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Examination of a newly discovered specimen of Nuvol showed that our earlier species determination of Nuvol umbrosus Navás had been incorrect and that our “redescription” of the species actually applied to an undescribed species. Here, we redescribe the true N. umbrosus, based on a newly discovered male specimen. This specimen closely resembles Navás’ description, and it was collected from the Atlantic Forest as was the original type specimen. In addition, we assign the previously misidentified Nuvol specimens from the Amazonian region to a separate species, Nuvol satur Sosa & Tauber, sp. nov. As a result of these actions, the genus Nuvol now contains two morphologically and geographically distinct species. In addition, the abdomens and genitalia of both sexes of Nuvol are now described (although each from a separate species).

A new species of the myrmeleontine antlion genus Baliga Navás, 1912 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), Baliga kashmirensis sp. nov., from Azad Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan is described and illustrated, representing the first record of Baliga from Pakistan. Three species of Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767 are re-described: M. hyalinus hyalinus Olivier, 1811, M. tenuipennis Rambur, 1842, and M. trivialis Gerstaecker, 1885. Myrmeleon bimaculatus Yang, 1999 syn. nov. originally described from China is considered to be a junior synonym of Myrmeleon tenuipennis Rambur, 1842. In addition, an annotated catalogue of all species of Myrmeleon known from Pakistan along with their distribution map, taxonomical notes and updated identification key to known genera and species are provided.

A new species, Anachrysa adamsisp. nov., from Yunnan, China is described. Two new combinations are proposed, namely Anachrysa alviolata (Yang & Yang, 1990), comb. nov. and Anachrysa triangularis (Yang & Wang, 1994), comb. nov. An updated key to species is also provided.

A new species of Berothidae, Jersiberotha musivum sp. nov., is described and illustrated from mid-Cretaceous (lowest Cenomanian) Myanmar amber. It is easily distinguished from other species of Berothidae by the configuration of the wing venation including: forewing with distinct areas of infuscation surrounding cross-veins and vein forks, all cross-veins simple prior to ScP-RA fusion, presence of two cross-veins ra-rp; absence of inner or outer graduate series of cross-veins; RP with three branches; and absence of ma-mp cross-veins and cua-cup cross-veins; while hind wing has cross-vein 1r-m absent. The previous diagnoses of Iceloberotha Grimaldi, 2000 and Jersiberotha Grimaldi, 2000 are quite unclear because some characters occur mosaically in both genera. In order to solve this problem and distinguish J. musivum from other species in the family, a new key to species of Berothidae from Myanmar amber has been provided and the diagnoses of Iceloberotha and Jersiberotha have been revised.

Makarkin, V.N., Lastukhin, A.A. (2023): First record of the genus Fillus Navás, 1919 (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae) from Venezuela. Far Eastern Entomologist 477: 13-16, DOI: 10.25221/fee.477.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.477.4

A taxonomic revision and the first phylogenetic hypothesis of the Neotropical genus Ameromyia Banks (Myrmeleontidae: Brachynemurini) is herein presented. The phylogeny is based on 45 morphological characters and recovered the traditional Ameromyia as paraphyletic in respect to the monotypic genus Venezueleon Stange, which is here synonymized under Ameromyia. Three species are synonymized (A. hirsuta Navás and A. stevensi Navás under A. nigriventris (Walker), and A. pentheri Navás under A. strigosa (Banks)) and two new species are described (A. clepsydra sp. nov. and A. explicata sp. nov.). Ameromyia sensu novo is a valid genus with 12 species restricted to South America, and divided into two species groups. Taxonomic keys are also presented to adults and larvae, as well as a discussion on the genus biology.

Notiobiella Banks, 1909 is a green-coloured genus of brown lacewing (Hemerobiidae) that is widely distributed in Central and South America, Africa, southeast Asia, Australia and some south-western Pacific islands. There are approximately 49 species of this genus worldwide, with 10 species recorded from China, including one new species that is described in this paper.In this paper, we describe a new species, Notiobiella maculosa sp. n. of the genus Notiobiella Banks, 1909 from Yunnan Province. The morphological characters of the adults are described in detail and illustrated. A key for identification of adults is also provided. All specimens have been deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing.

Hemerobiidae gen. et sp. A Figs 3, 4 Material examined. PIN 3364/3751 (part and counterpart); a poorly preserved incomplete forewing. Locality and horizon. Uglovoi Stream, a right tributary of the Zerkal’naya [=Tadushi] River, eastern Sikhote-Alin Mts, Primorskii Krai, Russian Far East. Tadushi Formation; early/middle Eocene. Description. Forewing ca. 10 mm as preserved (estimated complete length ca. 14–15 mm), ca. 6.6 mm wide as preserved (estimated complete width ca. 7 mm). Costal space fragmentarily preserved; its costal margin poorly discernible, approximately twice broader than subcostal space in distal part; basal subcostal veinlets probably once forked; distal subcostal veinlets probably simple. Subcostal space very broad through entire length. RA space moderately broad. RP basally poorly discernible, some branches distally rather deeply forked; RP1 at least once deeply forked (alternatively: ORB1 (RP1) deeply forked, with two to three preserved anteriorly directed branches). M forked at level of RP1, probably profusely branched (most part of that space not preserved); branches slightly sigmoidal distally. CuA with six long branches; CuA1 located very proximally. CuP probably with three long branches. Presumable A1 dichotomously forked distally; anterior trace of presumable A2 similarly forked. No clear crossveins discernible. Maculation: very dark transverse stripe over radial to medial spaces continuous in cubital space by large dark spot; numerous irregular brownish spots over radial to medial spaces distad dark stripe. Remarks. The counterpart is very poorly preserved and completely uninformative (Fig. 3B). This species is well distinguishable by wing maculation, and it will be undoubtedly assigned to a genus and species when more complete forewing is found. The very proximal origin of CuA1 as found in this specimen (slightly distad the origin of RP) is an unusual condition in the family. In most hemerobiid taxa, it originates far distad the origin of RP, and very rarely slightly distad it (e.g., in Biramus lunatus Oswald, 1993b). Also, the presence of the slightly sigmoidal branches of M is a very unusual condition in Hemerobiidae. It is found probably only in two genera, i.e., the mid-Cretaceous Cretoneuronema and the extant Hemerobiella Kimmins, 1940 (see Oswald 1993a: Fig. 60; Liu et al. 2022: Fig. 3)., Published as part of Makarkin, Vladimir N., 2023, Fossil Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Tadushi Formation, the Russian Far East, with description of a new genus, pp. 115-123 in Zootaxa 5297 (1) on pages 118-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7989493, {"references":["Oswald, J. D. (1993 b) A new genus and species of brown lacewing from Venezuela (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), with comments on the evolution of the hemerobiid forewing radial vein. Systematic Entomology, 18, 363 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1993. tb 00672. x","Kimmins, D. E. (1940) New genera and species of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11, 222 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1940.9723671","Oswald, J. D. (1993 a) Revision and cladistic analysis of the world genera of the family Hemerobiidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 101, 143 - 299.","Liu, X. Y., Chen, Z. L. & Zhuo, D. (2022) Cretoneuronema gen. nov. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), a new brown lacewing genus from the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Palaeoentomology, 5, 226 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 5.3.4"]}

Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Tadushi Formation, the Russian Far East, with description of a new genus. Zootaxa 5297 (1): 115-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.1.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN

Tian, Yu, Zhang, Yi (2023): New replacement name for the genus Baga Sukatsheva 1992 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Zootaxa 5284 (1): 199-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.11

Genus Sukatshevabaga nom. nov. Baga Sukatsheva 1992: 112 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Preoccupied by Baga Navás 1930: 37 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Type species: Baga bakharica Sukatsheva 1992 Etymology. The replacement name for the genus is derived from the name Sukatsheva, the author of the genus Baga. Gender: feminine. Distribution. Mongolia., Published as part of Tian, Yu & Zhang, Yi, 2023, New replacement name for the genus Baga Sukatsheva 1992 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae), pp. 199-200 in Zootaxa 5284 (1) on page 199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/7918888, {"references":["Sukatsheva, I. D. (1992) Novye iskopaemye predstaviteli otryada rucheynikov (Phryganeida) iz Mongolii. Novye Taksony Iskopaemykh Bespozvonochnykh Mongolii. Sovmestnaya Rossiisko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya, 4, 111 - 117.","Navas, L. (1930) Insectos de la India. Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisico-Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragoza, 13, 12 - 41."]}

Two new species, Heteroconis yunnanensissp. nov. and Heteroconis orbicularissp. nov., are described from China. Both species differ from their congeners in characters of the male genitalia. Heteroconis terminalis (Banks, 1913) is redescribed based on examined Chinese specimens. A key to the adult males of Heteroconis from China is provided.

Parapalpares solidus (Gerstaecker, 1894) (Figs 12–16) Palpares solidus Gerstaecker, [1894] 1893: 113. Type locality: Mesopotamia (Mardin). Holotype female. Palpares klapaleki Navás, 1912a: 53. Type locality: Iran. Holotype male. After Hölzel, 1972: 7. Palpares zugmayeri Navás, 1912c: 55. Type locality: Pakistan (Baluchistan). Holotype female. After Hölzel, 1972: 7. Palpares validus Navás, 1927: 12. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul). No type designation (female). After Hölzel, 1972: 7. Palpares solidus validus Navás, 1928: 28. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul). No type designation (male and female). After Hölzel, 1972: 7. Diagnosis. Large species (forewing length 56.0– 56.5 mm) with distinctive wing markings (Fig. 13A–B). Hindwing with two subapical markings, connected at middle, reaching at hind margin. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, sensory slit 1/3 of terminal labial palpomere, reaching apex (Fig. 14D–F). Antenna brownish yellow, scape with short black setae (Fig. 14G). Thorax brownish, without distinct marking, covered with long white setae (Fig. 14A); pronotum covered with long brownish setae (Fig. 14C). Legs brownish, covered with black setae; tibial spurs brownish, nearly equal to Ta3 (Fig. 14H). Ectoprocts cylindrical, moderately curved at base, as long as tergite 8 (Fig. 15C), with two stout black spines at base of ectoprocts (Fig. 15D); gonocoxites 9, paired but widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection (Fig. 15E–G). Measurement (♁n=1, ♀ n=1). Forewing length ♁ 56.0 mm, ♀ 56.5 mm, width ♁ 16.3 mm, ♀ 15.7 mm; hindwing length ♁ 52.5 mm, ♀ 53.0 mm, width ♁ 15.4 mm, ♀ 15.0 mm; body length ♁ 65.0 mm, ♀ 44.0 mm. Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 14B–C). Face yellow covered with short white setae. Frons brownish yellow.Vertex brownish, dome-shaped, with distinct median longitudinal suture, median brownish marking present, anterolateral margins covered with short white setae. Eyes large, greater than hemispherical.Antenna longer than head width, brownish yellow, scape with short black setae (Fig. 14G). Clypeus and labrum yellow. Maxillary and labial palps brownish. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, covered with short brownish setae, as long as 1/4 of terminal labial palpomere, sensory slit reaching apex (Fig. 14D–F). Thorax (Fig. 14A). Prothorax short, much broader than long, brownish, covered with long brownish setae. Meso- and metathorax brownish, with indistinct median yellowish stripes, prominent yellow spots on posterolateral margins of metascutum; meso- and metathorax covered with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 13A–B). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; veins mainly covered with short black setae; forewing slightly longer than hindwing. Forewing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular brown markings, particularly on anal region; two distinct pale brown markings originated from R, present at middle; first marking linear, crossing middle of cubital fork; second marking quadrate, crossing middle of cubital fork. Longitudinal veins brownish yellow; Sc with alternating yellow and brown sections; Rs and MA yellow, except slightly brownish at markings; cubital fork dark brown, anterior fork with alternating brown and yellow sections, posterior cubital fork brownish. Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; six presectoral crossveins, basal three crossveins biaereolated. Hindwing. Five prominent pale brown markings; basal marking divided, anterior marking circular at cubital fork, posterior marking circular or linear at Rv; second, third and fourth markings originated from R; second marking irregular, quadrate or narrower at base, wider at hind margin; third and fourth marking connected at middle, reaching at hind margin; apical margin of wing with distinct brown marking. Longitudinal veins yellow, brownish at markings. Rs arises at the same level to MP fork; three presectoral crossveins, basal crossvein biaereolated. Pilula axillaris dark brown. Legs (Fig. 14H). Brownish, densely covered with short white and long black setae; coxa with long white setae; tibial spurs feebly curved, nearly equal to Ta3. Abdomen (Fig. 12A–B). Brownish yellow, shorter than hindwing; T1 and T2 with dense greyish yellow setae, T3 with mixed black and white setae, terga 3–8 with short black setae; lateral margins of T1–T3, ventral sides of T1 and T2 with white setae. Male genitalia (Fig. 15C–G). Tergite 9 subquadrate; sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts yellowish brown, cylindrical, moderately curved at base, as long as tergite 8, with two stout black spines at base of ectoprocts; gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection; gonarcal bulla present. Female genitalia (Fig. 15A–B). Tergite 9 subquadrate; ectoprocts rounded bearing stout fossorial spines on ventral half; gonocoxites 8 rounded with long black setae; gonocoxites 9 triangular with stout fossorial spines. Material examined. PAKISTAN. Balochistan province. District Nushki, 1♀, 26.viii.2000, PMNH (C# 29738), leg. K.J. Beig (PMNH); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. District Khyber, Jumrud, 1♁, 19.x.1949, leg. N.A. Aslam (NIM). Bibliography. Navás (1912c: 55) described Palpares zugmayeri from Pasni, Mekran, Baluchistan based on a female specimen (probably single individual) and provided the morphological description and illustration of dorsal habitus. Hölzel (1972) synonymized Palpares zugmayeri with Parapalpares solidus. Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 56; 1997) listed this species as Palpares solidus from Faisalabad, and provided the identification key, redescription and distribution data in Pakistan. Stange (2004: 65) and Hassan et al. (2019: 515) included this species in their catalogue. Distribution. Pakistan. Balochistan province, District Gwadar, Pasni; Punjab province, District Rawalpindi;— Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan (Navás 1912c; Hölzel 1972; Iqbal & Yousuf 1990; Stange 2004; El Hamouly et al. 2019; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2021)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on pages 580-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Navas, L. (1912 a) Notas sobre Mirmeleonidos (Ins. Neur.). Broteria, Zoologica, 10, 29 - 75 + 85 + 97. [BotN ref # 555]","Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft, 1, 3 - 103. [BotN ref # 2968]","Navas, L. (1912 c) Bemerkungen uber die Neuropteren der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in Munchen. III. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 3, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 544]","Navas, L. (1927) Insecta orientalia. V Series. Memorie dell'Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, Rome, Series 2, 10, 11 - 26. [BotN ref # 824]","Navas, L. (1928) Insectos del Museo de Estocolmo. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid, 24, 28 - 39. [BotN ref # 837]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1997) Antlions (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 29, 127 - 138. [BotN ref # 9177]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3","El Hamouly, H., Sawaby, R. F. & Abu El-Hassan, G. (2019) Review of Subfamily Palparinae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Egypt. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A, Entomology, 12, 85 - 97. [BotN ref # 18896] https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / eajbsa. 2019.29777","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 16 August 2021)"]}

Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842) (Figs 1–5) Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842: 375. Type locality: India (Maharashtra: Mumbai). Subsequent authors designated a syntype from its type series. Sex undetermined. Myrmeleon expertus Walker, 1853: 311. Type locality: India. Sex undetermined. Synonymized by Banks, 1913: 188. Myrmeleon nepalensis Hagen, 1866: 444. Type locality: Unknown (probably Nepal). No type designation. Nomen dubium. After Stange, 2004: 40. Palpares pardus partitus Banks, 1911b: 100. Type locality: India (Maharashtra: Mumbai). No type designation. After Stange, 2004: 40. Palpares pardus stellatus Navás, 1912b: 223. Type locality: Sri Lanka. Holotype male. After Stange, 2004: 40. Palpares pardus asanai Kuwayama, 1933: 446. Type locality: India (Maharashtra: Mumbai). Holotype male. After Stange, 2004: 40. Diagnosis. Hindwing with a single subapical marking, not reaching hind margin. Labial palp short, as long as maxillary palp, clavate, brownish, with short round apex, palpimacula oval and not reaching apex of terminal palpomere (Fig. 3D). Antennal scape with long black setae (Fig. 3F). Thorax brownish black with yellow markings (Fig. 3A).. Legs brownish, tarsi black, tibial spurs slightly greater than proximal three tarsomeres taken together (Ta1–Ta3) (Fig. 3E). Ectoproct in male cylindrical, distinctly curved at base, covered with thick black setae on ventral side (Fig. 4C); base of ectoproct in male with one prominent seta on short tubercle (Fig. 4D); male sternite 9 triangular with acute apex (Fig. 4D); male gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla (Fig. 4F), and gonarcal bulla feebly developed (Fig. 4G). Measurement (♁n=2, ♀ n=1). Forewing length ♁ 52.7–53.0 mm, ♀ 58.3 mm, width ♁ 16.6–18.5 mm, ♀ 20.7 mm; hindwing length ♁ 52.0– 52.5 mm, ♀ 54.0 mm, width ♁ 15.7–17.1 mm, ♀ 18.7 mm; body length ♁ 45.0–50.0 mm, ♀ 48.0 mm. Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 3B–C). Face yellow, covered with long pale setae (Fig. 3B). Frons brownish. Vertex raised, yellow, with a median longitudinal suture, anterolaterally with short black setae, posteromedian with three brownish markings (Fig. 3C). Antenna longer than head width, black, club-shaped; scape, pedicel and base of flagellum brownish; antennal toruli bright yellow; scape with long black setae, flagellum densely covered with short black setae (Fig. 3F). Clypeus and labrum yellow with rows of black setae. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow. Labial palp with long black setae, but terminal palpomere clavate, brownish with short round tip, palpimacula oval and not reaching apex (Fig. 3D). Thorax (Fig. 3A). Prothorax short, much broader than long; pronotum yellow with a median blackish brown stripe, greatly widened towards posterior margin; posterolateral margins brownish; anterior and posterior margins slightly raised with mixed brown and pale setae. Meso- and metathorax brown with yellow stripes, densely covered with creamy yellow fine long setae. Mesoprescutum brown, with lateral margins yellow; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum brown with a pair of yellow stripes; metaprescutum and metascutum brown, with a pair of yellow stripes; metascutellum brown with lateral margins yellow. Wings (Fig. 3A–B). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; distinct brown marking patterns present; veins mainly covered with short black setae. Forewing. Costal area with 9–11 quadrate markings, except proximal area with 1–4 short markings; five highly variable diffuse pale brown markings present along R; basal marking quadrate; second marking much longer by posterior extension or divided at middle; third marking quadrate; subapical marking longest but variable in shape, not reaching hind margin; hind margin with brown markings, sometimes linear or finger-like; veins mainly yellow, brownish to dark at brown markings; R brown, yellowish proximad basal mark; cubital fork dark brown, veins alternating brown and yellow sections. Rs arises slightly beyond the cubital fork; 5–6 presectoral crossveins and 2–3 crossveins biaereolated proximal to origin of Rs. Hindwing. Costal area with 9–11 quadrate markings, and proximal area with 1–3 short markings; three highly variable markings present; basal marking nearly quadrate, originated slightly beyond MA, crossing recurrent vein to three cells; middle and subapical markings originated from R to middle of wing; apical large brown marking same as forewing except two circular but not linear stripes at middle; a small brown marking at origin of recurrent vein, which may be indistinct; hind margin with linear or diffused brown markings, except a large brown marking proximal to hind margin of subapical marking. Rs arises slightly proximad cubital fork; 6–7 presectoral crossveins, two crossveins biaereolated proximal to origin of Rs. Pilula axillaris pale to dark with shining golden brown. Legs (Fig. 3E). Coxa dark brown, basal and apical ring yellow; trochanter, femora and tibia brown; tarsus, pretarsal claws, and tibial spurs black. Coxa with fine white setae; trochanter ventrally with distinct black setae; femora with mixed short white and long black setae; tibia with long black setae. Tibial spurs slightly greater than Ta1–Ta3, covered with thin and thick short black setae. Abdomen (Fig. 1A–B). Shorter than hindwing, brownish in male with dense white setae on tergites 1–2 and basal 1/3 of tergite 3, remaining with short black setae; dark brown with short yellow setae in female. Male genitalia (Fig. 4C–G). Tergite 9 subquadrate; sternite 9 with acute apex; ectoprocts yellowish brown, cylindrical, distinctly curved dorsad at base, with long black setae ventrally and fine setae on dorsal surface; base of ectoproct with one prominent seta on short tubercle; gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla; gonarcal bulla feebly developed. Female genitalia (Fig. 4A–B). Tergite 9 quadrate; ectoprocts rounded bearing stout fossorial spines; gonocoxites 8 rounded; gonocoxites 9 rounded with stout fossorial spines. Material examined. PAKISTAN. Punjab province: Attock dist., New Islamabad International Airport, 1 ♁, 11.ix.2019, leg. M.A. Aslam (CAU); Islamabad Capital Territory, 1♁, 2.ix.1996, PMNH (C# 22868), leg. Azhar (PMNH), 1♀, 28.viii. 2000, 524 m, PMNH (C# 29738), leg. Faiz (PMNH). Bibliography. Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 55) mentioned the first record of Indopalpares pardus from Faisalabad, Punjab based on the unpublished master thesis of Beg (1960). Later, Iqbal & Yousuf (1990: 58; 1997: 128) formerly published the record of this species from the same locality in Punjab with identification key, redescription and distribution data in Pakistan. Stange (2004: 40) and Hassan et al. (2019: 514) included above record in their catalogue. Distribution. Pakistan. Punjab province, District Attock, District Faisalabad;—Myanmar, East Indies, India, Sri Lanka (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; New 2003; Stange 2004; Ghosh 2000; Hassan et al. 2019; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2021). Remarks. Due to wide range of variation of the wing markings in this species, subsequent authors have synonymized the previously described subspecies under Indopalpares pardus., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on pages 567-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]","Walker, F. (1853) Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II (Sialidae- Nemopterides). Newman, London, 284 pp. [pp. 193 - 476] [BotN ref # 6194]","Banks, N. (1913) The neuropterous genus Palpares. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 171 - 195. [BotNref # 61] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 6.2.171","Hagen, H. A. (1866) Hemerobidarum Synopsis synonymica. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 27, 369 - 462. [BotN ref # 460]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Banks, N. (1911 b) Notes on Indian neuropteroid insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 13, 99 - 106. [BotN ref # 51]","Navas, L. (1912 b) Myrmeleonides nouveaux ou peu connus (Ins. Nevr.). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 36, 203 - 248. [BotN ref # 551]","Kuwayama, S. (1933) Notes on two species of the family Myrmeleontidae. Proceedings of the Imperia Academy of Japan, 9, 446 - 449. [BotN ref # 3511] https: // doi. org / 10.2183 / pjab 1912.9.446","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]","Beg, A. M. (1960) Neuroptera of Lyallpur. Master's thesis, Punjab University, Lahore. [unknown pagination, BotNref # 9850]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1997) Antlions (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 29, 127 - 138. [BotN ref # 9177]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3","New, T. R. (2003) The Neuroptera (Insecta) of Malesia. Fauna Malesiana. Vol. 4. Brill, Leiden, viii + 204 pp. [BotN ref # 10897] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004474611","Ghosh, S. K. (2000) Neuroptera fauna of North-East India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 184, i - xiii + 1 - 179. [BotN ref # 11664]","Tauber, C. A., Simmons, Z. & Tauber, A. J. (2019) Type specimens of Neuropterida in the Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ZooKeys, 823, 1 - 126. [BotN ref # 18513] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 823.30231","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 16 August 2021)"]}

Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988 Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988: 76. Type species: Palpares latipennis Rambur, 1842: 374. Original designation. Diagnosis. Parapalpares is very similar to Palpares but can be characterized by elongated labial palp with distal clavate palpimacula reaching apex (Fig. 14D–F), thorax brownish yellow without distinct median longitudinal brownish stripe (Fig. 14A), abdomen uniformly pale yellowish brown (Fig. 12A–B), male sternite 9 with round apex (Fig. 15D), male ectoprocts cylindrical, moderately curved at base, and male gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated with each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection (Fig. 15E–G). Distribution. Afrotropical, Southern Palearctic and Western Oriental (Stange 2004; Machado et al. 2019). Remarks. Parapalpares is a small genus with eight valid species, mainly distributed in the Afrotropical (5 spp.), Palaearctic (3 sp.) and Oriental (1 sp.) regions (Stange 2004; Akoudjin & Michel 2011; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015; Prost 2018; Oswald 2021). Among the Palaearctic species, P. dispar (Navás, 1912) is known from the Palearctic (Iran) to Afrotropical (Northern Africa, Algeria, Egypt to Oman) region (Stange 2014; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015), P. papilionoides (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834) is distributed in Afrotropical Africa (southwest and central east) to Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen) and Israel (Ábrahám 2012; El Hamouly et al. 2019; Oswald 2021), whereas P. solidus (Gerstaecker) is known from the Palaearctic (Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, and Uzbekistan) to the Oriental (Pakistan) region (Insom & Carfi 1988; Iqbal & Yousuf 1990: Fig. 16)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on pages 579-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Machado, R. J. P., Gillung, J. P., Winterton, S. L., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Owlflies are derived antlions: anchored phylogenomics supports a new phylogeny and classification of Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology, 44, 418 - 450. [BotN ref # 18370] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12334","Akoudjin, M. & Michel, B. (2011) A new species of Palpares Rambur (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) with an identification key to the species of West Africa. Zootaxa, 2792 (1), 33 - 40. [BotN ref # 13824] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2792.1.3","Mirmoayedi, A., Krivokhatsky, V. & Dobosz, R. (2015) Annotated check-list of the antlions of Iran (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Acta Entomologica Silesiana, 23, 1 - 16. [BotN ref # 15840]","Prost, A. (2018) Revision du taxon Parapalpares latipennis (Rambur, 1842) et description d'une espece nouvelle d'Angola (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Palparinae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 123, 65 - 71. [BotN ref # 16346] https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 2003","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 16 August 2021)","Abraham, L. (2012) \" On the other hand, what is this Eastern aeschnoides? \" (Morton 1926) - an undescribed Palpares species from the Eastern Mediterranean (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Natura Somogyiensis, 22, 65 - 102. [BotN ref # 15035]","El Hamouly, H., Sawaby, R. F. & Abu El-Hassan, G. (2019) Review of Subfamily Palparinae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Egypt. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A, Entomology, 12, 85 - 97. [BotN ref # 18896] https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / eajbsa. 2019.29777","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]"]}

Genus Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988 Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988: 77. Type species: Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842: 375. Original designation and monotypy. Diagnosis. Indopalpares can be characterized by the short labial palpus with oval palpimacula (Fig. 3D), presence of long black setae on antennal scape (Fig. 3F), triangular male sternite 9 with acutely tapering apex (Fig. 4D), cylindrical and arcuated male ectoproct (Fig. 4C) with a single prominent seta on short tubercle at base (Fig. 4D), male gonocoxites 9 with a median sensory bulla (Fig. 4E–F), and feebly developed gonarcal bulla (Fig. 4F). Distribution. East Indies, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; New 2003; Stange 2004; Ghosh 2000; Hassan et al. 2019; Tauber et al. 2019; Oswald 2021). Remarks. Indopalpares is an endemic monotypic genus only known from Pakistan and India. Stange (2004) noted that the only autapomorphy of Indopalpares is the basally bent gonarcus (i.e., male gonocoxites 11). Morphologically, Indopalpares shares many similar characters with Palparellus Navás, 1912 and Pseudopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988; including small labial palp with oval palpimacula, cylindrical and slightly arched ectoprocts, and presence of one prominent seta on short tubercle in male ectoprocts. However, Indopalpares and Pseudopalpares are still considered monotypic genera with species that have a limited geographic range, Indopalpares is limited to the Oriental region (Pakistan and India) (Fig. 5), while Pseudopalpares is limited to the Southern and Eastern African domains (Stange 2004). In addition to the above similarities, these two genera share parameres (i.e., male gonocoxites 9) with a median sensory bulla, which is absent in Palparellus., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on page 567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1997) Antlions (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 29, 127 - 138. [BotN ref # 9177]","New, T. R. (2003) The Neuroptera (Insecta) of Malesia. Fauna Malesiana. Vol. 4. Brill, Leiden, viii + 204 pp. [BotN ref # 10897] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004474611","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Ghosh, S. K. (2000) Neuroptera fauna of North-East India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 184, i - xiii + 1 - 179. [BotN ref # 11664]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3","Tauber, C. A., Simmons, Z. & Tauber, A. J. (2019) Type specimens of Neuropterida in the Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ZooKeys, 823, 1 - 126. [BotN ref # 18513] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 823.30231","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 16 August 2021)"]}

Tribe Palparini Banks, 1911 Notes. Despite debatable generic status, the following genera: Indopalpares, Palpares, and Parapalpares can be distinguished by characters proposed by Insom & Carfi (1988) and present examination: 1) Size of labial palp smaller in Indopalpares, larger in Palpares and Parapalpares; 2) Prothoracic markings wholly brownish yellow, without distinct median longitudinal stripe in Parapalpares, with a distinct median stripe in Indopalpares and Palpares; 3) Abdominal markings on lateral margins and posterior margin of tergites 6–8 narrowly yellow in Indopalpares, uniformly pale brown in Palpares and Parapalpares; 4) Shape of male ectoprocts cylindrical, distinctly curved at base in Indopalpares, moderately curved at base in Parapalpares and Palpares; 5) Shape of male sternite 9: Acutely tapering at apex in Indopalpares, round in Palpares and Parapalpares; 6) Gonocoxites 9 paired and widely separated from each other, with acute apex and acutely tapering basal projection in Parapalpares, closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection absent or obtuse in Indopalpares and Palpares; 7) Gonocoxites 9 with median sensory bulla present in Indopalpares, indistinct in Palpares and Parapalpares; and 8) Gonarcal bulla feebly developed in Indopalpares, distinct in Palpares and Parapalpares., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on page 567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572

Palpares zebratus Rambur, 1842 (Figs 6–11) Palpares zebratus Rambur, 1842: 371. Type locality: India (Tamil Nadu: Pondicherry). Holotype male. Palpares trichogaster Navás, 1913: 481. Type locality: Pakistan (Sindh: Karachi, Manora). Holotype male. syn. nov. Palpares nobilis Navás, 1931: 77. Type locality: India. Holotype female. Synonymized by Giacomino & Ábrahám, 2018: 87. Diagnosis. Palpares zebratus is similar to Palpares cephalotes in external morphology and wing markings, but can be distinguished by short white setae only limited to tergites 1–2 and proximal 1/3 of tergite 3 (Fig. 7A–B). P. cephalotes has tergites 1–5 in males densely covered with long white setae (El Hamouly et al. 2019; fig. 3f), but the abdomen of P. zebratus is missing in the type photographs provided by Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018; fig. 1). This diagnosis is based on male individuals of Palpares trichogaster, a new synonym of P. zebratus in present study. Measurement (♁n=1). Forewing length 65.0 mm, width 18.1 mm; hindwing length 60.0 mm, width 16.5 mm; body length 79.0 mm. Redescription. Head wider than prothorax (Fig. 7B–C). Face yellow with short white setae. Frons brownish yellow. Vertex raised, with median longitudinal suture, brownish yellow, with a median brownish marking, narrow at posterior margin, covered with short white setae. Antenna missing in the studied and type species. Scape and pedicel brownish, with short black and white setae. Clypeus and labrum yellow with short white setae. Maxillary and labial palps brownish yellow. Labial palp large, palpimacula clavate, covered with short brown setae, sensory slit reaching apex (Fig. 7D–F). Thorax (Fig. 7A). Prothorax short, much broader than long, pronotum yellow with a median and lateral brownish stripe, covered with long white setae, except posterior margin of median black stripe with black setae. Mesoand metathorax brown with yellow stripes, densely covered with yellow long fine setae. Mesoprescutum brown, with lateral margins yellow; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum brown with a pair of narrow median yellow stripes; metaprescutum brown, metascutum yellow with a median brownish longitudinal stripe, metascutellum brown with hind margin yellow; meso- and metathorax covered with brownish setae, laterally with long dense white setae. Pleurite densely covered with long white setae (Fig. 8A–B). Wings (Fig. 9). Narrow at base, wider towards apex; highly diffused brown markings present; veins mainly covered with short black setae; forewing slightly longer than hindwing. Forewing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular brown markings, particularly on crossveins; three distinct pale brown markings present; basal marking linear; second marking quadrate, divided at MA, posterior marking with irregular shape; third marking oblique at apical margin. Longitudinal veins dark brown; base of C brownish yellow; Sc with alternating yellow and brown sections after first marking; Rs and MA brownish yellow; base of Cu brownish yellow; anterior fork of CuA with alternating brown and yellow sections; CuP slightly yellow at base and apex; 1A–3A with alternating brown and yellow sections. Crossveins yellow. Rs arises just beyond cubital fork; 6–8 presectoral crossveins and one or two crossveins proximal to origin of Rs biaereolated. Hindwing. Costal, apical and hind margins with many irregular markings; five prominent pale brown markings present; basal marking of variable shape, circular at base, slightly narrow at recurrent vein, followed by slightly curved posterior margin; second, third and fourth markings are originated from R, not reaching at hind margins; second marking variable in shape; third marking quadrate proximad basal half, distinctly curved at distal half; fourth marking divided into two independent circular markings; apical marking with two independent parallel spots, posterior marking reaching at apical margin. Longitudinal veins mainly dark brown; base of C brownish yellow; Sc with alternating brown and yellow sections after second marking; Rs and MA brownish yellow; MP brownish yellow at base, anterior branch with alternating brown and yellow sections; Rv brownish yellow apically; CuA proximally brownish yellow; CuP slightly yellow at proximal and distal margin; distal half of 1A–3A light yellow, covered with distinct black setae, proximal to 3A with some long white setae. Rs arises at same level to MP fork; two presectoral crossveins, basal crossvein proximal to origin of Rs biaereolated (Fig. 9). Pilula axillaris dark brown. Legs (Fig. 8A–B). Brownish, densely covered with short white and long black setae; coxa with long white setae; tibial spurs and pretarsal claws dark brown; tibial spurs nearly equal to Ta 3 in foreleg, extending to just beyond Ta 2 in mid and hind leg; Ta1–Ta4 short, Ta5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta1–Ta4. Abdomen (Fig. 6A–B). Brownish, tergites 1–2 covered with long white setae; tergite 3 with mixed short white, and long black setae; tergites 4–8 with short black setae; sternite 1 covered with long white setae; sternite 2 with wholly short white setae or at proximal 1/3 with a few short black setae; sternites 3-6 with short black setae. Male genitalia (Fig. 10A–E). Tergite 9 subquadrate, sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts moderately curved dorsad at base, base of ectoprocts with three stout black setae on short tubercle; gonocoxites 9 closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection; gonarcal bulla present. Material examined. PAKISTAN. Islamabad Capital Territory, 1♁, 9.viii.1989, PMNH (C# 4117), leg. Faiz (PMNH). Bibliography. Navás (1913: 481) described Palpares trichogaster from Karachi, Manora, Sindh based on a single male specimen, and provided the morphological description and forewing illustration. Herein we synonymized P. trichogaster with P. zebratus. Whittington (2002: 385) listed P. zebratus, and Stange (2004: 60) and Hassan et al. (2019: 515) included both P. zebratus and P. trichogaster in their catalogue of Neuropterida from Pakistan. Distribution. Pakistan. Sindh province, District Karachi;—India (Whittington 2002; Stange 2004; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2021). Remarks. Banks (1913) in a review of the African and Indian Palpares species considered P. infimus (Walker) as a junior synonym of P. patiens (Walker), largely based on the similarity in wing markings. Most recently, Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018) considered P. infimus, P. patiens, and P. nobilis as junior synonyms of P. zebratus based on similar wing markings in their type species. However, these synonyms are redefined based on the prominent second to fifth pale brown markings on the hindwing reaching at apex in P. infimus (Giacomino & Ábrahám 2018: fig. 3; Banks 1913: fig. 10) and P. patiens (Banks 1913: fig. 12) or not reaching at apex in P. zebratus (Banks 1913: fig. 28; Giacomino & Ábrahám 2018: fig. 1) and P. trichogaster (Fig. 8). After careful comparisons of the photographs of type specimen of P. trichogaster at NHML, recent work of P. infimus, P. nobilis and P. zebratus by Giacomino & Ábrahám (2018), and new materials from Pakistan, we proposed the following new taxonomic changes: P. patiens should be a valid species and P. infimus retained its junior synonym (after Banks 1913), and P. trichogaster is considered as a new synonym of P. zebratus., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on pages 574-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]","Navas, L. (1913) Mis excursiones por el extranjero en el verano de 1912 (25 Julio - 16 Septiembre). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, Series 3, 10, 479 - 514. [BotN ref # 574]","Navas, L. (1931) Comunicaciones entomologicas. 13. Insectos de la India. 3. a serie. Revista de la [Real] Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisico-Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragoza, 14, 74 - 92. [BotN ref # 891]","Giacomino, M. & Abraham, L. (2018) Little-known and synonymous antlions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 123, 85 - 101. [BotN ref # 18879] https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 1967","El Hamouly, H., Sawaby, R. F. & Abu El-Hassan, G. (2019) Review of Subfamily Palparinae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Egypt. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A, Entomology, 12, 85 - 97. [BotN ref # 18896] https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / eajbsa. 2019.29777","Whittington, A. E. (2002) Resources in Scottish Neuropterology. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48, 371 - 387. [BotN ref # 10317]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 16 August 2021)","Banks, N. (1913) The neuropterous genus Palpares. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 171 - 195. [BotNref # 61] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 6.2.171"]}

