Search

Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima, Sinha, Bikramjit (2022): Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 511-534, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3

Larval key to the known species of Indian Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 1. Posterior margin of terga IV with spines apically rounded..................................................... 2 - Posterior margin of terga IV with spines apically pointed..................................................... 3 2. Dorsal margin of femur with a row of 16–17 long simple setae.................................... T. himani sp. nov. - Dorsal margin of femur with a row of 23–25 long and blunt setae................................... T. kangi sp. nov. 3. Labrum with U-shaped marking medially; tracheae of gills distinct.................................... T. inornatus - Labrum without U-shaped marking medially; tracheae of gills absent............................................ 4 4. Dorsal margin of tibia with spatulate setae and tarsi short spine-like setae; paraproct with about 20 marginal spines; length of caudal filament vs. cerci ratio 0.6×.............................................................. T. frequentus - Dorsal margin of tibia and tarsi with only thin setae; paraproct with about 14 marginal spines; length of caudal filament vs. cerci ratio 0.75×.................................................................................... T. arduus, Published as part of Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2022, Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya, pp. 511-534 in Zootaxa 5196 (4) on page 530, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7235702, {"references":["Kang, S. - C., Chang, H. - C. & Yang, C. - T. (1994) A revision of the genus Baetis in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Museum, 47, 9 - 44."]}

Tenuibaetis himani Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. (Figs 1A–B, 2A–I, 3A–I) Material examined. Holotype. Larva, INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur district, Baspa River, Sangla Valley, 31°25′09″ N 78°16′07″ E, Alt. 2600 m. 27.IX.2017, Coll. T. Kubendran (Reg. No. HARC /I-6190). Paratypes. 3 larvae, same data as holotype (Reg. No. HARC /I-6191). Description. Mature larva (Figs 1A–B). Body length: 4.2–4.4 mm; cerci length 2.5–3.0 mm; paracercus length 1.5 mm; antenna 1.2× as long as head capsule length. Coloration. Head uniformly brown with a pair of medially pale white; brown with light yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum; base of clypeus pale yellow (Fig. 1A); dark or light brown tergal color pattern typical of the genus, with a pale-yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum; two paired pale-yellow maculae on abdominal terga IV–V and terga IX–X pale yellow; cerci light brown without a brown band at ca. ½ of cerci; thorax and abdomen ventrally brownish white, brighter than dorsally; legs light brown; femur dorsally pale and light brown apically, distomedially brown; claws distally brownish. Morphology. Antenna (Fig. 3C). Scape and pedicel sub-cylindrical, flagellum with thin and simple setae on apex of each segment. Labrum (Fig. 2A). Subrectangular with length 0.7× maximum width. Medial emargination of distal margin with a small, apically pointed process. Dorsally with many medium, fine, simple setae; submarginal arc of setae composed of 1+4 simple setae. Ventrally with marginal row of setae composed of lateral and anterolateral long, feathered setae and medial long, bifid, pectinate setae; ventral surface with two short, spine-like setae near lateral and anterolateral margin. Right mandible (Figs 2B, C). Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 3+3 denticles each. Prostheca slender, distolaterally denticulate. Margin between prostheca and mola without tubercle. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Left mandible (Figs 2D, E). Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 3+4 denticles each. Prostheca robust, apically with small denticles and comb-shape structure. Margin between prostheca and mola straight. Subtriangular process long and slender, above level of area between prostheca and mola. Denticles of mola apically constricted. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Both mandibles with lateral margins almost straight; basal half with fine, simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hypopharynx (Fig. 2F). Lingua approx. as long superlingua. Lingua longer than broad, distal half not expanded. Superlingua rounded, lateral margin rounded with thin setae along distal margin. Maxilla (Figs 2G, H). Maxilla apically with three canines and three dentisetae, lacinia with two rows of setae, one row with abundant thin setae ending with stout and long setae, second row with fine, long stout setae. Inner dorsal row of setae with three dentisetae, distal dentiseta tooth-like; middle dentiseta slender, bifid and serrate; proximal dentiseta slender, biserrate and with proximal furcation strongly developed and abducted. Medially with one feathered spine-like seta and 4–5 long, simple setae. Maxillary palp slightly longer than galea–lacinia; two segmented. Segment I equal in length to segment II. Apex of segment II rounded without nipple and without excavation at inner distolateral margin. Setae on maxillary palp fine and simple over surface of segments. Labium (Fig. 2I). Glossa shorter than paraglossa; inner margin with 6 spine-like setae. Most apical setae much longer than other setae; apex with one long, robust, spatulate setae and one medium, robust seta; outer margin with 4–5 spine-like setae, base with simple setae. Paraglossa subrectangular slightly curved inward; apex rounded with three rows of long robust distally pectinate setae in apical area and few simple setae in antero-medial area. Dorsally with a row of long spine-like setae near inner margin. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I shorter than segments II and III combined. Segment II slightly produced inward to form a moderately expanded lobe at distal corner; dorsally with a row of fine medium simple setae; segment III conical, slightly asymmetrical with a small concavity at inner apex; covered with short stout spine-like setae. Segments II and III with fine simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hind wing pads (Fig. 3D). Present, well developed. Foreleg (Fig. 3F). Ratio of foreleg segments 1.1:1.0:0.5:0.2. Femur length ca. 3× maximum width. Dorsal margin with a row of ca 16–17 long, stout, apically rounded setae; length of setae 0.25× maximum width of femur. Apex rounded with a row of short, stout, pointed setae, many stouts lanceolate setae on lateral surface. Villopore well developed. Dorsal margin of tibia with a row of fine simple setae, stout setae absent; ventral margin with a row of 6–7 spine-like setae and a tuft of long, fine, simple setae; anterior surface scattered with stout, short, spatulate setae. Dorsal margin of tarsus with hair–like setae; ventral margin with 9–10 stout setae increasing in length towards apex. Claw (Fig. 3G) with a row of 11 denticles; distally pointed, 6–7 stripes, subapical setae absent. Terga (Fig. 3A–B). Surface with irregular rows of U-shaped scale bases and scattered fine, simple setae, with stripes and tergum IX irregular spines apically. Gills (Fig. 3H, I). Single lamellate gills present on segments I–VII. Margin with small denticles intercalating fine, simple setae. Abdominal gills I, II, VI and VII without visible trachea and III–V with poorly visible trachea. Tracheae limited to proximal part of main trunk. Paraproct (Fig. 3E). Distally not expanded, with 12–13 marginal stout spines. Surface scattered with micropores and fine simple setae, and with a patch of notched scales. Cercotractor with medium, marginal spines. Imago. Unknown. Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality located near snow (Himani meaning snow in Hindi), in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Distribution. North Western Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh), India. Diagnosis. Larva. Tenuibaetis himani Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. can be distinguished from all known species of Tenuibaetis by the following combination of characters: (i) dark and light brown tergal colour pattern typical of the genus with a pale yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum, two paired pale yellow maculae on abdominal terga IV–V and terga IX–X pale yellow (Figs 1A–B); (ii) labrum dorsal submarginal arc of setae composed of one plus four simple setae (Fig. 2A); (iii) right mandible: canine with 3+3 denticles, prostheca slender, apically denticulate (Figs 2B–C); (iv) left mandible: canine with 3+4 denticles (Fig. 2D); (v) maxilla: distal dentiseta slender, trifid and pectinate; middle dentiseta slender, bifid and serrate; proximal dentiseta slender, biserrate and with proximal furcation strongly developed and abducted (Fig. 2H); (vi) labial palp segment II slightly produced inward to form a moderately expanded lobe at distal corner, segment III conical, slightly asymmetrical with a small concavity at inner apex (Fig. 2I); (vii) fore femur dorsal margin with 16–17 long, stout, apically rounded setae, anterior surface with a row of robust setae with median spine-like setae (Fig. 3F); (viii) claw with a row of 11 denticles, subapical seta absent (Fig. 3G); (ix) abdominal gills I, II, VI and VII without trachea and III–V with poorly developed trachea (Figs 3H, I); (x) paraproct distally not expanded, 12–13 marginal spines, surface with a patch of notched scales (Fig. 3E). Habitat. Tenuibaetis himani sp. nov. was collected in Baspa River (Fig. 14A) (from 3.5–5 m wide and 16–17 cm depth), Sangla Valley. This river is characterized by medium temperature 15–18 ° C and relative humidity 30–33% at the time of sampling, average current velocity (0.5 m /sec) and mainly gravel and pebbles at the bottom of river., Published as part of Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2022, Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya, pp. 511-534 in Zootaxa 5196 (4) on pages 512-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7235702

Tenuibaetis inornatus (Kang & Yang, 1994) (Figs 10A–B, 11A–F, 12A–G) Baetis (Tenuibaetis) inornatus in Kang et al. n. sp. 1994: 28 Baetiella inornata Waltz & McCafferty, 1997: 136 n. comb. Tenuibaetis inornatus Fujitani, Hirowatari and Tanida 2003a: 127 n. comb. Material examined. 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Chakparang stream, Dirang Valley, 27°25′20″ N, 92°17′17″ E, 13.III.2018, Coll. Bikramjit Sinha (Reg. No. I /E/540). Description. Mature larva (Figs 10A–B). Body length 5.2 mm; cerci length 2.3 mm; paracercus length 1.2 mm; antenna 1.0× as long as head capsule length. Coloration (Figs 10A–B). Head dark brown, medially pale white with a pair of dark spots; base of clypeus pale yellow (Fig. 10B). Thorax brown with bright medially, dorsal suture, mesothorax medially with bright yellowish and abdomen dorsally dark brown with two dark spots medial areas (Fig. 10A); abdominal segment IX–X pale white. Head, thorax and abdomen ventrally brownish white, somewhat brighter than dorsally. Legs light brown; femur dorsally pale and apical margin dark brown, distomedially dark brown; claws distally dark brown; caudal filaments brownish yellow. Morphology. Antenna (Fig. 10B). Scape and pedicel sub-cylindrical, flagellum with rounded spines apically and fine, simple setae on apex of segments. Labrum (Figs 11A–B). Rectangular with length 0.8× maximum width. Medial emargination of distal margin with a small, apically pointed process. Dorsally with many medium, fine, simple setae; submarginal arc of setae composed of 1+5 simple setae. Ventrally with marginal row of setae composed of lateral and anterolateral long, feathered setae and medial long, bifid, pectinate setae; ventral surface with two short, spine-like setae near lateral and anterolateral margin. Right mandible (Fig. 11D). Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 4+4 denticles respectively. Prostheca stick-like, apically and distolaterally denticulate. Margin between prostheca and mola straight. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Left mandible. Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 4+4 denticles respectively, plus one-minute, intermediate denticle. Prostheca robust, apically with small denticles and comb–shape structure. Margin straight between prostheca and mola. Subtriangular process long and slender, above level of area between prostheca and mola. Denticles of mola apically constricted. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Both mandibles with lateral margins almost straight; basal half with fine, simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hypopharynx (Fig. 11C). Lingua about as long as superlingua; lingua longer than wide; apically triangular with medial tuft of hair-like setae; distal half not expanded. Superlingua with distal margin straight; lateral margins angulated; fine, long, simple setae along distal margin; short, pointed setae along lateral margin. Maxilla (Fig. 11E). Galea-lacinia with two simple, robust apical setae under crown. Inner dorsal row of setae with three dentisetae, distal dentiseta tooth-like; middle dentiseta slender, biserrate and proximal dentiseta furcation strongly developed and abducted. Medially with one feathered spine-like seta and 4–5 long, simple setae. Maxillary palp 1.2× as long as length of galea-lacinia; two segmented. Segment II 1.2× longer than segment I. Apex of segment II rounded without nipple. Setae on maxillary palp fine and simple setae over surface of segments I and II. Labium (Fig. 11F). Base of glossa broad, towards narrowing apex; paraglossa shorter; inner margin with 10–11 spine-like setae increasing the length of distally; apex with three long and one medium, robust, pectinate setae; outer margin with 5–6 spine-like setae increasing in length distally, base with small medium, simple setae. Paraglossa subrectangular slightly curved inward; apex rounded, with three rows of long, simple, robust, pectinate setae in apical area and 4 medium, simple setae in antero-medial area. Dorsally with a row of five long spine-like setae near inner margin. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I 0.9× length of segments II and III combined. Segment II only slightly produced distolaterally; inner and outer margin with short and simple setae; dorsally with a row of spinelike medium simple setae; segment III conical, slightly pointed apically; covered with short, stout, spine-like setae. Segments I, II and III with fine simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hind wing pads. Present, well developed. Foreleg (Fig. 12A). Ratio of foreleg segments 1.4:1.0:0.7:0.3. Femur. Length ca. 3× maximum width; dorsal margin with a row of ca 20–21 long, curved, apically rounded setae; length of setae 0.25x maximum width of femur; apex rounded with a row 4–5 short, stout, pointed setae, many stout lanceolate along ventral margin; villopore well developed. Tibia. Dorsal margin with a row of short, stout, pointed setae, fine, simple setae; ventral margin with a row of short, spine-like setae, on apex one stout pointed, simple setae; anterior surface with scattered stout setae, lanceolate; tibio-patellar suture present on basal 2/3 area. Tarsus. Dorsal margin with a row of short, stout setae; ventral margin with a row of spine-like setae. Claw distally pointed and curved with one row of 12–13 denticles (Fig. 12C). Terga (Figs 10A–B). Surface with scattered V-shaped scale bases and scattered fine, simple setae. Posterior spines of abdominal terga blunt, abdominal terga of each segment with a pair of small spots; tergum IX–X pale yellow. Gills (Figs 12D–F). Single lamellate gills present on segments I–VII. Margin with small serration, simple setae. Gill I small; tracheae distinct. Paraproct (Fig. 12G). Distally not expanded, with 11 marginal stout spines. Surface with V-shaped scale bases, microspores fine and simple, with a patch of scales. Cercotractor with medium, marginal spines. Diagnosis: Tenuibaetis inornatus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (i) labrum deeply cleft with “V” shaped mark medially (Figs 11A–B); (ii) spines at posterior margin of abdominal terga blunt (Fig. 10A); (iii) gill I longer (Fig. 12D); (iv) claw with 12 denticles (Fig. 12C). Distribution: Taiwan and India (Arunachal Pradesh). Remarks: This species was originally described from Taiwan based on larvae (Kang & Yang 1994). Presently, the new record of the larvae Tenuibaetis inornatus from Arunachal Pradesh is an extension of its species distributional range., Published as part of Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2022, Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya, pp. 511-534 in Zootaxa 5196 (4) on pages 526-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7235702, {"references":["Kang, S. - C., Chang, H. - C. & Yang, C. - T. (1994) A revision of the genus Baetis in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Museum, 47, 9 - 44.","Waltz, R. D. & McCafferty, W. P. (1997) New generic synonymies in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Entomological News, 108, 134 - 140.","Fujitani, T., Hirowatari T. & Tanida, K. (2003 a) Genera and species of Baetidae in Japan: Nigrobaetis, Alainites, Labiobaetis, and Tenuibaetis n. stat. (Ephemeroptera). Limnology 4, 121 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10201 - 003 - 0105 - 2"]}

Tenuibaetis kangi Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. (Figs 1C, 4A–G, 5A–H, 6A–E) Material examined. Holotype. Mature larva, INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Kangra district, Baijnath, tributary of Beas River, 32°01′27″ N, 76°23′28″ E, 13.XI.2019, Alt. 998 m. Coll. T. Kubendran and Fatima Jabeen (Reg. No. HARC /I-7626). Paratypes. 1 male and 1 female imago reared from larvae, 18 larvae same data as holotype (Reg. No. HARC /I-7645). Description. Mature larva (Fig. 1C). Body length 5.3–5.8 mm; cerci length 2.8–3.2 mm; paracercus length 1.8–2.2 mm; antenna 1.5× as long as head capsule length. Coloration. Head uniformly brown, medially pale white; brown with light yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum as in (Fig. 1C). Dark or light brown tergal color pattern typical of the genus, with a pale-yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum, two paired pale-yellow maculae on abdominal terga IV–V and terga IX–X pale yellow, cerci light brown without a brown band at ca. ½ of cerci. Thorax and abdomen ventrally brownish white, brighter than dorsally. Legs light brown; femur dorsally pale and light brown apically, distomedially brown; claws distally brownish. Morphology. Antenna (Fig. 4G). Scape and pedicel sub-cylindrical, flagellum with thin and simple setae on apex of each segment. Labrum (Fig. 4A). Subrectangular with length 0.7× maximum width. Medial emargination of distal margin with a small, apically pointed process. Dorsally with many medium, fine, simple setae; submarginal arc of setae composed of 1+3 simple setae. Ventrally with marginal row of setae composed of lateral and anterolateral long, feathered setae and medial long, bifid, pectinate setae; ventral surface with three short, spine-like setae near lateral and anterolateral margin. Right mandible (Fig. 4C). Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 3+3 denticles each. Prostheca slender, distolaterally denticulate. Margin between prostheca and mola without tubercle. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Left mandible (Fig. 4D). Incisors fused. Outer and inner sets of denticles with 3+3 denticles each. Prostheca robust, apically with small denticles and comb–shape structure. Margin between prostheca and mola straight. Subtriangular process long and slender, above level of area between prostheca and mola. Denticles of mola apically constricted. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Both mandibles with lateral margins almost straight; basal half with fine, simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hypopharynx (Fig. 4B). Lingua as long as superlingua. Lingua about as broad as long covered with short, thin setae, distal half not expanded. Superlingua rounded, lateral margin rounded with thin, setae along distal margin and short, pointed setae along lateral margin. Maxilla (Fig. 4E). Galea-lacinia with two simple, robust apical setae under crown; apically with three canines, lacinia with two rows of setae, one row with abundant thin setae ending with stout and long setae, second row with fine, long stout setae. Inner dorsal row of setae with three dentisetae, distal dentiseta tooth-like; middle dentiseta slender and bifid; proximal dentiseta slender, biserrate and with proximal furcation strongly developed and abducted. Medially with one feathered spine-like seta and 4–5 long, simple setae. Maxillary palp slightly longer than galealacinia; two segmented. Segment I equal in length to segment II. Apex of segment II rounded without nipple and without excavation at inner distolateral margin. Setae on maxillary palp fine and simple over surface of segments I and II. Labium (Fig. 4F). Glossa basally broad, narrowing towards apex; shorter than paraglossa; inner margin with 10 spine-like setae increasing in length distally; apex with three robust pectinate setae; outer margin with 6 long, spine-like setae increasing in length distally; ventral surface with small medium, simple scattered setae. Paraglossa subrectangular slightly curved inward; apex rounded with three rows of long, robust distally pectinate setae in apical area and three medium simple setae in antero-medial area. Dorsally with a row of 6–7 long, spine-like setae near inner margin. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I shorter than segments II and III combined; segment II slightly produced inward to form a moderately expanded lobe at distal corner; dorsally with a row of fine medium simple setae; segment III conical, slightly asymmetrical with a small concavity at inner apex; covered with short, stout, spine-like setae. Segments I, II and III with fine simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hind wing pads. Present, well developed. Foreleg (Fig. 5A). Ratio of foreleg segments 1.3:1.0:0.6:0.3. Femur length ca. 3× maximum width. Dorsal margin with a row of ca 24–25 long, stout, apically rounded setae; length of setae 0.25× maximum width of femur. Apex rounded with a row of 5–6 short, clavate setae and two groups of short, stout, pointed setae. Anterior surface with six robust setae and four small setae towards medially. Stout, lanceolate setae along ventral margin; villopore well developed. Dorsal margin of tibia with a row of fine simple setae; ventral margin with a row of short, spinelike setae, on apex one stout, pointed seta and a tuft of fine, simple setae; anterior surface scattered with stout, short, spatulate setae. Dorsal margin of tarsus with hair-like setae; ventral margin with 11–12 stout setae increasing in length towards apex, apex with one short, stout, spine-like seta. Claw (Fig. 5D) with a row of 11 denticles; distally pointed, 6–7 stripes, subapical setae absent. Middle leg (Fig. 5B). Dorsal margin with a row of ca 18–20 long, stout, apically rounded setae; length of setae 0.25× maximum width of femur. Dorsal margin of tarsus with hair-like setae; ventral margin with 11 stout setae increasing in length towards apex, apex with one short, stout, spine-like seta. Claw (Fig. 5D) with a row of 10 denticles; distally pointed, 7–8 stripes, subapical setae absent. Hind leg. Femur, tibia and tarsus same as middle leg; tarsal claw same as foreleg. Terga (Fig. 5H). Surface with irregular rows of U-shaped scale bases and scattered fine, simple setae. Posterior margin of tergum IV with apically rounded spines wider than long and with stripes. Gills (Figs 5F, G). Single lamellate gills present on segments I–VII. Margin with small denticles intercalating fine, simple setae, poorly visible trachea. Gill I as long as 2/3 of length of segment II; gill IV as long as length of segment V and ½ of segment VI combined, 2.3× length of gill I; gill VII as long as length of segment VIII. Paraproct (Fig. 5E). Distally not expanded, with 13–14 marginal stout spines.Surface scattered with microspores and fine simple setae, and with more patches of notched scales. Cercotractor with medium, marginal spines. Male imago. (Fig. 6A, C–E). Length: body 7.0– 7.2 mm; forewing 6.5 mm. Foreleg (Fig. 6A–B): femur 1.4 mm; tibia 2.2 mm; tarsi 0.3 mm. Cerci 10.5–10.8 mm. Head dark red; scape and pedicel medium to dark red; flagellum medium red; facetted surface of compound eyes reddish brown; lateral face reddish brown. Thorax: yellow to dark brown. Legs: femora, tibiae and tarsi bright yellow. Forewings (Fig. 6C) hyaline; pterostigma with 4 cross-veins generally reaching subcostal vein; double intercalary veins shorter than distance between corresponding main veins. Hind wings (Fig. 6D) with an erect costal spur at ¼ length of wing; two longitudinal veins reaching margin, none of them bifurcated. Abdomen: tergites I–VI pale yellow with a dark stripe parallel to distal margin, except VII–X light reddish without marking or pattern. Genitalia (Fig. 6E): with three-segmented gonopods, first and second segments almost fused, first segment without apophysis, abundant thin setae present on inner margin of second segment, third segment globular, forceps welldeveloped, apically flattened and without setae. Female imago (Fig. 6B). Length: body 7.8 mm; forewing 6.6 mm; foreleg: femur 1.6 mm; tibia 2.2 mm; tarsi 0.4 mm. Cerci 10.7 mm; Etymology. The new species is named after Dr. Kang (Japan), who has first established the genus Tenuibaetis. Distribution. North Western Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh), India. Diagnosis. Larva. Tenuibaetis kangi Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. can be distinguished from all known species of Tenuibaetis by the following combination of characters: (i) tergal color pattern dark brown with pale yellow transverse band on the posterior half of mesonotum, terga I–III dark brown, terga VI–VII dark brown and IX–X pale yellow (Fig. 1C); (ii) labrum dorsal submarginal arc of setae composed with 1+3 simple setae (Fig. 4A); (iii) left mandible: canine with 3+3 denticles (Fig. 4D); (iv) galea-lacinia with two simple, robust apical setae under crown (Fig. 4E); (v) outer margin of paraglossa with 6 long, spine-like setae increasing in length distally; (Fig. 4F); (vi) forefemur dorsal margin with 23–25 long, stout, apically rounded setae, anterior surface with distally 6 robust setae and 4 small setae towards medially (Fig. 5A); (vii) claw with a row of 11 denticles, subapical seta absent (Fig. 5D); (viii) gill I as long as 2/3 of length of segment II; (ix) paraproct distally not expanded, 13–14 marginal spines, with more patches of notched scales (Fig. 5E). Habitat. Tenuibaetis kangi sp. nov. collected in tributary of Beas River (Fig. 14B) (from 5.0– 5.5 m wide and 28–30 cm depth), near Baijnath village in the district of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. This river is characterized by temperature ranges from 22–24 ° C at the time of sampling, average current velocity (0.9 m /sec) and mainly rock, gravel and pebbles at the bottom of river. The river banks covered with grasses. The new species of the larvae collected at an altitude of 998 m a.s.l. Usually specimens were collected on the surface of stones, gravel and submerged plants. Further specimens were found on surface of stones covered with filamentous green algae., Published as part of Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2022, Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya, pp. 511-534 in Zootaxa 5196 (4) on pages 517-518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7235702

