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A new species of the genus Phthorarcha Meyrick, 1892 is described from Gansu of China: Phthorarcha pallidia Xian & Jiang, sp. nov. Diagnosis of the new species is provided; illustrations of external features and male genitalia of the new species are also presented.

Pan, Zhaohui, Xian, Chunlan, Han, Hongxiang (2022): Two new species of the genus Comibaena Hübner, 1823 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China. Zootaxa 5190 (1): 147-150, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.8

The genus Eucyclodes was originally established by Warren (1894) on the basis of Phorodesma buprestaria Guenée, 1858. Eucyclodes is a large genus, which contains more than 90 species (Scoble 1999; Scoble & Hausmann 2007), mainly distributed in the Indo-Australian tropics, and more than 50% of all species are found in New Guinea. More than 90% of all Eucyclodes species were described before the 1950s. The most recent additions were made by Inoue (1978, 1986), Holloway & Sommerer (1984), Holloway (1996), and Tautel (2016), who each erected one new species per publication. The tribal position of Eucyclodes is still uncertain, for example, Pitkin (1996), Holloway (1996) and Ban et al. (2018) placed it in the tribe Nemoriini (or Nemoriiti), and the most recent research by Murillo-Ramos et al. (2019) found that Eucyclodes is sister to other Nemoriini and the authors did not assign it to any tribe.

Neochloroglyphica gen. nov. and its type species N. perbella sp. nov. are described from Yunnan, China. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, support the hypothesis that Neochloroglyphica is a member of the tribe Neohipparchini, and that it is a sister genus to Chloroglyphica. Morphological characters, including those of the genitalia, are figured and compared with related genera, especially Chloroglyphica, Neohipparchus and Chlororithra. Diagnoses for the genus and the species are provided and illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

Biston panterinaria, Biston thibetaria and Biston perclara are very closely related species in the genus Biston, judged on the basis of both morphological and molecular evidence. The distribution area and altitudes, and host plants of these three species also show both consistency and differences. However, the exact relationship between the three species is unclear. In this study, we used the ‘distance-based method’, the ‘tree-based method’ and Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography to elucidate the relationship between the three species. Phylogenetic trees based on mitogenomes, COI+CYTB+16S and three nuDNA genes were constructed. The results of the phylogenetic trees revealed that B. thibetaria and B. perclara were derived from B. panterinaria and render the latter paraphyletic. The budding process of speciation is therefore presumed to be the main factor causing a phylogenetic relationship of this pattern. A host shift from broad-leaved plants living at low altitudes to gymnosperms living at relatively high altitudes provides evidence of budding speciation in these three species. The divergence time suggests that the budding speciation occurred at approximately 1.38 Ma, which is consistent with the Kunlun-Yellow River Movement. Tectonic movements occurring around the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau may be the driver of the budding speciation.

The subfamily Cyclidiinae from China is reviewed: two genera and seven species are reported from China. One new subspecies, Cyclidia fractifasciata indistincta subsp. n., is described. Two new synonyms are established: Cyclidia substigmaria (Hübner, 1831) (= Cyclidia substigmaria brunna Chu & Wang, 1987, syn. n. = Cyclidia tetraspota Chu & Wang, 1987, syn. n.). One misidentification in Chu & Wang (1987) is corrected. Identification keys and diagnoses for all discussed Chinese species are provided. External features and genitalia are depicted. In addition, results of DNA barcoding for five taxa of Cyclidia are briefly discussed.

The alterations in the phylogeographical structures of insects in response to the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary glaciations in eastern Asia, particularly in northern China, remain largely unknown. In this study, we selected Apocheima cinerarius, a moth with flightless females, using molecular data (complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear data) and ecological niche modelling (ENM) to investigate the effects of paleoclimatic changes on the evolutionary history of insects in the area of northern China. The phylogenetic tree of complete mitochondrial genomes indicated that there were two lineages, the western and eastern lineages. The nuclear gene analyses also detected unique haplotypes in each lineage. Time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the two lineages was approximately in Early–Middle Pleistocene. Bayesian skyline plots revealed that the western lineage underwent a population expansion event after the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas the eastern lineage underwent expansion between the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results suggest that A. cinerarius expanded eastward from western sites until the moth was distributed across the entire region of northern China. Then, A. cinerarius underwent contraction into isolated glacial refugia followed by subsequent expansion driven by Pleistocene climate changes, which established a narrow sympatric area. Our results indicate that the Quaternary environmental fluctuations had profound influences on the diversification and demography of an insect in northern China, and the same species in north-western China and north-eastern China have different demographic histories.

