±0.05, respectively. Biochemical indices and fatigue symptoms indicated that mules carrying two times of their body weight were able to carry the load without stress, whereas, under the three times of body weight, mules were fatigued as indicated by biochemical indices and fatigue symptoms.