Tenuibaetis arduus (Kang & Yang, 1994) (Figs 7A–C, 8A–F, 9A–G) Baetis (Tenuibaetis) arduus in Kang et al n. sp. 1994: 29 Baetiella ardua Waltz & McCafferty, 1997: 136 n. comb. Tenuibaetis arduus Fujitani, Hirowatari & Tanida, 2003a: 127 n. comb. Material examined. 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Chakparang stream, Dirang Valley, 27°25′20″N, 92°17′17″E, 11.III.2018, Coll. Bikramjit Sinha (Reg. No. I /E/331); 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Tawang district, Nuranang falls, Jang, 27°35′23″ N, 91°58′54″E, 07.III.2018, Coll. Bikramjit Sinha (Reg. No. I /E/539). Description. Mature larva (Figs 7A–C). Body length 5.3–5.6 mm; cerci length 2.5–2.7 mm; paracercus length 1.5–1.8 mm; antenna 1.1× as long as head capsule length. Coloration (Figs 7A–C). Head dark brown medially pale with a pair of dark spots; base of clypeus pale yellow. Thorax brown with bright median, dorsal suture, mesothorax medially with bright striation and abdomen dorsally dark brown with two dark spots in medial area, abdominal segment IX with U-shaped pale white striation, segment X brownish white. Head, thorax and abdomen ventrally brown, somewhat brighter than dorsally. Legs light brown; femur dorsally pale and apical margin dark brown, distomedially dark brown; claws distally dark brown; caudal filaments brown. Morphology. Antenna (Fig. 8A). Scape and pedicel sub-cylindrical, flagellum with rounded spines apically and fine, simple setae on apex of segments. Labrum (Fig. 8B). Subrectangular with length 0.7× maximum width. Medial emargination of distal margin with a small, apically pointed process. Dorsally with many medium, fine, simple setae; submarginal arc of setae composed of 1+3 simple setae. Ventrally with marginal row of setae composed of lateral and anterolateral long, feathered setae and medial long, bifid, pectinate setae; ventral surface with two short, spine-like setae near lateral and anterolateral margin. Right mandible (Fig. 8D). Incisors fused. Outer and inner set of denticles with four denticles respectively. Prostheca stick-like, apically and distolaterally denticulate. Margin between prostheca and mola straight. Tuft of setae at apex of mola present. Left mandible. Incisors fused. Outer and inner set of denticles with three denticles respectively, plus one-minute, intermediate denticle. Prostheca robust, apically with small denticles and comb–shape structure. Margin straight between prostheca and mola. Subtriangular process long and slender, above level of area between prostheca and mola. Denticles of mola apically slender. Apex of mola tuft of setae present. Both mandibles with lateral margins almost straight; basal half with fine, simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hypopharynx (Fig. 8C). Lingua about as long as superlingua; lingua longer than wide; apically triangular with medial tuft of stout setae; distal half not expanded. Superlingua with distal margin straight; lateral margins rounded; fine, long, simple setae along distal margin; short, pointed setae along lateral margin. Maxilla (Fig. 8E). Galea-lacinia with one simple, robust apical seta under the crown. Inner dorsal row of setae with three dentisetae, distal dentiseta, tooth-like; middle dentiseta biserrate and proximal dentiseta, furcation strongly developed and abducted. Medially with one feathered spine-like seta and 4–5 long, simple setae. Maxillary palp 1.5× as long as length of galea-lacinia; two segmented. Segment I equal in length to segment II. Apex of segment II rounded without nipple. Setae on maxillary palp fine and simple setae over surface of segments I and II. Labium (Fig. 8F). Base of glossa broad, towards narrowing apex; paraglossa shorter; inner margin with eight spine-like setae increasing the length of distally; apex with three long and one medium, robust, pectinate setae; outer margin with five long, spine-like setae; ventral surface with fine, short setae. Paraglossa subrectangular, slightly curved inward; apex rounded, with three rows of long, simple, robust, pectinate setae apically; dorsally with three medium, simple setae; ventrally long setae near inner margin. Labial palp 3 segmented; segment I 0.7× of length of segments II and III combined. Segment II slightly produced inward to form a moderately expanded lobe at distal corner, dorsally with a row of 5–6 long, simple setae; Segment III conical, slightly pointed apically; covered with short, spine-like simple setae. Segments I, II and III with fine simple setae scattered over dorsal surface. Hind wing pads. Present, well developed. Foreleg (Fig. 9A). Ratio of foreleg segments 1.4:1.0:0.8:0.2. Femur. Length ca. 2.5× maximum width. Dorsal margin with a row of ca 21–22 long, curved, apically rounded setae; length of setae 0.22× maximum width of femur. Apex rounded with a row of short, stout, pointed setae, many stout lanceolate setae on lateral surface. Villopore well developed. Dorsal margin of tibia with a row of fine simple setae; ventral margin with a row of 6–9 spine-like setae and a tuft of long, fine, simple setae; anterior surface scattered with stout, spatulate setae. Tibia. Anterior surface with scattered stout setae, lanceolate. Tibio-patellar suture present on basal 2/3 area. Tarsus. Dorsal margin with a row of short, stout setae. Inner margin with a row of spine-like setae. Claw distally pointed and curved (Fig. 9C) with one row of 11 denticles and 5–6 stripes apically. Terga (Fig. 7A). Surface with scattered V-shaped scale bases and scattered fine, simple setae. Posterior margin of each segment a pair of small spots; tergum IX pale white with row of V- shaped spines. Gills (Figs 9D–F). Single lamellate gills present on segments I–VII. Margin with small denticles intercalating fine, simple setae. Tracheae obscure. Paraproct (Fig. 9G). Distally not expanded, with 13–14 marginal stout spines. Surface scattered with V-shaped scale bases, micropores fine, simple setae, with a patch of notched scales. Cercotractor with medium, marginal spines. Diagnosis: Tenuibaetis arduus can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: (i) labrum deeply cleft without “V” shaped marking medially (Fig. 8B); (ii) abdominal posterior marginal spines blunt (Fig. 7A); (iii) color pattern of thorax and abdomen distinct (Figs 7A–C); (iv) tracheation of gills obscure (Figs 9D–F); (v) claw with one row of 11 denticles (Fig. 9C). Distribution: Taiwan and India (Arunachal Pradesh). Remarks: This species was originally described from Taiwan based on larvae (Kang &Yang 1994). Present new record of the larvae Tenuibaetis arduus from Arunachal Pradesh is an extension distributional range of the species., Published as part of Kubendran, T., Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, Selvakumar, C., Jabeen, Fatima & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2022, Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya, pp. 511-534 in Zootaxa 5196 (4) on pages 522-526, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7235702, {"references":["Kang, S. - C., Chang, H. - C. & Yang, C. - T. (1994) A revision of the genus Baetis in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Museum, 47, 9 - 44.","Waltz, R. D. & McCafferty, W. P. (1997) New generic synonymies in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Entomological News, 108, 134 - 140.","Fujitani, T., Hirowatari T. & Tanida, K. (2003 a) Genera and species of Baetidae in Japan: Nigrobaetis, Alainites, Labiobaetis, and Tenuibaetis n. stat. (Ephemeroptera). Limnology 4, 121 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10201 - 003 - 0105 - 2"]}

Larval key to the known species of subgenus Choroterpes in India 1. Gill 1 single (Fig. 13).................................................................................. 2 - Gill 1 double (Fig. 17; Selvakumar et al. 2015)........................................... Choroterpes (C.) petersi 2. Upper and lower lamellae of gills 2–7 broad (Figs 13–16; Selvakumar et al. 2017)............... Choroterpes (C.) kaegies - Upper and lower lamellae of gills 2–7 not broad (Figs 14–16)..................... Choroterpes (C.) andamanensis n. sp.

Megaglena agasthiya Vasanth, Subramanian & Selvakumar n. sp. (Figs 38���56) Material examined: Holotype: male larva, INDIA, Kerala, Trivandrum district, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Pandipath stream, 8.67741�� N, 77.19390�� E; Alt. 1326 m; 19.i.2019, coll. M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/436). Paratypes: 5 larvae, same data as holotype (Reg. No. I /E/437). Mature larva. Length: body 12.5���13.5 mm; antennae 2.6���3.0 mm; cerci 6.5���7.0 mm; paracercus 7.2���7.5 mm. General coloration yellowish brown (Figs 38���39). Head. Brown, washed with yellow. Upper portion of eyes conspicuously large and red (Fig. 38). Antennae pale yellow. Labrum (Figs 41���42): deep ���U��� shaped cleft on anteromedian emargination with blunt crenation on either side; dorsum with two rows of setae; length of labrum �� times of width. Hypopharynx (Fig. 43): lingua with well developed lateral processes, with anterior margin cleft; superlingua with row of setae on anterior margin. Mandibles (Figs 44���45): translucent, incisors and molars dark brown; scattered setae and tuft of setae laterally, inner incisor longer than outer one. Maxilla (Fig. 46): Segment I of maxillary palp longer than segment II, segment II shorter than segment III, segments I and III subequal in length, segment III with long setae at apex; outer margin of segment II with long setae; inner margins of segments II and III with short setae. Labium: palps 3-segmented, segment I broader with thick lateral setae, segments II and III subequal in length, segment III tapering at apex with a row of 5 conspicuous setae on the dorsal surface (Fig. 47). Thorax. Pale yellowish brown, irregularly washed with dark brown; lateral margins of pronotum pale yellow with diffuse black markings (Fig. 38). Legs pale yellow; coxae brown; all femora with large mesal macula dorsally. Foreleg (Fig. 48): outer surface of femur with rows of thick and scattered hair-like setae; inner surface with two rows of small stout setae, four prominent stout setae directed towards the distal end; inner surface of tibia with thick setae. Midleg (Fig. 49): dorsal surface of femur with 3 rows of short thick setae; row of short stout setae on midline; inner surface with two rows of small stout setae; tibia with rows of short setae. Hindleg (Fig. 50): femur with median brown macula on outer surface, with rows of thick and scattered hair-like setae; dorsal surface with 3 rows of short setae; inner surface with two rows of small setae; inner surface of tibia with thick setae; outer surface with few hairlike setae. Claws with 7���10 denticles which progressively increase in size apically (Fig. 51). Abdomen. Terga I���X yellowish brown with black posterior margins; terga I���X with yellowish stripe medially; posterolateral spines on abdominal segments IV���IX progressively larger posteriorly, segments VII���IX with pointed spines (Fig. 39���40). Gills on segments I���VII; gill I slender, lanceolate and bifid without branched tracheae; gills IV��� VI broader from the base to middle, tapering distally (Figs 52���53). Subanal plate deeply cleft (Figs 55���56). Terminal filament longer than cerci; caudal filaments with setae of each segment, shorter than length of corresponding segment. Adult: Unknown. Etymology: This species is named after the mythological Hindu sage Agasthya, who is believed to reside in the hills of the Southern Western Ghats from where the type specimens were collected. Treat as noun in apposition. Distribution: Peppara wildlife sanctuary, Kerala, India. Diagnosis: Megaglena agasthiya n. sp. can be differentiated from the only species, M. brincki Peters & Edmunds (1970) from Sri Lanka by the following character: (i) hind femur with dark band at mid length (Fig. 50), in contrast to M. brincki, which has dark band subapically (Peters & Edmunds 1970). Habitat: Larvae of Megaglena agasthiya n. sp. inhabit a small (from 2���3 m wide) mountain stream (Pandipath stream) which is typical in the upper mountain zone (up to 1320 m a.s.l.) of the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Trivandrum District, Kerala (Fig. 60). The stream is characterized by medium water temperature (18���20��С at the time of sampling), average current velocity and sandy bottom with leaf litter. The new species were found with the larvae of the Choroterpes sp., Baetis sp. and Dudgeodes sp. Discussion: Genus Megaglena was established by Peters & Edmunds (1970) based on collections of larvae and adults from several localities in Sri Lanka during Swedish Ceylon expedition from Lund University Sweden in 1962. Peters & Edmunds (1970) has given diagnostic generic features of Megaglena Peters & Edmunds 1970 based on study of larvae and respective adults collected from the same locality. The present description of Megaglena agasthiya n. sp. from southern Western Ghats streams in Kerala state of India is extension of the generic range north of Sri Lanka in adjacent southern India. Interestingly, presence of a row of setae interspersed with spines on the outer margins of fore femora is a character shared with Edmundsula Sivaramakrishnan 1985 of southern India and Sangpradubina Boonsoong & Sartori 2016 of Thailand. The phylogenetic relationships of Gondwanan atalophlebiid genera can be understood only when integrated morphological and molecular studies of this cluster of genera are undertaken as pointed already., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Subramanian, K. A., Selvakumar, C., Kubendran, T. & Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., 2021, Three new species of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) of India with a new record of the genus Megaglena Peters and Edmunds, 1970, pp. 56-70 in Zootaxa 5076 (1) on pages 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5076.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5763329, {"references":["Peters, W. L. & Edmunds, G. F. Jr. (1970) Revision of the generic classification of the Eastern Hemisphere Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Pacific Insects, 12 (1), 157 - 240.","Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. (1985) New genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from southern India. Annals Entomological Society of America, 78, 235 - 239.","Boonsoong, B. & Sartori, M. (2016) Sangpradubina, an astonishing new mayfly genus from Thailand (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae). Zootaxa, 4169 (3), 587 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4169.3.11"]}

Edmundsula meghamalaiensis Vasanth, Subramanian & Selvakumar n. sp. (Figs 17–37) Material examined: Holotype: ♀ immature larva, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Theni district, Suruli colony, Upper Manalar stream; 09.59167 N, 077.34261 E; Alt. 1530 m; 03.iii.2019, coll. M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/433). Paratypes: 10 larvae (Reg. No. I /E/434), same data as holotype; 14 larvae, Kerala, Trivandrum district, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Pandipath stream; 08.67741 N, 077.19390 E, Alt. 1326 m; 19.i.2019, coll. M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/435). Mature larva. Length: body 8.5–9.0 mm; antennae 3.2–3.5 mm; cerci 6.5–7.0 mm; paracercus 7.2–7.5 mm. General coloration dark brownish yellow (Fig. 17). Head. Dark brown, washed with pale yellow. Upper portion of male compound eye reddish, lower portion black. Antennae white. Labrum (Figs 18–19): dorsum with two rows of thin, long setae; anterior region with a row of feather like setae ventrally; anteromedian emargination with moderate ‘V’ shaped cleft and without denticles. Hypopharynx (Fig. 20): lingua with well developed lateral process; anterior margin deeply cleft; superlingua with a row of setae on anterior margin. Mandibles: (Figs 21–22) translucent, with dark brown incisors and molars; lateral margins with scattered setae, inner incisor slightly longer than outer one. Maxilla (Fig. 23): segments I– III of palp equal in length, apical segment not tapering at apex. Labium (Figs 24–25): palps 3-segmented, segments II – III narrower, with row of thick setae on dorsal margin of third segment; outer and inner margins of palp with row of long and pointed setae; segment I slightly longer than segment II, segment III shorter than segment II, tapering at apex. Thorax. Pale yellowish brown, irregularly washed with dark brown; pronotum with lateral margins white; dark brownish with diffuse hypodermal markings. Legs: brownish yellow; coxae brown; outer surface of all femora with long, thick and thin setae; dorsal surface of foreleg with short stout setae as a group in the distal region; pale macula on distal end (Fig. 26); femur of midleg moderately developed with numerous short stout setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 27); dorsal surface of hindfemora with numerous short stout setae (Figs 28–29). Fore and mid tibia with thick feathered setae and long stout setae; hind tibia with thick feathered setae (Fig. 30). Claws with denticles, progressively larger from the middle, apical denticle much larger (Fig. 31). Abdomen. Terga I–X dark yellowish brown with diffuse hypodermal markings; terga I– VI with yellowish streaks laterally; terga IV–IX with posteriolateral spines, progressively larger posteriorly, spines on terga VII–IX pointed (Fig. 36). Gills on segments I–VII; gill I slender and lanceolate with branched tracheae; dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills II –VII wider, long and smoothly tapered at apex (Figs 32–35). Subanal plate deeply cleft in male and female larva (Figs 36–37). Paracercus longer than cerci; caudal filaments with whorl of setae on alternate segments, setae shorter than length of corresponding segment. Adult. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Meghamalai WLS, Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. Distribution. Southern Western Ghats, India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala). Diagnosis. Edmundsula meghamalaiensis n. sp. can be distinguished from the previously described species, E. lotica Sivaramakrishnan 1985 by the following combination of larval characters: (i) anteromedian emargination of labrum with moderate ‘V’ shaped cleft and without denticles (Figs 18–19); (ii) segment I–III of maxillary palps shorter and apical segment not tapering at apex (Fig. 23); (iii) segment II–III of labial palp narrower and with a row of thick setae on the dorsal margin of third segment (Figs 24–25); (iv) distal region of dorsal surface of the foreleg with a group of short spines (Fig. 26). Habitat: Larvae of Edmundsula meghamalaiensis n. sp. inhabit first order (from 2–3 m wide) mountain stream (Manalar stream, 1530 m a.s.l.) of the Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni District, Tamil Nadu (Figs 58–59). The stream is characterized by medium water temperature (18–22°С at the time of sampling) and average current velocity. Larvae were collected from cobbles and pebbles where the new species was found with the larvae of the Baetis sp., Afronurus sp., Choroterpes sp. and Dudgeodes sp. Discussion: With an array of several plesiomorphic character states, Edmundsula is a genus of Gondwanian origin, presently the genus is endemic to southern peninsular India, which may have phylogenetic links with genera disjunctly distributed in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, South Africa and Australia. However, this requires in depth study through further exploration in respective areas. Furthermore, Sivaramakrishnan (1985) suggested a tenuous link of Edmundsula Sivaramakrishnan 1985 with Neozephlebia Penniket 1961 from New Zealand due to the dorsolateral expansion of the glossae in both the genera. Dense rows of setae on the outer margins of fore and middle legs in Edmundsula Sivaramakrishnan 1985 and in Indialis Peters & Edmunds 1970, another genus endemic to southern India apparently show relationship established the genus Sangpradubina from Thailand as pointed out by Boonsoong & Sartori (2016); Kluge (2020) recognized to given the morphological notes of femoral and tibial setation of genus Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 from Panama and Peru. These phylogenetic riddles can only be solved when combined morphological and molecular studies of both larval and respective alate stages of all these Gondwanan genera with intensified international collaboration.

