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Your search keyword '"Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro"' showing total 9 results
Start Over Author "Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro" Topic animal welfare
9 results on '"Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro"'

2. Development and Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu Goat Acute Pain Scale.

Author

Fonseca, Mariana Werneck, Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves, Pinho, Renata Haddad, Justo, André Augusto, Tomacheuski, Rubia Mitalli, Silva, Nuno Emanuel de Oliveira Figueiredo da, Gonçalves, Heraldo Cesar, and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro

Subjects
ANIMAL welfare, GOATS, INTRACLASS correlation, CONFIRMATORY factor analysis, INTER-observer reliability, CRONBACH'S alpha, COHEN'S kappa coefficient (Statistics)
Abstract

Simple Summary: In livestock animals, such as goats, many routine management procedures in production systems, e.g., castration and dehorning, are painful, and most are performed without proper anesthetic or analgesic protocols for pain management. Validated pain assessment scales are important to detect pain and indicate painkillers to improve the welfare of these animals. Goats are one of the few production animal species that does not have a pain assessment scale available in the literature. We aimed to develop and validate the Unesp-Botucatu goat acute pain scale (UGAPS). After video observations of goats before and after castration, the scale was developed based on a list of behaviors and experts' opinions. The videos were watched by four observers unaware of the time point when the videos were recorded. After the scale was statistically refined, UGAPS showed very good (≥86%) agreement between the same evaluator assessment of pain scores observed at the same videos assessed in different time points and very good agreement (≥85%) between evaluators' assessments, adequate interaction between its items, 99% precision to detect an absence of pain before surgery, 90% precision to detect pain after surgery, and an indicative score ≥3 of a total of 10 points suggestive of analgesia in goats submitted to castration. We aimed to develop and validate the Unesp-Botucatu goat acute pain scale (UGAPS). Thirty goats (5 negative controls and 25 submitted to orchiectomy) were filmed for 7 min at the time points 24 h before and 2 h, 3 h (1 h after analgesia), and 24 h after orchiectomy. After content validation, according to an ethogram and literature, four blind observers analyzed the videos randomly to score the UGAPS, repeating the same assessment in 30 days. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the UGAPS is unidimensional. Intra- and interobserver reliability was very good for all raters (Intraclass correlation coefficient ≥85%). Spearman's correlation between UGAPS versus VAS was 0.85 confirming the criterion validity. Internal consistency was 0.60 for Cronbach's α Cronbach and 0.67 for McDonald's ω. The item-total correlation was acceptable for 80% of the items (0.3–0.7). Specificity and sensitivity based on the cut-off point were 99% and 90%, respectively. The scale was responsive and demonstrated construct validity shown by the increase and decrease of scores after surgery pain and analgesia, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia is ≥3 of 10, with an area under the curve of 95.27%. The UGAPS presents content, criterion, and construct validities, responsiveness, and reliability to assess postoperative pain in castrated goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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3. Improving Ovine Behavioral Pain Diagnosis by Implementing Statistical Weightings Based on Logistic Regression and Random Forest Algorithms.

Author

Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves, Mello, João Fernando Serrajordia Rocha de, Silva, Nuno Emanuel Oliveira Figueiredo, and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro

Subjects
RANDOM forest algorithms, STATISTICAL weighting, LOGISTIC regression analysis, MACHINE learning, MULTILEVEL models, PAIN measurement, DIAGNOSIS
Abstract