The antlion tribe Palparini Banks, 1911 (Myrmeleontidae: Ascalaphinae) currently comprises five genera and seven species in Pakistan. The taxonomic status of three genera, namely Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988, Palpares Rambur, 1842, and Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988, are revised herein. Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842), Palpares zebratus Rambur, 1842, and Parapalpares solidus (Gerstaecker, 1894) are redescribed based on the material from the northern areas of Pakistan. The following taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are proposed: Palpares patiens is re-established as valid species, and P. infimus is transferred to senior synonym of P. patiens from P. zebratus; Palpares trichogaster syn. nov. is considered a new synonym of Palpares zebratus. The re-find of the rarely known endemic species Palpares zebratus from northern areas in Pakistan reveals its wider distribution far from its type localities in the southern Indian state (Tamil Nadu) and the southern province in Pakistan (Sindh). Taxonomic remarks, distribution maps, and detailed photographs of three species are provided based on both external morphological and genital characters.

Genus Palpares Rambur, 1842 Palpares Rambur, 1842: 365. Type species: Hemerobius libelluloides Linnaeus, 1764: 401. As “ Palpares libelluloides [sic]” subsequent designation by Hagen, 1873: 390 – from Oswald & Penny, 1991: 47. Negretus Navás, 1912c: 56. Type species: Negretus ertli Navás, 1912c: 57. Monotypy. Holotype female. Synonymized by Stange, 2004: 47. Distribution. Palearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Stange 2004; Machado et al. 2019). Remarks. Palpares is a relatively larger genus with 66 known species, which are mainly distributed in the Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Mansell 2004; Michel et al. 2017; Machado et al. 2019). Currently, Palpares contains three species in Pakistan, which mainly occur in the northeastern (1 sp.), southern (1 spp.), and southeastern (2 spp.) parts: P. astarte Banks, 1913 and P. cephalotes (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1832) from Rajanpur district (southeastern) [see notes below], and P. zebratus known from southern (Karachi) and northern (Islamabad) parts (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; Whittington 2002; Hassan et al. 2019). These Palpares species found in Pakistan can be distinguished from other palparine genera by elongated labial palp with distally clavated palpimacula, sensory slit 1/2–1/3 length of terminal labial palpomere, reaching to apex; thorax brownish yellow with distinct median longitudinal brownish stripe; abdomen uniformly pale yellowish brown; male sternite 9 with round apex; ectoprocts cylindrical, slightly or distinctly curved at base; male gonocoxites 9 closely spaced, with obtuse apex and basal projection; and presence of gonarcal bulla., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Akhtar, Saleem, Zheng, Yuchen & Liu, Xingyue, 2023, Taxonomic notes on the antlion tribe Palparini Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Pakistan, pp. 565-588 in Zootaxa 5256 (6) on page 573, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762572, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Nevropteres. Fain et Thunot, Paris, 534 pp. [BotN ref # 5314]","Linnaeus, C. (1764) Museum S: ae R: ae M: tis ludovicae ulricae reginae svecorum, gothorum, vandalorumque & c. & c. & c. In quo animalia rariora, exotica, imprimis insecta & Conchilia describuntur & determinantur prodomi instar editum. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 720 pp. [BotN ref # 3732] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51532","Navas, L. (1912 c) Bemerkungen uber die Neuropteren der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in Munchen. III. Mitteilungen der Munchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 3, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 544]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref # 11168]","Machado, R. J. P., Gillung, J. P., Winterton, S. L., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Owlflies are derived antlions: anchored phylogenomics supports a new phylogeny and classification of Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology, 44, 418 - 450. [BotN ref # 18370] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12334","Mansell, M. W. (2004) Antlions of southern Africa: Annulares nov. gen. (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Palparini) including two new species, with comments on the tribe Palparini. Denisia, 13, 201 - 208. [BotN ref # 11272]","Michel, B., Clamens, A. L., Berthoux, O., Kergoat, G. J. & Condamine, F. L. (2017) A first higher-level time calibrated phylogeny of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107, 103 - 116. [BotN ref # 15981] https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.10.014","Banks, N. (1913) The neuropterous genus Palpares. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 171 - 195. [BotNref # 61] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 6.2.171","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1990) The genus Palpares Rambur (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) with new records from 3 species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 10, 55 - 59. [BotN ref # 9851]","Iqbal, M. & Yousuf, M. (1997) Antlions (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) of the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 29, 127 - 138. [BotN ref # 9177]","Whittington, A. E. (2002) Resources in Scottish Neuropterology. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48, 371 - 387. [BotN ref # 10317]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686 (4), 497 - 541. [BotN ref # 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3"]}

A remarkable new genus and species of Nevrorthidae, Sisyroneurorthus aspoeckorumgen. et sp. nov., is described from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar. This new species is the second Mesozoic representative of Nevrorthidae. The distal fusion of ScP and RA in the forewing of this new genus is shared by most Sisyridae. Given the probable sister-group relationship between Nevrorthidae and Sisyridae, our study sheds light on the evolution and morphological diversity of Nevrorthidae in the Mesozoic era.

The genus Climaciella Enderlein, 1910 is a remarkable group of mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae: Mantispinae) distributed from Canada to Argentina, including parts of the Caribbean. This genus comprises nine valid extant species plus an extinct species from the late Oligocene of France. Species exhibit Batesian mimicry with vespid wasps (Vespidae). Herein, six species of Climaciella from French Guiana are documented. Before this study only C. semihyalina (Le Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville in Latreille et al. 1825) was known from this territory. Two new species, C. elektroptera Ardila-Camacho, Winterton & Contreras-Ramos, sp. nov. and C. nigriflava Ardila-Camacho, Winterton & Contreras-Ramos, sp. nov., are described as well as the first records of C. amapaensis Penny, 1982, and C. tincta (Navás, 1914) provided from French Guiana. An unknown species recorded from a single female specimen is also presented. Based on the examination of material of C. amapaensis recorded here, a specimen previously recorded from Colombia as belonging to this species is herein proposed as a new species, C. risaraldensis Ardila-Camacho, sp. nov. A taxonomic key and high-resolution images of the species from French Guiana are provided.

The present paper adds to the knowledge of the family Mantispidae from India. Herein we describe two new Euclimacia species: E. similis sp. nov. from Madhya Pradesh and E. nicobarica sp. nov. from Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A new combination is also proposed: Mantispilla coorgensis (Ohl, 2004a) comb. nov. With these additions, the family is now represented in India by 22 species in eight genera.

Genus Borniochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990 Borniochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990: 192. Type species: Bornia winkleri Navás, 1928: 123, by monotypy. Bornia Navás, 1928: 123 (homonym of Bornia Philippi, 1836: 13); Banks, 1931: 381 (as synonym of Chrysopa Leach, 1815); Kuwayama, 1962: 372 (as synonym of Anomalochrysa McLachlan, 1883). Diagnosis. (Adapted from Brooks & Barnard 1990; Breitkreuz 2018). Adult medium-sized (forewing 10–15 mm); body color generally pale green; antenna slightly shorter than forewing, each flagellomere with four rings of setae; scape yellow or with brownish stripe. Pronotum unmarked or with median yellow longitudinal stripe; meso- and metanotum unmarked or with brown or black stripe along sutures between prescutum, scutum, and scutellum. Legs unmarked or with black stripe on tibia; setae short, black; claws brown. Forewing unmarked or with brown suffusions on crossveins; pterostigma unmarked or with brown spots; Sc and R widely separated; im broad, ovate; two or three series of gradates present. Hindwing with two series of gradates. Male genitalia: sternites 8+9 fused, elongate; ectoprocts distally curved dorsad, bearing a few stout setae at tip; tignum, gonapsis and parameres absent; gonarcus narrow, long, with dorsolateral horns; entoprocessus forked; pseudopenis absent; gonosetae long or short. Female genitalia: Praegenitale absent; subgenitale broad; spermatheca broad, duct long, sinuous. Distribution. Afrotropical region (widespread); Australian region (Solomon Islands); Oriental region (China (new record), Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines)., Published as part of Wang, Maozhi, Lai, Yan & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, New record of Borniochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 478-488 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on pages 479-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7471929, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 59, 117 - 286.","Navas, L. (1928) Insectos del Museo de Hamburgo. Primera [I] serie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana, 11, 59 - 67 + 90 - 100 + 121 - 138. [errata: 11: 165]","Banks, H. (1931) Neuropteroid insects from the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 16, 377 - 409.","Kuwayama, S. (1962) A revisional synopsis of the Neuroptera in Japan. Pacific Insects, 4, 325 - 412.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) S ystematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Wang, Maozhi, Lai, Yan, Liu, Xingyue (2022): New record of Borniochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5222 (5): 478-488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.6

Borniochrysa zhenxiana sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by its greenish body, black cephalic stripes on genae, yellowish scape, brown labial and maxillary palpi but pale on joints between palpomeres; reddish marking on occiput; prothorax medially with longitudinal stripe, meso- and metanotum with brown or black stripe along sutures between prescutum, scutum, and scutellum; unmarked forewing with three gradate series of crossveins, with all veins slightly brownish at base; male gonarcus laterally with a pair of long blade-like gonocoronua, and entoprocessus with a medially directed projection that is at an acute angle to anterior stem of entoprocessus. Description. Body. Mostly greenish. 8.5–9.8 mm long (Fig. 3A). Head. 1.1–1.4 mm wide (including compound eyes). Yellowish, with black stripes on genae; no marking on frons; with reddish marking near antenna on occiput, sometimes indistinct. Maxillary and labial palpi brown, but pale on joints between palpomeres; terminal palpomere slightly acute apically. Antennae: scape and pedicel yellowish, flagellum yellowish throughout, generally darkened into brown distad, with flagellar setae brown, arranged in four rings (Fig. 3B, C, D). Thorax. Pronotum as long as broad, with yellowish longitudinal median stripe, a brownish stripe present along anterolateral margin, a transverse sulcus present near posterior margin, lateral marking present as a pair of brown bands, lateral setae dark and dense. Meso- and metathorax with black stripes along sutures between prescutum, scutum and scutellum, setae pale, mostly short (Fig. 3A, B, C). Legs. Greenish, unmarked; setae pale; claws brown. Forewing. 10.5–10.9 mm long. Wing membrane transparent; veins mostly greenish, basal two costal crossveins, 1m-cua, distal sections of CuP and A brownish, longitudinal veins except Sc and RA brownish at base, with apex slightly fading; costal area narrow basally; with 19 costal crossveins present, basal ones sinuous; pterostigma greenish, unmarked; four crossveins present between Sc and R, one at base, three posteriad pterostigma; 11 radial crossveins, intramedian cell (im) triangular, subdistally connected by 1rp-m crossvein; three series of gradate veins present (number of gradate: 5/3/6); gradate series not absolutely parallel to each other, basal crossveins of first gradate series meeting PsM or not; distal cubital cell (dcc) open; CuP not forked; veins pale; anal lobe rounded (Fig. 3A). Hindwing. 9.4–10.0 mm long. Pterostigma greenish; veins greenish, slightly brownish at base; 14 costal crossveins present; three crossveins between Sc and RA posteriad pterostigma; eight crossveins between PsM and PsC; two gradate series of crossveins present (Fig. 3A). Legs. Entirely greenish; unmarked; claws brown. Abdomen. Yellowish dorsally, with brown band at each side; venter pale, unmarked. Male genitalia.Tergite 9 and ectoproct fused, elongate; ectoprocts with narrow, dorsally curved apical projection, bearing a few stout setae at tip; tignum and gonapsis absent; gonarcus medially fused, laterally with a pair of long blade-like gonocoronua, lateral arms simple, expanded; entoprocessus slender, with a medially directed projection at an acute angle to anterior stem of entoprocessus, slightly curved at tip; mediuncus closely associated with gonarcus, elongate, laterally expanded, mediuncus process absent; parameres absent; numerous gonostae present. (Fig. 4A, C, D, F, G). Female genitalia. Tergite 9 and ectoproct fused; praegenitale absent; sclerotized plate between subgenitale and sternite 7 absent; vela about same size as spermatheca; spermathecal duct coiled (Fig. 4B, H, I). Type material. Holotype, 1♁, CHINA, Yunnan, Yingjiang Country (Rũ), Xima Town (ǙLj), 1200 m, 24.7532°N, 97.7007°E, VI.2021, Weizong Yang (CAU). Paratypes, 2♁, same data as holotype; 2♁ 4♀, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang Country (Rũ), Xima Town (ǙLj), 24.7532°N, 97.7007°E, VIII.2019, Weizong Yang (CAU). Etymology. The specific name base on the locality of holotype, Yunnan, Yingjiang Country (Rũ). This locality was named as Zhenxilu (DZđä) during Yuan dynasty in ancient China, the name means “defend the western frontier”. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Remarks. This new species and B. winkleri appear to be similar by having pale crossveins in forewings with three series of gradates, green yellowish body, black stripes on meso- and metathorax, while they can be differentiated by the brown stripe on scape in B. winkleri but absent in B. zhenxiana sp. nov., and the brownish labial and maxillary palpi in B. winkleri but darker in B. zhenxiana sp. nov. The new species can also be distinguished from B. winkleri by the entoprocessus with a medially directed projection at an acute angle to anterior stem, and it can be distinguished from B. squamosa by the medially projection present on entoprocessus.