Choroterpes (Choroterpes) andamanensis Vasanth, Subramanian & Selvakumar n. sp. (Figs 1–16) Material examined: Holotype: male larva, INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Botanical Garden, Nayachaar; N 11.5738°, E 92.6741°; Alt. 54m.; 16.xi.2018, coll. K. A. Subramanian (Reg. No. I /E/438). Paratypes: 3 larvae (Reg. No. I /E/439), same data as holotype. Mature larva. Length: body, 4.3–5.0 mm; antennae, 2.8–3.0 mm; cerci, 5.2–5.5 mm; paracercus, 5.8–6.0 mm. General coloration yellowish brown (Figs 1–2). Head. Dark brown, washed with yellow. Upper portion of male compound eye reddish black. Antennae whitish yellow (Fig. 1). Labrum (Fig. 3): dark brown; anteromedian emargination shallow, broad with five blunt denticles. Hypopharynx (Fig. 4): lingua with well developed lateral process, with cleft anterior margin. Mandibles (Figs 5–6): translucent, dark brown and pale brown medially; lateral margins with scattered setae, inner incisor slightly longer than outer one. Second segment of maxillary palp subequal in length of segment I, segment III approximately ¾ length of segment II (Fig. 7). Labium (Fig. 8): glossae with plate-like thick setae on ventral surface and dense row of fewer setae on dorsal surface; paraglossae with denser but thinner setae on dorsal surface; first segment of labial palp with thick setae on lateral margins, second segment with hair-like setae on lateral margin, apical segment with thick and fine setae and small tufts; length of segment I subequal to segment II, segment III approximately ¾ length of segment II. Thorax. Yellowish brown, irregularly washed with dark brown; pronotum dark yellowish brown with diffuse black markings medially. Meso- and metathorax yellowish brown tinged with dark brown or black laterally. Legs (Figs 9–11): yellowish brown; each femur with a brown macula on middle and distal region; forefemur with thick setae on the dorsal surface, mid and hind femora with several well developed thick setae on dorsal surface; each femur with thick and thin setae on outer margin; fore and mid tibiae with fine and thick setae on inner margin, and very sparse and thin setae on inner and outer margin; hind tibiae with thick and few feathered setae on surface; tarsi of all legs with several thin setae on inner margin and sparse setae on outer margins. Claws apically hooked with a row of 8–9 denticles (Fig. 12). Abdomen. Terga I–X pale yellowish brown with diffuse black markings and spines on posterior margins; posterolateral margins of abdominal terga I– III with blunt denticles and IV–IX with pointed denticles, size of denticles progressively larger posteriorly. Sterna I–VII white and VIII–IX yellowish (Figs 1–2). Gills I–VII, well-tracheated, slender, gills II –VII with dorsal lamella larger than ventral (Figs 13–16). Sternum IX of male with deep apical cleft, sternum IX of female with apex entire and without emargination (Fig. 2). Caudal filaments pale yellow-brown; with a whorl of setae on alternate segments; setae shorter than length of corresponding segment. Adult. Unknown Etymology. The species named after the type locality, Andaman Islands. Distribution. Andaman Island (India). Diagnosis. Choroterpes (Choroterpes) andamanensis n. sp. can be distinguished from all known species of subgenus Choroterpes by the following characters: (i) anteromedian emargination of labrum broad with five blunt denticles (Fig. 3); (ii) gills II–VII with dorsal lamella larger than ventral (Figs 14–16). (iii) femur with brown macula on middle and distal region (Figs 9–11); and (iv) claw with a row of 8–9 denticles (Fig. 12). Habitat: Larvae of Choroterpes (Choroterpes) andamanensis n. sp. inhabit small (from 1.5–2 m wide) stream (Nayachaar) (Fig. 57) (up to 54 m a.s.l.) of the Port Blair district, Andaman Island. This stream is characterized by medium water temperature (25°С at the time of sampling), average current velocity and bottom substrate predominantly with pebbles, sand, leaf litter and silt particles. The new species was found with Baetis sp. Discussion. Presently, three species are recorded from the subgenus Choroterpes s. str. in India viz., Choroterpes (C.) petersi Tong and Dudgeon, 2003 from southern Western Ghats by Selvakumar et al., (2015) which was originally described from Hong Kong, Choroterpes (C.) kaegies Selvakumar, Subramanian & Chandra, 2017 described from Himachal Pradesh and Meghalaya and the present new species, Choroterpes (Choroterpes) andamanensis Vasanth, Subramanian & Selvakumar n. sp. from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The distribution of Choroterpes (C.) petersi Tong and Dudgeon, 2003 appears to be disjunct in its geographical range. Choroterpes (C.) kaegies Selvakumar, Subramanian & Chandra, 2017 is widely distributed in North and North-East India. Choroterpes (C.) andamanensis n. sp. is only known from Andaman Islands. However, extensive field surveys are required to explore the distribution of this subgenus in the Indian subcontinent.

Epeorus (Caucasiron) suspicatus Braasch, 2006b Diagnosis: This species could be distinguished by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) gills II–VII without papillae; and (ii) presence of spines on posterior margin of abdomen. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh) and Nepal. Remarks: The larva of this species was insufficiently described from Kulu-Valley, Himachal Pradesh (India) and Nepal by Braasch (2006b). Adult stages are unknown., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on page 519, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Braasch, D. (2006 b) Iron suspicatus n. sp. (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) aus Nepal und aus dem Kulu-Valley des Himalaja in Indien. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 50 (3), 125 - 128."]}

Epeorus (Epeorus) gilliesi Braasch, 1981 (Figs 68–84) Material examined: 1 larva, INDIA, Karnataka, Sharavathi river, below Jog falls, 26.xi.1928 [Reg. No. 7348/H13, ZSI, Kolkata]; 1 larva, Goa, Tambdi Surla, 17.ix.2017; coll. K. A. Subramanian [ZSI/ SRC-I /E-334]. Description: Mature larva: Body length 13.5 mm; length of caudal filaments 12 mm. Body generally brown (Fig. 68). Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 3.6 mm; brown (Fig. 68); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed medially-dorsally-backward and pressed to head; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal scape, pedicels and flagellum brown. Labrum wide, dark brown, anterior margin with 14–15 denticles; long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 71). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 72. Mandible with scattered setae along molar area; incisors well developed; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 73–74). Maxilla as in Fig. 75. Labium broad, glossae with V-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 76). Thorax: Pronotum pale brown; mesonotum darker brown with paramedian pair of darker spots anteriorly and pair of lateroparapsidal sutures curved inside posteriorly (Fig. 68). Legs (Figs 78–80): Femora brown; hypodermal spot on dorsal surface; dense row of long setae on outer margin; scattered stout setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 77); margin of tibia with dense hair-like setae. Claw with 5 denticles (Fig. 81). Abdomen: Abdominal terga brown, a row of spines on posterior margin of segment I–X, terga III–VIII with a pair of brown spots (Figs 68, 70); posterior margin of terga with rather short spines; segments II–VII with long posterolateral extensions; sterna pale with pair of brown color marking on each segments (Fig. 69). Gill I elongated, somewhat extended beneath of abdomen, middle pairs large widely rounded (Fig. 68); Gills II–VII without arched anal ribs (Figs 82–84). Cerci with row of hair-like setae dorsally. Diagnosis: Epeorus gilliesi can be distinguished from closely related species E. petersi by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) abdominal terga III–VIII with pair of brown spot (Figs 68–70); (ii) a row of spine on posterior margin of segment I–X (Figs 68–70); (iii) posterior edge of the gill 1 elongated (Fig. 82); and (iv) anterior margin of labrum with 14–15 denticles (Fig. 71). Distribution: India (Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra). Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Khandala (Maharashtra), India by Braasch (1981); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material from south India. Adult stages are unknown., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on pages 508-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522

Epeorus (Epeorus) aculeatus Braasch, 1990 (Figs 1–17) Material examined: 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Duskilo stream, 27.62776 N, 93.8437 E, 1662 m, 16.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian and M. Vasanth [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 289]; 6 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Dirang, Showda village, Dirang river, 27.32675 N, 92.23180 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 298]. Description: Larva: Body length 9.5 mm; length of cerci 11.5 mm. Body generally dark brown (Fig. 1). Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 2.4 mm; brown, (Fig. 1); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed anteriorly; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes black. Antennal scape and pedicel brown, flagellum pale. Labrum dark brown, deeply cleft with median notch on anterior margin; long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 5). Hypopharynx: Lingua with anterolateral lobes; superlinguae slightly expanded, laterally with rows of dense hair-like setae (Fig. 6). Mandible without scattered setae along the molar; incisors serrated, outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 7–8). Maxilla with row of hair-like setae medially, apical segment of palp with dense row of hair-like setae, basal segment of palp broad (Fig. 9). Labium broad, glossae with U-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of each palp pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 10). Thorax: Pronotum brown without clear marks; mesonotum somewhat darker brown with paramedian pair of darker spots anteriorly (Fig. 1). Legs: Femur brown; hypodermal spot on dorsal surface, outer margin with long setae; distal end with blunt spine (Figs 11–13); short stout blunt setae scattered on dorsal surface (Fig. 11a), tibia brown with long hair-like setae on outer margin; tarsi dark brown. Claw small with 3 denticles (Fig. 14). Abdomen: Abdominal terga dark brown, terga II–IX with pair of long, acute, submedian spines (Fig. 2); posterior margin of tergum with hair-like setae medially and with numerous minute spines on segments II–IX (Fig. 4); segments II–VII with long posterolateral extensions (Fig. 3); sterna pale yellowish without markings. Lamellae of gill I somewhat extended beneath of abdomen (Fig. 15). Gills II–VII with costal ribs arched and anal rib straight (Figs 16–17). Cerci with hair-like setae dorsally. Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) aculeatus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga II–IX each with pair of long, acute, submedian spines (Figs 1–2); (ii) anterior margin of labrum with deep median notch (Fig. 5); (iii) femur with short stout blunt setae scattered on dorsal surface (Fig. 11a). Distribution: Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh). Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Thailand by Braasch (1990) and male adult was described by Webb & McCafferty (2006); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on pages 500-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1990) Neue Eintagsfliegen aus Thailand, nebsteinigen Bemerkungen zuderen generischem Status (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Reichenbachia, 28 (2), 7 - 14.","Webb, J. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2006) First description of the adult male of Epeorus aculeatus Braasch (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). Zootaxa, 1277, 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1277.1.5"]}

Epeorus lahaulensis Kapur & Kripalani, 1963 Diagnosis: The species Epeorus lahaulensis can be identified by the following combination of characters: in subimago (i) abdominal tergites brownish, each tergum darker posteriorly, sterna much paler; (ii) gonostyli 3 segmented, first segment longest, second segment slightly longer than third; (iii) margin of genital base convex; and (iv) penis long, broad apically and slightly divergent laterally, spines present ventrally just below the apex. Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Sissu, Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Remarks: The subimago of this species was described from Himachal Pradesh by Kapur & Kripalani (1963). Adult and larval stages are unknown. Therefore, any subgeneric attribution is not possible., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on page 516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Kapur, A. P. & Kripalani, M. B. (1963) The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from the north - western Himalaya. Records of the Indian Museum, 59, 183 - 221."]}

Epeorus (Epeorus) bifurcatus Braasch & Soldán, 1979 (Figs 18–34) Material examined: 2 larvae, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng, Dirang, Showda village, Dirang river, 27.3267528 N, 92.2318027 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/297]; 1 larva, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Dibang Valley, Mipi, Mipi river, 28.96643 N, 95.8061 E, 1455 m, 31.x.2017, coll. Anil Kumar & Party [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/312]; 15 larvae, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Sangti valley, Khechalu, Khendo Rong (stream), 27.420841 N, 92.269538 E, 1790 m, 12.iii.2018. coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I /E/320]. Description: Larva: Body length 9.8 mm; length of cerci 10.4 mm. Body generally dark brown (Fig. 18). Head: Length 1.7 mm, width 2.9 mm; light brown (Fig. 18); subquadrangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of hair-like setae directed anteriorly. Compound eyes black. Antennae with scape, pedicels and flagella light brown (Fig. 22). Labrum brown with deep median notch on anterior margin, long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 23). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 24. Mandibles without scattered setae along the molar area; incisors serrated, outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 25–26). Maxilla as in Fig. 27. Labium (Fig. 28) as in the previous species. Thorax: Pronotum pale brown with indistinct band in middle and pair of dark spots; mesonotum brown (Fig. 18). Legs (Figs 29–31): Femora light brown, hypodermal spot on middle, outer margin with long setae and dark brown maculae medially; distal end with blunt spine; dorsal surface with scattered stout short thickened setae (Fig. 31a); tibia pale brown with long hair-like setae on outer margin; claw with 3 small denticles (Fig. 32). Abdomen: Abdominal terga light brown, terga II–IX with pair of short submedian spines (Figs 18, 20); tergum II yellowish, terga III and IV with indistinct pale patches on middle, terga V–VIII with light middle band; terga II–IX with small setae along midline (Fig. 21); segments II–VII with long postero-lateral extensions; sterna light yellowish without markings (Fig. 19). Gill I triangular (Fig. 33); gills II–VII oval (Fig. 34). Cerci with row of hairlike setae dorsally. Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) bifurcatus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga II–IX with pair of short submedian spines (Figs 18 & 20); terga II–IX with small setae along midline (Fig. 21); and (iii) gill I larger than others (Fig. 33). Distribution: Vietnam, Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh). Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Vietnam by Braasch & Soldán (1979). Subsequently, Nguyen & Bae (2004) redescribed the larva of E. bifurcatus based also on specimens from Vietnam. Braasch & Boonsoong (2010) reported this species from Thailand; we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on page 503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Nguyen, V. V. & Bae, Y. J. (2004) Larvae of the heptageniid mayfly genus Epeorus (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from Vietnam. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 7, 19 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1226 - 8615 (08) 60197 - 1","Braasch, D. & Boonsoong, B. (2010) A contribution to the Heptageniidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Thailand and Malaysia. Zootaxa, 2610, 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2610.1.1"]}

Epeorus (Epeorus) unicornutus Braasch, 2006a (Figs 35–49) Material examined: 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Pa stream 27.74791 N, 94.0346 E, 284.2 m, 14.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian and M. Vasanth [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 287]; 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Dirang, Showda village, Dirang river, 27.3267528 N, 92.231802 E, 1877 m, 13.iii.2018, coll. Bikramjit Sinha [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 296]; 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Dibang valley district, Roing, Iphipani river, 28.18728 N, 95.84094 E, 488 m, 04.iv.2016, coll. Santabala & Party [ZSI/ SRC-I / E 309]. Description: Mature larva: Body length 11.8 mm; length of cerci 12 mm. Body generally pale brown. (Fig. 35). Head: Length 1.9 mm, width 2.8 mm; pale brown (Fig. 35); subrectangular; anterior and lateral margins convex, with rows of dense hair-like setae directed anteriorly; posterior margin slightly concave. Compound eyes blackish, antennal scape, pedicels and flagellum pale brown. Labrum wide, dark brown, anterior margin with 11–12 denticles, long hair-like setae laterally (Fig. 39). Hypopharynx as in Fig. 40. Mandible brown with scattered setae along the molar area; incisor serrated; outer incisor longer than inner incisor (Figs 41– 42). Maxilla as in Fig. 43. Labium: glossae broad with V-shaped separation, subtriangular; paraglossae slightly expanded laterally; apical segment of palp pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of comb setae (Fig. 44). Thorax: Pronotum pale brown; mesonotum light brown (Fig. 35). Femora light brown with distinct patches; dorsal surface of all femora with two brown maculae medially (Fig. 45) and stout setae (Fig. 45A); femora of distal end with a prominent pointed spine on all legs (Fig. 45). Claw with 4 denticles (Fig. 46). Abdomen: Abdominal terga pale brown without special marks (Fig. 35); posterior margin of abdominal terga I–X each with a row of spines (Figs 37– 38); terga II–X with a single acute median and medially prominent pointed spine (Fig. 35); tergum X with short spines with minute hair-like setae on posterior margin (Fig. 38); terga II–VII with long posterolateral extensions (Fig. 36); sterna pale with brown markings of oblique stripes medially and medio-lateral stripes laterally. Lamellae of gill I somewhat extended beneath of abdomen (Fig. 47). Gills II–VII with anal rib straight (Figs 48–49); gill faces with exception of marginal parts brownish tinged with black. Cerci with row of small hair-like setae dorsally. Diagnosis: The larva of Epeorus (E.) unicornutus can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal terga I–X each with a row of spines (Fig. 35); (ii) terga II–IX each with acute median and medially prominent pointed spine (Figs 35–38); (iii) tergum X with short spines with minute hair-like setae on posterior margin (Fig. 38) and (iv) anterior margin of labrum with 11–12 denticles (Fig. 39). Distribution: Nepal, Thailand and India (Arunachal Pradesh). Remarks: The larva of this species was described from Nepal by Braasch (2006a) and reported from Thailand by Boonsoong and Braasch (2013); we provide a supplementary larval description based on our material, which represents the first record of the species for India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on pages 503-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Braasch, D. (2006 a) Neue Eintagsfliegen der Gattungen Epeorus und Iron aus dem Himalaja (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 50 (1 - 2), 79 - 88.","Boonsoong, B. & Braasch, D. (2013) Heptageniidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Thailand. ZooKeys, 272, 61 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 272.3638"]}

Epeorus (Caucasiron) kapurkripalanorum Braasch 1983 Diagnosis: The species Epeorus (C.) kapurkripalanorum can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) margin of gills with spines; (ii) femora without any hypodermal femur spot; and (iii) claw without denticles. Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh). Remarks: Kapur & Kripalani (1963) studied the collections of Zoological Survey of India in May and June, 1955 from Kullu and the Lahaul-Spiti Valleys in Western Himalayas and recorded a species of Ironopsis but did not formally name the species. Braasch (1983) could not have access to those specimens but named it as I. kapurkripalanorum. Braasch (2006a) included E. kapurkripalanorum in Epeorus rheophilus group but his grouping did not gain wide acceptance. Subsequently, Kluge, 1989 clearly recognized six subgenera of the genus Epeorus based on valid morphological criteria. Based on Kluge (1989), Hrivniak et al. (2020 a, b) the shape of gill II of E. kapurkripalanorum provided by Kapur & Kripalani (1961, fig. 14b) indicate its inclusion in the subgenus Caucasiron. Kluge (1997, 2015) studied and described in detailed E. rheophilus Brodsky, 1930 and suggested the synonymy of E. kapurkripalamorum with E. rheophilus which extends range of this species from Palearctic to Oriental realm. However, E. kapurkripalanorum apparently belongs to the genus Caucasiron whereas Kluge (2004) included E. rheophilus in the subgenus Ironopsis. Such ambiguities can be resolved only by future exploration in the type locality and association of life stages of E. kapurkripalanorum., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2021, Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 499-522 in Zootaxa 4991 (3) on page 516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5042522, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1983) Eintagsfliegen (Gattungen Epeorus und Iron) aus Nepal und Indien (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Reichenbachia, 21 (34), 195 - 196.","Kapur, A. P. & Kripalani, M. B. (1963) The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from the north - western Himalaya. Records of the Indian Museum, 59, 183 - 221.","Braasch, D. (2006 a) Neue Eintagsfliegen der Gattungen Epeorus und Iron aus dem Himalaja (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 50 (1 - 2), 79 - 88.","Kluge, N. J. (1989) Revision of genera of the family Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera). I. Diagnoses of tribes, genera and subgenera of the subfamily Heptageniinae. Entomological Review, 68, 1 - 24.","Hrivniak, L., Sroka, P., Bojkova, J., Godunko, R. J. (2020 a) Identification guide to larvae of Caucasian Epeorus (Caucasiron) (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) ZooKeys, 986, 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 986.56276","Kluge, N. J. (1997) New subgenera of Holarctic mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 5 (2), 233 - 235. [1996]","Brodsky, K. (1930) Zur Kenntnis der mittelasiatischen Ephemeropteren I. (Imagines). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 59, 681 - 720.","Kluge N. J. (2004) The phylogenetic system of Ephemeroptera. Kluwer Academic Publishers: 456 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 0872 - 3"]}