Simple Summary: After four decades of studies on methods to assess pain in sheep, a pain scale composed of behavioral items that are fast, robust, and simple to apply was recently developed—the Unesp-Botucatu sheep acute pain scale (USAPS). Scientific evidence suggests that considering the importance of each behavior separately may improve the quality of pain diagnosis; however, this has not yet been studied for animal pain assessment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether the implementation of statistical weights using machine learning algorithms improves the discriminatory capacity of the USAPS. A behavioral database, previously collected for USAPS validation, of 48 sheep before and after an abdominal surgical procedure was used. A multilevel binomial logistic regression algorithm and a random forest algorithm were used to establish the statistical weights and classify the sheep as to whether they needed analgesia or not. The quality of the USAPS pain diagnosis weighted by the two algorithms was better than the original version of the instrument. We conclude that considering the importance of each USAPS behavior by the two machine learning algorithms improved the instrument's ability to differentiate sheep in pain from those free of pain. Recently, the Unesp-Botucatu sheep acute pain scale (USAPS) was created, refined, and psychometrically validated as a tool that offers fast, robust, and simple application. Evidence points to an improvement in pain diagnosis when the importance of the behavioral items of an instrument is statistically weighted; however, this has not yet been investigated in animals. The objective was to investigate whether the implementation of statistical weightings using machine learning algorithms improves the USAPS discriminatory capacity. A behavioral database, previously collected for USAPS validation, of 48 sheep in the perioperative period of laparoscopy was used. A multilevel binomial logistic regression algorithm and a random forest algorithm were used to determine the statistical weights and classify the sheep as to whether they needed analgesia or not. The quality of the classification, estimated by the area under the curve (AUC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), was compared between the USAPS versions. The USAPS AUCs weighted by multilevel binomial logistic regression (96.59 CI: [95.02–98.15]; p = 0.0004) and random forest algorithms (96.28 CI: [94.17–97.85]; p = 0.0067) were higher than the original USAPS AUC (94.87 CI: [92.94–96.80]). We conclude that the implementation of statistical weights by the two machine learning algorithms improved the USAPS discriminatory ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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4. Measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals: A systematic review protocol using the COSMIN checklist.

Author

Tomacheuski, Rubia Mitalli, Monteiro, Beatriz Paglerani, Evangelista, Marina Cayetano, Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro, and Steagall, Paulo Vinícius

Subjects
PAIN measurement, DOMESTIC animals, ANIMAL welfare, MEASUREMENT errors, DOMESTIC animal diseases, KNOWLEDGE gap theory, CHRONIC pain, POSTOPERATIVE pain
Abstract

Society has been increasingly concerned about the impact of pain on farm animal welfare. This systematic review aims to provide evidence relating to the measurement properties (i.e. reliability, validity, and sensitivity) of pain scoring instruments used for pain assessment in farm animals. A literature search will be performed using five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CAB abstracts and Biological Abstracts) and search terms related to pain, pain scales and different species of farm animals. Eligibility criteria will include full-text studies on the development and/or validation of acute and chronic pain scoring instruments for farm animals including bovine (beef and dairy), ovine, caprine, camel, swine and poultry. Exclusion criteria will include studies that report the use of pain scales for the validation of another instrument, or those reporting ethograms/list of behaviors potentially indicating pain without a scoring system. Study titles and their abstracts will be screened for eligibility by one investigator. Full-text articles will be independently reviewed for eligibility and evaluated by two investigators. Relevant information will be recorded and evaluated systematically according to the Consensus‐based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist using an adapted data collection sheet. The following measurement properties and characteristics of the instruments will be assessed: content validity (internal consistency, structural and cross-cultural validity), reliability, measurement error, criterion and construct validity, responsiveness, interpretability and feasibility. Following the assessment of methodological quality and quality of the findings, evidence for each measurement property will be summarized into high, moderate, low or very low. This systematic review will provide further insights into the evidence-based measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals. It may identify possible gaps of knowledge with these tools as a potential target for future studies in farm animals with a positive impact on animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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5. The impact of using pain scales by untrained students on the decision to provide analgesia to multiple species.