Borniochrysa kamayaria sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by greenish body, with black cephalic spot under compound eye and brown stripe on scape; prothorax medially with yellow longitudinal stripe; unmarked greenish legs with brown claws; forewing immaculate, with three gradate series of crossveins; forewing costal crossveins, radial crossveins, 1st to 4th crossveins between pesudomedia (PsM) and pseudocubitus (PsC), gradates, and cubital crossvein brown; male gonarcus laterally with a pair of long blade-like gonocoronua, and entoprocessus with a medially directed projection, which is nearly vertical to anterior stem of entoprocessus and slightly curved at tip. Description. Body. Mostly pale green, 9.8–10.2 mm long (Fig. 1A, E). Head. 1.2–1.4 mm wide (including compound eyes). Yellowish, with black stripes at genae; no marking on frons. Maxillary and labial palpi yellowish, but brownish on palpomeres 2–3; terminal palpomere slightly acute apically. Antenna: brown scape with broad brown stripes laterally; pedicel pale yellow; flagellum pale yellow, gradually darkened into brown distad; flagellar setae arranged in four rings. Occiput with brown stripe near each compound eye (Fig. 1B, C, D). Thorax. Pronotum as long as wide, with transverse sulci present slightly posterior to midpoint, yellowish longitudinal median stripe, lateral marking present as pair of brown bands, with lateral setae dark and dense, with brown streak at each side near anterolateral margins. Meso- and metathorax yellow greenish (Fig. 1A, B, C, E). Legs. Unmarked, greenish yellow, with pale setae; claws brown. Forewing. 12.1–13.0 mm long. Wing membrane transparent; veins mostly greenish, but costal crossveins, radial crossveins, 1–4 psm-psc, gradates, 1–2m-cua, basal CuA, 1–2cua-cup, distal CuA and CuP, and A brown. Wings oval, with apex slightly tapering; three irregularly shaped blackish spots present on tegula; costal area narrow basally; 20 costal crossveins present, with basal ones sinuous; pterostigma greenish, unmarked; five crossveins present between Sc and RA, one at base, four posteriad pterostigma; 11 radial crossveins; intramedian cell (im) triangular, subdistally connected by 1rp-m crossvein; three series of gradate crossveins present (number of gradates: 5/5/6); gradate series not absolutely parallel, basal crossvein of first gradate series meeting PsM or not; distal cubital cell (dcc) open; CuP not forked (Fig. 1A, E). Hindwing. 10.4–11.9 mm long. Pterostigma greenish; veins greenish, slightly brownish at base; 16 costal crossveins present; three crossveins between Sc and RA posteriad pterostigma; seven crossveins between PsM and PsC; two gradate series of crossveins present (Fig. 1A, E). Legs. Entirely greenish, unmarked; claws brown. Abdomen. Brownish dorsally, with a reddish brown band; venter pale, unmarked (Fig. 1A, E). Male genitalia.Tergite 9 and ectoproct fused, elongate; ectoprocts with narrow, dorsally curved apical projection, bearing a few stout setae at tip; tignum, gonapsis and median plate absent; gonarcus medially fused, laterally with a pair of long blade-like gonocoronua, lateral arms simple, expanded; entoprocessus slender, with a medially directed projection, which is nearly vertical to anterior stem of entoprocessus and slightly curved at tip; mediuncus closely associated with gonarcus, elongate, with base laterally expanded, mediuncus process absent; parameres absent; numerous gonosetae present (Fig. 2A, C, D, F, G). Female genitalia. Tergite 9 and ectoproct fused; pregenitale absent; sclerotized plate between subgenitale and sternite 7 absent; vela nearly same size as spermatheca; spermathecal duct coiled (Fig. 2B, H, I). Type material. Holotype, 1♁, CHINA, Yunnan, Yingjiang Country (Rũ), Xima Town (ǙLj), 24.7532°N, 97.7007°E, VIII.2019, Weizong Yang (CAU). Paratypes, 1♁ 4♀, same data as holotype (CAU); 2♀, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling main peak parking lot,light, 707m, 8.7101°N, 108.8758°E, 14–16.IV.2019, Haitian Song (CAU); 1♀, CHINA, Hainan, Baisha, Yinggeling, HongKan, 300 m, 19.4276°N, 109.5579°E, 27.IV.2022, Yuchen Zheng & Ying Yang (CAU); 1 ♁ 1♀, CHINA, Hainan, Changjiang, Qicha Town, Bawangling, East I Forest Farm, 700 m, 19.1210°N, 109.0832°E, 28–29.IV.2022, Yuchen Zheng & Ying Yang (CAU); 15 ♁ 11♀, CHINA, Hainan, Changjiang, Qicha Town, Bawangling, Yajia, 500 m, 19.1189°N, 109.0872°E, 2. V.2022, Yuchen Zheng (CAU); 21♁ 13♀, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jiangfengling, Fenjieling 650 m, 18.6824°N, 108.8946°E, 3–5. V.2022 Yuchen Zheng & Ying Yang (CAU); 2 ♁ 2♀, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, Mingfenggu, 975 m, 18.7066°N, 108.8286°E, 3–14. V.2022, Yuchen Zheng & Ying Yang (CAU); 1 ♁ 3♀, CHINA, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, Yulingu, 800 m, 18.7452°N, 108.9396°E, 11–13. V.2022, Ying Yang (CAU). Etymology. The specific name kamayaria refers to kama-yari, based on the special T-shaped entoprocessus, which is similar to the shape of a Japanese ancient weapon. Distribution. China (Hainan, Yunnan). Remarks. This new species and B. solomonis appear to be similar by having dark stripes and three series of brown gradate crossveins, but the new species can be distinguished from the latter species by the vertex anteriorly without faint brown spots. For the previously described two species with genital characters available, this new species can be distinguished from B. squamosa by the medial projection present on entoprocessus; and the new species can be distinguished from B. winkleri by the absence of the arrowhead-shaped distal end of mediuncus.

Nedroledon anatolicus Navás, 1914 Nedroledon anatolicus Navás, 1914:10; Hölzel 1972:65; Steffan 1975:34; Aspöck et al. 1980:310; 2001:295; Aspöck, Hölzel 1996:76; Popov 1993: 25; 1996:43; 2002:277; Kačirek 1998:186; 2013: 194; Krivokhatsky 1998:34; Stange 2004:192; Canbulat 2007:46, Dvořák & Georgiev 2018:4 Pteroleon longiventris Navás, 1932:80; Kis 1965:363; Kis et al. 1970:311; Hölzel 1972:65 (syn.). Banatoleon lineatus Kis, 1964:264; 1965:363 (syn. of P. longiventris); Kis et al. 1970:310; Hölzel 1972:65 (syn. of N. anatolicus). The type material was checked and the lectotype was designated (present designation) as // Lectotype female / Nedroledon anatolicus / Navás, 1914 / designated: R. Dobosz //, preserved in NHMW, Wien [= Vienna] (Fig. 1). The holotype of Banatoleon lineatus Kis, 1964 was preserved in the author’s private collection. The collection was later moved to the HNHM in Budapest, but the type specimen is now missing. Additional material examined: SCM: Bulgaria: 1♂, 10–11. Jul 2022, 1 km E of Kalimanci 310 m leg. Attila Szabó & Eszter Szabó; Romania: 1♀, 20 Jun 1980, Gura Vaii, V. Oglanicului [Valea Oglanicului Nature Reserve], leg. Ruicanesus (Fig. 2). USMB: Bulgaria: 1♂, 08 Jul 2003, Pirin Mts., Kalimantsi, ad lucem, leg. M. Bunalski (USMB 5858 /1003) (Fig. 2a–c). Private collections: Bulgaria: 1♂, 05 Jul 2019,, Kresna, leg. Juhász István (in coll.: Zoltán Papp, Hungary), 1♀, 07 Jul 2021, Blagoevgrad county, Stara Kresna, leg: I. Juhász, 1♀, 08 Jul 2021, Blagoevgrad county, Kalimantsi, leg: I. Juhász (in coll. Levente Székely BraȘov, Romania). Distribution: Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Turkey.Relict of Hesperian Palaeogene Subtropical forests (Krivokhatsky 2011). Comments: Brauer initially identified the type specimens “ notatus ? det. Brauer” [Nemoleon notatus (Rambur, 1842)]; but Navás (1914) described it as a new species. This rare species was described twice more following the original description from collections made in Greece and Romania, and those specimens are now synonyms (Hölzel 1972). Oswald (2021) listed this species for Hungary, but it has not been collected in that country. Before World War I, the type specimen of Banatoleon lineatus Kis, 1964 was collected in a locality that was within the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, but this area now belongs to Romania., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Navas, L. (1914) Neuroptera asiatica. III series. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 14, 6 - 13.","Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft 1, 3 - 103.","Steffan, J. R. (1975) Rapports entre climat, vegetation et chorologie chez les Fourmilions d'Europe (Neur.) Myrmeleontidae). Bulletin of Ecology, 6, 33 - 40.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Holzel, H. (1980) Die Neuropteren Europas. Vols. 1 & 2. Joecke et Evers, Krefeld, 495 pp. & 355 pp.","Aspock, H., Holzel, H. & Aspock, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 - 606.","Aspock, H. & Holzel, H. (1996) The Neuropteroidea of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and of Europe: a comparative review (Insecta). In: Canard, M., Aspock, H. & Mansell, M. W. (Eds.), Pure and Applied Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Neuropterology (Cairo, Egypt, 1994), Toulouse, France, 1996, pp. 31 - 86.","Popov, A. (1993) Raphidiopteren und Neuropteren aus Bulgarien in den Sammlungen des Nationalmuseums in Prag. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 4, 16 - 28.","Popov, A. (1996) Zur Verbreitung der Myrmeleontiden in Bulgarien (Neuroptera). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 6, 37 - 47.","Popov, A. (2002) Zoogeographical analysis of Neuroptera in Bulgaria. In: Sziraki, G. (Ed.), Neuropterology 2000. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Neuropterology (6 - 9 August 2000, Budapest, Hungary). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48 (Supplement 2), pp. 271 - 280.","Kacirek, A. (1998) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Familien Myrmelontidae, Ascalaphidae und Nemopteridae (Neuroptera) der Turkei. Klapalekiana, 34, 183 - 188.","Kacirek, A. (2013) Contribution to the faunistics of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece. Klapalekiana, 49,189 - 196.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (1998) Zoogeography of antlions of Palaearctic (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Meetings in memory of N. A. Cholodkovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998. 90 pp. [in Russian]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565.","Canbulat, S. (2007) A checklist of Turkish Neuroptera with annotating on provincial distributions, Zootaxa, 1552 (1), 35 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1552.1.2","Dvorak, L. & Georgiev, D. (2018) New and interesting records of Neuroptera from Samothraki Island, north Aegean Islands, Greece. Parnassiana Archives, 6, 3 - 6.","Navas, L. (1932) Decadas de insectos nuevos. Decada 20. Broteria (Ciencias Naturais), 28, 74 - 85.","Kis, B. (1965) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Neuropterenfauna Rumaniens. Rovartani Kozlemenyek [Folia Entomologica Hungarica], New Series, 18, 359 - 366.","Kis, B., Nagler, C. & Mandru, C. (1970) Insecta: Neuroptera (Planipennia). Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania, 8, 1 - 343.","Kis, B. (1964) Neue Myrmeleoniden - gattung und art aus Rumainen (Neuroptera). Reichenbachia, 3, 263 - 267.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2011) Мuрavьiныi Льvы (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) РOссii [= Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Russia]. TovaрiЩiсtvo Нaucныk IZDaнiй KMK [= KMK Scientific Press], Сaнkt-Pitiрbuрg [St. Petersburg], 334 pp.","Oswald, J. D. (2021) Lacewing digital library. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu (accessed 28 May 2022)"]}

Key to Dominikon species 1. Larger, length of forewing: 27–30 mm; membrane usually less pigmented with brown, between Mp and CuA membrane transparent and no brown markings along distal part of R (Figs. 18a–d, 20b).............................. D. iranensis - Smaller, length of forewing: 21–26 mm; membrane heavily pigmented with brown, between Mp and CuA with brown spots or a line.............................................................................................. 2 2. Membrane between Mp and CuA pale brown as well as along distal part of Rs1+Ma before pterostigma (Figs. 19a–d, 20c)............................................................................................. D. lagopus - Membrane between Mp and CuA with brown line, no brown marks in distal part of Rs1+Ma before pterostigma (Figs. 16a–d, 20a).................................................................................. D. aspoecki sp. n., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181

Dominikon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894) Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894:143; Hölzel 1972:69. Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972:65; Şengonca 1979;13; Krivokhatsky 1998:33 (Fig. 8) [incorrect determination, the drawings show the new species—described in this publication]; Aspöck et al. 2001:295; Stange 2004:193; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015:156. Nedroledon striatus (Klug, 1834—sic!)— Satar & Özbay 2004:222. Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972 — Holotype male was checked: // 4.–7.VI1969 S-Iran / Miyan Kotal 1900m / östl.v.Kazerun / 51 o 40′L/29 o 30′B / leg.Vartian //; // Holotypus ♂, Nedroledon / striatus / H. Hölzel 197[2] //; // coll./Horst & Ulrike / ASPÖCK // (Fig. 7). Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894 — Lectotype female was checked, preserved in EMAU collection (Fig. 8). Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894): Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020: 64–65. Additional material examined: DBRC: Iran: 1♀, 19–20 May 2018, prov. Fars, Zagros Mts., 2145 m, Dasht Arjan (7km SWW), 29°38′14″N 51°55′12″E at light, leg. V. Kubáň. HNHM: Iran: 1♂ 3♀, 26 May 1999, prov. Fars, Persepolis, Mt. Kum, 1200 m, leg. G. Kőszegi, K. Gaskó; 1♀, 25 May 1999, prov. Fars, Saadatabad, leg. G. Kőszegi (misidentified as Nedroledon iranicus [sic] det: Krivokhatsky 2000). SCM: Iran: 1♀, 25 May 1999, prov. Fars, Persepolis, Mt. Kum 1200 m, leg. K. Gaskó; 1♀, 20 Jun 2000, prov. Esfahan, Vill. Miyandast, leg. K. Gaskó; 2♂ 2♀, 2 May 2001, prov. Fars, Saadat—Shah 1900 m, 30°05′21′N 53°12′38′E, leg. Gy. Fábián, K.Víg; 5♀, 25 Jun 2005, prov. Kordestan, Faqih Soleyman, 35°05,085′N 46°54,118′E, leg. L. Ábrahám; 1♀, 28 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, 5 km from Vazag 1996 m, 30°35,230′N 51°37,699′E, leg. L. Ábrahám; 3♀, 30 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, Ganjegun 2417 m, 30°30,133′N 51°42,386′E, leg. L. Ábrahám; 6♀, 13 Jun 2012, prov. Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, 30°30,1′N 51°42,4′E, leg. G. Petrányi, S. Ilniczky; 1♀, 14 Jun 2016, prov. Kohgiluje és Bjer Ahmad, Sisakhat 30°52,764′N 51°30,713′E, 2913 m, leg. S. Ilniczky & G. Petrányi. Turkey: 1♂ 1♀, 10 Jun 2004, prov. Siirt, 5 km SE of Eruh, 1250 m, leg. B. Benedek, T. Csővári; 4♀, 14 Jun 2004, prov. Hakkari, 35 km E of Hakkari, 1600 m, leg. B. Benedek, T. Csővári. USMB: Iran: 1 ♂, 14 Apr 2004, Lar, leg. I. Juhász (USMB 5858 /1081); 1 ♀, 30 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, Ganjegun [Ganjeh Gun] 2417 m, 30°30.133′N 51°42.386′E, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1082); 1 ♀, 02 Jul 2005, prov. Fars, near spring of Sahlabad 2269 m, 29°27′N 52°36′E, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1000); 2♀, 02 Jul 2005, prov. Fars, Chesmedye Chenar 2892 m, 30°20.505′N 51°57.324′E, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1115, USMB 5858 /1195); 1♂ 4♀, 08 May 2017, prov. Fârs, 3 km SW of Khârameh 1820 m, 29º24′03″N 53º14′53″E Kuhhâye Zagros, at light, leg. R. Królik & A. Lasoń (USMB 5858 /22003, USMB 5858 /22004, USMB 5858 /22005, USMB 5858 /22006, USMB 5858 /22007); 2♂ 1♀, 19 May 2017, prov. Mâzandarân, 10 km E of Dasht-e Nazir, 36°25′41″S 51°31′49″E, Reshteh-ye-Alborz, netting, leg. L. Kruszelnicki (USMB 5858 /22008, USMB 5858 /22009, USMB 5858 /22010); 1♀, prov. Lorestan, 03 Jun 2018, Dorud 33°28′25″N, 49°4′14″E, 1500 m, hill, pine forest and meadows, netting, leg. R. Dobosz (in absolute ethanol). Turkey: 1♂ 1♀, 04–05 Jun 2002, prov. Mardin, Hop Geçidi 37°21′N 40°51′E, 1115 m, 8 km N of Mardin, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5844 /253, USMB 5844 /254); 4♂ 4♀, 13–15 Jun 2005, prov. Adiyaman, Karadut vill., pension 37°56′N 38°47′E, 1033 m, Nemrut Daði N.P., ad lucem, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5844 /255, USMB 5844 /257, USMB 5844 /258, USMB 5844 /259, USMB 5844 /260, USMB 5844 /261, USMB 5844 /262, USMB 5844 /263); 2♂ 1♀, 15–17 Jun 2005, prov. Adiyaman, Cesme pension, 37°57′N 38°46′E, 1420 m, Nemrut Daði N.P., ad lucem, leg. Roland Dobosz (USMB 5844 /265); 1♀, 23 Jul 2006, prov. Adiaman, Nemrut vill., 37°57′N 38°46′E, 1420 m, Nemrut Daði N.P., ad lucem, leg. Roland Dobosz (USMB 5844 /868). ZIN: Iran: 1♂, 26 May 1999, prov. Fars, Persepolis, Mt. Kum 1200 m, leg. G. Kőszegi, K. Gaskó; 1♀, 25 May 1999, prov. Fars, Sa’adatabad, Mt. Kum 1200 m, leg. G. Kőszegi. Turkey: 1♀, 10 Jun [19]74 [prov.] Urfa, 10 km W of Sivera, leg. M. For. Distribution: Iran, Turkey. West-Asian-Irano-Khorasanian species distribution (Krivokhatsky 2011) (Fig. 6). Comments: Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894 was moved to Nedroledon Navás, 1914 by Ábrahám & Giacomino (2020). Based on an examination of the type specimen described by Gerstaecker, the authors of this publication treated Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972 as a new junior synonym of Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894). Of all the species of the genera Nedroledon and Dominikon, D. lagopus is the one most represented in scientific collections., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on pages 101-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft 1, 3 - 103.","Sengonca, C. (1979) Beitrag zur Neuropterenfauna der Turkei. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 28, 10 - 15.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (1998) Zoogeography of antlions of Palaearctic (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Meetings in memory of N. A. Cholodkovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998. 90 pp. [in Russian]","Aspock, H., Holzel, H. & Aspock, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 - 606.","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565.","Mirmoayedi, A., Krivokhatsky, V. & Dobosz, R. (2015) Annotated check-list of the antlions of Iran (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Acta entomologica silesiana, 23, 153 - 168.","Satar, A. & Ozbay, C. (2004) Remarks on Neuroptera of Southwest Turkey. Entomologica Fennica, 15, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.33338 / ef. 84224","Abraham, L. & Giacomino, M. (2020) A little known and synonym ant-lions 2 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Natura Somogyiensis, 34, 21 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.24394 / NatSom. 2020.34.21","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2011) Мuрavьiныi Льvы (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) РOссii [= Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Russia]. TovaрiЩiсtvo Нaucныk IZDaнiй KMK [= KMK Scientific Press], Сaнkt-Pitiрbuрg [St. Petersburg], 334 pp.","Navas, L. (1914) Neuroptera asiatica. III series. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 14, 6 - 13."]}

Dominikon iranensis (Hölzel, 1972) comb. nov. Nedroledon iranensis Hölzel, 1972:65; Krivokhatsky 1998:85; Aspöck et al. 2001:295; Stange 2004:193; Mirmoayedi et al. 2015:156. The holotype was checked in coll. NHMW, Vienna. The label information is: // 18. VI. 1963 / N– Iran Berge / östl. v. Semnan / Kasy & Vartian //; Red label // Holotypus ♂ / Nedroledon iranensis / H. Hölzel 1970 //. The type is in good condition. (Fig. 10). Additional material examined: SCM: Iran: 2♂ 1♀, 04 Jul 2000, prov. Esfahan, Daran 2300 m, leg. T. Hácz, G. Kőszegi; 1♀, 26 Jun 2005, prov. Hamadan, Nehavand 34°02,756′N 48°22,614′E, 1851 m, leg. L. Ábrahám; 5♀, 26 Jun 2005, prov. Mazandaran, between Pel and Valiabad 36°3,344′N 51°23,965′E, 2325 m, leg. L. Ábrahám; 4♂ 3♀, 29 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, Chesmedye Chenar, 30°20,505′N 51°57,324′E, 2892 m, leg. L. Ábrahám. USMB: Iran: 1♀, 26 Jun 2005, prov. Hamadan, Nehavand 34°02.756′N 48°22.614′E, 1851 m, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1014); 1♀, 29 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, Chesmedye Chenar 30°20.505′N 51°57.324′E, 2892 m, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1011); 1♂, 08 Jul 2005, prov. Mazandaran, between Pel and Valiabad 36°13.344′N 51°23.965′E, 2523 m, leg. L. Ábrahám (USMB 5858 /1174) (Fig.11) Turkey: 1♂, 04–05 Jun 2002, prov. Mardin, Hop Geçidi 37°21′N 40°51′E, 1115 m, 8 km N of Mardin, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5844 /252). ZIN: Iran: 1♂, 29 Jun 2005, prov. Fars, Chesmedye Chenar 30°20.505′N 51°57.324′E, 2892 m, leg. L. Ábrahám Distribution: Iran and Turkey (new record); West-Asian-Irano-Turanian species (Krivokhatsky 2011) (Fig. 6).