Hyrtanella grandipennis (Zhou, Su & Gui, 2000) (Figs 6–9) Torleya grandipennis Zhou, Su & Gui, 2000 Material examined: INDIA: 4 larvae (two in slides ## 688, 689, with Euparal) Uttarakhand State, Chamoli district, Alaknanda River (700 m above mouth of the Pindar River), 30.267728 N, 79.220931 E, h ~ 800 m a.s.l., 5.ii.2011, Palatov D.M. and Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Indi6Hyrsp1/1-4 [NMNH NASU]. Diagnosis. Hyrtanella grandipennis can be distinguished from other Indomalayan Hyrtanellini by the following combination of characters in the larval stage: (i) entire body covered with numerous rounded excrescences (Fig. 6B–D, 8B, C, E, 9B); (ii) head with pair of small, rounded occipital tubercles; (iii) maxilla with or without (even in one specimen) very short, single-segmented palp bears hair-like seta (Fig. 7E–G); (iv) pro- and mesothorax with variable developed blunt dorsal protuberances; (v) mesothorax with notched anterolateral projections bears few rounded apically stout setae (Fig. 6B, C); (vi) claw with no stout, preapical denticle that is larger than the rest, (vii) claw usually with distal palisade of denticles (if absent, probably worn down); (viii) pairs of flattened, rounded apically, widely spaced submedian projections present on terga III(VI, V)–VIII, with those on terga VI–VIII more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 9A, B, E, F); tergum IX without submedian projections or with wide, short and rounded apically ones; (ix) abdomen with distinct and deep chamber for gills, its inner margin presented with posterolateral projections of terga (Fig. 9A, E, F); (x) segment IX elongated, with large and pointed posterolateral projections reached posterior margin of tergum X (Fig. 9A); (xi) posterior margin of sternum VIII with pair of triangular projections that visible even dorsally (Fig. 9A, C–F); (xii) gills III–VI distinctly elongated, especially gill III (Fig. 9G). Male imago has (xiii) broad forceps and penis; (xiv) genital forceps segment III elongate, with its length being more than 2x its width; (xv) genital forceps segment II not swollen or bowed, but with a distal bend; (xvi) penes lobes with dorsolateral projections. Imagoes and subimagoes of H. grandipennis also differ from H. pascalae Jacobus & Sartori, 2004 (figs 15–17 in Jacobus & Sartori 2004) from Borneo based on the venation and shape of hind wings. In contrast to H. pascalae, in fore wing of H. grandipennis one of the iCuA divided and attached to CuA; stigmatic area subdivided by a secondary vein into upper and lower rows of several cellules between C and Sc; CuP and AA of fore wing subparallel, not converge toward margin; hind wing with small costal process in middle of margin. Distribution. Southern mainland China (Zhou et al. 2000; Jacobus et al. 2004), Vietnam, Thailand (Jacobus et al. 2004) and India (new data). Remarks. Hyrtanella grandipennis was described originally in Torleya Lestage, 1917 based on the male imago stage (Zhou et al. 2000). Later, the larval stage of the species was described based on specimens from China, Vietnam and Thailand (Jacobus et al. 2004), and considerable morphological variation within and between these populations was noted. Jacobus & McCafferty (2008) placed this species in Hyrtanella Allen & Edmunds, 1976 based on detailed study and analysis of imaginal and larval characters. Xu et al. (2020) reported this species in Torleya. In their study of mitogenomes, H. grandipennis and T. tumiforceps Zhou & Su, 1997 (junior syn. of Torleya nepalica (Allen & Edmunds, 1963)) were placed in the same clade, but other species of Hyrtanella and Torleya were not included in the investigation, so no new conclusions can be made about relationships and generic affinities of the various species in Torleya and Hyrtanella beyond those hypothesized by Jacobus & McCafferty (2008: fig. 99) and Ogden et al. (2009: figs 1,2). The male imagoes of H. pascalae and H. christineae Allen & Edmunds, 1976 are not described yet, so adequate comparisons and diagnoses are not yet practical. Among our specimens of H. grandipennis, we note that a small maxillary palp is variably present or absent (even in one specimen) among the single known population in India. Jacobus et al. (2004) previously hypothesized this feature was variable, even though Vietnam specimens consistently had the palp, and China and Thailand specimens lacked such a palp. In our opinion, taxonomic status of three close forms of H. grandipennis and their generic position need proper investigation with integrative approach, with molecular, morphological and possibly ecological study. Unfortunately, the Indian specimens at hand were collected in 4% Formaldehyde, and later placed in Ethanol, ruling out the chance of obtaining good DNA sequence data; moreover, only the Chinese form has the male imago described., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 461-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Zhou, C. - F., Su, C. - R. & Gui, H. (2000) The first record of the genus Torleya in China with description of a new species (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 25 (3), 312 - 314. [in Chinese]","Jacobus, L. M. & Sartori, M. (2004) Review of the genus Hyrtanella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 785, 1 - 12.","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Allen, R. K. & Edmunds Jr., G. F. (1976) Hyrtanella: a new genus of Ephemerellidae from Malaysia (Ephemeroptera). Pan- Pacific Entomologist, 52 (2), 133 - 137.","Xu, X. - D., Jia, Y. - Y., Cao, S. - S., Zhang, Z. - Y., Storey, K. B., Yu, D. - N. & Zhang, J. - Y. (2020) Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation of trnI rearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships. PeerJ, 8, e 9740. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9740","Zhou, C. - F. & Su, C. - R. (1997) A new species of the genus Serratella from China (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 20 (3), 42 - 44.","Allen, R. K. & Edmunds Jr., G. F. (1963) New and little known Ephemerellidae from southern Asia, Africa and Madagascar. Pacific Insects, 5 (1), 11 - 22.","Ogden, T. H., Osborne, J. T., Jacobus, L. M. & Whiting, M. F. (2009) Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Ephemerellinae (Ephemerellidae: Ephemeroptera), with remarks about classification. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 28 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.2"]}

Torleya dibruensis Selvakumar, Martynov & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 11–13) Type material. Holotype: larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare District, Dibru River, 27.147655°N, 93.74908°E, h ~ 128 m a.s.l., 22.iv.2015, Colls. K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha — Reg. No. 5606/H13 [ZSI]. Paratypes: 1 larva, same data as holotype— Reg. No. 5607/H13 [ZSI]; 2 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Paniya stream, 27.81791°N, 94.09502°E, h ~ 993 m a.s.l., 14.vi.2017, Colls. K.A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth — Reg. No. SRC-I/E 510 [ZSI]. Description. Late larval instar: Length of body 3.5–3.8 mm; cercus and median caudal filament subequal, each 1.5–1.8 mm. General color light brown, with variable brown shading and markings; front of head, outer and inner margins of legs and lateral margins of abdominal terga covered with long, hair-like setae (Figs 11A, 12A, B). Head: Head with one pair of distinct, blunt occipital tubercles bear small short stout setae. The same scattered stout setae cover head. Color light brown with variable brown markings; frons pale; two dark brown, rounded spots situated between occipital protuberances and compound eyes. Areas around paired ocelli yellowish. Antennal scape and pedicel light brown; flagellar segments yellowish-brown, with fine, hair-like setae at apex of each segment; hair-like setae nearly one-third length of respective segment. Clypeus and genae densely covered with long hair-like setae (Fig. 12A). Labrum (Fig. 11B) brown; anterior notch shallow and wide; anterolateral angles weakly expressed, rounded; dorsal surface with dense, transverse row of cilia-like setae. Superlinguae of hypopharynx with row of setae on anterior margin; lingua with very sparse and tiny setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces, apex convex (Fig. 11C). Mandible external margin with scattered hair-like setae basally and pair of long cilia-like setae medially (Fig. 11D, E). Maxilla (Fig. 11F) with few distal hair-like setae; palp 3-segmented, with visible articulation; spinous processes short. Labium with cilia-like setae on ventral surface; segment III of maxillary palp rounded, about one-third length of segment II (Fig. 11G). Thorax: Pronotum without distinct protuberances. Mesonotum with several small, protuberances. Mesonotum with transverse brown shading medially (Fig. 11A); tip of fore wingpads pale to white. Legs pale, distinctly flattened, especially fore femur (Fig. 13B–D). Dorsal surface of forefemur with irregular transverse row of long, pointed, stout setae proximally; outer and inner margins with rows of long hair-like setae and long, pointed, stout setae (Fig. 13A, B); dorsal surface of middle and hind femora smoky brown, with a few short stout setae; outer and inner margins with long, pointed, stout setae and long, hair-like setae (Fig. 13C, D). Tibiae of all legs distinctly wider than tarsi. Each claw with 2–3 medial denticles, palisade of four to five long subdistal denticles, and subapical seta (Fig. 13E). Abdomen: Terga with dark longitudinal medial line and lateral shading (Figs 11A, 12B). Dorsal lamella of gill III rounded, extending to middle of tergum VIII (Fig. 12B), apically rounded, with fine distal setae, brown, trilobed pattern indistinct (Fig. 13F); gill III operculate; ventral lamellae of gills III–VI bifurcate and multifoliate (Fig. 13G). Terga I–V and VIII–X mostly pale; terga VI–VII usually brown (Fig. 12B). Terga V–IX with spatulate, stout setae on posterior margins (setae progressively shorter on segments VI–VIII); terga VII and VIII with hair-like and spatulate, stout setae; terga IV–VII and IX with paired posterior protuberances, bears small stout setae with rounded apices; terga VIII and X without paired posterior protuberances; posterior protuberances very small on tergum IV and IX; largest on terga V–VII, usually bearing 4–6 short spatulate stout setae; Lateral parts of posterior margin of tergum VIII with row of spatulate, stout setae. Segments IV–IX with posterolateral projections. Segment IX distinctly narrower than segment VIII (Fig. 12B). Sterna pale, with few short, hair-like setae. Caudal filaments pale to white, with broad, dark brown band medially; tips dark brown; apex of each segment with spatulate, stout setae and fine hair-like setae. Adults. Unknown. Diagnosis. Larvae of Torleya dibruensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) head with one pair of blunt occipital tubercles; (ii) head, legs and abdomen with areas densely covered with long, hair-like setae (Figs 11A, 12A, B, 13A–D); (iii) claw with 2–3 medial denticles, palisade of four to five long subdistal denticles on the inner margin, and subapical seta (Fig. 13E); (iv) terga V–VII with paired blunt protuberances, usually bearing four to six short spatulate, stout setae (Fig. 11A); (v) gills rounded, gill III entirely cover following gills (Figs 11A, 12B, 13F, G); (vi) foreleg with irregular transverse row of long pointed, stout setae at proximal part of dorsal surface; same setae presented on outer and inner margins (Fig. 13A, B); (vii) maxillary palp present, short (Fig. 11F); (viii) labial palp segment III about one-third length of segment II (Fig. 11G). Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Dibru River, Arunachal Pradesh. Distribution. India-China border region. Habitat. Larvae of the species were collected in rivers and large streams with cobble and sandy bottom and numerous boulders (Fig. 20D). Remarks. Torleya longforceps from Fujian, in far eastern China (Gui et al. 1999), is the only species of Torleya unknown in the larval stage, and we consider it unlikely (based on biogeography) to be conspecific with this new species, which is unknown as alates., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 467-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Gui, H., Zhou, C. - F. & Su, C. - R. (1999) Ephemeroptera. In: Huang, B. - K. (Ed.), Fujian Insect Fauna. Vol. 1. Fujian Science & Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 324 - 346."]}

Torleya simbalbarensis Selvakumar, Subramanian, Martynov & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 18, 19) Type material. Holotype: larva, INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Sirmour District, Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary, stream, 30.44°N, 77.53°E, 16.xi.2012, Coll. K.A. Subramanian — Reg. No. 5602/H13 [ZSI]. Description. Larva: body length 5.2 mm; caudal filaments 2.4 mm. Body color light brown (Figs 18A, 19A). Head: Vertex with pair of well-developed and elongated protuberances. No ocellar protuberances. Inner margin of antennal base with short projections. Frontal shelf not expanded. Genae slightly produced. Long hair-like setae present along anterior margin of frontal shelf and sparsely present below compound eye. Clypeus with anterior row of long hair-like setae. Labrum width nearly 2× length (Fig. 18B), with shallow, very broad notch anteriorly; dorsal face with scattered long, hair-like setae on lateral margin and with several rows of brush-like setae anteriorly; ventral face with simple or fimbriate setae on lateral margins and dense, transverse row of 7–9 long, stout setae. Hypopharynx (Fig. 18C) with superlinguae size subequal to linguae size; lingua with row of short setae on anterior margin; superlingua with row of long, thin setae on margin, with setae decreasing in length anteriorly. Mandibles with lateral setae relatively long (Fig. 18D, E). Maxilla without palp (Fig. 18G); apex of galea-lacinia relatively sharp with two incisors, and with few long, stout setae on apex; with two dentisetae and double row of four stout setae. Labium with glossae longer than wide (Fig. 18F), longer than paraglossae; palp segment III elongate, with length/width ratio 2.13–2.15. Thorax: Prothorax width subequal to head width, with no anterolateral projections and three pairs of distinct dorsal tubercles; ventral spines absent. Mesonotum with two pairs of distinct, elongated, tubercles between fore wing pads; fore wing pads base darkly pigmented. Dorsal surface of thorax without any bifid or starlike setae. Coxae with slight dorsolateral projections; projections with hair-like setae. All femora slightly flattened (Fig. 19B–C). Dorsal surface of forefemur with incomplete, narrow, transverse band of long, pointed or bluntly pointed, apically stout setae (Fig. 19E); outer margin with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae and single chalaza bearing long, stout seta medially; inner margin with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae only; anterior margin with no dorsal projections (Fig. 19B). Dorsal surface of foretibia with two long, pointed, stout setae; outer margins of foretibia and tarsus with different-sized hair-like setae, most long; inner margins of fore tibia and fore tarsus with short, hair-like setae and row of short and middle-sized spine-like setae; distal end of inner margin of foretibia with group of stout setae. Foretibial projection short. Outer margins of middle and hind femora with several long, pointed, stout setae and different-sized hair-like setae, most long (Fig. 19C, D). Dorsal surfaces of middle and hind tibiae with several long, pointed, stout setae. Outer margins of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with hair-like setae, most long. Inner margins of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with different-sized spine-like setae. Tarsal claws of all legs each with about 8 denticles and several subapical setae, without distal palisade of denticles (Fig. 19F). Abdomen: Gill III brown, semi-operculate, without medial transverse band of weakened membrane (Fig. 19G); gills IV–VII translucent. Dorsal lamellae of gills IV–VI with small projection on posterior margin. Gills III–VI ventral lamellae bifid, with dorsal and ventral lobules; lobules tips acute. Gills VII narrow, with medial point of attachment to tergum. Terga I and II with long hair-like setae on posterior margins. Terga III–IX with pairs of welldeveloped, bluntly pointed submedian projections (Fig. 19A) bear few short and blunt stout setae; those of terga V– VIII most developed; on tergum VIII largest and directed most laterally; tergum IX with pair of short, blunt, median spines and weak, oblique ridges. Tergum X without paired submedian projections. Segments VI–VIII with lateral margins strongly upturned, forming outer portion of prominent gill chamber. Pairs of projections progressively larger posteriorly up to segment VIII and covered with short, blunt stout setae. Abdominal sterna flattened, with no maculation and no long setae. Caudal filaments pale, with dense whorls of long, stout, hair-like setae. Adults: Unknown. Diagnosis. Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from other Torleya species by the following combination of characters: (i) head with two pairs of suboccipital and occipital protuberances, second pair of protuberances well-developed and elongated; (ii) maxilla without palp (Fig. 18G); (iii) tarsal claws of all legs each with about 8 denticles and several subapical setae, without distal palisade of denticles (Fig. 19F); (iv) terga III–IX with pairs of well-developed, bluntly pointed submedian projections (Fig. 19A); those of terga V–VIII most developed; on tergum VIII largest and directed most laterally; tergum IX with pair of short, blunt, median spines and weak; (v) setation of femora; (vi) shape of gill III. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh. Distribution. India. Habitat. Fast flowing stream, with sand and cobble bottom, in Sal (Shorea robusta Roth) (Malvales: Dipterocarpaceae) forest (Fig. 20A). Remarks. Notably, Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. has no distinct distal palisade of denticles on tarsal claw, which usually is present on other Asian species of the genus; however, it is possible the claws might be worn (Jacobus et al. 2004). Torleya longforceps from Fujian, in far eastern China (Gui et al. 1999), is the only species of Torleya unknown in the larval stage, and we consider it unlikely (based on biogeography) to be conspecific with this new species, which is unknown as alates., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Gui, H., Zhou, C. - F. & Su, C. - R. (1999) Ephemeroptera. In: Huang, B. - K. (Ed.), Fujian Insect Fauna. Vol. 1. Fujian Science & Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 324 - 346."]}

Torleya nepalica (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) (Figs 15–17) Ephemerella nepalica Allen & Edmunds, 1963 Ephemerella wahensis Ali, 1971 (junior synonym, Jacobus & McCafferty 2003) Torleya glareosa Kang & Yang, 1995 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004) Serratella tumiforceps Zhou & Su, 1997 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004) Torleya arenosa Tong & Dudgeon, 2000 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004) Material examined: Holotype, larva, NEPAL, Pelung, 5850’ elev., 17-iv-1957, EI Coher — IN PERC 0064041 [PERC]. Other material: NEPAL: 2 larvae, Bagmati zone, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, small stream (3 km Northwards of the village Mulcharka), 27.806097°N, 85.435522°E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 28.ii.2007, Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Nepa 3 Tornep [NMNH NASU]; 2 larvae, Bagmati Zone, East Rapti River, 27.571631, 84.668756, h— 230 m a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Nepa 16 Torsp 2 [NMNH NASU]; 2 larvae, Bagmati Zone, Dhading District, stream in valley of Malekhu River, 27.742472, 84.807750, h— 564 m a.s.l., 23.i.2014, Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Indi 17 Torsp 1 [NMNH NASU]. INDIA: one larva, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Authi, 13.57431°N, 75.12207°E, h ~ 639 m a.s.l., 16.xi.2015, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa — Reg. No. 5351/H13 [ZSI]; 1 larva, Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Upper Rongbu Village, 25.91615°N, 90.83157°E, h ~ 101 m a.s.l., 26.vi.2016, Coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar — Reg. No. 5340/H13 [ZSI]; 7 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talley Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K.A. Subramanian — Reg. No. 5610/H13 [ZSI]; one larva, Tamil Nadu, Theni, Kurangani stream, 10.083611°N, 77.248611°E, h ~ 1744 m a.s.l., 21.i.2010, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5611/H13 [ZSI]; one larva, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Gundar river, 10.226692°N, 77.451117°E, h ~ 2323 m a.s.l.; 31.iii.2012, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5351/H13 [ZSI]; 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli District, Papanasam, 8.710278°N, 77.367500°E, h ~ 108 m a.s.l., 18.vii.2009, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. MCDZ /E-52 [MCDZ]; 1 larva, Karnataka, Nandini hole, 13.389722°N, 77.179722°E, h ~ 640 m a.s.l., 3.v.2013, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. MCDZ /E-53 [MCDZ]; one larva, Meghalaya, East Jaintia Hills, Umpung village stream, 25.30767°N, 92.63658°E, h ~ 1010 m a.s.l., 12.iii.2016, Coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar — Reg. No. 5339/ H13 [ZSI]; one larva, Nagaland, Intanki National Park, Intanki River, 25.39883°N, 93.30686°E, h ~ 181 m a.s.l., 23.iii.2016, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5535/H13 [ZSI]; one larva, Nagaland, Intanki National Park, Intanki River, 25.39048°N, 93.31913°E, h ~ 206 m a.s.l., 24.iii.2016, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5542/H13 [ZSI]; one larva (in slide number 633) Uttarakhand, Almora district, 2-nd left tributary of the river Ramganga-left (in Dwarahat forest, 10.1 km North-Eastwards of the Chaukhutia town), 29.925608°N, 79.445983°E, h ~ 1200 m a.s.l., 2.ii.2011, Palatov D.M. leg.— IN Indi 1 Tornep [NMNH NASU]. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Torleya species by the following combination of characters. Larva: (i) maxilla without palp (Fig. 16G; fig. 26 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ii) head with one pair of distinct protuberances each bearing a few short, stout setae (Fig. 16B, C; fig. 21 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (iii) both prothorax and mesothorax with two pairs of distinct protuberances, all of them and dorsal surface of thorax bearing short and elongated, stout setae (Fig. 16D); (iv) dorsal surface of forefemur with transverse row of long, pointed, stout setae; outer margin of forefemur with one chalaza bearing a long, pointed, stout seta (Fig. 17C; fig. 20 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (v) outer margin of middle and hind femora with two or three chalazae each bearing a long, pointed, stout seta, and long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of middle and hind femora with scattered spatulate, stout setae and long, hair-like setae (Fig. 17D–F); (vi) claw with 6–8 denticles, two denticles arranged somewhat separately (subdistal), distinct distal palisade of denticles absent (Fig. 17G, H; fig. 22 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (vii) posterior margins of terga III–IX with submedian protuberances bearing spatulate, stout setae; terga V–VII with the largest protuberances (Figs 15A, B, 16A, 17A, B); (viii) gills distinctly elongated, but not covering following gills entirely (Figs 15B, C, 16I; fig. 23 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ix) distinct abdominal gill chamber absent (Figs 15B, 17A; fig. 23 in Allen & Edmunds 1963). Male imago: (x) penis elongated, lobes apically rounded (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997); (xi) dorsal projection of penis protrude beyond the lateral margins of penis shaft (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997) (xii) genital forceps segment II elongated, expanded apically; segment III subovoid (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997). Distribution. Indomalayan [southern mainland China (Zhou & Su 1997) including Hong Kong (Tong & Dudgeon 2000), Taiwan (Kang & Yang 1995), India (Jacobus et al. 2004, new data), India-China border region (new data), Japan [Okinawa] (Ishiwata 2018), Malaysia (Jacobus et al. 2004), Nepal (Allen & Edmunds 1963; Jacobus et al. 2004, new data), Pakistan (Jacobus et al. 2004), Thailand (Jacobus et al. 2004) and Vietnam (Jacobus et al. 2004)]. Remarks. The larvae of this species were described from Nepal by Allen & Edmunds (1963). Adults were described as Torleya tumiforceps from China by Zhou & Su (1997). Discussions of larval and adult variability were provided by Jacobus et al. (2004). The complete mitogenome of this species (as Torleya tumiforceps) was recently reported by Xu et al. (2020). This species was reported earlier from Karnataka (India) by Jacobus et al. (2004). Jacobus et al. (2004) reported a wide range of morphological variation for this species, some of which may prove to correlate with geography; it is possible this species represents a cryptic species complex, requiring evaluation of its junior synonyms., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 472-473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Allen, R. K. & Edmunds Jr., G. F. (1963) New and little known Ephemerellidae from southern Asia, Africa and Madagascar. Pacific Insects, 5 (1), 11 - 22.","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2003) Revisions to the genus Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephmerellidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 111 (1), 48 - 50.","Kang, S. C. & Yang, C. T. (1995) Ephemerellidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Bulletin of National Museum of Natural Science, 5, 95 - 116.","Zhou, C. - F. & Su, C. - R. (1997) A new species of the genus Serratella from China (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 20 (3), 42 - 44.","Tong, X. & Dudgeon, D. (2000) Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Hong Kong, China, with descriptions of two new species. Aquatic Insects, 22 (3), 197 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / 0165 - 0424 (200006) 22: 3; 1 - I; FT 197","Ishiwata, S. - I. (2018) An annotated catalogue of Japanese Ephemeroptera. Revised edition. Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Division for Environmental Chemistry Research Report, 7 (Supplement 1), 1 - 103.","Xu, X. - D., Jia, Y. - Y., Cao, S. - S., Zhang, Z. - Y., Storey, K. B., Yu, D. - N. & Zhang, J. - Y. (2020) Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation of trnI rearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships. PeerJ, 8, e 9740. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9740"]}