Author

Oliveira, Marcela Carneiro de, de Lima, Mayara Travalini, Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves, and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro

Subjects
*PAIN measurement, *ANIMAL welfare, *POSTOPERATIVE pain, *VETERINARY students, *VETERINARY medicine
Abstract

To evaluate if students without training assess pain similarly to an expert, and to compare indications for analgesic intervention based on student opinions versus scale scoring. Prospective, blind, randomized, cross-sectional study. Video recordings of a bull, horse, cat, pig and sheep. First-year veterinary medicine students assessed one video of a horse (n = 44) and one video of a bull (n = 39). Third-year veterinary medicine students assessed one video of a cat (n = 23) and one video of a pig (n = 21). Fourth-year animal science students (n = 16) assessed one video of a sheep. The species assessed by different student classes were determined randomly. Students were unaware of animal history or existing pain assessment and decided whether they would provide analgesia according to their opinion. They then scored each video using species-specific validated pain scales. Scores were compared with those of a board-certified anesthesiologist (expert). Chi-square test was used to compare students and expert. Students underestimated the expert's score by 8–20%, except for the horse. There was no difference between the analgesic indication according to the assessment of the expert (143/143, 100%) and students (141/143, 98.6%) considering the defined analgesic intervention threshold for each scale (p = 0.478). The indication for analgesic intervention according to students' opinion (116/143, 81.1%) was lower than that according to their scale scores (141/143, 98.6%) (p < 0.0001). Students tended to underestimate pain; however, they detected pain that requires analgesic intervention in animals similarly to an expert. The use of scales optimized the indication for providing analgesia when animals were experiencing pain that required analgesic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Spontaneous Behaviors of Post-Orchiectomy Pain in Horses Regardless of the Effects of Time of Day, Anesthesia, and Analgesia.

Author

Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves, Taffarel, Marilda Onghero, and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro

Subjects
ANALGESIA, INHALATION anesthesia, ANESTHESIA, HORSES, STUDENT records, VETERINARY anesthesia
Abstract

Simple Summary: Confounding factors may hinder the estimation of pain in horses. The current study aimed to identify spontaneous post-castration pain behaviors in horses regardless of the effects of anesthesia, analgesia, and recording time of day. Twenty-four horses divided into four groups were submitted to inhalation anesthesia only or combined with pre-operative analgesia, or castration under pre or postoperative analgesia. Thirty-four behaviors were evaluated in seven 60-min time-point recordings in the 24 h after anesthesia and at mirrored time-points in the 24 h before the anesthesia. Results showed changes in the behaviors of walk, look out the window, rest the pelvic limb, and rest standing still when assessed in the morning, afternoon, and night. The only pain-related behaviors observed regardless of the effects of time of the day, anesthesia, and analgesia, were a decrease in the mirrored proportional differences in time spent drinking and eating, and an increase in the mirrored proportional differences in the frequencies of look at the wound, retract the pelvic limb, expose the penis, and look at the back of the stall. In conclusion, confounding factors rather than pain may influence several suggestive pain behaviors documented in equine literature. This prospective and longitudinal study aimed to identify spontaneous post-orchiectomy pain behaviors in horses regardless of the effects of anesthesia, analgesia, and recording time of day. Twenty-four horses divided into four groups were submitted to: inhalation anesthesia only (GA), or combined with previous analgesia (GAA), or orchiectomy under pre (GCA), or postoperative (GC) analgesia. The data obtained from the subtraction of frequency and/or duration of 34 behaviors recorded during seven 60-min time-points in the 24 h after the anesthesia from those recorded in the mirrored time-points in the 24 h before the anesthesia (delta) were compared over time and among groups by Friedman and Kruskal–Wallis tests, respectively (p < 0.05). Time of day influenced the behaviors of walk, look out the window, rest the pelvic limb, and rest standing still. The only pain-related behaviors were decreased mirrored proportional differences in time spent drinking, and eating, and increased mirrored proportional differences in the frequency or duration of look at the wound, retract the pelvic limb, expose the penis, and look at the back of the stall. In conclusion, confounding factors rather than pain may influence several suggestive pain-related behaviors documented in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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7. Assessment of the influence of time of day, anesthesia, and analgesia on spontaneous pain behaviors after orchiectomy in horses

Author

Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro [UNESP]

Subjects
Pain measurement, Animal welfare, Bem-estar animal, Cavalos, Horses, Avaliação de dor
Abstract