Dominikon aspoecki Dobosz, Ábrahám & Krivokhatsky sp. nov. Nedroledon striatus: Krivokhatsky 1998:33 (Fig. 8) misidentified and drawn as Nedroledon striatus Material examined: Holotype (Fig. 12): 1♂, // Iran prov. Semnan / 36°0′4″N, 56°0′8″E / Qalebâlâ, Sahrud region / at light in hotel / 27.05.2018 1250 m / leg. Lech Kruszelnicki // USMB 5858 /23180/ coll. Upper Silesian Museum / (USMB) Bytom, Poland // [red label] // Holotype / Dominikon aspoecki sp. n. / det. R. Dobosz, L. Ábrahám & V. Krivokhatsky 2022 //. Paratypes: DBRC: 1♀, // IRAN, KHORASAN prov. / Mts. KUH-e ZORGH [33°42‘10.75“N 59°12‘40.22“E] / alt 2000 m, 21–22.V.2013 / E. Rutjan leg. //. HNHM: 1 ♀, // Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts / 800–1500 m, valley of the rivers Ipay-Kala and Polni-Kala / 38°13′15″N 59°54′57″E / 30.06– 04.07.1992 No. L 63 / leg. Gy. Fábián, B. Herczig, A. Podlussány and Z. Varga // (misidentified as Nedroledon striatus det. Krivokhatsky 2000). NHMW: 1♀, // Iran Khoresan NP / Golestan Dasht / 37.18N / 55.56E / 1232 m, 21–22.05.01 / Ch. Wieser leg. //. SCM: 1♂, // Iran, prov. Sistan & Baluchestan / Karevandar 1260 m / N 27°50′06″, E 60°49′29″ / 2016.03.03 / leg. Ilniczky S. & Petrányi G. //; 1♀, // Iran, prov. Sistan & Baluchestan / Karevandar 1260 m / N 27°50′06″, E 60°49′29″ / 2016.03.03 / leg. Ilniczky S. & Petrányi G. //. USMB: 1♀, // Iran Kuusha—Larumba / Bampur; SE Persia / [N.] Zarudn [yi] 6–10V 1901 //(USMB 5858 /21989); 1♀, // Iran prov. Semnan / 36°0′4″N, 56°0′9″E / Qalebâlâ Sahrud region / at light env. of village / 28.05.2018 1250 m / leg. R. Dobosz // (USMB 5858 /25064). ZIN: 1♂ (abdomen lost), // Iran Kuusha—Sargad, Bampur / SE Persia / [N.] Zarudn [yi] 3–5 V 1901 // (misidentified as Nedroledon striatus (Krivokhatsky 1998);: 1♀, // Turkmenistan 30 VI–4 VII 1992 / Kopet–Dagh Mts. 800–1500 m / valley of the rivers Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala / 38°13.15′N 59°54.57′E / leg. Gy. Fábián, B. Herczig, A. Podlussány, Z. Varga // No L 63 // Additional material examined: Iran: 1♀, 25 Apr 2016, Khar Turan National Park ranger’s house 35º57′59,6″N 56º04′03,2″E,close to the village of Givar, at light ca. 8 p. m., Photo by Segerer Benoit(France) taken in nature (Fig.17). Diagnosis: The species is characterized by conspicuous markings on the forewing (Figs. 16a–d). These spots and stripes occur with varying intensity but are much darker and more intense than in D. iranensis (Figs. 11, 18 a–d, 20b) or D. lagopus (Figs. 9, 19a–d, 20c). The membrane between MP1 and CuA1 is marked with a continuous pale brown stripe, as in D. lagopus, but these markings are much more intense. In D. aspoecki, the brown line on Sc+R only extends beyond the pterostigma in the forewing. In D. lagopus, this line may be less marked, but it always occurs in the distal part of the forewing along Rs1+Ma before the pterostigma. The larva is unknown. Description: Measurements: Holotype (♂), forewing: 22 mm, hindwing: 20 mm, abdomen: 26 mm. Paratypes: (2♂), forewing: 23 mm, hindwing: 21 mm, abdomen (1 ♂): 26 mm. (The end of the abdomen is missing in the second specimen.), (4♀) forewing: 22.5–24 mm, hindwing: 21–22 mm, abdomen: 19–20 mm. Habitus (Fig. 12): Distinctly brown and yellow–brown, small to medium–sized antlion with long clavate antenna. Pronotum elongate, yellow with four longitudinal brown bands. Meso- and metathorax with distinct longitudinal brown marks. Wings quite narrow, with subacute apex and with very characteristic brown markings on membrane. Legs long and slender, predominantly brown in colour. Tibial spurs slightly curved at distal ends, as long as tarsal segments 1. Abdomen generally brown with indistinct yellow spots in the lateral view. Head: Vertex curved, yellow with distinct brown spots and line in two rows on top, irregular light brown spots on both sides of epicranial suture and two transverse brown lines laterally in first row, two slightly curved spots in second row. Continuous dull dark brown stripe above antenna. Small triangular spot extending along both margins of epicranial suture on back of head (Fig. 14a, b). Hairs on vertex short, sparse, appressed, black and white. Frons, gena, clypeus and labrum yellow, hairless. Mandible yellow, with brown inner margin and tip. Maxillary and labial palps yellow with very short pale hairs; last segment of labial palp asymmetrical, spindle-shaped, palpimacula round. Eye fairly large. Antenna 5.2 mm long, clavate. Scape yellow, with very short black setae; basal part of pedicel brown, distal part yellow, also with short black setae. Flagellar segments and club predominantly dark brown with narrow yellow distal rings and with short black setae. Thorax: Pronotum 1.5x longer than wide, yellow, with four distinct brown bands, the outermost ones narrower. Brown dorsal bands widen towards the rear. Pronotal hairs predominantly short, white, a few dark brown. (Figs. 14a, 15a). Mesonotum—Prescutum predominantly yellow, with distinct dark brown frontal and lateral edges and two dark brown spots at rear. Mesoscutum yellow, with wide shiny brown lateral bands and with indistinct short, narrow line reaching rear edge. Mesoscutellum yellow with two wide dark brown stripes. Conspicuous sparse white bristles on prescutum, otherwise hairless. Metanotum—metaprescutum brown with irregularly shaped yellow central spot. Metascutum predominantly brown with two oval, pale reddish, lateral spots. Metascutellum yellow with two widening, brown lines. Metanotum bare. Sides predominantly brown with yellow edges at intersegmental membrane, and with sparse, short, white hairs. Legs: Long and slender (Fig. 14c). Fore femur brown dorsally, yellow ventrally with long and short white bristles. Long black femoral sensory hair extending inwards at base of fore femur. Mid femur yellow with brown dots at origin of white bristles, brown dots merge in distal part. Long black sensory hair at base. Hind femur predominantly yellow, with longitudinal brown lateral stripes without sensory hairs. Fore femur slightly shorter than fore tibia. Mid and hind femora as long as mid and hind tibiae. Fore and mid tibiae yellow, dotted brown. Partially brown rings on basi-dorsal sides, brown part next to distal joints on all legs. Mid femur with two rows of stiff black and white dorsal bristles, fore and hind femora with only two rows of stiff black dorsal bristles. Tibial spurs slender, slightly curved at distal ends (Fig. 15d), as long as tarsal segments 1. Tarsal segments yellow basally, dark brown distally. Segment 1 as long as segment 5. Segment 2–4 of equal length, together slightly longer than segment 1 or 5. Claws straight, opposable, somewhat shorter than tibial spurs. Wings: Forewing (Figs. 12, 17, 20a) with subacute apex and obtuse anal area. Membrane transparent, with larger and smaller, dark brown to brown shading and dots. C yellow with appressed, short dark and pale hairs. Sc yellow, interrupted with brown dashes at costal cross-veins anteriorly, predominantly yellow without brown dashes distally. In costal area, cross-veins simple, some with brown pigmentation at both ends. Cross-veins bifurcate over pterostigma. Pterostigma brown basally, white distally with 5–6 bifurcate cross-veins. R yellow basally, then interrupted with brown dashes at costal cross-veins, thereafter also yellow; final section (in apical part of radial sector) interrupted with brown dashes. 6–7 radial cross-veins before origin of Rs1. Number of radial veins 8–9, veins yellow with brown dashes. Membrane along Sc+R with characteristic longitudinal and dark brown shading. Membrane on both sides of basal cross-vein of hypostigmatic cell with slightly brown pigmentation. Membrane beyond pterostigma with brown pigmentation on both sides of cross-veins. In radial area membrane along gradate veins with dark brown stripe. Mp1 yellow. Base of CuA yellow, then dark brown pigmentation between Mp and CuA. In cubital area, longitudinal veins with yellow with brown dashes. Characteristic dark brown stripe bending to row of gradate veins of Rs. Cup long and yellow. Cup+A1 yellow basally and yellow with brown dashes at intersection of cross-veins distally. A2 and A3 simple (in holotype), yellow with brown distal ends. Ambient veins yellow with medium long fine pale hairs. Hindwing membrane completely transparent but a little shading beneath junction of Sc+R and in rhegma area. C wholly yellow, Sc yellow and interrupted with brown dashes at costal cross-veins. Pterostigma inconspicuous, white distally with four bifurcate cross-veins. Markings on R similar to Sc but with more intense brownish coloration. One radial cross-vein before origin of Rs1. Mp1 yellow. Longitudinal veins in radial and cubital area yellow and interrupted with brown dashes at costal cross-veins. Abdomen: longer than wings at rest. Tergites dark brown with narrow yellow distal ring and with dense covering of short hairs. Indistinct longitudinal and yellow pattern on each tergite segment. Sternites dark brown, with pubescence similar to that on tergites. Genitalia: Male (Fig. 13a, b) In lateral view, tergite 9 oval, dark brown, with medium long white hairs. Ectoproct elongate, oval with postventral processus of same length as longitudinal diameter of ectoproct plate and with strong black bristles bending inwards and upwards in lateral view. Sternite 9 brown, with dense covering of white bristles in ventral view. Gonarcus wide, arched, with 7–8 rigid black gonasetae, lateral margin strongly curved in ventral view. Tip of mediuncus and parameres obtuse, strongly chitinized in ventral view. Paratype: Female (Fig. 13c). In lateral view, tergite 9 rhomboid, brown with medium-length white hairs on dorsal side and rather short white ones on lateral side. Sternite 7 brown with rather long white hairs on caudal edge. Ectoproct triangular with small postventral processus and stiff black bristles. Lateral gonapophysis not prominent with stout black setae. Posterior gonapophysis strongly extended with long black hairs. In ventral view, anterior gonapophysis small, densely covered with black hairs. Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan.Irano-Turanian species, eastern relative of D.lagopus and D. iranensis (Fig. 6). Etymology: This new species is named in honour of Ulrike and Horst Aspöck, who made significant contributions to Neuropterology in the last sixty years., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on pages 104-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Krivokhatsky, V. A. (1998) Zoogeography of antlions of Palaearctic (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Meetings in memory of N. A. Cholodkovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998. 90 pp. [in Russian]"]}

Key to genera 1. Male ectoproct without postventral processus (Figs. 2b, 4a); tibial spurs on hind leg as long as or slightly shorter than tarsal segments 1–2 combined (Figs. 2c, 4b)............................................................ Nedroledon 2. Male ectoproct with long postventral processus (Figs. 9a–b, 11a–b, 13a); tibial spurs on hind leg about as long as tarsal segment 1 (Figs. 15d–f)....................................................................... Dominikon gen. nov., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181

Dominikon Dobosz, Krivokhatsky & Ábrahám gen. nov. Type species: Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894:143. Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972: 65, Figs 191 (wings), 192–195 (male and female genitalia). Diagnosis: The genus is closely related to Nedroledon Navás, 1914 in the habitus and structure of the wings and inner male genitalia. However, the postventral processus of the male ectoproct is very long. Tibial spurs are generally shorter than in Nedroledon species, and they are as long as tarsal segment 1 in the hind leg. This new genus contains three species. Description: Middle-sized species. Sexually dimorphic, male abdomen considerably longer than wings, female abdomen as long as wings. Head as wide as thorax. Vertex arched, almost bare. Pronotum is longer than the width at the distal margin, with a pair of lateral irregular dark brown stripes running through their entire length and with a bright, light-coloured line in the middle (Figs. 14a, 15a–c). Fore and hindwing narrow, with rather subacute apex and obtuse anal area, venation not dense. Cross-veins simple in coastal area. Pterostigma bicoloured. In forewing radius sector originates after cubital fork, A2 bifurcate, A3 simple. 7–9 cross-veins before origin of R 1 in forewing, in hindwing only one cross-vein (Fig. 5). Legs long and slender. Tibial spurs slightly bent and in hind leg as long as tarsal segment 1. Tarsal claws opposable. Male ectoproct with long postventral processus. Parameres arch-shaped. Distribution: Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan. It is found in several provinces of the Irano-Turanian Subregion of the Sethian (Saharo-Gobian) Desert Region. (Krivokhatsky 2011) (Fig. 6). The genus could have split off from its common ancestor during the developmental adaptation to Asian aridification in the Oligocene when the ejected sister genus Nedroledon broke up into its eastern and western parts. According to the preferred Sethian desert model, the distributions of the species are associated with two centres of biodiversity, i.e., the Irano-Turanian-Anatolian (D. lagopus, D. iranensis) and eastern Irano-Turanian (D. aspoecki). Etymology: Dominikon originates from the name of Dominik, after the name of the sixteen-year-old son of the second author (RD), who was born at the time when the new taxon was recognized., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft 1, 3 - 103.","Navas, L. (1914) Neuroptera asiatica. III series. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 14, 6 - 13.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2011) Мuрavьiныi Льvы (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) РOссii [= Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Russia]. TovaрiЩiсtvo Нaucныk IZDaнiй KMK [= KMK Scientific Press], Сaнkt-Pitiрbuрg [St. Petersburg], 334 pp."]}