Teloganopsis jinghongensis (Xu, You & Hsu, 1984) (Fig. 1) Ephemerella jinghongensis Xu, You & Hsu 1984 Serratella hainanensis She, Gui & You, 1995 (junior synonym, Zhou et al. 2006) Serratella albostriata Tong & Dudgeon, 2000 (junior synonym, Zhou et al. 2006) Material examined. INDIA: 10 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Tale Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K.A. Subramanian (Reg. No. 5604/H13); 1 larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare District, Dibru river, 27.147655°N, 93.74908°E, h ~ 128 m a.s.l., 22.iv.2015, Colls. K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha—Reg. No. 5605/H13 [ZSI]; 1 larva, Nagaland, Intanki National Park, Intanki River, 25.39048°N, 93.31913°E, h ~ 206 m a.s.l., 24.iii.2016, Coll. C. Selvakumar—Reg. No. 5543/H13 [ZSI]. THAILAND: 1 larva (in slide number 618) Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, Doi Inthanon National Park, Klang River, 19.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. leg.—IN Thai2Teljin [NMNH NASU]; 4 larvae, Chiang Mai Province, Mae Chem district, valley of Mae Chem River, Yot River, 1 km upstream from mouth, h ~ 600 m a.s.l., 23.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. leg.—IN Thai4Teljin [NMNH NASU]; Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—left tributary of the Klang Phat River, 1 km above highway of Doi Inthanon National Park), 18.558022°N, 98.557031°E, h ~ 1130 m a.s.l., 17.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. & Chertoprud M.V. leg.—IN Thai5Teljin [NMNH NASU]. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Teloganopsis species by the following combination of characters: larva: (i) dorsal surface of body often with light, longitudinal, yellowish band formed by spots on head, pronotum, mesonotum and on abdominal terga V and VIII, but sometimes with only small spots on thorax and abdomen being presented, and therefore no obvious longitudinal band (Fig. 1A, B; fig. 1 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (ii) labrum, mandibles and labium without long hair-like setae (figs 5, 6, 9–11 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (iii) mandible canine not elongated (figs 9, 10 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (iv) inner margin of maxilla with a continuous row of setae (Fig. 1C; fig. 11 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (v) maxillary palp absent (Fig. 1C; fig. 11 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (vi) thorax without tubercles (fig. 1 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (vii) inner margins of fore tibia and fore tarsus without long hair-like setae; (viii) paired tergal projections absent; (ix) posterolateral projections of abdominal segments IV–IX strongly marked (Fig. 1A); (x) dorsal surface of forefemur with transversal row of long spatulate setae and with the same kind setae along outer margin of the femur (Fig. 1D; fig. 8 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000); (xi) caudal filaments light yellowish-brown with dark brown medial and apical bands (Fig. 1B; fig. 12 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000). Male imago: (xii) penis short, projection of penis small, not visible in ventral view (fig. 2 in Tong & Dudgeon 2000; fig. 8D in Zhang et al. 2017). Distribution. China (Xu et al. 1984; Tong & Dudgeon 2000; Zhou et al. 2006), India and India-China border region (new data), and Thailand (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008, new data). Remarks. This species originally was described based on adults from China (Xu et al. 1984). Zhou et al. (2006) provided revisions to this species, including the recognition of new junior synonyms. The larva of this species (as Serratella albostriata Tong & Dudgeon, 2000, junior synonym) was described and illustrated sufficiently by Tong & Dudgeon (2000); the male imago was illustrated by Xu et al. (1984) and Zhang et al. (2017: figs 8b, d). Our new data represent the first report of this species from India and the India-China border region, in particular. Ubero-Pascal & Sartori (2009) revised the genus, and additional contributions have been made by Jacobus (2009), Sartori (2014), Zhang et al. (2017) and Gorovaya (2019). Other Indomalayan species include Teloganopsis brocha (Kang & Yang, 1995), T. gracilis (Tshernova, 1952), T. media Ulmer, 1939, T. oriens Jacobus & McCafferty, 2006, T. puigae Ubero-Pascal & Sartori, 2009, and T. setosa Zhou (in Zhang et al.), 2017. Several potential new species remain undescribed., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 453-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Xu, J. Z., You, D. S. & Hsu, Y. C. (1984) A new species of Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 9, 413 - 415.","Zhou, C. - F., Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2006) New Synonyms of Serratella jinghongensis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Entomological News, 117 (2), 237 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0013 - 872 X (2006) 117 [237: NSOSJE] 2.0. CO; 2","Tong, X. & Dudgeon, D. (2000) Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Hong Kong, China, with descriptions of two new species. Aquatic Insects, 22 (3), 197 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / 0165 - 0424 (200006) 22: 3; 1 - I; FT 197","Zhang, W., Ma, Z. X., Hu, Z., Luo, J. Y. & Zhou, C. - F. (2017) A new species of the genus Teloganopsis with setaceous mouthparts and forelegs from southern China (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae). ZooKeys, 714, 33 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 714.13646","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Ubero-Pascal, N. A. & Sartori, M. (2009) Phylogeny of the genus Teloganopsis Ulmer, 1939 with a redescription of Teloganopsis media Ulmer, 1939 and the description of a new Oriental species (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Aquatic Insects, 31 (Supplement 1), 99 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420902819276","Sartori, M. (2014) Complimentary description of Dudgeodes ulmeri Sartori, 2008 and Teloganopsis media Ulmer, 1939 (Ephemeroptera: Teloganodidae, Ephemerellidae). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 17 (192), 161 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.13140 / 2.1.4400.7048","Gorovaya, E. A. (2019) A new species of the mayfly genus Teloganopsis Ulmer, 1939 (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae) from the south of the Russian Far East. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 89 (1), 137 - 146. [in Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0367144519010118","Kang, S. C. & Yang, C. T. (1995) Ephemerellidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Bulletin of National Museum of Natural Science, 5, 95 - 116."]}

Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 2–5; Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14) Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) sensu Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 partim (nec Allen & Edmunds, 1963: 18) Type material. Holotype: larva (slide # 623, mounted with Canada balsam), THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—main source of the Klang Phat River, 18.577542°N, 98.527056°E, h ~ 1370 m a.s.l., 18.xi.2009, Palatov D.M. &Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Thai10Sersp [NMNH NASU]. Other material: INDIA: 1 larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Tale Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K. A. Subramanian—Reg. No. 5603/H13 [ZSI]. NEPAL: 1 larva, Nawakot & Sindu Districts, 1/ 2 mi north of Gulbhanjyang (on lower trail), 18.ix.1968, Coll. C Wiens [PERC] (previously reported as Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) by Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). Description. Larva: Body length 5.0– 5.3 mm; caudal filaments 4.5–4.8 mm. Body pale brown (Fig. 2A). Head: With pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, occipital protuberances (Fig. 2B) bearing short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (Fig. 2C, D). The same scattered stout setae cover head surface, they also presented on compound eyes, but they are smaller. Genae moderately developed. Mouthparts: Labrum (Fig. 3C) densely covered with long, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered and hair-like setae; anteromedian emargination shallow. Median part of mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae; basal part of lateral margin with smaller number of middle-sized and short, hair-like setae. Right mandible (Fig. 3A): outer incisor trifurcate, inner incisor bifurcate; prostheca consisting of dorsal process, smaller than on left mandible, and bunch of long and short hair-like setae; row of 10–15 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola; bunch of short, hair-like setae above mola. Left mandible (Fig. 3B): outer incisor trifurcate, inner denticle small; inner incisor with two central denticles and one small lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of process and bunch of relatively long and short hair-like setae; inner surface with distinct denticles near mola. Maxilla with two dentisetae (Fig. 3F), their inner margins serrate. Apex of maxilla with group of long, thin and stout, hair-like setae; apical part of inner margin with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; base of galea-lacinia with group of 4–6 long, stout, pointed, not bifurcated or bifurcated, hair-like setae. Maxillary palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3E), short; segment III elongate, narrowed from middle, rounded apically; segment I somewhat broader than segments II and III; apex of segment III with several fine setae. Superlinguae of hypopharynx with long, stout, hair-like setae on apices, dorsal and ventral surfaces with fine setae, short and hair-like setae, and stout and hair-like setae; apex of lingua convex, with hair-like setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 3D). Labial palp 3-segmented (Fig. 3G); segments I and II subequal in length; surfaces, inner and outer margins of segment I and II covered with long, thin, hair-like setae and less numerous long, stout, hair-like setae. Segment III distinctly elongated (length/width ratio in last larval instar = 2.19–2.45). Glossae rounded; apices of paraglossae and glossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Thorax: Pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E); with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F). Mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads. Protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices. Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio in last larval instar: forefemur 2.04–2.05; middle femur 2.39–2.49; hind femur 2.38–2.57) (Fig. 4A–C). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Dorsal surfaces of all femora covered mainly with short, feathered, usually bifurcate, stout setae (Fig. 4E–H) (most numerous on middle and hind femora), and with scattered short or middle-sized hair-like setae; also, irregular rows of middle-sized, hair-like setae situated along inner margins. Distal tips (distal margins and adjacent areas of dorsal surfaces) of all femora with groups of short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae. Dorsal surface of forefemur with irregular rows of middle-sized and long, hair-like setae along outer and inner margins; with group of 4–5 mainly long, rounded or pointed, stout setae; most of these stout setae located near outer margin (Fig. 4A, D). Outer margin of forefemur with few different-sized hair-like setae and few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and two chalazae bearing long, pointed or rounded, stout setae. Inner margin of forefemur with short, hair-like setae only. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsus with a few thin, long hair-like setae. Inner margin of fore tibia with several short stout setae along margin and group of several elongated setae near distal end, some with serration of one margin. Inner margin of fore tarsus with middle-sized and long, pointed stout setae; their number increases towards claw. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with long hair-like setae (most numerous and forming regular row in basal part), few short, feathered, sometimes bifurcate, setae and row of 6–9 long, pointed or rounded apically, stout setae; some chalazae forming serration of margins (Fig. 4B, C). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with no stout setae or chalazae. Setation of middle and hind tarsi as those on fore leg. Dorsal surface of middle and hind tibiae of row of few stout setae continue on inner margin of tibiae; setae bluntly pointed of rounded apically; on hind tibia setae more numerous and longer. Inner margin of tibiae also with group of several elongated stout setae (some with one serrated margin) near distal end. Outer margin of middle and hind tibiae with few hair-like setae only; hind tibia additionally bears few long stout setae along margin. Tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J). Abdomen. Pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C). All projections with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B). Dorsal surfaces of terga IV–IX with areas of short, stout setae above projections. Lateral surfaces of paired projections of tergum VIII and adjacent part of posterior margin with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Posterior margin of tergum IX (excluding area between projections) with several spatulate, stout setae with rounded apices. Distinct posterolateral projections on segments IV–IX; lateral margins covered with spatulate, stout setae. Sterna VIII–IX and lateral areas of sterna IV–VII covered with short, stout setae. Gills (Fig. 5D–G). Gill III with elongate posterolateral angle; with well-defined, brown, trilobed pattern; somewhat truncate; and without medial transverse band of weakened membrane (Fig. 5D). Ventral lamellae of gills III–VI bifurcate and multifoliate; medial cleft of gills VI ventral lamella deep. Caudal filaments subequal in length (Fig. 2A). Segments with rows of elongated, rounded apically, stout setae on posterior margins alternate with segments bears rows of long, stout, hair-like setae on posterior margins; all these setae shorter than corresponding segment (Fig. 5H). Adult: Unknown Egg. Chorion smooth, without reticulations (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 14; Nepal specimen herein). Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished from larvae of other Serratella Edmunds, 1959 species by the following combination of characters: (i) head with pair of small suboccipital tubercles and pair of distinct, blunt, suboccipital protuberances (Fig. 2A, B); (ii) pronotum without anterolateral and posterolateral projections (Fig. 2E), with one pair distinct submedian tubercles and three pairs small indistinct tubercles (Fig. 2F); (iii) mesothorax with two pairs of indistinct protuberances and ridges, and one distinct protuberance between wingpads; (iv) two pairs of head protuberances, protuberances and ridges of prothorax and mesothorax, veins of wingpads covered with short, stout setae with divergent margins and feathered apices (as in Figs 2C, D, 4F, G); (v) maxilla with short 3-segmented palp (Fig. 3E); third palpal segment elongated; (vi) tarsal claw with 5–7 denticles, distal one largest, and up to 5 subapical setae (Fig. 4I, J); (vii) pairs of projections present on terga III–IX, with those on terga IV–IX more developed; largest on tergum VIII (Fig. 5A–C); (viii) all paired projections of terga with spatulate, stout setae; most apical, stout setae grouped in bunches (Fig. 5A, B); (ix) lateral surfaces of the paired projections of tergum VIII and the adjacent part of the posterior margin (excluding area between projections) with greatly elongated, apically rounded, stout setae (Fig. 5A–C). Despite this new species being assigned to Serratella, it should be noted that similar tergum VIII setation is present in Quatica paradinasi (Gonzalez del Tanago & Garcia de Jalon, 1981), but the setae are much shorter (fig. 2 in Studemann & Tomka 1987). Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Dmitry M. Palatov, friend of the first author and specialist in aquatic invertebrates of the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms, who collected this species in Thailand. Distribution. Thailand, India-China border region, and Nepal. Habitats. In Thailand, the new species was collected from a stream that is a main source of the Klang Phat River. The stream is situated in forest, has a high current velocity and rapids, and has sandy and stony bottom (Fig. 20B). In India, the species was collected from a first order stream in Rhododendron and Bamboo forest. The stream has a sandy bottom and rapids in some sections (Fig. 20C). The Nepal specimen is covered with sandy silt, suggesting a similar habitat. Remarks. Initially Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was described as a representative of the subgenus Drunella Needham, 1905 (then part of the genus Ephemerella Walsh 1862) by Allen & Edmunds 1963, based only on description and illustrations of “ Ephemerella sp. ” by Ueno (1955), as the whereabouts of Ueno’s specimen was then—and remains—unknown. Later, a second species, Ephemerella (Acerella) undatella Allen, 1971, was described based on the same specimen (or rather description and illustrations). Subsequently, the name was recognized as an objective junior synonym (Allen 1973). Ephemerella (Drunella) uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) was transferred to other genera (Allen 1986; Paclt 1994) before being placed most recently in Serratella Edmunds, 1959 based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological data (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008: fig. 98). The characters used to analyze the species’ relationships were scored from a single specimen from Nepal and from historical literature (Jacobus & McCafferty 2008). During the course of this study, we discovered that the specimen from Nepal differed from the species described by Ueno (1955), especially in regards to the morphology of the maxilla (Ueno 1955: figs 6, 6b); the two also differ considerably in size, with Ueno’s species being larger, even though the Nepal specimen is a mature female with black wingpads. Intraspecific variation in body size and maxillary palp development has been assumed for many ephemerellid species (e.g., Jacobus et al. 2004); however, in this case, the discovery of additional material reveals that the characters in question show little variation between individuals. Thus, we specifically reject the intraspecific variation hypotheses previously implied for S. uenoi and therefore no longer consider the Nepal specimen to be conspecific with Ueno’s species. Therefore, the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) labeled “ uenoi ” by Jacobus & McCafferty (2008) should be considered an erroneous amalgamation, and the species hypothesis that it represents is rejected. In light of this, we restrict the name Serratella uenoi (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) to the specimen described by Ueno (1955). Very clear illustrations of the species show some differences from other species of the genus Serratella, especially: the apex of the maxilla, the length ratio and shape of segments of the labial palp; the number of head tubercles; the shape of projections on terga (posterolateral and paired); setation of all femora; and presence of anterolateral projections (medially notched) on mesonotum. Modalities of some characters of S. uenoi are unusual for Hyrtanellini, and more typical of some Ephemerellini, viz. representatives of the genera Notacanthella Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Spinorea Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, Ephacerella Paclt, 1994, Adoranexa Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008, and Cincticostella Allen, 1971. As part of the tribe Ephemerellini, each of the latter five genera have a ventral lamella of gill VI that lacks a deep medial cleft.The original illustration of S. uenoi shows a distinct cleft on the ventral lamella of gill VI (fig. 18 in Ueno 1955), which excludes it from Ephemerellini. Although we find it reasonable to question the generic placement of S. uenoi, we leave it in Serratella until fresh material from the type locality, as precisely indicated by Ueno (1955), can be examined in detail. Serratella fusongensis (Su & You, 1988) (north-east of China) and Serratella longipennis (Zhou, Gui & Su, 1997) (China, east-central mainland) are the only species of Serratella from East and Southeast Asia unknown in the larval stage, and based on biogeography, we consider them unlikely to be conspecific with our new species, which is unknown as alates. Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is the third representative of the genus known from the Indomalayan realm; the two others are S. uenoi, which has a questionable generic position, and S. brevicauda Jacobus, Zhou & McCafferty, 2009, a species whose generic placement was provisional (Jacobus et al. 2009). Thus, it is clear that more data, especially for the male adults, are needed for these species and the genus in the region., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 454-461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Allen, R. K. & Edmunds Jr., G. F. (1963) New and little known Ephemerellidae from southern Asia, Africa and Madagascar. Pacific Insects, 5 (1), 11 - 22.","Studemann, D. & Tomka, I. (1987) Contribution to the study of European Ephemerellidae (Ephemeroptera). I. Completion of description of three endemic Iberian species. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60, 361 - 378.","Ueno, M. (1955) Mayfly nymphs. In: Kihara, H. (Ed.), Fauna and flora of Nepal Himalaya. Scientific results of the Japanese Expedition to Nepal Himalaya. 1952 - 1953. Fauna and Flora Research Society, Kyoto, pp. 301 - 316, pl. 1 - 1.","Allen, R. K. (1973) The present status of Ephemerella uenoi (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 105 (3), 527.","Allen, R. K. (1986) Mayflies of Vietnam: Acerella and Drunella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 62 (4), 301 - 302.","Paclt, J. (1994) Ephacerella, a replaced name for Acerella Allen 1971 (Ephemeropterta), nec Berlese 1909 (Protura). Entomological News, 105 (5), 283 - 284.","Jacobus, L. M., Zhou, C. - F. & McCafferty, W. P. (2009) Two new species of Asian Serratella Edmunds (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2268 (1), 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2268.1.4"]}

Torleya lacuna (Jacobus, McCafferty & Sites, 2007) (Fig. 14) Crinitella lacuna Jacobus, McCafferty & Sites, 2007 Material examined. Holotype: larva, THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, stream, Amphur Thong Pha Phum, Heuy Ka Yaeng at Ban Padsadoo Klang, 14°33’N, 98°34’E, 296 m altitude, 9/IV/2003, L-457, Sites, AV, Prommi, Setaphan [UMRM]. Diagnosis. The larva of this species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: (i) one pair of blunt occipital protuberances present (Fig. 14B; fig. 5 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (ii) head, thorax and legs densely covered with long hair-like setae (Fig. 14A, B; fig. 5 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (iii) pronotum with four dorsal protuberances (fig. 5 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (iv) mesonotum with transverse brown shading medially; tip of fore wingpads pale to white, terga with dark longitudinal medial line and lateral shading; (v) terga III–IX, and sometimes tergum II, with paired posterior protuberances; on terga IV–VIII protuberances largest, usually with up to two spatulate, stout setae (fig. 5 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (vi) maxillary palp absent; (vii) posterolateral projections of terga IV–VIII produced dorsolaterally, forming the abdominal gill chamber; (viii) gills distinctly elongated, gill III entirely cover following gills (fig. 5 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (ix) tarsal claws with one or two basal denticles, two or three medial denticles, two to four long subdistal denticles on the inner margin, and subdistal setae; (x) foreleg with submedial row of long spatulate setae. Distribution. Thailand and Vietnam (Jacobus et al. 2007). The previous record from India (Jacobus et al. 2007) is now questionable (see Remarks, immediately below). Remarks. This species was described by Jacobus et al. (2007) based on larvae and subimagoes from Thailand and Vietnam. These authors also reported male and female subimagoes from Tamil Nadu (India). The imago stages of T. lacuna are unknown. Previous reports of T. lacuna from India should be reviewed after subimagoes and imagoes of T. dibruensis sp. nov. and T. simbalbarensis sp. nov. have been discovered., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Jacobus, L. M., McCafferty, W. P. & Sites, R. W. (2007) A new species and first stage associations in Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae). Zootaxa, 1611 (1), 45 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1611.1.3"]}