Submitted by PEDRO HENRIQUE ESTEVES TRINDADE (pedro.trindade@unesp.br) on 2021-08-05T20:08:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2021 - Trindade - AVALIAÇÃO DA INFLUÊNCIA DA HORA DO DIA, ANESTESIA E ANALGESIA NOS COMPORTAMENTOS ESPONTÂNEOS DE DOR APÓS ORQUIECTOMIA EM CAVALOS 29.06.21.pdf: 1280007 bytes, checksum: 4ac17654a058764cdd5cfb9368858899 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Tais de Almeida (tais.almeida@unesp.br) on 2021-08-05T20:51:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 trindade_phe_dr_bot.pdf: 1280007 bytes, checksum: 4ac17654a058764cdd5cfb9368858899 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-05T20:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 trindade_phe_dr_bot.pdf: 1280007 bytes, checksum: 4ac17654a058764cdd5cfb9368858899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-06-23 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Nas últimas duas décadas houve um crescente número de estudos empenhando esforços para diagnosticar a dor no Equus caballus ferus pela linguagem corporal. Entretanto, fatores de confusão ainda pouco esclarecidos ou não estudados podem estar dificultando a avaliação da dor em cavalos. Portanto, objetivou com a tese identificar comportamentos espontâneos de dor pós-orquiectomia em cavalos, independentemente dos efeitos da anestesia, analgesia e horário de registro do dia. No primeiro capítulo está apresentada uma introdução acerca da temática e uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a dinâmica da resposta comportamental diante do efeito residual de fármacos, interação com humano, horário do dia e intensidade da dor. Na segunda decomposição capitular está apresentado o estudo prospectivo e longitudinal. Vinte e quatro cavalos divididos em quatro grupos foram submetidos à: anestesia inalatória apenas (GA), ou combinada com analgesia prévia (GAA), orquiectomia sob analgesia pré (ACG) ou pós-operatória (GC). Os dados obtidos da subtração da frequência e / ou duração de 34 comportamentos registrados durante sete momentos de 60 minutos nas 24 horas após a anestesia daqueles registrados nos momentos espelhados nas 24 horas antes da anestesia (delta) foram comparados ao longo do tempo e entre os grupos pelos testes de Friedman e Kruskal-Wallis, respectivamente (p

Published
2021

8. Clinical validation of the short and long UNESP-Botucatu scales to assess acute pain in cats

Author

Belli, Maíra, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro [UNESP]

Subjects
Postoperative care, Orthopedics, Escala de dor, Cuidados Pós-Operatórios, Animal welfare, Confiabilidade, Pain scale, Analgesia, Validade, Bem-estar, Ortopedia
Abstract