Nedroledon maculatus Zakharenko, 1990 Nedroledon maculatus Zakharenko, 1990: 60, figures 1–3 (wings, male genitalia); Krivokhatsky 1998:85; Stange 2004:193; Dobosz et al. 2017:20; Badano et al. 2017: 55 (misidentified as Nedroledon iranensis Hölzel, 1972) Holotype male was examined: // VIII. [1]911 / S. Russia / Tashkent [Uzbekistan]//; // Holotypus, Nedro– / ledon maculatus / Zakharenko // preserved in ZIN (Fig. 3). Additional examined material: HNHM: Turkmenistan: 1♂, 30 Jun–04 Jul 1992, Kopetdagh [distr.], Valley betw. Ipay-Kala and Polni-Kala R., 38°13′15″N 59°54′57″E, leg. Gy. Fábián, B. Herczig, A. Podlussány and Z. Varga (Nedroledon maculatus Zakh. det: Krivokhatsky 2000). NHMW: Iran: 1♂ 1♀, 13 Jun 2007, Khoresan NP, Golestan Maghazi Valley, 36°39′29″N 54°13′27″E, Seitental, 1730 m, leg. Dr. Ch. Wieser; 1♀, 17 Jun 2007, Khoresan NP, Golestan Almeh, 37°20.44′N 56°07.02′E, 1750 m, leg. Dr. Ch. Wieser. SCM: Azerbaijan: 1♀, 07 Jul 2008, Turianchay state reserve 260 m, leg. I. Pljushtch. Georgia: 1♀, 31 Jul 2021, Didi Ateni 41°53′57″N 44°5′32″E, 760 m, 9 km S of Gori, at light, leg. R. Dobosz. USMB: Georgia: 1♂, 13 May 2016, Vashlovani NP., Pantishara 41°14′N 46°21′E, 400 m asl, [at light], leg. R. Wąsala (USMB 5858 /15251) (Dobosz et al. 2017); 1♂, 25 Jun 2019, Pantishara 41°14′14″N 46°21′55″E, 360 m asl, UV trap, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5858 /25063); 1♀, 30 Jul 2021, Didi Ateni 41°53′57″N 44°5′32″E, 760 m, 9 km S of Gori, at light, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5858 /25061); 1♀, 31 Jul 2021, Didi Ateni 41°53′57″N 44°5′32″E, 760 m, 9 km S of Gori, at light, leg. R. Dobosz (USMB 5858 /25062). ZIN: Azerbaijan: 1♂, 19 Jul 1923, Aresh [Khaldan] env., Elizavetpol [Ganja] distr., leg. L. Bianki. Turkmenistan: 1♀, 08 Jul 1974, Kopet – Dagh, Kara – Kala env., leg. V. Gorbotovskyi. Uzbekistan: 1♀, 1909, Kxodzhent [Khodjeyli] distr., Golodnaya step, leg. Shavrov. Distribution: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Irano-Turanian species, which adapted to the aridization during the Oligocene and has survived as a relict in the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia (Krivokhatsky 2011). Comments: The holotype was formerly located in the Zoological Museum of the University of Moscow, but it was later transferred by Zakharenko to the collection of ZIN (Krivokhatsky 1998), where it remains to this day. When checking the holotype specimen, we found that it was damaged—the antennae and left hindwing were missing. A hindwing of Cueta sp. had been mistakenly glued to the type specimen (Fig. 3). The type locality belonged to the former Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20 th century and later to the Soviet Union, but this site is now in Uzbekistan. When the species was described by Zakharenko (1990), only the male holotype was known. Since then, some additional material— two males and three females —have been collected in Georgia (Dobosz et al. 2017), and additional single specimens have been unearthed in museum collections in Azerbaijan (SCM, ZIN), Iran (NHMW), Uzbekistan (ZIN) and Turkmenistan (HNHM, ZIN). Because only a few specimens of N. maculatus are known, we here update the morphological features of this species. Diagnosis: Medium-sized species, length of forewing: 25–29 and hindwing: 24–28 mm. Antenna with yellow scape and pedicel. Flagellar segments pale brown with short dense and black setae, club yellow, covered with short dense and black setae. Characteristic pattern in forewing as in Figs. 3 and 4. Thorax with brownish-white spots with distinctive dorsal bright cream-beige line. Sides also with a few yellow spots and lines. Femur about as long as tibiae in fore leg. Mid- and hind leg femora slightly shorter than tibiae. Tarsal segment 1 is longer than segments 2–4 combined, which are as long as or slightly shorter than segment 5. Tibial spurs clearly longer than tarsal segment 1 in hind leg, often extending beyond half-length of tarsal segment 2 (Fig. 4b). Tarsal claws opposable. Male abdomen considerably longer than wings (Fig.4) and than in females.Abdomen generally brown, tergites with yellowish spots on lateral side. Male genitalia as in N. anatolicus, and ectoproct without elongate postventral processus (Fig. 4a)., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Zakharenko, A. V. (1990) A new species of the genus Nedroleon [sic] (Neuroptera, Myrmeleonidae) from Uzbekistan. In: Akimov, I. A. & Naukova, D. (Eds.), Faunistiki i sistematiki. Sbornik nauchnyhk trudov [News of faunistics and systematics, collected scientific papers], 1990, pp. 60 - 61.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (1998) Zoogeography of antlions of Palaearctic (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Meetings in memory of N. A. Cholodkovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998. 90 pp. [in Russian]","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565.","Dobosz, R., Krivokhatsky, V., Wasala, R., Plewa, R. & Aladashvili, N. (2017) New data on the occurrence of lacewings (Neuroptera) in Georgia. Acta Entomologica Silesiana, 25, 15 - 23. [online edition: 25 (online 002), 1 - 10] http: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 834169","Badano, D., Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genera Gymnocnemia Schneider, 1845, and Megistopus Rambur, 1842, with remarks on the systematization of the tribe Nemoleontini (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, Neue Folge, 64, 43 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / dez. 64.11704","Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft 1, 3 - 103.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2011) Мuрavьiныi Льvы (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) РOссii [= Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Russia]. TovaрiЩiсtvo Нaucныk IZDaнiй KMK [= KMK Scientific Press], Сaнkt-Pitiрbuрg [St. Petersburg], 334 pp."]}

Nedroledon Navás, 1914 Nedroledon Navás, 1914:9. Type species. Nedroledon anatolicus Navás, 1914:10, figure 3 (forewing) = Pteroleon Navás, 1932:80; syn. by Hölzel 1972:64. Type species. Pteroleon longiventris Navás, 1932:80, syn. by Hölzel, 1972:64. = Banatoleon Kis, 1964:263; syn. by Aspöck et al. 1980:309. Type species. Banatoleon lineatus Kis, 1964:264 syn. by Hölzel, 1972:65. Diagnosis: The two species of Nedroledon are characterized by the lack of a fully developed postventral processus of the male ectoproct, and tibial spurs at least as long as hind leg tarsal segments 1–2 together (Figs. 2c, 4c). Distribution: SE Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia (Aspöck et al. 2001)., Published as part of Krivokhatsky, Victor, Dobosz, Roland & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, The new antlion genus Dominikon gen. nov. with the description of a new species Dominikon aspoecki sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), pp. 94-114 in Zootaxa 5196 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7224181, {"references":["Navas, L. (1914) Neuroptera asiatica. III series. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 14, 6 - 13.","Navas, L. (1932) Decadas de insectos nuevos. Decada 20. Broteria (Ciencias Naturais), 28, 74 - 85.","Holzel, H. (1972) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, Beiheft 1, 3 - 103.","Kis, B. (1964) Neue Myrmeleoniden - gattung und art aus Rumainen (Neuroptera). Reichenbachia, 3, 263 - 267.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Holzel, H. (1980) Die Neuropteren Europas. Vols. 1 & 2. Joecke et Evers, Krefeld, 495 pp. & 355 pp.","Aspock, H., Holzel, H. & Aspock, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 - 606."]}

The genus Dominikon Dobosz, Krivokhatsky & Ábrahám gen. nov. is separated from the genus Nedroledon Navás, 1914, along with two previously described species: Dominikon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894) and Dominikon iranensis (Hölzel, 1972) comb. nov. A new species, Dominikon aspoecki Dobosz, Ábrahám & Krivokhatsky sp. nov. is described from Iran and Turkmenistan. The new genus is characterized by the presence of a prominent postventral processus of the ectoproct. The genus Nedroledon includes two valid Western Palaearctic species (Nedroledon anatolicus Navás, 1914 and N. maculatus Zakharenko, 1990). The paper contains a key for both genera, Nedroledon and Dominikon, and a key for the species of the new genus Dominikon. The taxonomic features and habitus of each species are illustrated. New data on the distribution of species of the two related genera Dominikon gen. nov. and Nedroledon Navás, 1914 are also given.

Adult external morphology of the extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae) is compared emphasizing the morphology of the subfamily Symphrasinae as a key group to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the superfamily. Plega dactylota Rehn, 1939 is thoroughly characterized in order to exemplify the morphology of the Symphrasinae. Additionally, following a review of the literature and examination of comparative material of Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and all Mantispidae subfamilies, a new interpretation of the components of the raptorial apparatus (i.e., head, prothorax, grasping forelegs, as well as integumentary specializations) is presented. Also, wing venation for these groups is reinterpreted, and new homology hypotheses for wing venation are proposed based on tracheation and comparative analyses. Given the high morphological divergence on the genital sclerites within the Mantispoidea, plus the confusing previous usage of neutral terminology and terms referring to appendages across taxonomic and morphological studies, we attempt to standardize, simplify, and situate terminology in an evolutionary context under the “gonocoxite concept” (multi-coxopod hypothesis). The remarkable morphological similarity of the genital sclerites of Symphrasinae and Rhachiberothidae (sensu U. Aspöck & Mansell 1994) with the Nallachinae (Dilaridae) was taken as a starting point to understand the morphology of other Mantispidae subfamilies. Based on these morphological comparisons, we provide a revised phylogenetic analysis of Mantispoidea. This new phylogenetic analysis supports a sister group relationship between the family Rhachiberothidae, comprising Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, and the family Mantispidae, including the subfamily Mantispinae and its sister taxa Drepanicinae and Calomantispinae, which may represent a single subfamily. Based on these analyses, raptorial condition probably evolved a single time in these insects and subsequently became diversified in the two sister clades of the raptorial Mantispoidea.

Key for the genera of the tribe Nemoleontini Banks, 1911 known from India (Fig. 2) 1. A 2 and A 3 unit in short term then diverge, A 2 simple, A 3 forked in FW (Fig. 2 A), male gonocoxites 9 fused as a forked.... 2 - A2 and A3 unit in short term then diverge, A2 forked, A3 simple in FW (Fig. 2 B), male gonocoxites 9 shaped as a pair of plates............................................................................................. 10 2. On basal half of FW Cua (also Cua 1, Cua 2) long and parallel with hind margin ((Fig. 2 C)............................ 3 - On basal half of FW Cua2 short and not parallel with hind margin (Fig. 2 A)....................................... 4 3. Tibial spurs long and straight as long as elongated tarsal segment 1, tarsal claws with prominence (Fig. 2 D and E)................................................................................. Pseudoformicoleo van der Weele* - Tarsal segment 1 short, tibial spurs as long as tarsi 1-4 combined, tarsal claws simple (Fig. 2 F and G).... Creoleon Tillyard 4. Tibial spurs considerably shorter than tarsal segment 1, male ectoproct with short processes (Fig. 2 H)..... Delfimeus Navás - Tibial spurs considerably longer than tarsal segment 1, male ectoproct with long distal processes (Fig. 2 I)............... 5 5. Cup in FW very short runs to A1 directly (Fig. 2 J)........................................................... 6 - Cup in FW partly parallel before connecting with A1 (Fig. 2 K)................................................. 7 6. Smaller species (FW 15-20 mm), pronotum V or U-shaped pattern............................ Geyria Esben-Peterson - Larger species (FW longer than 20 mm), pronotum with two lateral stripes....................... Macronemurus Costa 7. Wings narrow, both margins almost parallel, tarsal segment 1 and tibial spurs elongated as long as or longer than segment 2-4 combined, male abdomen usually very long (Fig. 2 L)........................................... Nemoleon Navás - Wings long oval, tarsal segment 1 not elongated, tibial spurs varied in length....................................... 8 8. Smaller species (FW shorter than 30 mm in India), tibial spurs shorter than tarsal segment 1-4 together or missing............................................................................................... Neuroleon Navás - Larger species (FW longer than 30 in India), tibial spurs almost as long as tarsal segment 1-4 together.................. 9 9. Tarsal claws enlarged, at least three fourth part of tarsal segment 5, tibial spurs slightly curved, posterior Banksian line slightly visible in FW (Fig. 4 C).................................................................... Banyutus Navás - Tarsal claws reach only half length of tarsal segment 5, tibial spurs obviously curved and strong, Banksian line not visible in FW................................................................................... Distoleon Banks 10. Tibial spurs as long as tarsal segment 1, claws opposable.............. Paraglenurus van der Weele / Negrokus Navás ** - Tibial spurs as long as tarsal segment 1-2 combined, claws not opposable......... Indoleon Banks / Indophanes Banks ***, Published as part of Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, Redescription of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) and key to antlion genera in tribe Nemoleontini from India, pp. 64-74 in Zootaxa 5182 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7042786, {"references":["Banks, N. (1911) Notes on African Myrmeleonidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4, 1 - 31. [BotN ref 52] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.1.1"]}

Banyutus Navás, 1912 Banyutus Navás, 1912a: 66 —(Odescr). Type species: Myrmeleon lethalis Walker, 1853. Nyutus Navás, 1916: 54 —(Odescr), Stange 2004 (Syn). Folla Navás, 1925: 130 —(Odescr), Markl 1954 (Syn). Dallus Navás, 1932: 274 —(Odescr), Markl 1954 (Syn). Diagnosis. Antennae longer than thorax; Pronotum slightly longer than wide; Cua fork arising beyond Rs in forewing; Cup + A 1 and Cua 2 run obliquely to hind margin in forewing; hindwing with one or two cross-veins in front of origin of Rs; tibial spurs as long as tarsi 1-4 combined, tarsal claws at least 3/4 as long as distal tarsomere. Male’s abdomen longer than female’s. Male ectoproct oval plate with smaller protrusion in ventral direction. Female posterior gonopophysis significantly longer than anterior gonopophysis. Digging setae on ectoproct and lateral gonopophysis stout, strongly developed. Distribution. Africa, SE Asia: India, Myanmar, China., Published as part of Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, Redescription of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) and key to antlion genera in tribe Nemoleontini from India, pp. 64-74 in Zootaxa 5182 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7042786, {"references":["Navas, L. (1912 a) Notas sobre Mirmeleonidos (Ins. Neur.). Broteria (Zoologica), 10, 29 - 75, 85 - 97. [BotN ref 555]","Navas, L. (1916) Neuroptera nova Africana. VII Series. Memorie dell'Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, Rome (2) 2, 51 - 58.","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref 11168]","Navas, L. (1925) Insectes du Congo Belge. Serie I. Revue de Zoologie Africaines, Bruxelles, 13, 123 - 132.","Markl, W. (1954) Vergleichend-morphologische Studien zur Systematik und Klassifikation der Myrmeleoniden (Insecta, Neuroptera). Verhandlungen der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel, 65, 178 - 263.","Navas, L. (1932) Insectes du Congo Belge. Serie VII. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 269 - 290."]}

Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914) Formicaleo cubitalis Navás, 1914: 252 (Odescr). Type is deposited in BMNH. Formicaleo feai Navás, 1915: 389 (Odescr), Poggi 1993 (List), Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Syn). Type is deposited in MCSN. Banyutus indicus Navás, 1929: 186 (Odescr), Ghosh & Sen 1977 (Chlist), Monserrat 1985 (Chlist), Krivokhatsky 1997 (Syn), Whittington 2002 (Dist), Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Syn). Formicaleon cubitalis (Navás, 1914) — Ghosh & Sen 1977 (Chlist), Bhattacharya & Dey 2000 (Chlist). Banyutus feai (Navás, 1915): 389 (Odescr), Stange 2004 (Mon), Krivokhatsky 1997 (Comb, Dist), Chandra & Sharma 2009 (Chlist), Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Syn). Cymatala pallora C.-k. Yang, 1986: 424 (Odescr), Stange 2004 (Mon), Wang et al. 2018 (Mon), Yang et al. 2018 (Chlist), Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Syn). Type is deposited in CAUB. Banyutus pallorus (C.-k. Yang, 1986) — Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Comb, Syn). Distoleon cubitalis (Navás, 1914) — Stange 2004 (Comb, Mon), Chandra & Sharma 2009 (Chlist) Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914) — Ábrahám & Giacomino 2020 (Comb)., Published as part of Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan & Ábrahám, Levente, 2022, Redescription of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) and key to antlion genera in tribe Nemoleontini from India, pp. 64-74 in Zootaxa 5182 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7042786, {"references":["Navas, L. (1914) Myrmeleonides (Ins. Nevr.) nouveaux ou critiques [I]. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 38, 229 - 254. [BotN ref 601]","Navas, L. (1915) Neuropteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Cuarta [IV] Serie. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, Series 3, 11, 373 - 398. [BotN ref 638]","Poggi, R. (1993) Catalogo dei tipi di Neurotteroidei del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale \" G. Doria \" di Genova (Insecta). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 415 - 444.","Abraham, L. & Giacomino, M. (2020) A little known and synonym antlions 2 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Natura Somogyiensis, 34, 21 - 72. [BotN ref 18878] https: // doi. org / 10.24394 / NatSom. 2020.34.21.","Navas, L. (1929) Comunicaciones entomologicas 10. Insectos de la India. Serie 1. Revista de la Academia Ciencias Exactas Fisico-Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragosa, 12, 177 - 197. [BotN ref 846]","Ghosh, S. K. & Sen, S. (1977) Check-list of Indian Planipennia (Order Neuroptera). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 73 (1 - 4), 277. [BotN ref 2592] https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 73 / i 1 - 4 / 1977 / 161921","Monserrat, V. J. (1985) Lista de los tipos de Mecoptera y Neuroptera (Insecta) de la coleccion L. Navas, depositados en el Museo de Zoologia de Barcelona. Miscellania Zoologica, 9, 233 - 243.","Krivokhatsky, V. A. (1997) Нovый i мaлoiZviсtныi vidы мuрavьныk льvov (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) iZ IнdokitaЯ [= A new and little known species of ant-lions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from Indo-China]. - EнtoмoЛogiciСKoi OboZРiнii [= Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie] 76, 631 - 640. [BotN ref 9337]","Whittington, A. E. (2002) Resources in Scottish Neuropterology. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48, 371 - 387. [BotN ref 10317]","Bhattacharya, D. K. & Dey, S. R. (2000) A checklist of Neuroptera (Insecta) of Western Himalaya, India. Transactions of the Zoological Society of East India, 4, 49 - 52.","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565. [BotN ref 11168]","Chandra, K. & Sharma, R. M. (2009) Checklist of Indian Neuropterids (Insecta: Megaloptera; Raphidioptera; Neuroptera). Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 22 pp. [BotN ref 13800]","Yang, C. K. (1986) Thirty new species and four new genera of Neuroptera from Yunnan, and the family Nemopteridae new to China. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Pekinensis, 12, 153 - 166, 423 - 434. [BotN ref 6369]","Wang, X. L., Zhan, Q. B. & Wang, A. Q. (2018) Fauna Sinica Insecta. Vol. 68. Neuroptera Myrmeleontoidea. Science Press, Beijing, 285 pp.","Yang, D., Liu, X. Y. & Yang, X. K. (2018) Species Catalogue of China. Vol. 2. Animals, Insecta (II), Neuropterida. Science Press, Beijing, 104 pp. [BotN ref 18122]"]}