Torleya simbalbarensis Selvakumar, Subramanian, Martynov & Jacobus, sp. nov. (Figs 18, 19) Type material. Holotype: larva, INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Sirmour District, Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary, stream, 30.44°N, 77.53°E, 16.xi.2012, Coll. K.A. Subramanian — Reg. No. 5602/H13 [ZSI]. Description. Larva: body length 5.2 mm; caudal filaments 2.4 mm. Body color light brown (Figs 18A, 19A). Head: Vertex with pair of well-developed and elongated protuberances. No ocellar protuberances. Inner margin of antennal base with short projections. Frontal shelf not expanded. Genae slightly produced. Long hair-like setae present along anterior margin of frontal shelf and sparsely present below compound eye. Clypeus with anterior row of long hair-like setae. Labrum width nearly 2× length (Fig. 18B), with shallow, very broad notch anteriorly; dorsal face with scattered long, hair-like setae on lateral margin and with several rows of brush-like setae anteriorly; ventral face with simple or fimbriate setae on lateral margins and dense, transverse row of 7–9 long, stout setae. Hypopharynx (Fig. 18C) with superlinguae size subequal to linguae size; lingua with row of short setae on anterior margin; superlingua with row of long, thin setae on margin, with setae decreasing in length anteriorly. Mandibles with lateral setae relatively long (Fig. 18D, E). Maxilla without palp (Fig. 18G); apex of galea-lacinia relatively sharp with two incisors, and with few long, stout setae on apex; with two dentisetae and double row of four stout setae. Labium with glossae longer than wide (Fig. 18F), longer than paraglossae; palp segment III elongate, with length/width ratio 2.13–2.15. Thorax: Prothorax width subequal to head width, with no anterolateral projections and three pairs of distinct dorsal tubercles; ventral spines absent. Mesonotum with two pairs of distinct, elongated, tubercles between fore wing pads; fore wing pads base darkly pigmented. Dorsal surface of thorax without any bifid or starlike setae. Coxae with slight dorsolateral projections; projections with hair-like setae. All femora slightly flattened (Fig. 19B–C). Dorsal surface of forefemur with incomplete, narrow, transverse band of long, pointed or bluntly pointed, apically stout setae (Fig. 19E); outer margin with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae and single chalaza bearing long, stout seta medially; inner margin with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae only; anterior margin with no dorsal projections (Fig. 19B). Dorsal surface of foretibia with two long, pointed, stout setae; outer margins of foretibia and tarsus with different-sized hair-like setae, most long; inner margins of fore tibia and fore tarsus with short, hair-like setae and row of short and middle-sized spine-like setae; distal end of inner margin of foretibia with group of stout setae. Foretibial projection short. Outer margins of middle and hind femora with several long, pointed, stout setae and different-sized hair-like setae, most long (Fig. 19C, D). Dorsal surfaces of middle and hind tibiae with several long, pointed, stout setae. Outer margins of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with hair-like setae, most long. Inner margins of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with different-sized spine-like setae. Tarsal claws of all legs each with about 8 denticles and several subapical setae, without distal palisade of denticles (Fig. 19F). Abdomen: Gill III brown, semi-operculate, without medial transverse band of weakened membrane (Fig. 19G); gills IV–VII translucent. Dorsal lamellae of gills IV–VI with small projection on posterior margin. Gills III–VI ventral lamellae bifid, with dorsal and ventral lobules; lobules tips acute. Gills VII narrow, with medial point of attachment to tergum. Terga I and II with long hair-like setae on posterior margins. Terga III–IX with pairs of welldeveloped, bluntly pointed submedian projections (Fig. 19A) bear few short and blunt stout setae; those of terga V– VIII most developed; on tergum VIII largest and directed most laterally; tergum IX with pair of short, blunt, median spines and weak, oblique ridges. Tergum X without paired submedian projections. Segments VI–VIII with lateral margins strongly upturned, forming outer portion of prominent gill chamber. Pairs of projections progressively larger posteriorly up to segment VIII and covered with short, blunt stout setae. Abdominal sterna flattened, with no maculation and no long setae. Caudal filaments pale, with dense whorls of long, stout, hair-like setae. Adults: Unknown. Diagnosis. Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from other Torleya species by the following combination of characters: (i) head with two pairs of suboccipital and occipital protuberances, second pair of protuberances well-developed and elongated; (ii) maxilla without palp (Fig. 18G); (iii) tarsal claws of all legs each with about 8 denticles and several subapical setae, without distal palisade of denticles (Fig. 19F); (iv) terga III–IX with pairs of well-developed, bluntly pointed submedian projections (Fig. 19A); those of terga V–VIII most developed; on tergum VIII largest and directed most laterally; tergum IX with pair of short, blunt, median spines and weak; (v) setation of femora; (vi) shape of gill III. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh. Distribution. India. Habitat. Fast flowing stream, with sand and cobble bottom, in Sal (Shorea robusta Roth) (Malvales: Dipterocarpaceae) forest (Fig. 20A). Remarks. Notably, Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. has no distinct distal palisade of denticles on tarsal claw, which usually is present on other Asian species of the genus; however, it is possible the claws might be worn (Jacobus et al. 2004). Torleya longforceps from Fujian, in far eastern China (Gui et al. 1999), is the only species of Torleya unknown in the larval stage, and we consider it unlikely (based on biogeography) to be conspecific with this new species, which is unknown as alates.

Torleya coheri (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) (Fig. 10) Ephemerella coheri Allen & Edmunds, 1963 Crinitella permkami Wang & Sites, 1999 (junior synonym, Jacobus & McCafferty 2003) Material examined. INDIA: 14 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Tale Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K.A. Subramanian — Reg. No. 5608/H13 [ZSI]; 1 larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Ranga River, 27.396404°N, 93.757378°E, h ~ 625 m a.s.l., 21.iv.2015, Colls. K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha — Reg. No. 5347/H13 [ZSI]; 13 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare District, Dibru River, 27.147655°N, 93.74908°E, h ~ 128 m a.s.l., 22.iv.2015, Colls. K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha — Reg. No. 5609/H13 [ZSI]; 1 larva, West Bengal, Darjeeling (Sikkim border), Rishikhola, Rishi River, 27.169677°N, 88.635109°E, h ~ 554 m a.s.l., 23.iii.2013, Coll. Srimoyee Basu — Reg. No. 5349/H13 [ZSI]. NEPAL: 3 larvae, Bagmati Zone, East Rapti River, 27.571631, 84.668756, h— 230 m a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Chertoprud M. V. leg.— IN Nepa 16 Torsp 1 [NMNH NASU]. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Torleya species by the following combination of characters: Larva: (i) dorsal surface of body covered by long hair-like setae (Fig. 10A; fig. 1 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ii) maxilla with rudimentary palp (fig. 13 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (iii) anteromedian emargination very shallow, almost absent (fig. 14 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (iv) labium highly reduced (fig. 17 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (v) abdominal segment VIII with a unique shape and setation (Fig. 10A, C; fig. 1 in Allen & Edmunds 1963; fig. 1 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (vi) posterolateral projections of segment IX extremely elongated (Fig. 10A, C; fig. 1 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (vii) tarsal claw with distinct distal palisade of denticles (Fig. 10B; fig. 15 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (viii) lateral margins of abdominal segments IV–VIII with short stout setae; stout setae on segment VIII pass over acute posterior projection (fig. 1 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ix) paired submedial projections on abdominal terga are absent (Fig. 10C; fig. 1 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (x) gills III–VI with outer posterolateral protuberances, gill III not covering following gills entirely (figs 1, 16 in Allen & Edmunds 1963). Male imago: (xi) penis short, lobes apically rounded (fig. 2 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (xii) dorsal projection of penis small, rounded, with broad apical cleft (figs 2, 4 in Jacobus et al. 2007) (xiii) genital forceps segment II robust, with relatively straight lateral profile, not expanded apically and segment III subovoid (fig. 2 in Jacobus et al. 2007); (xiv) abdomen with light general coloration and purple shading, lacking a prominent, middorsal, longitudinal stripe (figs 3, 4 in Jacobus et al. 2007). Distribution. India (Allen 1980, Jacobus & McCafferty 2003, Jacobus et al. 2007, new data), India-China border region (new data), Malaysia (Jacobus et al. 2007), Nepal (Allen & Edmunds 1963, new data), Thailand (Wang & Sites 1999; Jacobus et al. 2007) and Vietnam (Jacobus et al. 2007). Remarks. The larva of this species was adequately described and illustrated from Nepal by Allen & Edmunds (1963) and from Thailand by Wang & Sites (1999) (as Crinitella permkami Wang & Sites, 1999, junior synonym). Larvae of this species already were reported from Kashmir, and the adult description and details of species variability were provided by Jacobus et al. (2007). Following Jacobus & McCafferty (2008), we consider Crinitella Allen & Edmunds, 1963 as a junior synonym of Torleya Lestage, 1917. Ogden et al. (2009: figs 1, 2) could not confirm monophyly of Crinitella + Torleya, however, based on their partial sampling of these genus groups. The other Indomalayan species of Torleya include T. dibruensis sp. nov., T. lacuna (Jacobus, McCafferty & Sites, 2007), T. longforceps (Gui, Zhou & Su, 1999), T. lutosa Kang & Yang, 1995, T. naga Jacobus & McCafferty (in Jacobus et al.), 2004, T. nepalica (Allen & Edmunds, 1963) and T. simbalbarensis sp. nov., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Vasanth, M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2021, Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 466-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4808307, {"references":["Allen, R. K. & Edmunds Jr., G. F. (1963) New and little known Ephemerellidae from southern Asia, Africa and Madagascar. Pacific Insects, 5 (1), 11 - 22.","Wang, T. & Sites, R. W. (1999) Description of a new species of Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) from Thailand. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 107 (1), 73 - 77.","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2003) Revisions to the genus Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephmerellidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 111 (1), 48 - 50.","Jacobus, L. M., McCafferty, W. P. & Sites, R. W. (2007) A new species and first stage associations in Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae). Zootaxa, 1611 (1), 45 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1611.1.3","Allen, R. K. (1980) Geographic distribution and reclassification of the subfamily Ephemerellinae (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). In: Flannagan, J. F. & Marshall, K. E. (Eds.), Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 3066 - 0 _ 6","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Ogden, T. H., Osborne, J. T., Jacobus, L. M. & Whiting, M. F. (2009) Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Ephemerellinae (Ephemerellidae: Ephemeroptera), with remarks about classification. Zootaxa, 1991 (1), 28 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1991.1.2","Gui, H., Zhou, C. - F. & Su, C. - R. (1999) Ephemeroptera. In: Huang, B. - K. (Ed.), Fujian Insect Fauna. Vol. 1. Fujian Science & Technology Press, Fuzhou, pp. 324 - 346.","Kang, S. C. & Yang, C. T. (1995) Ephemerellidae of Taiwan (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Bulletin of National Museum of Natural Science, 5, 95 - 116."]}

Notacanthurus pange Vasanth, Selvakumar & Subramanian sp. nov. (Figs 1���19) Material examined. Holotype: �� larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Talley Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Pange, 27.5485 N, 93.89756 E, 1851 m, 18.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (I/E- 440). Paratypes: 2 larvae, same data as holotype (I/E-441); 4 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Duskilo river, 27.62776 N, 93.8437 E, 1662 m, 16.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (I/E-442); 3 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang Valley, Talo river near Apai village, 28.10402 N, 96.10402 E, 1323 m, 29.x.2017, coll. K. A. Subramanian (I/E-443); 2 larvae, Sikkim, East Sikkim, Stream near Nathu La, 27.36718 N; 88.8400 E, 3856 m, 18.ix.2018, coll. K. A. Subramanian (I/E-444); 4 larvae, Meghalaya, East Jaintia hills, Daidung village, 25.33547 N, 92.61981 E, 1079 m, 12.iii.2016, coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar. Description. Mature male larva: Body length 7.8 mm, length of caudal filaments 8.6 mm (Figs 1���2). Head: Head subquadrate, brown, with irregular pale yellow markings (Figs 1���2); anterior and lateral margins round; posterior margin concave; head width 3.4 mm, head length 1.3 mm; eyes black, antennae pale brown. Labrum with anterior portion straight and laterally curved; dorsally with dense hair-like setae (Fig. 4). Mandibles with scattered setae along molar area; incisor well developed; dense hair-like setae on anterolateral margin (Figs 6���7). Maxillae with 19���20 comb-like setae on crown, with scattered hair-like setae on ventral surface; outer margin of maxillary palp segment 2 and 3 with long hair-like setal field; terminal segment of maxillary palp with dense hairlike setae (Fig. 8). Hypopharynx: lingua apically broad and convex; superlinguae each with lateral arm developed, with dense row of hair-like setae (Fig. 5). Labium with wide U-shaped division of glossae; glossae subquadrangular; paraglossae expanded laterally; apical segment of each labial palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of setae (Fig. 9). Thorax: Thorax brown with scattered brown markings around basal wing pads; pronotum extended laterally, a little wider than head (Fig 1���2), pronotum width 3.4 mm. Legs: Forefemora pale brown, with median pale yellowish maculae, scattered short simple stout setae on dorsal surfaces, apex of femora with blunt apical projection, with row of long setae on outer margin; fore tibiae subequal to femora in length, outer margin with few tiny and short setae at base, foretarsi 1/3 length of foretibiae (Figs 10���11). Mid and hind legs (Figs 12���13) similar to forelegs in color and setation; mid tibiae with dense setae on outer margin, tarsi 1/3 length of tibiae and hind tibiae with dense hair-like setae along the whole outer margin. Claws of all legs similar, with a large basal denticle and 2 subapical denticles (Fig. 14). Abdomen: Terga brown, with distinct oblique markings; terga I���IX each with single prominent median spine (Fig 1���2), with row of short bristles on posterior margin (Fig. 3). Sterna pale white; posterior end of sternum X with notched (Fig. 19). Gills on segment I���VII; Gills with both lamellae and fibrilliform portion on abdominal segments I���VI (Figs 15���18); gill VII with only lamellae; lamellae of gills I knife-shaped (Fig. 15); gills II���VI each with oval shape anteriorly; gills V���VI each with accessory lobe (Figs 17���18); gill VII narrower lanceolate, with fine hair-like marginal setae. Genitals: Protopenis (Fig. 19) male genitalia with simple, penis lobes fused, V shaped apically blunt with median pair of spine-like titillators subapically and mesally. Cerci about 1.2x length of body, each segment with whorls of minute bristles and without interfacing setae. Diagnosis: Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. can be distinguished from all known species of Notacanthurus by the following combination of characters: (i) gill lamellae V���VI with accessory lobe (Figs. 17���18); (ii) dorsal surface of femora with scattered short simple stout setae (Fig. 11); (iii) male genitalia having penis lobes fused, V shaped apically blunt with median pair of spine-like titillators subapically and mesally (Fig. 19); (iv) labrum with anterior portion straight and laterally curved (Fig. 4); and (v) lingua of hypopharynx apically broad and convex (Fig. 5). Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. can be accommodated in the recent global larval key to the species of Notacanthurus by Zhang et al. (2020). The second part of the 5 th couplet of that key can be modified and a new couplet should be added to include Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. as follows: 5. Abdominal terga with oblique stripes...................................................................... 7 - Abdominal terga without distinct markings................................................................. 6 6. Dorsal surface of femora with apically blunt scattered stout setae.................................. N. pange sp. nov. - Dorsal surface of femora with apically pointed stout setae.............................................. N. baekdu Imagos: Unknown. Etymology: The species named after the type locality, Pange, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh state, India. Habitat: The specimens were collected among cobbles from cold pristine hill streams between 1100-3860m. The riparian habitat ranged from subtropical broad leaved evergreen forests (Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya) to alpine meadows (Sikkim) (Fig. 20). Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Sikkim) (Fig. 21)., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, A new species of Notacanthurus Tshernova, 1974 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India, pp. 437-444 in Zootaxa 4894 (3) on pages 438-442, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4315971, {"references":["Zhang, W., Zhang, M., Han, N. & Zhou, C. F. (2020) Two new species of the genus Notacanthurus from China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae). Zootaxa, 4802 (2), 335 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4802.2.7"]}

Notacanthurus pange Vasanth, Selvakumar & Subramanian sp. nov. (Figs 1–19) Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Talley Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Pange, 27.5485 N, 93.89756 E, 1851 m, 18.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (I/E- 440). Paratypes: 2 larvae, same data as holotype (I/E-441); 4 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Duskilo river, 27.62776 N, 93.8437 E, 1662 m, 16.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (I/E-442); 3 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang Valley, Talo river near Apai village, 28.10402 N, 96.10402 E, 1323 m, 29.x.2017, coll. K. A. Subramanian (I/E-443); 2 larvae, Sikkim, East Sikkim, Stream near Nathu La, 27.36718 N; 88.8400 E, 3856 m, 18.ix.2018, coll. K. A. Subramanian (I/E-444); 4 larvae, Meghalaya, East Jaintia hills, Daidung village, 25.33547 N, 92.61981 E, 1079 m, 12.iii.2016, coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar. Description. Mature male larva: Body length 7.8 mm, length of caudal filaments 8.6 mm (Figs 1–2). Head: Head subquadrate, brown, with irregular pale yellow markings (Figs 1–2); anterior and lateral margins round; posterior margin concave; head width 3.4 mm, head length 1.3 mm; eyes black, antennae pale brown. Labrum with anterior portion straight and laterally curved; dorsally with dense hair-like setae (Fig. 4). Mandibles with scattered setae along molar area; incisor well developed; dense hair-like setae on anterolateral margin (Figs 6–7). Maxillae with 19–20 comb-like setae on crown, with scattered hair-like setae on ventral surface; outer margin of maxillary palp segment 2 and 3 with long hair-like setal field; terminal segment of maxillary palp with dense hairlike setae (Fig. 8). Hypopharynx: lingua apically broad and convex; superlinguae each with lateral arm developed, with dense row of hair-like setae (Fig. 5). Labium with wide U-shaped division of glossae; glossae subquadrangular; paraglossae expanded laterally; apical segment of each labial palp acutely pointed, dorsal surface with dense row of setae (Fig. 9). Thorax: Thorax brown with scattered brown markings around basal wing pads; pronotum extended laterally, a little wider than head (Fig 1–2), pronotum width 3.4 mm. Legs: Forefemora pale brown, with median pale yellowish maculae, scattered short simple stout setae on dorsal surfaces, apex of femora with blunt apical projection, with row of long setae on outer margin; fore tibiae subequal to femora in length, outer margin with few tiny and short setae at base, foretarsi 1/3 length of foretibiae (Figs 10–11). Mid and hind legs (Figs 12–13) similar to forelegs in color and setation; mid tibiae with dense setae on outer margin, tarsi 1/3 length of tibiae and hind tibiae with dense hair-like setae along the whole outer margin. Claws of all legs similar, with a large basal denticle and 2 subapical denticles (Fig. 14). Abdomen: Terga brown, with distinct oblique markings; terga I–IX each with single prominent median spine (Fig 1–2), with row of short bristles on posterior margin (Fig. 3). Sterna pale white; posterior end of sternum X with notched (Fig. 19). Gills on segment I–VII; Gills with both lamellae and fibrilliform portion on abdominal segments I–VI (Figs 15–18); gill VII with only lamellae; lamellae of gills I knife-shaped (Fig. 15); gills II–VI each with oval shape anteriorly; gills V–VI each with accessory lobe (Figs 17–18); gill VII narrower lanceolate, with fine hair-like marginal setae. Genitals: Protopenis (Fig. 19) male genitalia with simple, penis lobes fused, V shaped apically blunt with median pair of spine-like titillators subapically and mesally. Cerci about 1.2x length of body, each segment with whorls of minute bristles and without interfacing setae. Diagnosis: Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. can be distinguished from all known species of Notacanthurus by the following combination of characters: (i) gill lamellae V–VI with accessory lobe (Figs. 17–18); (ii) dorsal surface of femora with scattered short simple stout setae (Fig. 11); (iii) male genitalia having penis lobes fused, V shaped apically blunt with median pair of spine-like titillators subapically and mesally (Fig. 19); (iv) labrum with anterior portion straight and laterally curved (Fig. 4); and (v) lingua of hypopharynx apically broad and convex (Fig. 5). Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. can be accommodated in the recent global larval key to the species of Notacanthurus by Zhang et al. (2020). The second part of the 5 th couplet of that key can be modified and a new couplet should be added to include Notacanthurus pange sp. nov. as follows: 5. Abdominal terga with oblique stripes...................................................................... 7 - Abdominal terga without distinct markings................................................................. 6 6. Dorsal surface of femora with apically blunt scattered stout setae.................................. N. pange sp. nov. - Dorsal surface of femora with apically pointed stout setae.............................................. N. baekdu Imagos: Unknown. Etymology: The species named after the type locality, Pange, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh state, India. Habitat: The specimens were collected among cobbles from cold pristine hill streams between 1100-3860m. The riparian habitat ranged from subtropical broad leaved evergreen forests (Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya) to alpine meadows (Sikkim) (Fig. 20). Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Sikkim) (Fig. 21).