Submitted by Maira Belli (maira.belli@unesp.br) on 2020-10-15T17:36:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Maíra Belli.pdf: 697435 bytes, checksum: a2ba4e2b8d52e29d17f9b6be811dc491 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-10-16T16:56:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 belli_m_me_bot.pdf: 697435 bytes, checksum: a2ba4e2b8d52e29d17f9b6be811dc491 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-16T16:56:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 belli_m_me_bot.pdf: 697435 bytes, checksum: a2ba4e2b8d52e29d17f9b6be811dc491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-08-26 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A escala multidimensional para avaliação de dor da UNESP-Botucatu (EMAD U-B) é um instrumento validado, demonstrando validade, confiabilidade e sensibilidade. Entretanto, a escala ainda possui algumas limitações pois não foi testada em grupo controle ou placebo negativo e seu uso foi específico para ovariohisterectomia, além de ser uma escala longa e dificultar uma abordagem rápida para seu uso na rotina clínica. Este estudo teve por objetivo preencher essas limitações, validando clinicamente a escala original e sua versão curta (UCAPS) para diversas condições que cursam com dor clínica e pós operatória de cirurgias ortopédicas e de tecidos moles. Além disso, comparou-se ambas com outro instrumento validado, a escala multidimensional de dor de Glasgow para felinos (CMPS-Feline). O estudo foi composto por 52 gatos, sendo dez clinicamente saudáveis e sem dor (grupo saudável – controle) e 42 com dor (20 – grupo clínico e 22 - grupo cirurgia, sendo 12 cirurgias ortopédicas e dez cirurgias de tecidos moles). Os gatos do grupo saudável foram avaliados a cada 30 minutos, por 2 horas, os do grupo cirurgia foram avaliados antes da cirurgia e a cada hora até 6 horas após. Avaliou-se o grupo clínico imediatamente antes e 20 minutos após a analgesia. Três avaliadoras presenciais aferiram a dor primeiramente pelas escalas analógica visual (EAV), numérica (EN), descritiva simples (EDS), nesta ordem, seguido da UCAPS, EMAD U-B e a CMPS-Feline em ordem aleatória para cada animal. Para o grupo cirurgia realizou-se resgate analgésico quando o escore da UCAPS era ≥4. Caso o escore fosse abaixo de 4 pontos e o animal demonstrasse desconforto, o resgate analgésico era feito. Para o grupo clínico, todos os animais receberam resgate. A confiabilidade interobservador baseada no coeficiente intraclasse da UCAPS e EMAD U-B foi boa (> 0,77), exceto para a UCAPS entre o avaliador 3 e os demais, que foi moderado (0,68 e 0,72). A correlação da UCAPS com a EMAD U-B foi muito forte (correlação de Spearman 0,85) e a correlação destas com a CMPS-Feline foi forte (0,77 e 0,78, respectivamente). Todas as escalas demonstraram validade do constructo, tanto para responsividade caracterizada pelos maiores escores dos gatos com dor clínica e pós-operatória em relação ao grupo controle, segundo o teste de Mann-Whitney, quanto na redução dos escores após o resgate analgésico, de acordo com o teste de Wilcoxon A sensibilidade e especificidade da UCAPS foi boa (>80%) e a especificidade da EMAD foi moderada (72%). Conclui-se que a UCAPS e a sua versão original, EMAD U-B, são ferramentas que apresentam validação clínica confirmada pela reprodutibilidade, validades de constructo e critério concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade, para avaliar dor em gatos submetidos a diversas causas de dor clínica e pós-operatória de cirurgias ortopédicas e de tecidos moles. The UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional pain assessment scale (EMAD U-B) is a validated instrument, demonstrating validity, reliability, and sensitivity. However, the scale still has some limitations as it has not been tested with a negative control or placebo group and its use was tested specifically for ovariohysterectomy, in addition to being a long scale, which hinders a quick approach for its use in the clinical routine. This study aimed to fill these limitations, by clinically validating the original scale and its short version (UCAPS) for several conditions that present clinical and postoperative pain in orthopedic and soft tissue surgeries. In addition, both scales were compared with another validated instrument, the Glasgow multidimensional feline pain scale (CMPS-Feline). The study consisted of 52 cats, ten of which were clinically healthy and without pain (healthy group - control) and 42 with pain (20 - clinical group and 22 - surgery group, with 12 orthopedic surgeries and ten soft tissue surgeries). Cats in the healthy group were evaluated every 30 minutes for 2 hours. Cats in the surgery group were evaluated before surgery and every hour after for up to 6 hours. The clinical group was evaluated immediately before and 20 minutes after analgesia. Three presential evaluators first measured pain using the visual analog (VAS), numerical (NS), and simple descriptive (SDS) scales, in this order, followed by the UCAPS, EMAD U-B, and CMPS-Feline in random order for each animal. For the surgery group, rescue analgesia was performed when the UCAPS score was ≥4. If the score was below 4 points and the animal showed discomfort, rescue analgesia was performed. For the clinical group, all animals received rescue analgesia regardless of the score. Interobserver reliability based on the intraclass coefficient of UCAPS and EMAD U-B was good (> 0.77), except for the UCAPS between evaluator 3 and the other evaluators, which was moderate (0.68 and 0.72). The correlation between UCAPS and EMAD UB was very strong (Spearman correlation 0.85) and their correlation with CMPS-Feline was strong (0.77 and 0.78, respectively). All scales demonstrated construct validity, both through responsiveness, characterized by the higher scores of cats with clinical and postoperative pain compared to the control group, according to the Mann-Whitney test, and the reduction in scores after rescue analgesia, according to the Wilcoxon test. The sensitivity and specificity of the UCAPS was good (> 80%) and the specificity of the EMAD U-B was moderate (72%). It is concluded that the UCAPS and its original version, the EMAD U-B, are tools that present clinical validation confirmed by the reproducibility and construct and concurrent criterion validity, sensitivity and specificity, to evaluate pain in cats submitted to several causes of clinical and post-operative pain after orthopedic and soft tissue surgery. CAPES-DS FAPESP Temático: 2017/12815-0