The genus Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 is reviewed and redescribed, S. sanguinaria (Moore, 1868) is formally fixed as type-species according to the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Seven species, including S. brunnearia (Leech, 1897), are presently recognized as members of this genus and two new species from China and N. Vietnam, S. expansus sp. nov. and S. elasmlatus sp. nov., are described herein. The original specific status of S. histrionaria ornata (Bastelberger, 1909) is restored. The systematic position of S. brunnearia is discussed. Diagnoses for all the species are provided and illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

The genus Metaterpna is revised. The two species known, M. differens (Warren, 1909) and M. thyatiraria (Oberthür, 1913), are redescribed, with emphasis on the considerable variability of M. thyatiraria, and the status of the related type specimen was discussed. In addition, one new species, M. batangensis sp. nov., is described from Batang and Daocheng, Sichuan province, and Lijiang, Yunnan province, southwestern China. M. thyatiraria and M. batangensis show clear distance by DNA barcode sequences. Illustrations of moths and genitalia are presented.

The genus Peratophyga Warren, 1894 in China is reviewed. Six species are recognized, of which P. crista sp. nov. and P. recta sp. nov. are described. P. hyalinata grata (Butler, 1879) is restored to specific rank as P. grata (Butler, 1879) stat. rev. P. grata totifasciata Wehrli, 1923 comb. nov. is proposed. P. xanthyala (Hampson, 1896) and P. grata grata (Butler, 1879) are newly recorded for China. Two species are transferred from Peratophyga to the genus Stegania Guenée, 1845: S. castaneostriata (Yazaki & Wang, 2004) comb. nov. and S. modesta (Yazaki & Wang, 2004) comb. nov. A key to Chinese Peratophyga and diagnoses for Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

Guenée (1858) described the genus Thalassodes for T. pilaria Guenée from Loyality Island (Tahiti) and some allied species. Prout (1912) revised the genus, listing 32 taxa from the Old World, and later (Prout 1933) listed forty species and divided Thalassodes into four unnamed sections according to habitus and structure of the male legs. Holloway (1996) divided Thalasssodes into three genera using genitalic charactersa and grouped 16 species in genus Pelagodes Holloway (type species: Thalassodes aucta Prout, 1912). Scoble (1999) attributed 22 species to the genus. Later, Inoue (2003, 2005, 2006) revised collections from the Oriental region, describing ten additional species and a further distinct genus, Reniformvalva Inoue, 2006. Han and Xue (2011) added four new species to Pelagodes and found external similarities between P. clarifimbria and moths from Hainan in China, but postponed any differentiation due to limited material. Lindt, while identifying his emerald moths collected in Laos, noticed genitalic differences between brown-fronted Pelagodes specimens from Laos and Thailand, which are allopatric in Thailand. Here we present a comparative description of P. clarifimbria and a new species P. cancriformis. Institutional acronyms are as follows:. EMNH, Estonian Museum of Natural History, Tallinn, Estonia. IZBE, formerly in Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, now deposited in Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia. IZCAS, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

The Comibaenini are reviewed and their characters are assessed. Eight genera are included in the tribe, with one new genus and 11 new species described. Descriptions and diagnoses of the genera and diagnoses for species are provided. All Chinese species of Comibaena fall into four species groups on the basis of the morphology of the male genitalia. The synonymic relationship between Chlorochromodes and Comostolodes is discussed, and the statuses of all the related species are revised. Three new synonyms are established. Moths of all species are illustrated in colour and genitalia figures are provided. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 723–772.

The classification of the genera of the widely distributed Old World tribe Pseudoterpnini is reviewed and 34 genera are recognized. Two new generic synonyms (Sterictopsis Warren and Oxyphanes Turner as synonyms of Rhuma Walker), and 21 new or reinstated combinations are established. Representative moths of all the genera are illustrated in colour (upper side and underside), and genitalia of all genera are illustrated in monochrome (162 figures). All the known species and subspecies of Pseudoterpnini are listed (321), together with their synonyms. The Pseudoterpnini and their characters are assessed, and many genera are newly assigned to the tribe. © 2007 Natural History Museum, London. Journal compilation © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 150, 343–412.