Baetiella subansiri Vasanth, Selvakumar & Subramanian n. sp. (Figs 1���18) Material examined. Holotype: 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Paniya stream, 27.81791 N, 94.09502 E, 993 m, 14.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/245). Paratypes: 2 larvae (1 larva on slide: mouthparts, legs & gills), Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Bhasskamp stream, 27.75881 N, 94.00912 E, 324 m, 15.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I/E/246). Mature larva. Body length 3.5���4.0 mm, cerci 4.0��� 4.5 mm, median caudal filament with 1 segment (Figs 1���2). Head. Antennae (Fig. 6) light brown, approximately 2 times the width of head; dorsal surface of scape and pedicel bare. Labrum (Fig. 7) almost rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; anteromedian notch deep with a small rounded lobe at the base, and each side with one medial long setae and a row of 6���8 robust, simple submarginal setae, fine and simple setae scattered posteriorly; ventrally bordered with feathered setae along the anterior margin. Hypopharynx (Fig. 8) with lingua rounded and superlinguae broadly truncate, covered with abundant fine setae distally. Left mandible (Fig. 9): incisors fused with 7 denticles, prostheca robust with 4 blunt and 3���4 acute denticles apically. Right mandible (Fig. 10): incisors with visible fusion line, outer incisor with 3 denticles and inner incisor with 4 denticles, inner incisor margin smooth without fine setae, prostheca with denticles apically and distinctly more slender than the one on left mandible, edge between prostheca and molar smooth without serration. Maxilla (Fig. 11) with three canines and one tooth-like dentiseta on crown of galealacinia, a row of 4���5 long basal setae and basis of galealacinia without hump seta; maxillary palpus 2-segmented, subequal in length, terminal segment with a small pointed tip and numerous setae at apex. Labium (Fig. 12): glossae shorter than paraglossae, with a row of 10���12 stout setae along the inner margin dorsally and 2 long robust blunt setae at the apex; paraglossae approximately 1.5 times wider than glossae, with 3 rows of setae ventrally and 4���5 stout acute setae along the inner margin dorsally; labial palpus 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with a distinctive tip at apex; the 2nd segment without an inner-apical lobe; dorsal surface with numerous pores on the basal segment. Thorax. Dorsum with 12 distinct tubercles (Fig. 1). Posterior margin of metanotum with a finger-like protuberance medially (Fig. 1). Hindwing pads reduced, approximately 2.5���3.0 times longer than wide. Legs slightly paler than thorax, femora creamy shaded with light brown medially and a brown longitudinal stripe near dorsal margin, tibiae and tarsi brown. All legs with finger-like coxal projection (Fig. 2). Femora with a row of long, robust and simple 17���18 setae on dorsal margin, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of femur width; femoral villopore reduced; tibiae with irregular row of dense, fine, simple setae dorsally; tarsi with a row of sparse, fine, simple setae dorsally and ventrally with a row of 7���8 robust, pointed setae increasing in length towards apex (Figs 13���15); tarsal claw with two rows of denticles, outer row with 6���7 acute denticles increasing in length apically, inner row with 6���7 short and blunt denticles medially, subequal in length (Fig. 16). All legs with a single very long finger-like white coxal gill (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Abdominal terga generally dark brown.Posterior margin of terga I���II each with a single posteromedian protuberance, terga III���IX each with a pair of much longer protuberances (Figs 1���4); surface of terga I���IX scattered with round scale-like setae; posterior margin of segments I���V smooth and of segments VI���IX with blunt denticles. Abdominal sterna generally yellowish-white; posterior margins of sterna I���X smooth without denticles or scale-like setae (Fig. 2). Gills (or gill sockets) on segments I���VI (Fig. 2); gills I���V elongate and without tracheation, numerous pores scattered on the surface, smooth fine simple setae along margin (Figs 17���18); gill VI reduced and transparent. Paraproct with numerous pores and fine short setae on surface and 15���16 scale-like setae along the inner margin (Fig. 5). Median caudal filament reduced to one segment (Fig. 2), cerci slightly longer than the body length (Fig. 1). Imago. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named after Subansiri river, a major tributary of Brahmaputra river in Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Distribution. Arunachal Pradesh (India) (Fig. 81). Diagnosis. Baetiella subansiri n. sp. and B. macani (M��ller-Liebenau, 1985) share the following characters (i) thoracic dorsum with distinct tubercles; (ii) hindwing pads vestigial; (iii) all legs with a single finger-like white coxal gill; and (iv) median caudal filament reduced to one segment, cerci slightly longer than the body length. However the new species can be distinguished from B. macani by the following combination of characters; (i) gills (or gill sockets) on segments I���VI (Fig. 2); gills I���V elongate and without tracheation, numerous scattered pores on the surface, smooth fine simple setae along margin (Figs 17���18); gill VI reduced (Figs 3���4); (ii) posterior margin of metanotum and abdominal terga I���II each with a single posteromedian protuberance, terga III���IX each with a pair of protuberances and the length of protuberance much longer (Figs 1���4); and (iii) claw with two rows of denticles, outer row with 6���7 acute denticles increasing in length apically, inner row with 6���7 short and blunt denticles medially, subequal in length (Fig. 16). Baetiella subansiri n. sp. can be accommodated in the recent global key to the larvae of Baetiella (Shi & Tong 2015). The second part of the 4 th couplet of that key can be modified and a new couplet should be added to include B. subansiri n. sp. as follows. 4. Gills (or gill sockets) present on terga I���VII................................................. B. bispinosa (Gose) - Gills (or gills sockets) absent on tergum VII................................................................ 5 5. Gills I���V elongate; gill VI reduced (India)..................... B. subansiri Vasanth, Selvakumar & Subramanian n. sp. - Gills I���VI oval; (or gill sockets) (China, Vietnam)..................................... B. macani (M��ller-Liebenau) Remarks. Traver (1939) described Baetiella ladakae based on a single male imago collected from Igoo (Igu), Ladak, in Western Himalaya in 1932, during the Yale North India Expedition. Type locality of B. ladakae is a high altitude (> 4000m ASL) stream in cold desert. Baetiella subansiri sp. n. described herein from larval collection could not be compared with the former species since its larvae are unknown. In view of the fact that the type localities of the two species is geographically widely separated, the latter species is described as new to science taking into consideration the remote possibility of larval-adult association of respective species by rearing in the immediate future because of the remoteness of these type localities., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on pages 564-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Muller-Liebenau, I. (1985) Baetidae from Taiwan with remarks on Baetiella Ueno, 1931 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 104, 93 - 110.","Shi, W. & Tong, X. (2015) Taxonomic notes on the genus Baetiella Ueno from China, with the descriptions of three new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Zootaxa, 4012 (3), 553 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.3.9","Traver, J. R. (1939) Himalayan mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 4 (19), 32 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933908526972"]}

Baetiella armata Braasch, 1983 (Figs 19���33) Material examined. 3 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Paniya stream, 27.81791 N, 94.09502 E, 993 m, 14.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I/E/252). Mature larva. Body length 3.5���4.0 mm (Fig. 19), cerci 3.2���3.7 mm, median caudal filament absent. Head. Antennae pale brown, approximately 1.3 times the width of head (Fig. 20); dorsal surface of scape and pedicel without fine setae. Labrum (Fig. 21) rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; anteromedian notch deep with a small rounded lobe at the base, and each side with one medial long seta and a row of 12���13 robust, simple submarginal setae, fine and simple scattered setae laterally; ventrally bordered with feathered setae along the anterior margin. Hypopharynx (Fig. 22) with lingua rounded and superlinguae broadly truncate, covered with abundant fine setae. Left mandible (Fig. 24): incisors fused with 6���7 denticles, prostheca robust with 3 blunt and 4 acute denticles apically. Right mandible (Fig. 23): incisors with visible fusion line, outer incisors with 4 denticles and inner incisors with 3 denticles, inner incisor margin smooth without fine setae, prostheca with denticles apically and distinctly more slender than the one on left mandible, edge between prostheca and molar smooth without serration, molar plate-like. Maxillae (Fig. 25) with three canines and one tooth-like dentiseta on crown of galealacinia, a row of 4���5 long basal setae and basis of galealacinia without hump seta; maxillary palpus 2-segmented and terminal segment shorter than basal segment without tip at apex. Labium (Fig. 26): glossae shorter than paraglossae, with a row of 7���8 stout setae along the inner margin dorsally and 2 long robust blunt setae at the apex; paraglossae approximately 2 times wider than glossae, with 3 rows of setae ventrally and 2���3 stout acute setae along the inner margin dorsally; labial palpus 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with a distinctive small tip at apex; 2nd segment with small inner-apical lobe; dorsal surface with numerous pores on the basal segment. Thorax. Coloration pale brown, dorsum without tubercles. Posterior margin of metanotum with a protuberance medially (Fig. 19). Hindwing pads reduced. Legs pale brown, femora creamy shaded with light brown medially and a paler longitudinal stripe near dorsal margin, tibiae and tarsi brown. Femora with a row of long and simple setae on dorsal margin, approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of femur width; femoral villopore reduced; tibiae with regular row of fine, simple setae dorsally; tarsi with a row of sparse, fine, simple setae dorsally and a row of 3���4 robust, blunted setae ventrally increasing in length towards apex (Figs 27���29); tarsal claw with a row of 6���7 denticles and a bowed subapical setae (Fig. 30). All legs without coxal gill. Abdomen. Dorsally pale brown. Posterior margin of terga I���IX each with a single posteromedian protuberance (Fig. 19); terga surface without blunt denticles on posterior margin. Abdominal sterna generally yellowish-white; surface of sterna I���IX smooth, without any denticles. Gills on segments I���VII, oval and without visible tracheation, surface scattered with numerous pores, margin smooth with fine simple setae, coloration white or reddish depending on the type of habitats (Fig. 32). Paraproct with numerous pores on surface and 7���8 scale-like setae along the inner margin (Fig. 33). Median caudal filament reduced to one segment, cerci smaller than body length (Fig. 19). Diagnosis. Baetiella armata Braasch, 1983 can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: in larva (i) terminal segment of maxillary palp without a small tip at apex (Fig. 25); (ii) second segment of labial palp with small inner-apical lobe; and (iii) inner margin of paraproct with 7���8 scale-like setae (Fig. 33). Distribution. Nepal and India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81). Remarks. Braasch (1983) described Baetiella armata based on larvae from Nepal. Here we provide an improved larval description of B. armata, based on fresh material from our collections. Our new data represent the first report of this species from India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on pages 568-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1983) Neue Baetidae von Nepal (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, 21, 147 - 155."]}

Baetiella spathae Shi & Tong, 2015 (Figs 76���80) Material examined. 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Papumpare, district, Longding, Laporiang, Pare stream, 28.392 N, 93.825 E, 819 m, 23.ix.2018, coll. B. Sinha (Reg. No. I/E/403). Diagnosis. Baetiella spathae is closely related to B. armata Braasch, 1983 from Nepal as both present a single posteriomedian protuberance on terga I���IX. However, Baetiella spathae can be differentiated from that species based on the following combination of characters: (i) antennal scape and pedicel with blunt scale-like setae; (ii) terminal segment of maxillary palpus with a pronounced tip; (iii) 2nd segment of labial palpus almost fused with terminal segment and without inner-apical lobe, terminal segment asymmetrically conical with a small tip at apex; (iv) posterior margin of sterna V���IX with close-set long spatulate setae (Figs 79���80); and (v) inner margin of paraproct with a row of 5���6 oval scale-like setae (Shi & Tong 2015). Distribution. China (Tibet) and India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81). Remarks. Shi and Tong (2015) described Baetiella spathae based on the larvae from Tibet, China. Our new data represent the first report of this species from India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on page 576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Shi, W. & Tong, X. (2015) Taxonomic notes on the genus Baetiella Ueno from China, with the descriptions of three new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Zootaxa, 4012 (3), 553 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.3.9","Braasch, D. (1983) Neue Baetidae von Nepal (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, 21, 147 - 155."]}

Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Sinha, Bikramjit (2020): New record of the genus Baetiella Uéno, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species. Zootaxa 4763 (4): 563-578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6

Baetiella spathae Shi & Tong, 2015 (Figs 76–80) Material examined. 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Papumpare, district, Longding, Laporiang, Pare stream, 28.392 N, 93.825 E, 819 m, 23.ix.2018, coll. B. Sinha (Reg. No. I/E/403). Diagnosis. Baetiella spathae is closely related to B. armata Braasch, 1983 from Nepal as both present a single posteriomedian protuberance on terga I–IX. However, Baetiella spathae can be differentiated from that species based on the following combination of characters: (i) antennal scape and pedicel with blunt scale-like setae; (ii) terminal segment of maxillary palpus with a pronounced tip; (iii) 2nd segment of labial palpus almost fused with terminal segment and without inner-apical lobe, terminal segment asymmetrically conical with a small tip at apex; (iv) posterior margin of sterna V–IX with close-set long spatulate setae (Figs 79–80); and (v) inner margin of paraproct with a row of 5–6 oval scale-like setae (Shi & Tong 2015). Distribution. China (Tibet) and India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81). Remarks. Shi and Tong (2015) described Baetiella spathae based on the larvae from Tibet, China. Our new data represent the first report of this species from India.

Baetiella ausobskyi Braasch, 1983 (Figs 34���47) Material examined. 1 larva, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Tale Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (TVWls), Pange stream, 27.5485 N, 93.89758 E, 1851 m, 18.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/247); 2 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Dibang Valley district, Talo river, 28.66941 N, 96.10402 E, 1323 m, 29.x.2017, coll. Anil Kumar & Party (Reg. No. I /E/248). Mature larva. Body length 4.5���5.0 mm (Fig. 34); cerci 4.5���5.0 mm, median caudal filament with 5 segments. Head. Antennae light brown, approximately 2 times the width of head; dorsal surface of scape and pedicel with fine scattered setae. Labrum (Fig. 35) rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; anteromedian notch deep with a small rounded lobe at the base, and each side with one medial long seta and a row of 6 robust, simple submarginal setae, fine and simple setae scattered posteriorly; ventrally bordered with feathered setae along the anterior margin. Hypopharynx (Fig. 36) with lingua rounded and superlinguae with distal margin concave, covered with abundant fine setae. Left mandible (Fig. 37): incisors fused with 7 denticles, prostheca robust with 4 blunt and 3���4 acute denticles apically. Right mandible (Fig. 38): incisors with visible fusion line, outer incisor with 3 denticles and inner incisor with 4 denticles, inner incisor margin smooth without fine setae, prostheca with denticles apically and distinctly more slender than the one on left mandible, edge between prostheca and molar smooth, without serration, molar plate-like. Maxillae (Fig. 39) with three canines and one dentiseta on crown of galealacinia, a row of 4���5 long basal setae and base of galealacinia without hump seta; maxillary palpus 2-segmented and terminal segment subequal with a small tip at apex. Labium (Fig. 40): glossae slightly shorter than paraglossae, with a row of 8���9 stout setae along the inner margin dorsally and 2 long robust blunt setae at the apex; paraglossae approximately 2 times wider than glossae, with 3 rows of setae ventrally and 2���3 stout acute setae along the inner margin dorsally; labial palpus 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with a distinctive tip at apex; 2nd segment with an inner-apical lobe and a row of 4���5 setae along the outer margin; dorsal surface with numerous pores on the basal segment. Thorax. Coloration dark brown, dorsum without tubercles. Posterior margin of metanotum with a protuberance medially (Fig. 34). Hindwing pads reduced, approximately 2.0���2.5 times longer than wide. Legs slightly paler than thorax, femora creamy shaded with light brown medially and a brown longitudinal stripe near dorsal margin, tibiae and tarsi brown. Femora with a row of dense, long and simple setae on dorsal margin, approximately 1/2 of femur width; femoral villopore reduced; tibiae with irregular row of dense, fine, simple setae dorsally; tarsi with a row of sparse, fine, simple setae dorsally and a row of 6���7 robust, pointed setae ventrally increasing in length towards apex (Figs 41���43); tarsal claw with a row of 6���7 denticles (Fig. 44). All legs without coxal gill. Abdomen. Dorsally brown except segments IX���X. Abdominal terga I���VIII brown each with a pair of dark brown elongate-oblique medioanterior sigilla and tergum IX���X with pair of longitudinal brown stripes near median line. Posterior margin of terga I���VIII each with a single posteromedian protuberance (Fig. 34); terga surface without round scale-like and fine setae, terga VI���IX posterior margin with blunt denticles. Abdominal sterna generally yellowish-white; posterior margins of sterna I���X smooth, without any denticles or scale-like setae. Gills on segments I���VII, oval and without visible tracheation, surface scattered with numerous pores, margin smooth with fine simple setae, coloration white or reddish depending on the type of habitats (Fig. 45���46). Paraproct with numerous pores on surface and 10���12 serrations along the inner margin (Fig. 47). Median caudal filament reduced to one segment, cerci equal to the body length (Fig. 34). Diagnosis. Baetiella ausobskyi Braasch can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) terga I���VIII each with a single posteromedian protuberance (Fig. 34); (ii) dorsum of labrum with a row of less than 7 robust submarginal setae (Fig. 35); and (iii) 2nd segment of labial palp with small inner-apical lobe (Fig. 39). Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81) and Nepal (Braasch, 1983). Remarks. Braasch (1983) described Baetiella ausobskyi based on the larvae from Nepal. Here we provide an improved larval description of B. ausobskyi, based on fresh material from our collections. Our new data represent the first report of this species from India. Our present study is made to larval description based on 3 larvae collected from streams and rivers of Arunachal Pradesh in India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on pages 570-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1983) Neue Baetidae von Nepal (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, 21, 147 - 155."]}

Baetiella imanishii Braasch, 1983 (Figs 48���60) Material examined. 3 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri, Pa stream, 27.74791 N, 94.03462 E, 284 m, 14.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I /E/249); 2 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Rashpothar, ca 45 km SE of Tamen, outskirts of TVWls, Parsen River, 27.713413 N, 94.179297 E, 475 m, 19.ix.2016, coll. Bikramjit Sinha (Reg. No. I /E/250). Mature larva. Body length 4.5���5.0 mm (Fig. 48), cerci 3.5���4.0 mm, median caudal filament absent. Head. Antennae light brown, approximately 1.5 times the width of head; dorsal surface of scape and pedicel without fine setae. Labrum (Fig. 50) rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; anteromedian notch deep with a small rounded lobe at the base, and each side with one medial long seta and a row of 7 robust, simple submarginal setae, fine and simple setae scattered posteriorly; ventrally bordered with feathered setae along the anterior margin. Hypopharynx (Fig. 51) with lingua rounded and superlinguae broadly truncate, covered with abundant fine setae. Left mandible (Fig. 52): incisors fused with 7 denticles, prostheca robust with 4 blunt and 3���4 acute denticles apically. Right mandible (Fig. 53): incisors with visible fusion line, outer incisors with 3 denticles and inner incisors with 4 denticles, inner incisor margin smooth without fine setae, prostheca with denticles apically and distinctly more slender than the one on left mandible, edge between prostheca and molar smooth with no serration, molar plate-like. Maxillae (Fig. 54) with three canines and one dentiseta on crown of galealacinia, a row of 4���5 long basal setae and basis of galealacinia without hump seta; maxillary palpus 2-segmented and terminal segment shorter than basal segment and with a small tip at apex. Labium (Fig. 55): glossae shorter than paraglossae, with a row of 7���8 stout setae along the inner margin dorsally and 2 long robust blunt setae at the apex; paraglossae approximately 2 times wider than glossae, with 3 rows of setae ventrally and 2���3 stout acute setae along the inner margin dorsally; labial palpus 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with a distinctive tip at apex; the 2nd segment with an innerapical lobe; dorsal surface with numerous pores on the basal segment. Thorax. Coloration pale yellow, dorsum without tubercles. Posterior margin of metanotum with a protuberance medially (Fig. 48). Hindwing pads absent. Legs slightly paler than thorax, femora creamy shaded with light brown medially and a brown longitudinal stripe near dorsal margin, tibiae and tarsi brown. Femora with a row of long and simple setae on dorsal margin, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of femur width; femoral villopore reduced; tibiae with irregular row of dense, fine, simple setae dorsally; tarsi with a row of sparse, fine, simple setae dorsally and a row of 3���4 robust, blunted setae ventrally increasing in length towards apex (Figs 56���57); tarsal claw with a row of 6���7 denticles and a pair of bowed subapical setae (Fig. 58). All legs without coxal gill. Abdomen. Dorsally pale yellow. Posterior margin of terga I���X each with a single posteromedian protuberance (Figs 48���49); terga surface scattered with round scale-like and posterior margin with blunt denticles. Abdominal sterna generally yellowish-white; surface of sterna V���IX with scattered pointed setae posterior margins of sterna I���IV smooth without any denticles or scale-like setae, but sterna IV���IX with blunt denticles. Gills on segments I���VII, oval and without tracheation, surface scattered with numerous pores, margin smooth with fine simple setae, coloration white or reddish depending on the type of habitats (Fig. 59). Paraproct with numerous pores on surface and 5���6 oval scale-like setae along the inner margin (Fig. 60). Median caudal filament reduced to one segment, cerci subequal to the body length (Fig. 48). Diagnosis. Baetiella imanishii can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) all posteromedial protuberances on terga single (Fig. 48); (ii) tergum X with a posteromedian protuberance (Fig. 49); (iii) dorsum of labrum with a row of 7 robust submarginal setae (Fig. 50); (iv) 2nd segment of labial palp with small inner-apical lobe (Fig. 55); and (v) inner margin of paraprocts with oval scale-like setae (Fig. 60). Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81) and Nepal. Remarks. Shi & Tong (2015) argued that B. imanishii should be considered nomen dubium since it was established by Braasch (1983) based on the description of an unnamed species of Baetiella provided by U��no (1955), who described it based on a single larva with no holotype designation. However, since a series of larval material broadly in agreement with the description provided by U��no (1955) was collected in the present investigation, we do not agree with the proposal made by Shi & Tong (2015)., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on pages 572-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1983) Neue Baetidae von Nepal (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, 21, 147 - 155.","Shi, W. & Tong, X. (2015) Taxonomic notes on the genus Baetiella Ueno from China, with the descriptions of three new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Zootaxa, 4012 (3), 553 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.3.9","Ueno, M. (1955) Mayfly nymphs. In: Kihara, H. (Ed.), Fauna and flora of Nepal Himalaya. Scientific Results of the Japanese Expedition to Nepal Himalaya. 1952 - 1953. Vol. I. Fauna and Flora Research Society, Kyoto, pp. 301 - 316."]}