Published
2020

9. Development, validation and reliability of a pain scale for assessing postoperative pain in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Author

Pinho, Renata Haddad [UNESP], Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro [UNESP]

Subjects
Avaliação da dor, Laboratory animals, Animal welfare, Lagomorph, Confiabilidade, Animais de laboratório, Validade, Leporinos, Bem-estar
Abstract

Submitted by Renata Haddad Pinho (renata.haddad@unesp.br) on 2020-03-30T13:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF PARA REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 2815861 bytes, checksum: bb3d2a20ece05cdaca7fc2b48b8197c3 (MD5) Submitted by Renata Haddad Pinho (renata.haddad@unesp.br) on 2020-03-30T13:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF PARA REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 2815861 bytes, checksum: bb3d2a20ece05cdaca7fc2b48b8197c3 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-03-31T13:15:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinho_rh_me_bot_par.pdf: 1407540 bytes, checksum: 18a34c8cc5873686d3fea8b73d2f7295 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-03-31T13:15:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinho_rh_me_bot_par.pdf: 1407540 bytes, checksum: 18a34c8cc5873686d3fea8b73d2f7295 (MD5) Submitted by Renata Haddad Pinho (renata.haddad@unesp.br) on 2020-03-30T13:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF PARA REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 2815861 bytes, checksum: bb3d2a20ece05cdaca7fc2b48b8197c3 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2020-03-31T13:15:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinho_rh_me_bot_par.pdf: 1407540 bytes, checksum: 18a34c8cc5873686d3fea8b73d2f7295 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-31T13:15:34Z (GMT). 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No. of bitstreams: 1 pinho_rh_me_bot_par.pdf: 1407540 bytes, checksum: 18a34c8cc5873686d3fea8b73d2f7295 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-18 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Considerando-se a ampla utilização de coelhos em pesquisas que potencialmente causam dor e desconforto, a negligência no tratamento da dor e a ausência de ferramentas capazes de avaliar adequadamente a dor nesta espécie, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver e validar uma escala de dor aguda pós-operatória em coelhos (RPBS). Cinquenta e oito coelhos foram filmados durante estudos prévios dos quais 28 foram submetidos à ostectomia parcial de rádio, 14 à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH) e 16 à orquiectomia. As filmagens ocorreram nos momentos: basal (antes da cirurgia); dor (momento de maior dor esperada, após a cirurgia); analgesia (após o resgate analgésico – apenas para os animais submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica) e 24h (24 horas após a cirurgia). Elaborou-se a RPBS com base em comportamentos identificados pelo etograma dos animais submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica e descritos na literatura para coelhas submetidas à OSH. Os comportamentos foram avaliados por um comitê de especialistas (avaliação de conteúdo) e a seguir procedeu-se à avaliação dos vídeos por quatro observadores encobertos quanto aos momentos, que respondiam, após a observação dos vídeos, se eles indicariam resgate analgésico, pontuavam a RPBS e as escalas numérica (EN), descritiva simples (EDS) e analógica visual (EAV). Um mês após a primeira avaliação, os vídeos foram novamente aleatorizados e reavaliados. Após as avalições, a escala foi refinada e validada. A RPBS foi considerada unidimensional por conter auto-valor e variância aceitáveis apenas na primeira dimensão pela análise de componentes principais. A confiabilidade intra e interobservador para a somatória da escala (ICC) foi muito boa (>0,80) para todos os avaliadores. A escala foi responsiva quando se comparou