The genus Euryobeidia Fletcher, 1979 is reviewed. Five species from China are recognized, of which, E. ellipsoidea sp. nov., E. incrassata sp. nov. and E. quadrata sp. nov. are described as new to science. Diagnoses for all the species are provided and illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

4 Corresponding author Abstract The genus Syzeuxis Hampson, 1895 is reviewed. In addition to the 11 species known worldwide, two new species are described: S. furcalineas sp. nov. from Assam, India and S. pavonata sp. nov. from Yunnan, China. One new synonymy is given: S. miniocalaria Xue, 1999 is sunk in S. heteromeces Prout, 1926. All the known species are redescribed and lectotypes are designated for S. magnidica Prout, S. subfasciaria (Wehrli) and S. nigrinotata (Warren). Generic characters based on all species are summarized. Illustrations of moths and genitalia are presented. The tribal placement of the genus is discussed, with the conclusion that it should be placed in the tribe Trichopterygini. A pilot phylogenetic study based on morphological charac- ters of Syzeuxis indicates that four species-groups can be identified. The biogeographical aspects of the genus are also dis- cussed.

The genus Biston Leach, 1815 is reviewed for China. Seventeen species are recognized, of which B. mediolata sp. n. is described. B. pustulata (Warren, 1896) and B. panterinaria exanthemata (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded for China. The following new synonyms are established: B. suppressaria suppressaria (Guenée, 1858) (= B. suppressaria benescripta (Prout, 1915), syn. n. = B. luculentus Inoue, 1992 syn. n.); B. falcata (Warren, 1893) (= Amphidasis erilda Oberthür, 1910, syn. n. = Amphidasis clorinda Oberthür, 1910, syn. n. = B. emarginaria Leech, 1897, syn. n.); B. panterinaria panterinaria (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (= B. panterinaria abraxata (Leech, 1889), syn. n. = B. panterinaria lienpingensis (Wehrli, 1939), syn. n. = B. panterinaria szechuanensis (Wehrli, 1939), syn. n.). B. falcata satura (Wehrli,1941), comb. n. is proposed. A key to Chinese Biston and diagnoses for Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

The genus Episothalma Swinhoe is reviewed, and two new species are described: E. irrobustaria, sp. nov. from Thailand, and E. cuspidata sp. nov. from Hainan Province, China. E. ocellata Swinhoe is excluded from Episothalma and Pseudepisothalma gen. nov. is erected based on this species. A lectotype is designated for P. ocellata. Descriptions and diagnoses for both genera are given. All the known species are redescribed, and variations in the male genitalia of E. robustaria (Guenée) are described and figured. Illustrations of adults and genitalia are presented.

The genus Pachyodes Guenée, 1858 is reviewed, and two new species are described: P. novata, sp. nov., from South China and P. jianfengensis, sp. nov., from Hainan Province, China. The six previously known species are redescribed, and a lectotype is designated for P. pratti (Prout, 1927). Illustrations of adults and genitalia are presented. The holotype and paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

A total of three tribes, 38 genera and 148 species of Thyatirinae from China are listed together with one dubious record. Of these, one new species, Stenopsestis bruna sp. nov., is described. Macrothyatira danieli Werny, 1966, stat. rev., is restored to specific rank. Cymatophora subampliata Houlbert, 1921, is downgraded to subspecific rank as Tethea (Tethea) albicostata subampliata (Houlbert, 1921), stat. nov. Two genera, four species and three subspecies are recorded for the first time from China (Chiropsestis Laszlo, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001, Hiroshia Laszlo, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001, Chiropsestis rubrocinerea Laszlo, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001, Hiroshia albinigra Laszlo, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001, Parapsestis hausmanni Laszlo, Ronkay, Ronkay & Witt, 2007, Spica luteola Swinhoe, 1889, Parapsestis cinerea pacifica Laszlo, Ronkay, Ronkay & Witt, 2007, Tethea (Saronaga) consimilis aurisigna Bryk, 1943, Nothoploca nigripunctata fansipana Laszlo, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001). Ten misidentifications in Zhao (2004) are corrected. Illustrations of external features and genitalia of the new taxa and new records are presented.

The genus Luxiaria Walker and its allied genus Calletaera Warren in China, including 16 species in all, are reviewed. Five new species are described: C. obvia sp. nov., C. acuticornuta sp. nov., C. rotundicornuta sp. nov., C. dentata sp. nov., C. trigonoprocessus sp. nov. The species L. acutaria (Snellen, 1877) and L. tephrosaria (Moore, 1868) are newly recorded for China. Two new combinations are established: C. obliquata (Moore, 1888) comb. nov. and C. consimilaria (Leech, 1897) comb. nov. Four new synonyms are established: Eutoea Walker, 1860 (= Bithiodes Warren, 1894 syn. nov.); Calletaera Warren, 1895 (=Bithiodes Warren, 1899 syn. nov.), based on the fixation of nominal type Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861, for the genus name Bithiodes Warren, 1894; L. emphatica Prout, 1925 (= L. costinota Inoue, 1978 syn. nov.); C. subexpressa (Walker, 1861) (= C. digrammata Wehrli, 1925 syn. nov.). Diagnoses for all Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

Genusa Walker, 1855, a genus currently included in the Hypochrosini, was originally established in the Lymantriidae, and transferred to the Geometridae by Hampson (1895), who designated G. bigutta Walker, 1855 as the type species, and listed G. destituta Walker, 1865, originally described from Cambodia, as a synonym of G. bigutta, though without any explanation. The only literature which compared destituta with bigutta is Swinhoe (1900), where he stated that destituta is hardly separable from G. bigutta.