Genus Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909 Diagnosis and notes The genus Tumeochrysa can be differentiated among the chrysopid genera in Pakistan by larger body size (forewing length 19–24 mm), head unmarked, scape distinctly enlarged and the presence of three gradated series in both fore- and hindwings. It currently includes 14 extant described species, being restricted to the highlands of India and Nepal, and the southwestern and eastern parts of China: nine species in southwestern parts of China, two species in India, and three species in Nepal. Unfortunately, both the Indian Tumeochrysa species are poorly described in the original or subsequent literatures: T. indica Needham, 1909, and T. cirerai (Navás, 1930) were originally described based on male specimens, and thereafter no further details are available, except the illustration of female genitalia for T. indica by Ghosh (1991)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Needham, J. G. (1909) Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 3, 185 - 210. [BotN ref 4425]","Navas, L. (1930) Comunicaciones entomologicas. 12. Insectos de la India 2. a serie. Revista de la Academia Ciencias Exactas Fisico-Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragosa, Series 1, 13, 29 - 48. [BotN ref 873]","Ghosh, S. K. (1991) Interesting species of Neuroptera from Himachal Pradesh. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 89, 89 - 94. [BotN ref 9490]"]}

Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967 (Fig. 56) Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967: 26: Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghman). Diagnosis and notes This species is rather closely related to Chrysopa sogdianica by similar male and female genitalia (C. astarte: Hölzel 1967: figs 2–8; C. sogdianica: Hölzel 1966: figs 1–6) and lack of basal dilation of pretarsal claws, but it differs from C. sogdianica by the absence of dark markings on scape and occiput, and the presence of im cell in forewing. This Palaearctic species was originally described from Afghanistan (Paghman), Iran (Tehran), and Pakistan (Quetta) (Hölzel 1967). No additional specimens were added in this study. Distribution Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta), –– Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey (Hölzel 1967; Aspöck et al. 2001; Ari et al. 2007; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Holzel, H. (1967) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens II. Chrysopidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, 26, 19 - 45. [BotN ref 2956]","Aspock, H., Holzel, H. & Aspock, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 - 606. [BotN ref 9847]","Ari, I., Aktas, M. & Kiyak, S. (2007) Notes on the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) Fauna of Ardahan, Igdir and Kars Provinces of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31, 201 - 208. [BotN ref 12341]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686, 497 - 541. [BotN ref 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3"]}

Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851 (Figs 30–34, 56) Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851: 8. Type locality: Austria (Wien: Prater). Chrysopa burmeisteri Schneider, 1851: 123. Type locality: Brazil (Espirito Santo). Hemerobius beckii Costa, 1855: 16. Type locality: Italy (Campania: Napoli). Chrysopa atomaria Navás, 1908: 18. Type locality: Spain (Zaragoza). Chrysopa laletana Navás, 1909: 793. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona). Chrysopa frontalis Pongracz, 1912: 201. Type locality: Unknown. Chrysopa decempunctata Lacroix, 1913: 106. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Châtelaillon). Chrysopa gelini Lacroix, 1913: 105. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Fouras). Chrysopa bufona Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown. Chrysopa var. gundisalvi Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown. Chrysopa japana Okamoto, 1919: 42. Type localities: Japan and Korea. Chrysopa foedata Navás, 1919a: 55. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Martorell). Chrysopa boguniana Navás, 1919a: 54. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarriá). Chrysopa yuanensis Navás, 1932b: 113. Type locality: China (Tsingshuiho). Cintameva pyrenaea Navás, [1931b] 1930: 161. Type locality: Spain. Cintameva sobradielina Navás, [1933a] 1932: 15. Type locality: Spain (Sobradiel). Cintameva tetuanensis Navás, 1934a: 6. Type locality: Morocco (Tetuan). Chrysopa bicristata Tjeder, 1936: 28. Type locality: China (Gansu). Diagnosis Chrysopa formosa is similar to C. dubitans in external body characters, but it can be distinguished by dark brown subcostal veinlets at proximal 2/ 3 in forewing, and the male genitalia with two pairs of gonocristae (gcr) at lateral margins of S9 (the first pair is smaller, with only a few larger teeth, whereas the second pair is larger, containing both small and large teeth). Notes For this common species, we noticed that the markings on frons and vertex exhibit numerous variations in size and shape that are not consistent among individuals collected from the same locality: vertex with a pair of median dark spots or with a large red marking; interantennal marking faint or distinct; antennal scape either entirely dark brown or pale yellow, and marking on genae either linear or rounded (Monserrat & Pantaleoni 2020; fig. 5C; Figs 30D, 33C, 34B). Redescription Measurements (♂ n=1, ♀ n=2). Forewing: length ♂ 14.0 mm, ♀ 11.6–14.7 mm; width ♂ 5.1 mm, ♀ 4.2–5.4 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 12.5 mm, ♀ 10.6–13.0 mm; width ♂ 4.3 mm, ♀ 3.4–4.4 mm; body length: ♂ 9.6 mm, ♀ 7.6–9.4 mm. Head (Figs 30B–D). Vertex moderately raised, with two dark spots (or with large red markings in some individuals), rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons yellow (or with a large median dark band in some individuals), with a dark crescentic spot around the base of antennal toruli. Interantennal marking present. Clypeus yellow, lateral margins dark brown. Labrum yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Genae yellow, with a median transverse or round dark spot. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, pale yellow at both ends, terminal segment wholly brownish, covered with short dark brown setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, yellow, unmarked, covered with short dark brown setae; scape yellow, unmarked, with short pale yellow setae; pedicel dark brown, distally pale yellow, with short yellow setae; flagellum pale yellow. Thorax (Figs 30B–C). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.62–0.71 mm, width 0.95–1.11 mm), green, covered with pale yellow setae, lateral margins with mixed dark brown and pale yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum green, sparsely covered with short yellow setae. Legs (Fig. 30B). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation, less than 1/3 of the length of claws hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 30E). Wings (Fig. 30A). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–12); proximal 1/2 of 2–11 subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma;basal subcostal crossvein(bsx)dark brown.Pterostigma pale yellow.Longitudinal veins pale green except subcostal veinlets at dark brown at proximal 2/ 3 in forewing. 11–13 radial cells (r cell); radial crossveins proximally dark brown. Proximal two branches of Rs vein dark brown; proximal three branches of pseudomedia and pseudocubita narrowly dark brown. Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). The basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm; five inner gradates (ig) and seven outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate (length 0.72– 0.95 mm, width 0.27–1.00 mm). Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size (length of median cells: m2 = 1.13–1.50 mm; m3 = 1.22–1.68 mm). Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size (length of intracubital cells: icu1 = 0.67–0.93 mm; icu2 = 0.90–1.25 mm; icu3 = 1.14–1.40 mm). Hindwing: Costal area narrow; proximal 1/2 of 2–13 subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale yellow. 10–11 radial cells (r cell). Five Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, both meet psm; three inner gradates and six outer gradates. Abdomen (Figs 30B–C). Tergum and sternum pale green, covered with short yellow setae, except S5–7 with dark brown setae. Male genitalia (Figs 31A–I). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded dorsally, covered with brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 straight, extended upward distally. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 30–35 trichobothria. S8 quadrate in lateral view. S9 rectangular, pointed upward at subdistal margin, slightly longer than ectoproct in lateral view; two pairs of gonocristae (gcr), one large and one small, each with small and large teeth. Gonarcus (gon) broad, dorsally rounded, lateral horns arcuated in ventral view. Entoprocessus (ent) small, with distinct lateral horns. Arcessus (arc) absent. Pseudopenis arcuated, pointed distally. Long gonosetae (gst) in lateral pockets on gonarcus. Tignum absent. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view. Female genitalia (Figs 32A–E). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 29–32 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) broad, rounded, bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, membrane proximally wide with highly sclerotized lateral plates. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, double-coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 42-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Brauer, F. (1851) Beschreibung und beobachtung der osterreichischen Arten der Gattung Chrysopa. Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, gesammelt und durch subscription herausgegeben von Wilhelm Haidinger, 4, 1 - 12. [BotN ref 1658]","Costa, A. (1855) Ricerche entomologiche sopra I monti Partenii. Stamperie e Calcografia, Napoli, 29 pp. [BotN ref 7873]","Navas, L. (1908) Neuropteros de Espana y Portugal. Broteria, Zoologica, 7, 5 - 131. [BotN ref 490] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8177","Navas, L. (1909) Sur une Chrysopa nouvelle d'Espagne (Neur.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 1909, 793 - 794. [BotN ref 4610] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019090616","Lacroix, J. L. (1913) Contribution a l'etude des Nevropteres de France. Troisieme [III] liste. Varietes nouvelles. Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 43, 98 - 103 + 105 - 110. [BotN ref 7438]","Navas, L. (1915 c) Crisopids d'Europa (Ins. Neur.). Arxius de l'Institut de Ciencies, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Seccio de Ciencies, 3, 1 - 99. [BotN ref 4645]","Okamoto, H. (1919) Die synonymische Liste der japanischen Chrysopiden mit der Beschreibung der neuen Arten. Entomological Magazine, Kyoto, 4, 1 - 10. [BotN ref 4990]","Navas, L. (1919 a) Once Neuropteros nuevos espanoles. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica de Espana, 2, 48 - 56. [BotN ref 708]","Navas, L. (1932 b) Decadas de insectos nuevos. Decada 21. Broteria, Ciencias Naturais, 28, 109 - 119. [BotN ref 911]","Navas, L. (1934 a) Nevropteres et insectes voisins. Chine et pays environnants. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, Sixieme Serie, 1, 1 - 8. [BotN ref 960]","https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2014.2435 Tjeder, B. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche expedition nach den nordwestlichen provinzen Chinas, unter leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen arzt der expedition Dr. David Hummel, 1927 - 1930. 62. Neuroptera. Arkiv for Zoologi, 29 A, 1 - 36. [BotN ref 249]","Monserrat, V. J. & Pantaleoni, R. A. (2020) Sobre el genero Chrysopa Leach, 1815 de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares (Insecta, Neuroptera: Chrysopdae). Graellsia, 76 (e 114), 1 - 33. [BotN ref 19045] https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / graellsia. 2020. v 76.265"]}

Subfamily Chrysopinae Schneider, 1851 Chrysopinae comprises six extant genera and 24 species in Pakistan: Apertochrysa (8 spp.), Chrysopa (6 spp.), Chrysoperla (3 spp.), Italochrysa (3 spp.), Suarius (3 spp.), and Tumeochrysa (1 sp.). Key to genera of Chrysopinae from Pakistan 1 Forewing with three regular series of gradate crossveins (Fig. 1A)............................ Tumeochrysa Needham – Wings with two regular series of gradate crossveins (Fig. 1B).................................................. 2 2 Intramedian cell (im) of forewing nearly trapeziform (Figs 1C, 4)............................... Italochrysa Principi – Intramedian cell (im) of forewing nearly oval-triangular (Fig. 1D)................................................3 3 Basal inner gradates meeting Psm in forewing (Fig. 1E)....................................................... 4 – Basal inner gradates not meeting Psm in forewing (Fig. 1F).................................................... 5 4 Head largely unmarked, except narrow dark brown spots on gena and clypeus (Figs 2A, D); basal crossvein between Rs and M present on distal margin of im cell (Fig. 1E) or beyond im cell............................... Chrysoperla Steinmann – Head with dark brown spots on frons and vertex (Figs 2B, E); basal crossvein between Rs and M present on subdistal margin of im cell............................................................................... Chrysopa Leach 5 Scape yellow, with or without dark brown stripe; tibial spurs ratio on each leg (0-1-1) (Figs 3H–J); fifth and six cells beneath Rs in hindwing elongated (Figs 3C–D); tignum and gonapsis present in male genitalia (Figs 2G–H)................... 6 – Scape yellow, with dorsal and lateral longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 2C); tibial spurs ratio on each leg (0>2>2) (Figs 3E–G); fifth and six cells beneath Rs in hindwing short (Figs 3A–B); tignum and gonapsis absent in male genitalia... Suarius Navás 6 Dorsal arm of apodeme on male tergum 9 + ectoproct extending to dorsal margin of callus cerci; gonapsis usually W, X, or Yshaped (Yang et al. 2005: figs 179 D–E, 189F).................................................. Mallada Navás – Dorsal arm of apodeme on male tergum 9 + ectoproct not extending to callus cerci (Fig. 30G); gonapsis with four distinctive shapes (Breitkreuz et al. 2021a: figs 1A–D), but all types with a pair of lateral wings, connected to a single anteriorly-directed rod................................................................................. Apertochrysa Tjeder, Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Yang, X. K., Yang, C. K. & Li, W. Z. (2005) Fauna Sinica: Insecta. Vol. 39. Neuroptera: Chrysopidae. Science Press, Beijing, xiii + 398 pp., 4 pls. [in Chinese, with English summary] [BotN ref 12339]","Breitkreuz, L., Duelli, P. & Oswald, J. D. (2021 a) Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae). Zootaxa, 4966 (2), 215 - 225. [BotN ref 18980] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4966.2.8"]}

Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875 (Fig. 56) Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875: 20. Type locality: Unknown. Chrysopisca minuta McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875: 23. Type locality: Unknown. Chrysopa nadali Navás, 1913c: 218. Type locality: Tunisia (Kébili). Chrysopa euprepia Navás, 1915a: 369. Type locality: Tozeur. Chrysopa indiga Navás, 1915a: 370. Type locality: Tozeur. Chrysopa harterti Navás, 1929a: 57. Type locality: Algeria. Chrysopa cufrina Navás, 1932d: 420. Type locality: Libya. Minva punctata Navás, 1919c: 288. Type locality: Algeria. Sencera fezzanina Navás, 1932a: 114. Type locality: Libia. Chrysopa asiatica Steinmann, 1971: 256. Type locality: Mongolia. Diagnosis and notes This species is closely related to C. astarte by the absence of basal dilation in pretarsal claws, but can be distinguished by the following characters: frons with dark brown spots; scapes with dark markings on lateral margins; and vertex with four dark spots. No additional specimens were added in this study. Although this species is unique among its congeners in Pakistan by lack of im cell in the forewing (Hölzel 1967: fig. 1). The male and female genital photographs of C. sogdianica were presented by Hölzel (1966) based on the syntypes deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. In the same paper, McLachlan described a monotypic genus, Chrysopisca to accommodate Chrysopisca minuta, distinguished by lack of im cell in forewing. Based on similar male genitalia, Brooks & Barnard (1990) later considered Chrysopisca minuta as a junior synonym of C. sogdianica. Distribution Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta) –– Afghanistan, Russia (Turkestan), Northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan), Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iran) east to Mongolia (Hölzel 1967, 1980; Aspöck et al. 2001; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022). Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 Diagnosis The genus Chrysoperla can be characterized by the following characters: medium-sized green lacewings (forewing length 9.0–14.0 mm); body generally pale green with dorsal median yellow stripe; head with dark brown spots on genae and clypeus; antennae not longer than forewing; legs unmarked; pretarsal claws with or without basal dilation; wings hyaline, without marking; im cell narrow, ovate; first radial crossvein meets Psm well distad of apex of im cell; gradates in two parallel series, meeting Psm in both wings; icu1 shorter than icu2; icu2 broad, rounded apically; male with sterna 8+9 fused, with apical lip. Apart from the above morphological characters, the structure, and shapes of male and female genitalia are most useful in distinguishing the Chrysoperla species. The male genitalia feature the following characters: absence of gonapsis and pseudopenis; entoprocessus small or absent; spinellae present or absent; arcessus narrow, pointed at apex and often recurved distally; tignum arcuated. The female genitaliafeature the following characters: absence of pregenitale; subgenitale bilobed distally, slightly extended at proximally; spermatheca narrow; ventral impression shallow or deep; vela short or long; spermathecal duct long, cylindrical, multiple-coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc). Notes Currently, Chrysoperla comprises ca. 36 valid species distributed throughout the world (Brooks 1994). Of these, three species are known in Pakistan (Henry et al. 2010; Hassan et al. 2019). The genus is further divided into four species groups: the carnea -group, the comans -group, the nyerina -group and the pudica -group, and each of them, except comans -group are further divided into two subgroups (Brooks & Barnards 1990). Of these, two species groups are present in Pakistan: the carnea -group (including C. carnea and C. zastrowi sillemi), and the pudica -group (C. mutata). Key to Chrysoperla species from Pakistan 1 Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets at or beyond apex of im cell in forewing (Figs 38A–B, 41A–B); male genitalia without spinellae.......................................................................................2 – Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets beyond apex of im cell in forewing (Brooks 1994: fig. 160); male genitalia with spinellae (Brooks 1994: fig. 165)....................................................... C. mutata (McLachlan) 2 Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets beyond at apex of im cell (Figs 38A–B); pretarsal claws with basal dilation more than 1/3 of claw hook; female subgenitale rounded, nearly as long as wide........................... C. carnea (Stephens) – Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets apex of im cell in forewing (Figs 41A–B); pretarsal claws with basal dilation, 1/3–1/4 length of claw hook (Brooks 1994: fig. 5; Fig. 42F); female subgenitale heart-shaped, wider than long (Fig. 43C).............................................................................. C. zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen), Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Navas, L. (1913 c) Nevropteres de Barbarie. Premiere [I] serie. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 4, 212 - 219. [BotN ref 578]","Navas, L. (1915 a) Quelques Nevropteres de Tunisie recuillis par le Dr. Theodore Steck. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 12, 367 - 371. [BotN ref 646]","Navas, L. (1929 a) Insectes Nevropteres et voisins de Barbarie. Septieme [VII] serie. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 20, 57 - 60. [BotN ref 854]","Navas, L. (1932 d) Spedizione scientifica al Oasi di Cufra (Marzo-Luglion 1931). Insetti Neurotteri ed affini. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 55, 409 - 421. [BotN ref 921]","Navas, L. (1919 c) A contribution to the knowledge of the neuropterous insects of Algeria. Novitates Zoologicae, 26, 283 - 290. [BotN ref 711] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5637","Navas, L. (1932 a) Missione scientifica del Prof. E. Zavattari nel Fezzan (1931). Neurotteri e affini. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 64, 110 - 114. [BotN ref 922]","Steinmann, H. (1971) Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei (Neuroptera). 217. Chrysopidae und Hemerobiidae III. Reichenbachia, 13, 251 - 262. [BotN ref 5861]","Holzel, H. (1967) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens II. Chrysopidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, 26, 19 - 45. [BotN ref 2956]","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 59, 117 - 286. [BotN ref 6991]","Aspock, H., Holzel, H. & Aspock, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia, 2, 1 - 606. [BotN ref 9847]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686, 497 - 541. [BotN ref 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3","Steinmann, H. (1964) The Chrysopa species (Neuroptera) of Hungary. Annales Historico Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici Budapest, 56, 257 - 266. [BotN ref 5855]","Brooks, S. J. (1994) A taxonomic review of the common green lacewing genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Entomology Series, 63, 137 - 210. [BotN ref 7592]","Henry, C. S., Brooks, S. J., Johnson, J. B., Venkatesan, T. & Duelli, P. (2010) The most important lacewing species in Indian Agricultural crops, Chrysoperla sillemi (Esben-Petersen), is a subspecies of Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Natural History, 44, 2543 - 2555. [BotN ref 13785] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2010.499577"]}