o momento basal ao momento dor, embora sua somatória não tenha apresentado diferença entre os momentos dor e analgesia. Por meio da correlação de Spearman, observou-se alta correlação da RPBS com a EN (0,86), EDS (0,84) e EAV (0,84) e correlação item-total adequada (>0,3). A consistência interna foi considerada excelente (coeficiente α de Cronbach >0,80). Determinou-se a pontuação ≥3 da somatória da escala como ponto de resgate analgésico (Youden index), com área sob a curva >0,90 para todos os avaliadores, o que evidencia alta capacidade dicriminatória da RPBS. As pontuações 2, 3 e 4 se apresentaram dentro da zona de incerteza diagnóstica. Classificou-se os escores como dor de baixa intensidade (1 a 4); intensidade intermediária (5 e 6) e intensidade alta (≥ 7). Concluiu-se que a escala proposta apresenta validade de conteúdo, critério e constructo, responsividade e confiabilidade para avaliar dor aguda em coelhos submetidos a cirurgias de tecidos moles e ortopédicas. O ponto de corte e a classificação das pontuações servem como balisamento para a administração de analgésicos a coelhos submetidos a procedimentos dolorosos. Considering the widespread use of rabbits in research that potentially causes pain and discomfort, neglect in the treatment of pain in laboratory animals and the absence of tools capable of adequately assessing pain in this species, the present study aimed to develop and validate a scale of acute postoperative pain in rabbits (RPBS). Footages from three previous studies were used, in which 58 rabbits were submitted to orchiectomy, ovariohysterectomy (OVH) or partial radial ostectomy, recorded at baseline (before surgery); pain (moment of greatest expected pain, after surgery); analgesia (after analgesic rescue - only for animals submitted to orthopedic surgery) and 24h post (24 hours after surgery). The RPBS was developed based on behaviours identified by the ethogram of animals submitted to orthopedic surgery and described in the literature for rabbits undergoing OVH. The behaviours were evaluated by a committee of experts (content evaluation) and then the videos were evaluated by four blinded observers who answered if there was a need for analgesic rescue and scored the proposed scale, as well as the numerical rating (NRS), the simple descriptive (SDS) and the visual analogue scales (VAS). One month after the first evaluation, the videos were again randomized and reassessed. After the evaluations, the scale was refined and validated. According to the principal component analysis, the RPBS was considered unidimensional as it contained adequate eigen-value and variance only in the first dimension. The intra- and inter-observer reliability for the sum of the scale (ICC) was excellent (> 0.80) for all evaluators. According to the Friedman test, the scale was responsive, yet its sum did not reveal any difference between the pain and analgesia moments. By means of the Spearman's correlation, there was a high correlation of RPBS with NRS (0.86), SDS (0.84) and VAS (0.84), and adequate itemtotal correlation (> 0.3). The internal consistency was considered excellent (Cronbach's α coefficient > 0.80). The score ≥3 was the cut-off for rescue analgesia with an area under the curve > 0.90 for all evaluators, demonstrating a high discriminatory capacity of such instrument. Scores 2, 3 and 4 were in the gray zone of diagnostic. Scores were classified as low-intensity pain (1 to 4), intermediate intensity (5 and 6) and high intensity (≥ 7). It was concluded that the proposed scale presented content, criterion and construct validities, responsiveness and reliability to assess acute pain in rabbits. The cut-off for rescue analgesia and the classification of the scores serve as a basis for the administration of analgesics to rabbits submitted to painful procedures. FAPESP: 2018/17839-7 CAPES: 001

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2020

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