The genus Arbomia was described as a monotypic genus by Sato & Wang, 2004, based on Arbo mia kishidai Sato & Wang, 2004 from China (Guangdong) and Vietnam. Since then, no new species of Arbomia has been described. Recently we have examined all the specimens of Arbomia in IZCAS, including those collected during recent expeditions, and have found one new species. The purpose of this paper is to describe the new species A. trigonoprocessa sp. nov., to reported Arbomia kishidai for the first time from the provinces of Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, and Guangxi of China, and to provide diagnostic characters and illustrations of the external features and genitalia of the two Arbomia species.

The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov. , and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara . One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

The subfamily Oretinae from China is revised. Three genera and thirty species are reported from China. One new species Oreta inflativalva sp. nov. is described. Fourteen new synonyms are established: Oreta obtusa dejeani Watson (= Oreta sinuata Chu & Wang, syn. nov. = Oreta asignis Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta speciosa (Bryk) (= Oreta hyalina Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta shania Watson (= Oreta bimaculata Chu & Wang, syn. nov., = Oreta cera Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta flavobrunnea Watson (= Oreta dalia Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta pavaca pavaca Moore (= Oreta zigzaga Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta pavaca sinensis Watson (= Oreta fusca Chu & Wang, syn. nov., = Oreta unichroma Chu & Wang, syn. nov., = Oreta lushansis Fang, syn. nov.); Oreta trispinuligera Chen (= Oreta ankyra Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Oreta hoenei hoenei Watson (= Oreta trianga Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Spectroreta hyalodisca Hampson (= Spectroreta fenestra Chu & Wang, syn. nov.); Neoreta brunhyala (Shen & Chen) comb. nov. (= Spectroreta thumba Xin & Wang, syn. nov.). The generic name Neoreta Warren, 1897 is revived for Amphitorna Turner, 1911. Four species are newly recorded for China. The female genitalia of Oreta liensis and Oreta angularis are described for the first time. Three misidentifications in Chu & Wang (1987) are corrected. Diagnoses for the subfamily, genera, and all species are provided. Illustrations of the adults and genitalia are provided.

Heinitang is a small Lisu Nationality village located in western Yunnan Province, China, near the frontier of Myanmar. It is surrounded by low mountains covered with evergreen forests and shrubs (Fig. 1). As a tradition, the natives often cut and burn the forests for agriculture, resulting in increasing loss of forest habitat (Fig. 2). The moth fauna of this place is quite diverse, but as in other areas of the world, the biodiversity is decreasing due to more frequent human activities.

The Chinese group of Thalassodes and related taxa, including four genera and eighteen species is reviewed. Four new species are described: Pelagodes paraveraria sp. nov., Pelagodes bellula sp. nov., Pelagodes simplvalvae sp. nov., Pelagodes sinuspinae sp. nov. The genus Remiformvalva , the species Remiformvalva viridicaput , Orothalassodes floccosa and Pelagodes clarifimbria are recorded for the first time from China. Descriptions and diagnoses of the genera and diagnoses for the species are provided. The female genitalia of R . viridicaput are described for the first time. Moths of all species are illustrated in colour and figures of the genitalia and the male eighth segment are provided.

The genus Ophthalmitis Oberthur in China is reviewed and four new species are described: O. dissita sp. nov., O. longiprocessa sp. nov., O. brevispina sp. nov., and O. tumefacta sp. nov. Two subspecies of O. albosignaria -- O. albosignaria juglandaria and O. albosignaria isophnia -are newly synonymized with the nominate subspecies. A key is provided to the Chinese Ophthalmitis and diagnoses for Chinese species. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.

The genus Jankowskia Oberthur, 1884 is reviewed and four new species are described: J. curva sp. nov., J. acuta sp. nov., J. improjecta sp. nov., and J. obtusangula sp. nov. J. bituminaria raddensis (Wehrli, 1941) is recorded for the first time from China. A key to all species of the genus is provided. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of adults and genitalia are presented.

Chinese material of the Palearctic geometrid genus Glaucorhoe Herbulot is reassessed, with the description of two new species G. magaria sp. nov. and G. exilaria sp. nov. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of all the species are provided.