Genus Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 Diagnosis The genus Apertochrysa can be distinguished from other chrysopid genera in Pakistan by the following characters: antennal scape with lateral markings present (occasionally absent); forewing with elongated fifth and six cells beneath Rs (Figs 3C–D); basal inner gradates in both fore- and hindwing not arise from pseudomedia (Psm); outer gradate always arise from pseudomedia (Figs 17A–B); tibial spurs ratio in each legs are 0-1-1 (Figs 3H–J); legs with basal dilation of pretarsal claw present (occasionally absent); sternum 8 and 9 fused, rounded posteriorly (Fig. 19A); male genitalia with or without tignum, but the entoprocessus and gonapsis are always present (Figs 19C, E); gonapsis with distinctive shapes (see Breitkreuz et al. 2021a), and a pair of lateral wings, which are connected to a single anteriorly-directed rod; female with variable shapes, wider than long (Fig. 19M) or longer than wide (Fig. 23F). Notes The genus Apertochrysa currently includes 183 species worldwide and is one of the largest genera within the family (Duelli et al. 2017; Breitkreuz et al. 2021a). The taxonomic history of this genus is presented by Dong et al. (2004), Duelli et al. (2017), and Breitkreuz et al. (2021a). Here we record eight species of Apertochrysa from Pakistan. Among them, five species could not be identified to species, and the other two species are newly transferred to this genus. Among the undetermined female Apertochrysa species, A. sp. 2 has the subgenitale wider than long, while it is longer than wide in A. sp. 4 and A. sp. 5. All of these species, which are solely described based on females, require additional specimens to investigate the male genitalia; however, at present, these species differ in body coloration and shape of pretarsal claws. The known ranges of all these species is in in the northern portion of the country. Key to Apertochrysa species from Pakistan 1 Pretarsal claws with basal dilation present (Fig. 15D)........................................................ 2 – Pretarsal claws with basal dilation absent (Fig. 18E)......................................................... 4 2 Frons with a transverse dark marking below antennal torulus; scape and pedicel distinctly dark brown in dorsal view (Dobosz et al. 2016: figs 2–3); widespread species.................................................. A. venosa (Rambur) – Frons without dark marking below antennal torulus; scape and pedicel entirely yellow (Figs 15B–C) or narrowly dark brown at dorsolateral margins (Tjeder 1963: fig. 17); endemic to Pakistan............................................... 3 3 Scape and pedicel entirely yellow (Figs 15B–C); gonapsis butterfly-shaped, lateral wings broad, median stem long, digitiform (Figs 16C–D)................................................................................... A. sp. 1 – Scape and pedicel with dark brown stripes; gonapsis rounded in frontal view, slightly wider medianly, lateral wings and median stem narrow, nearly equal in length (Tjeder 1963: fig. 10)................................... A. murreensis (Tjeder) 4 Pretarsal claws feebly curved (Fig. 20D)...................................................................5 – Pretarsal claws strongly curved (Fig. 18E)................................................................. 7 5 Head pale brown without large spots; thorax dorsally pale brown............................ A. vartianorum (Hölzel) – Head yellow, vertex with two median longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 20E) or four pink spots (Fig. 22D); thorax yellow, with dark brown markings or laterally with dark brown............................................................... 6 6 Vertex with two median longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 20E); frons brownish with a narrow median yellow spot (Fig. 20A)................................................................................................ A. sp. 3 – Vertex with four dark pink spots (Fig. 22D); frons yellow with a crescentic pink stripe above tentorial pits (Fig. 22A).................................................................................................... A. sp. 4 7 Vertex with four red spots (Fig. 18C); female subgenitale wider than long (Fig. 19M)........................ … A. sp. 2 – Vertex with four dark pink spots (Fig. 25C); female subgenitale longer than wide (Fig. 26F).................... A. sp. 5, Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534. [BotN ref 6049]","Breitkreuz, L., Duelli, P. & Oswald, J. D. (2021 a) Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae). Zootaxa, 4966 (2), 215 - 225. [BotN ref 18980] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4966.2.8","Duelli, P., Henry, C. S., Hayashi, M., Nomura, M. & Mochizuki, A. (2017) Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Pseudomallada (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), one of the largest genera within Chrysopidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 180, 556 - 569. [BotN ref 16187] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlw 008","Dong, K. Z., Li, W. Z., Cui, J. Z. & Yang, X. K. (2004) Three new species of Dichochrysa (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with a checklist of Chinese Dichochrysa. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52, 67 - 74. [BotN ref 12337]","Dobosz, R., Khabiev, G. N. & Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2016) Pseudomallada venosus (Rambur, 1838) - a green lacewing new to Russia - and some new faunistic data on lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Mantispidae) from Dagestan. Acta Entomologica Silesiana, 24, 1 - 6. [BotN ref 16045]","Tjeder, B. (1963) A new Chrysopa from Pakistan (Neur. Chrysopidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 84, 125 - 8. [BotN ref 6047]"]}

Apertochrysa venosa (Rambur, 1838) (Fig. 55) Hemerobius venosa Rambur, [1838] 1837–1840: 9. Type locality: Spain (Andalucía: Granada). Chrysopa tosta Navás, 1934b: 108. Type locality: Tunisia. Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) reticulata Steinmann, 1965: 179. Type locality: Mongolia. Diagnosis and notes Apertochrysa venosa has been reported from various localities in northern Pakistan (Hölzel 1967, 2002; Ari et al. 2007), whereas the remaining congeners are only known from their type localities. It is distinctive among its congeners in Pakistan by the following characters: genae with lateral dark spots; clypeus laterally with dark brown stripe; frons with a transverse dark brown stripe below antennal toruli; scape marked dorsally; vertex with six dark brown spots, two crescentic above antennae, two parallel at medially, and two rounded at posterolateral margins (Dobosz et al. 2016: figs 2–3). No additional specimens were added in this study. Distribution Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan (Gilgit, Nagar, Hunza), Punjab (Attock, Pindigheb), –– Russia, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East to Mongolia (Hölzel 1967, 2002; Ari et al. 2007; Dobosz et al. 2016; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Rambur, M. P. (1837 - 1840 [1838]) Faune entomologique de l' Andalousie. Vol. 2. Bertrand, Paris, 1 unpaginated plate. [BotN ref 5313]","Navas, L. (1934 b) Insectos de Berberia. Serie 10. a. Boletin de la Sociedad Iberica de Ciencias Naturales, 31, 106 - 112. [BotN ref 4899]","Steinmann, H. (1965) Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei (Neuroptera). 60. Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae. Reichenbachia, 7, 179 - 190. [BotN ref 5857]","Holzel, H. (1967) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens II. Chrysopidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, 26, 19 - 45. [BotN ref 2956]","Holzel, H. (2002) Neuroptera collected by the German Yemen expeditions 1996, 1998 und 2000 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Mantispidae, Nemopteridae, Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae). Esperiana, 9, 129 - 146. [BotN ref 11294]","Ari, I., Aktas, M. & Kiyak, S. (2007) Notes on the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) Fauna of Ardahan, Igdir and Kars Provinces of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31, 201 - 208. [BotN ref 12341]","Dobosz, R., Khabiev, G. N. & Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2016) Pseudomallada venosus (Rambur, 1838) - a green lacewing new to Russia - and some new faunistic data on lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Mantispidae) from Dagestan. Acta Entomologica Silesiana, 24, 1 - 6. [BotN ref 16045]","Hassan, M. A., Oswald, J. D., Zia, A. & Liu, X. Y. (2019) Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review. Zootaxa, 4686, 497 - 541. [BotN ref 18759] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4686.4.3"]}

Italochrysa aequalis (Walker, 1853) (Figs 5–7, 53) Chrysopa aequalis Walker, 1853: 266. Type locality: Unknown. Diagnosis and notes Italochrysa aequalis is very similar to I. lefroyi by similar body characters and wing venation, but it can be differentiated only by the presence of dark bands on each femur (see further details under I. lefroyi). Italochrysa aequalis has remained one of the least known lacewing species from the Indian subcontinent since its original description in 1853. However, this species has subsequently been recorded from China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines (Yang 1997; Yang et al. 2005; Ghosh & Sen 1977; Oswald 2022). Redescription Measurements (2♂, 4♀). Forewing: length ♂ 19.5–20.0 mm, ♀ 19.5–20.7 mm, width ♂ 5.5 mm, ♀ 5.7–6.0 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 19.0 mm, ♀ 17.2–18.2 mm, width ♂ 5.0 mm, ♀ 5.0– 5.5 mm; body length: ♂ 11.6 mm, ♀ 10.0–11.0 mm. Head (Figs 6A–C). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, proximal 1/2 brownish orange, distal 1/2 pale yellow, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons yellow, with distinct epistomal suture. Clypeus yellow, with short yellow setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Genae yellow, unmarked. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Antennae shorter than forewing length; scape unmarked, orange, slightly longer than width; pedicel unmarked, orange; flagellum dark brown, each flagellomere with five rings, with short dark brown setae. Thorax (Figs 6C–D). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.90–1.00 mm, width 1.60–2.00 mm), reddish brown with light yellow markings, proximally concave-shaped in dorsal view. Mesonotum dark brown with median yellow stripe; prescutum yellow, narrowly dark stripe around margins; mesoscutum yellow, laterally dark brown with a narrow yellow spot at wing base; metascutellum yellow, proximal 1/4 with dark brown stripe. Metanotum dark brown, medially with pale yellow stripe. Pleurite yellow, with dark brown stripes, covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 6F). Legs (Fig. 6F). Pale yellow, except femora with a median dark spot, covered with short pale yellow setae. Foreleg: Coxae and trochanter dark brown; femur with a narrow dark spot at extreme base, and subdistally with a larger dark spot; tibia pale yellow, anterolaterally at proximal 2/3 with a narrow dark spot; tarsomeres brownish. Mid leg: Coxae and trochanter dark brown, slightly pale yellow at apex; femur pale yellow, subdistally with a larger dark spot; tibia pale yellow, anterolaterally at proximal 1/3 with brownish spot; tarsomeres brownish. Hind leg: Coxae dark brown, slightly pale yellow at apex; trochanter dark brown; femur with a large median dark brown spot; tibia pale yellow; tarsomeres brownish. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, arcuated laterally (Fig. 6E). Wings (Figs 5A–B). Veins brownish yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–12). Subcostal area with seven to nine crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale brown. 18–20 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets after middle of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2), Pseudomedia (Psm), and pseudocubitus (Psc) brownish yellow. Two series of gradates, both meeting psm; 11 inner gradates (ig) and 11–12 outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) quadrate (length 0.90–2.00 mm). Second median cell (m2) is slightly longer than third median cell (m3). Three intracubital cells (two closed); first (icu1) is longer than second (icu2). Hindwing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends. Subcostal area with eight crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale brown. 17 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) brownish yellow. Two series of gradates; nine inner gradates and nine outer gradates. Abdomen (Figs 6C–D, F). Tergum and sternum dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Tergum and sternum of each pregenital segment distally with a narrow yellow stripe. Male genitalia (Figs 7A–B, E–I). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct reniform in lateral view, covered with brownish setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct transverse, pointed at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 39 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture, quadrate in lateral view, distally with a dark protrusion of penguin-shaped; S8+9 shorter than T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Gonarcus (gon) short and broad, with lateral projections. A pair of long horn-shaped parameres (pa), distal portion slightly diverged and pointed. Arcessus (arc) quadrate. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped. Comes (c) slender in dorsal view. Female genitalia (Figs 7C–D, J). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) trapezoidal in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 60 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) quadrate, bilobed distally, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) narrow, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 6-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Walker, F. (1853) Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II (Sialidae- Nemopterides). Newman, London: 284 [pp. 193 - 476] [BotN ref 6194]","Yang, X. K. (1997) Catalogue of the Chinese Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Serangga, 2, 65 - 108. [BotN ref 8956]","Yang, X. K., Yang, C. K. & Li, W. Z. (2005) Fauna Sinica: Insecta. Vol. 39. Neuroptera: Chrysopidae. Science Press, Beijing, xiii + 398 pp., 4 pls. [in Chinese, with English summary] [BotN ref 12339]","Ghosh, S. K. & Sen, S. (1977) Check-list of Indian Planipennia (Order Neuroptera). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 73, 277 - 326. [BotN ref 2592]"]}

Suarius paghmanus (Hölzel, 1967) (Figs 44–48, 58) Chrysopa (Suarius) paghmana Hölzel, 1967: 38. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghman) and Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit). Chrysopa mongolica Steinmann, 1968: 94. Type locality: Mongolia. An invalid junior homonym of Prochrysopa mongolica Tjeder, 1936. Diagnosis and notes Suarius paghmanus seems to be very common and widespread throughout the northern areas in Pakistan, including Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Fig. 58). It can be distinguished by the following characters: frons pale yellow, with X-shaped dark pink marking around the base of antennal trouli; interantennal marking dark brown; scape with dorsal and lateral dark brown stripes; vertex with a median parenthesis-shaped dark brown stripes; lateral margins of pronotum dark brown; hind femora with subapical brownish spot; pretarsal claws with basal dilation. However, we observed a minor difference in markings on the frons and pronotum among some individuals, which probably are of intraspecific variations (Figs 46A–H). Redescription Measurements (♂ n=8, ♀ n=5). Forewing: length ♂ 9.4–10.3 mm, ♀ 8.8–13.0 mm; width ♂ 3.2–3.6 mm, ♀ 2.9–3.8 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 8.0– 9.7 mm, ♀ 7.7–11.1 mm; width ♂ 2.8–3.0 mm, ♀ 2.2–3.5 mm; body length: ♂ 4.6–5.5 mm, ♀ 5.0– 6.5 mm. Head (Figs 46A–H). Vertex moderately raised, pale yellow, with two median longitudinal parenthesis-shaped brownish stripes; proximal margin above antennae with a dark brown V-shaped marking (indistinct in some individuals), contiguous to interantennal dark spot; lateral margins at distal half narrowly brownish yellow stripe. Postorbital sclerite yellow, unmarked. Frons yellow, with an inverted V-shape dark pink stripe at base of antennal toruli (indistinct in some individuals), contiguous to interantennal dark spot. Clypeus yellow, lateral margins with a crescent-shaped dark stripe. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae yellow, with a median transverse dark stripe. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, brownish yellow at joints, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow, lateral margins slightly dark brown. Antennae shorter than forewing, pale yellow, covered with short pale setae; scape with dorsal and lateral dark brown stripes; pedicel with dorsal dark brown stripe; flagellum pale yellow. Thorax (Figs 46A–H). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.43–0.47 mm, width 0.48–0.73 mm), yellow, with a narrow median dark brown stripe and lateral margins broadly dark brown (lateral margins entirely pale yellow with indistinct brownish spots in some individuals), covered with short yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum yellow, with an indistinct median dark brown stripe, sublateral margins with brownish markings, sparsely covered with short yellow setae. Legs (Fig. 45E). Pale yellow, hind femora with subapical dark brown spot, covered with short black setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 45D). Wings (Figs 44A–B). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–11). Subcostal area with three to four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Crossveins, inner and outer gradates dark brown. Eight to nine radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2), Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) dark brown. Two series of gradates; two to three inner gradates (ig) and four to five outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Costal area narrow, subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three to four dark brown crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Longitudinal veins pale yellow. Crossveins dark brown. Seven to eight radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, except branching points dark brown. Abdomen (Figs 44A–B). Tergum brownish yellow with dark brown patches at lateral margins, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Male genitalia (Figs 47A–J). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct subquadrate in lateral view, covered with short brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct transverse, pointed at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 arcuated. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture, subtrapezoidal in lateral view. S8+9 as long as T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Entoprocessus (ent) long, inverted hooked shape distally. Gonarcus (gon) long, with a pair of median short horns, arcuated distally. Arcessus (arc) straight or bend downward in some individuals, trifurcate distally. Gonosetae (gst) short. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view. Female genitalia (Figs 48A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, as long as wide (0.17 mm), bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with a distinct median rounded invagination (inv). Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5180 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7040828, {"references":["Holzel, H. (1967) Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens II. Chrysopidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland, 26, 19 - 45. [BotN ref 2956]","Steinmann, H. (1968) Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei (Neuroptera). 140. Chrysopidae und Hemerobiidae II. Reichenbachia, 11, 87 - 96. [BotN ref 5860]","https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 2014.2435 Tjeder, B. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche expedition nach den nordwestlichen provinzen Chinas, unter leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen arzt der expedition Dr. David Hummel, 1927 - 1930. 62. Neuroptera. Arkiv for Zoologi, 29 A, 1 - 36. [BotN ref 249]"]}