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Belocercus S. Müller Type species: Psittacus barbatulatus Bechstein = Psittacus longicauda Boddaert Morphology/distribution: no red shoulder patch; medium size, very long tail; male with black lores, horizontal black beard stripe, green crown and rose-coloured cheeks, not encircling hindneck; upper mandible red, lower mandible brown; females duller with completely dark-brown bill and shorter tail. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. Several subspecies exist within the B. longicauda complex, and further investigation is required to resolve the evolutionary history and taxonomy of Belocercus, which shares a common ancestor with Psittacula s.s. Based on its unclear phylogenetic position, with low support values, and morphological differences from this clade, however, we regard it as a separate genus., Published as part of Braun, Michael P., Datzmann, Thomas, Arndt, Thomas, Reinschmidt, Matthias, Schnitker, Heinz, Bahr, Norbert, Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig & Wink, Michael, 2019, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, † Mascarinus) with taxonomic implications, pp. 547-562 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2601472

Palaeornis Vigors Type species: Psittacus eupatria Linnaeus fixed here according to Art. 70.3 of the Code (ICZN 1999), misidentified in the original description by Vigors as Psittacus alexandri Linnaeus. Morphology/distribution: red shoulder patch; large size, long tail, very large bill; predominantly green colour; sexual dimorphism; males with broad neck collar and green-bluish head pattern, females without collar. Distribution: S Asia, Seychelles. This genus includes large species of the Psittacula s.l. clade and appears to be closely related to the morphologically similar Alexandrinus parakeets. The most basal taxon within this clade, according to the dataset used, is the extinct † P. wardi E. Newton from the Seychelles. The next taxon that splits off is P. e. magnirostris Ball from the Andaman Islands. The taxon P. e. siamensis Kloss from SE Asia is sister to P. eupatria from the southern Indian subcontinent., Published as part of Braun, Michael P., Datzmann, Thomas, Arndt, Thomas, Reinschmidt, Matthias, Schnitker, Heinz, Bahr, Norbert, Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig & Wink, Michael, 2019, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, † Mascarinus) with taxonomic implications, pp. 547-562 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 557, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2601472, {"references":["ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp."]}

Psittacula s.s. Cuvier Type species: Psittacus alexandri Linnaeus Morphology/distribution: no red shoulder patch; medium to large size; sexual dimorphism; yellow patch on wing coverts in most taxa; males with red upper mandibles; unique grey to bluish head pattern with bold black lores and bold black stripe on lower cheeks. Distribution: Southern Asia to Bali. Based on high support values, only three other taxa, P. derbiana Fraser, P. a. abbotti Oberholser, and P. a. fasciata Statius Müller, remain in core Psittacula. Based on morphology, P. caniceps Blyth (for details see Arndt 2008; Forshaw 2010), which was not genetically sampled, should also remain in Psittacula s.s. The taxon fasciata is currently treated as a subspecies of P. alexandri, but based on genetic distance and morphology, separate species status should be considered. The taxon abbotti is also in need of further taxonomic investigation. If only monophyletic groups are considered species, P. alexandri should be split into two distinct species: P. alexandri with completely red bill in both sexes and P. fasciata with black bill in females and red upper and black lower mandible in males. Further investigations using more individuals and sampling of all wild populations are needed for deeper insights into the evolutionary history of this species complex. between the clades alexandri and fasciata / abbotti. CYTB p-distance values are a measure of divergence time (MYA).

Psittacula s.s. Cuvier Type species: Psittacus alexandri Linnaeus Morphology/distribution: no red shoulder patch; medium to large size; sexual dimorphism; yellow patch on wing coverts in most taxa; males with red upper mandibles; unique grey to bluish head pattern with bold black lores and bold black stripe on lower cheeks. Distribution: Southern Asia to Bali. Based on high support values, only three other taxa, P. derbiana Fraser, P. a. abbotti Oberholser, and P. a. fasciata Statius Müller, remain in core Psittacula. Based on morphology, P. caniceps Blyth (for details see Arndt 2008; Forshaw 2010), which was not genetically sampled, should also remain in Psittacula s.s. The taxon fasciata is currently treated as a subspecies of P. alexandri, but based on genetic distance and morphology, separate species status should be considered. The taxon abbotti is also in need of further taxonomic investigation. If only monophyletic groups are considered species, P. alexandri should be split into two distinct species: P. alexandri with completely red bill in both sexes and P. fasciata with black bill in females and red upper and black lower mandible in males. Further investigations using more individuals and sampling of all wild populations are needed for deeper insights into the evolutionary history of this species complex. between the clades alexandri and fasciata / abbotti. CYTB p-distance values are a measure of divergence time (MYA)., Published as part of Braun, Michael P., Datzmann, Thomas, Arndt, Thomas, Reinschmidt, Matthias, Schnitker, Heinz, Bahr, Norbert, Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig & Wink, Michael, 2019, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, † Mascarinus) with taxonomic implications, pp. 547-562 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on pages 558-559, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2601472, {"references":["Arndt, T. (2008) Arndt Lexicon of Parrots 3.0. Arndt Verlag, Bretten.","Forshaw, J. M. (2010) Parrots of the World. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 336 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9781400836208"]}

Psittinus Blyth Type species: Psittacus malaccensis Latham = Psittacus cyanurus J. R. Forster Morphology/distribution: red bend of wing and red underwing coverts; small size, very short tail; sexually dichromatic; yellow edging on wing coverts; males with bluish head, otherwise predominantly green head; red upper mandible, females with brown head and bill. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. Psittinus, which is represented by nominate cyanurus in our dataset, is sister to a clade formed by Tanygnathus, Belocercus and Psittacula s.s. It represents a long branch within the Psittacula s.l. group, which together with its distinct morphological traits supports its status as a separate genus., Published as part of Braun, Michael P., Datzmann, Thomas, Arndt, Thomas, Reinschmidt, Matthias, Schnitker, Heinz, Bahr, Norbert, Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig & Wink, Michael, 2019, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, † Mascarinus) with taxonomic implications, pp. 547-562 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on pages 557-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2601472

Tanygnathus Wagler Type species: Tanygnathus macrorhynchus Wagler = Psittacus megalorynchos Boddaert Morphology/distribution: no red shoulder patch; medium to large size; very large bills; medium sized, rounded tails; sexual dimorphism weak or absent; yellow edging on wing coverts; black lore and blue crown only in T. gramineus, otherwise predominantly green head, red upper and lower mandible, juveniles duller. Distribution only on islands of the Philippines and Wallacea. The genus Tanygnathus clusters within the former genus Psittacula with high support values. Tanygnathus forms a clade with Psittacula s.s. and Belocercus. Its morphological characters (bill size, tail length and shape, no sexual dimorphism in two of the four species) apparently evolved quite quickly away from the general pattern in Psittacula. The monophyletic clade of T. megalorynchos and T. sumatranus clusters together with Psittinus, Belocercus longicauda, and the Psittacula s.s. clade in our dataset.., Published as part of Braun, Michael P., Datzmann, Thomas, Arndt, Thomas, Reinschmidt, Matthias, Schnitker, Heinz, Bahr, Norbert, Sauer-Gürth, Hedwig & Wink, Michael, 2019, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, † Mascarinus) with taxonomic implications, pp. 547-562 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2601472