Baetiella marginata Braasch, 1983 (Figs 61���75) Material examined. 8 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri district, Duskilo stream, 27.62776 N, 93.84365 E, 1662 m, 12.vi.2017, colls. K. A. Subramanian & M. Vasanth (Reg. No. I/E/251). Mature larva. Body length 4.5���5.0 mm (Fig. 61); cerci 4.0��� 4.5 mm, median caudal filament with 15 segments. Head. Antennae (Fig. 62) light brown, approximately 2 times the width of head; dorsal surface of scape, pedicel and flagellum with a row of setae. Labrum (Fig. 63) rectangular, approximately 2.0 times wider than long; anteromedian with a small rounded lobe at the base, and each side with one medial long seta and a row of 11 robust, simple submarginal setae, fine and simple setae scattered posteriorly; ventrally bordered with feathered setae along the anterior margin. Hypopharynx (Fig. 64) with lingua rounded and superlinguae broadly truncate, covered with abundant fine setae. Left mandible (Fig. 65): outer and inner incisors fused with 3 denticles medially, prostheca robust with 5 blunt and 2���3 acute denticles apically. Right mandible (Fig. 66): outer incisor with visible fusion line, without denticles and inner incisors with 3 denticles, inner incisor margin smooth without fine setae, prostheca with denticles apically and distinctly more slender than the one on left mandible, edge between prostheca and molar smooth with no serration, molar plate-like. Maxillae (Fig. 67) with three canines and three dentisetae on crown of galealacinia, a row of 4���5 long basal setae and basis of galealacinia with hump seta; maxillary palpus 2-segmented and terminal segment subequal to basal segment and with a small tip at apex. Labium (Fig. 68) glossae shorter than paraglossae, with a row of 8���9 stout setae along the inner margin dorsally and 2 long robust blunt setae at the apex; paraglossae approximately 2 times wider than glossae, with 3 rows of setae ventrally and 2���3 stout acute setae along the inner margin dorsally; labial palpus 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with stout setae and a distinctive tip at apex, 3/4 of 2nd segment; 2nd segment with an inner-apical lobe and a row of 5���6 setae along the outer margin; dorsal surface with numerous pores on the basal segment. Thorax. Coloration pale yellow with dark brown maculae on pronotum, dorsum without tubercles. Posterior margin of metanotum without protuberance medially (Fig. 61). Hindwing pads reduced. Legs slightly paler than thorax, femora creamy shaded with light brown medially and a brown longitudinal stripe near dorsal margin, tibiae and tarsi brown. Femora with a row of short and simple setae on dorsal margin, approximately 1/4 of femur width; femoral villopore reduced; tibiae with irregular row of dense, fine, simple setae dorsally; tarsi with a row of sparse, fine, simple setae dorsally and a row of 6 robust, pointed setae ventrally increasing in length towards apex (Figs 69���71); tarsal claw with a row of 6 denticles (Fig. 72). All legs without coxal gill. Abdomen. Dorsally pale yellow. Abdominal terga IV���IX light brown each with a pair of dark brown elongateoblique medioanterior sigilla. Posterior margin of terga without posteromedian protuberance (Fig. 61); terga surface without round scale-like and fine setae, terga VI���IX posterior margin with blunt denticles. Abdominal sterna generally yellowish-white; posterior margins of sterna I���X smooth without any denticles or scale-like setae. Gills on segments I���VII, oval and without visible tracheation, surface scattered with numerous pores, margin smooth with fine simple setae (Figs 73���74). Paraproct with numerous pores on surface and 10���12 stout setae along the inner margin (Fig. 75). Median caudal filament reduced to 15 segments, cerci equal to the body length (Fig. 61). Diagnosis. Baetiella marginata Braasch, 1983 can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: (i) vertex of head and dorsal surface of thorax without tubercles or elevation (Fig. 61); (ii) abdominal terga without dorsal protuberance (Fig. 61), surface of terga and sides of sterna each with numerous pores; (iii) hindwing pads minute; (iv) gills present on segments I���VII (Fig. 61), oval and without tracheation, surface scattered with numerous pores on surface, inner margin smooth with long fine setae (Figs 73���74); (v) paraproct with numerous pores on surface and 10���12 stout setae along the inner margin (Fig. 75); and (vi) median caudal filament reduced to 15 segments (Fig. 61). Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh) (Fig. 81) and Nepal. Remarks. Braasch (1983) described Baetiella marginata based on the larvae from Nepal. Here we provide an improved larval description of B. marginata, based on fresh material from our collections. Our new data represent the first report of this species from India., Published as part of Vasanth, M., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. & Sinha, Bikramjit, 2020, New record of the genus Baetiella U��no, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species, pp. 563-578 in Zootaxa 4763 (4) on pages 574-575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4763.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3762168, {"references":["Braasch, D. (1983) Neue Baetidae von Nepal (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, 21, 147 - 155."]}

Cincticostella ranga Selvakumar & Subramanian, sp. nov. (Figs 53–73) Larva. Late instar: body length 5.5–6.0 mm. Caudal filaments 2.5–3.0 mm. Body yellowish brown (Fig. 53). All body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 58–60, 64–68). Head: With two pairs of small blunt protuberances; genae not expanded (Fig. 54). Mouthparts: Labrum wide, angles rounded; anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae (Fig. 60). Mandibles with numerous long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Left mandible with outer incisor consisting of three denticles, outer denticle longer than others; inner incisor pointed, with two distinct central denticles and one small, blunt lateral denticle (Fig. 59); prostheca consisting of bunch of hair-like setae (Fig. 59). Right mandible with outer incisor trifurcated and inner incisor bifurcated; prostheca consisting of bunch of hairlike setae; row of 8 or 9 long, stout hair-like setae present below mola (Fig. 58). Anterior margins of superlinguae densely covered with stout, hair-like setae; dorsal and ventral surfaces in apical half with fine setae and variously sized, stout, hair-like setae; lingua convex medially, with fine setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces; rows of several short, pointed, stout setae on lingua surface near base (Fig. 61). Maxilla with two dentisetae (Fig. 63); dense patches of long, stout, hair-like setae on apex, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner surface of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; group of several long, feathered, stout setae present near base of galealacinia. Maxillary palp 3-segmented, with several relatively long, hair-like setae; segment III distinctly narrowed and bluntly pointed (Figs 62, 63); segmentation weakly developed. Labium with small, almost round glossae; dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae rounded, not subparallel to longitudinal axis of body; paraglossae not held particularly tightly against glossae (Fig. 64). Labial palp 3-segmented, segment I length subequal to segment II; segments I and II with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae on margins and surfaces; outer margin of segments I and II and dorsal surfaces of segment II also with spine-like setae; segment III much thinner than other segments and rounded apically, with few fine setae. Ventral surface of mentum and submentum with hair-like and fine setae (Fig. 64). Thorax: Surface with few indistinct ridges and tubercles. Pronotum with anterolateral angles projecting anteriorly (Figs 56, 57). Mesothorax with pair of bluntly pointed posterior projections between forewing pads; anterolateral projections not notched, with margins subparallel to lateral aspect of body or somewhat rounded (Figs 53, 55). Femora of all legs at least somewhat flattened, with those of mid- and hindlegs most flattened. Femora of all legs longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer margin of forefemur with hair-like setae and various stout setae of different lengths, some pointed and some rounded at apex. Inner and outer margins of forefemur without serration, but sometimes with one or two indistinct chalazae on outer margin (Fig. 65). Dorsal surface of forefemur with numerous chalazae bearing apically rounded, stout setae (Figs 65, 68). Fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) on both outer and inner margins; inner margin of fore tibia also with sparse row of spine-like setae; dorsal surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and sparse row of spine-like setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with thin, hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hair-like setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae; outer margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae only. Midfemur flattened mostly in distal half; outer margin slightly serrated (Fig. 66), with pointed or apically rounded, stout setae and numerous hair-like setae of various lengths. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection. Inner margin of midfemur without serration. Hindfemur flattened (Fig. 67); outer margin serrated (serration not deep), with long, hair-like setae and short, apically rounded, stout setae. Inner margin of hindfemur without serration. Apical projection of hindfemur outer margin small. Outer and inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spine-like setae. Distal ends of inner margins of tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hind tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margins of tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of elongated, stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae. Tarsal claw distinctly hooked (Fig. 69), with 2 subequal denticles and sometimes third, much smaller denticle near others, and with several subapical setae. Abdomen: Paired projections present on terga II–IX, not bifurcated. Dorsal lamellae of gills III–V similar in shape; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; gill VI not wide and elongated compared to gills III–V (Figs 70–73); gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Gill socket VII located near posterolateral corner. Caudal filaments with apically pointed, stout setae at articulations; setae shorter than corresponding segment. Adult. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Ranga River in Arunachal Pradesh State. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Cincticostella species by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed (Fig. 54); (ii) inner margins of paraglossae rounded, not subparallel to longitudinal axis of body; paraglossae not held particularly tightly against glossae (Fig. 64); (iii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward (Figs 56, 57); (iv) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched, with margins usually subparallel to lateral aspect of body or somewhat rounded (Figs 53, 55); (v) forefemur without serration on inner and outer margins (Fig. 65); (vi) dorsal surface of forefemur with numerous chalazae bearing apically rounded, stout setae (Figs 65, 68); (vii) hindfemur distinctly flattened in distal part (Fig. 67); (viii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, and their inner margins without serration (Figs 66, 67,); (ix) middle femur without apical projection (Fig. 66); (x) all pairs of abdominal tergal projections not bifurcated (Fig. 53); (xi) tarsal claw with 2 or 3 denticles (Fig. 69). Distribution. Known only from India (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, fast-flowing streams with cobble and gravel (Figs 151, 152). Type material. INDIA: Holotype: larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talle Valley, 27.537201 N, 93.959883 E, h ~ 2370 m, 14-IV-2015, K.A. Subramanian— Reg. No. 5576/H13. Paratypes: 5 larvae, same data as holotype; 3 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Ranga River, 27.396404 N, 93.757378 E, h ~ 625 m, 21-IV-2015, K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha— Reg. No. 5577/H13.

Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. (Figs 26���52) Larva. Body length 5.1���6.9 mm; caudal filaments length 4.5���6.3 mm. Body yellowish-brown. Body robust (Fig. 26); all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 27���34, 38, 40, 41, 46). Head: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 27). Mouthparts (Figs 32���38): Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 34); anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae and hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 32, 33). Right mandible with row of 6���9 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; outer incisor apex trifurcated, inner incisor (kinetodontium) bifurcated; prostheca apparently consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Left mandible: outer incisor apex with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) with two distinct, central denticles and one small, blunt, lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surface of lingua with hair-like and fine setae, mostly in apical part (Fig. 35). Rows of up to 7 short, pointed, stout setae on surface of lingua near base, subparallel to lateral margins. Maxillary palp (Fig. 36) 3-segmented, with up to 8 long, hair-like setae; segmentation weakly developed; segment III short, bluntly pointed, with few fine setae on apex. Maxilla with two dentisetae with serrated inner margins; apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner margin of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; 6���9 different-sized, feathered, stout setae present on galea- lacinia surface near base (Fig. 37). Glossae rounded (Fig. 38); dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Ventral surface of labium (including mentum and submentum) mostly covered with short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of segment II and outer margin of segment I with several spine-like setae and long, stout hairlike setae; segment III slightly elongate, with length 1.75���1.79�� width at base, apex covered with numerous fine setae. Thorax: Dorsal surface with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles, and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 26, 29). Anterolateral angles with small projections directed forward (Figs 29���31); anterolateral projections of mesothorax rounded and not subparallel to lateral aspect of body, though these projections may appear subparallel after slide-mounting (Figs 26, 28, 29). Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.1���2.3; middle femur 2.0���2.1; hind femur 2.1���2.2); all femora with longitudinal ridges (Figs 39���41). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer and inner margins of forefemur without serration (sometimes only 1 or 2 small chalazae along outer margin) (Figs 39, 45), with only hair-like setae and few stout setae with rounded apexes. Dorsal surface of forefemur covered with hair-like setae; central part of dorsal surface with few chalazae bearing stout setae with rounded apexes (Figs 39, 43); few stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes also located near outer and inner margins. Surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of spine-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsal segments with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hairlike setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration (Figs 40, 41), with apex of each weak protuberance bearing stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes, varying in length (Fig. 46). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration. Chaetotaxy of surface of mid- and hindfemora similar to forefemur, but lacking stout setae. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection; hindfemur with distinct apical projection (Figs 40, 41). Middle tibia: outer margin with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margin with row of elongated, spine-like setae and hair-like setae; surface with hair-like setae only. Hind tibia: Outer and inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spinelike setae. Distal ends of inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Mid- and hind tarsi inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae; outer margins with hair-like setae only. Tarsal claw distinctly hooked, with 3���7 denticles (largest denticle in middle) (Figs 42, 44) and 3 subapical setae. Abdomen: Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Terga II���X with pairs of projections; projections on terga II���IV and X smaller than others; projections on terga V��� IX more robust (Figs 47, 48). Paired projections on tergum VII sometimes bifurcated apically (visible in lateral view); paired projections on tergum VIII always bifurcated in this way; lower edge of paired projections on terga V and VI elongated, but without bifurcation notch (Fig. 48). Paired projections on terga II���VII and X pointed dorsally; paired projections on terga VIII and XI blunt. Posterolateral projections present on segments III���IX, poorly developed on segments III���V, most strongly developed on segments VIII and IX (Fig. 47). Dorsal surface and margins of lamellate gills (Figs 49���52) covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill VI somewhat longer than that of gills III���V; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations. Adults. Unknown. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of our co-author Dr. Kumbakonam G. Sivaramakrishnan, who has contributed significantly to the study of mayflies from the Indian zoogeographical subregion over the course of his career. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished easily from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward; (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur without serration along inner and outer margins (occasionally with one or two chalazae on outer margin); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with chalaza bearing few stout setae; (vi) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened; (vii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, their inner margins without serration; (viii) middle femur without apical projection; (ix) paired projections on tergum VIII, and sometimes tergum VII, bifurcated apically; (x) tarsal claw with 3���7 denticles, one of the middle denticles being distinctly larger. Distribution. Known only from Nepal (Fig. 153). Habitat. Larvae of C. sivaramakrishnani sp. nov. inhabit small rivers in the middle mountain zone (1400��� 1800 m a.s.l.) of Annapurna massif, one of the biggest spurs of the Great Himalayan Range within Central Nepal (Figs 149, 150). Larvae inhabit the rhithral zone of mountain rivers and streams that are 3���12 m wide, with stony bottoms, high current velocities and almost no anthropogenic pollution. Water temperatures during the collecting of material ranged from 9���12��C. Larvae were collected from the undersides of stones and pebbles in places with current velocities ranging from 0.3���0.8 m /s. Type material. NEPAL: Holotype: larva, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi River (near Jhinu village), 28.409494 N, 83.826894 E, h ~ 1550 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud���IN Nepa 10Cinsiv/3. Paratypes: 12 larvae (one larva in slide number 652), same data as holotype���IN Nepa 10 Cinsiv /1���2; 2 larvae (one in slide number 646), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi Khola River (1 km below New Bridge village), 28.393611 N, 83.825833 E, h ~ 1400 m a.s.l., 31-I-2014, V.V. Marinskiy���IN Nepa 6Cinsiv; 9 larvae, Bagmati zone, Kathmandu District, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, western source of the Budhanil (Bhoti) Khola River (1 km Northwards of the Phedigaun village), 27.798611 N, 85.373611 E, h ~ 1600 m a.s.l., 20-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud���IN Nepa 8Cinsiv/1���3; 6 larvae (one larva in slide number 651), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Chomrong Khola River (near Chomrong village), 28.407739 N, 83.816450 E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud���IN Nepa 9Cinsiv/1���2., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 154-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700

Cincticostella ranga Selvakumar & Subramanian, sp. nov. (Figs 53���73) Larva. Late instar: body length 5.5���6.0 mm. Caudal filaments 2.5���3.0 mm. Body yellowish brown (Fig. 53). All body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 58���60, 64���68). Head: With two pairs of small blunt protuberances; genae not expanded (Fig. 54). Mouthparts: Labrum wide, angles rounded; anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae (Fig. 60). Mandibles with numerous long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Left mandible with outer incisor consisting of three denticles, outer denticle longer than others; inner incisor pointed, with two distinct central denticles and one small, blunt lateral denticle (Fig. 59); prostheca consisting of bunch of hair-like setae (Fig. 59). Right mandible with outer incisor trifurcated and inner incisor bifurcated; prostheca consisting of bunch of hairlike setae; row of 8 or 9 long, stout hair-like setae present below mola (Fig. 58). Anterior margins of superlinguae densely covered with stout, hair-like setae; dorsal and ventral surfaces in apical half with fine setae and variously sized, stout, hair-like setae; lingua convex medially, with fine setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces; rows of several short, pointed, stout setae on lingua surface near base (Fig. 61). Maxilla with two dentisetae (Fig. 63); dense patches of long, stout, hair-like setae on apex, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner surface of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; group of several long, feathered, stout setae present near base of galealacinia. Maxillary palp 3-segmented, with several relatively long, hair-like setae; segment III distinctly narrowed and bluntly pointed (Figs 62, 63); segmentation weakly developed. Labium with small, almost round glossae; dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae rounded, not subparallel to longitudinal axis of body; paraglossae not held particularly tightly against glossae (Fig. 64). Labial palp 3-segmented, segment I length subequal to segment II; segments I and II with middle-sized and long, hair-like setae on margins and surfaces; outer margin of segments I and II and dorsal surfaces of segment II also with spine-like setae; segment III much thinner than other segments and rounded apically, with few fine setae. Ventral surface of mentum and submentum with hair-like and fine setae (Fig. 64). Thorax: Surface with few indistinct ridges and tubercles. Pronotum with anterolateral angles projecting anteriorly (Figs 56, 57). Mesothorax with pair of bluntly pointed posterior projections between forewing pads; anterolateral projections not notched, with margins subparallel to lateral aspect of body or somewhat rounded (Figs 53, 55). Femora of all legs at least somewhat flattened, with those of mid- and hindlegs most flattened. Femora of all legs longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer margin of forefemur with hair-like setae and various stout setae of different lengths, some pointed and some rounded at apex. Inner and outer margins of forefemur without serration, but sometimes with one or two indistinct chalazae on outer margin (Fig. 65). Dorsal surface of forefemur with numerous chalazae bearing apically rounded, stout setae (Figs 65, 68). Fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) on both outer and inner margins; inner margin of fore tibia also with sparse row of spine-like setae; dorsal surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and sparse row of spine-like setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with thin, hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hair-like setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae; outer margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae only. Midfemur flattened mostly in distal half; outer margin slightly serrated (Fig. 66), with pointed or apically rounded, stout setae and numerous hair-like setae of various lengths. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection. Inner margin of midfemur without serration. Hindfemur flattened (Fig. 67); outer margin serrated (serration not deep), with long, hair-like setae and short, apically rounded, stout setae. Inner margin of hindfemur without serration. Apical projection of hindfemur outer margin small. Outer and inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spine-like setae. Distal ends of inner margins of tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hind tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margins of tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of elongated, stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae. Tarsal claw distinctly hooked (Fig. 69), with 2 subequal denticles and sometimes third, much smaller denticle near others, and with several subapical setae. Abdomen: Paired projections present on terga II���IX, not bifurcated. Dorsal lamellae of gills III���V similar in shape; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; gill VI not wide and elongated compared to gills III���V (Figs 70���73); gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Gill socket VII located near posterolateral corner. Caudal filaments with apically pointed, stout setae at articulations; setae shorter than corresponding segment. Adult. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, Ranga River in Arunachal Pradesh State. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Cincticostella species by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed (Fig. 54); (ii) inner margins of paraglossae rounded, not subparallel to longitudinal axis of body; paraglossae not held particularly tightly against glossae (Fig. 64); (iii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward (Figs 56, 57); (iv) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched, with margins usually subparallel to lateral aspect of body or somewhat rounded (Figs 53, 55); (v) forefemur without serration on inner and outer margins (Fig. 65); (vi) dorsal surface of forefemur with numerous chalazae bearing apically rounded, stout setae (Figs 65, 68); (vii) hindfemur distinctly flattened in distal part (Fig. 67); (viii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, and their inner margins without serration (Figs 66, 67,); (ix) middle femur without apical projection (Fig. 66); (x) all pairs of abdominal tergal projections not bifurcated (Fig. 53); (xi) tarsal claw with 2 or 3 denticles (Fig. 69). Distribution. Known only from India (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, fast-flowing streams with cobble and gravel (Figs 151, 152). Type material. INDIA: Holotype: larva, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talle Valley, 27.537201 N, 93.959883 E, h ~ 2370 m, 14-IV-2015, K.A. Subramanian��� Reg. No. 5576/H13. Paratypes: 5 larvae, same data as holotype; 3 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Ranga River, 27.396404 N, 93.757378 E, h ~ 625 m, 21-IV-2015, K.A. Subramanian & Bikramjit Sinha��� Reg. No. 5577/H13., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 160-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700

Cincticostella richardi Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. (Figs 1���25) Larva. Late instar: body length 8.0��� 8.2 mm; caudal filaments 4.2���5.4 mm. Body yellowish-brown to brown. Body robust (Fig. 1), all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 2, 4���9, 13, 20). Head: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 2). Mouthparts: Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 9); anteromedian emargination shallow; dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered and hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous long, stout, hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 7, 8). Right mandible with trifurcated outer incisor, and bifurcated inner incisor; mandible with row of 9 long, stout, hairlike setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; prostheca consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Outer incisor apex on left mandible with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) of left mandible with two distinct central denticles and one small, blunt lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surfaces of lingua covered with hair-like and fine setae mainly in apical part (Fig. 10). Rows of short, pointed, stout setae (up to 7) present on lingua surface near base; these rows subparallel to lateral margins. Maxilla with two dentisetae with inner margins serrate. Apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous long, stout, hair-like setae, some of these setae with serrated inner margins; galea-lacinia with long, stout, hair-like setae on inner margin and group of 8 long, feathered, stout setae at surface near base (Fig. 12). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, segment II with few, relatively long, hair-like setae; segment III short, distinctly narrowed and pointed (Fig. 11); segmentation weakly developed. Labium with rounded glossae; dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae (Fig. 13). Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Whole ventral surface of labium, including mentum and submentum, covered with middle-sized and short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; segment II with several long, stout, hair-like setae on dorsal surface and outer margin; segment III slightly elongated, rounded apically (length/width ratio = 1.53���1.78) (Fig. 13), apex covered with numerous fine setae. Thorax: Pronotum expanded laterally, with anterolateral angles projecting forward and laterally (Figs 4���6). Anterolateral projections of mesothorax blunt and not notched, with margins usually subparallel to lateral aspect of body (Figs 3, 4). Thoracic surface with fine and short, hair-like setae; with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 1, 4). Femora of all legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.5���2.6; middle femur 2.4���2.5; hind femur 2.6���2.7) and with longitudinal ridge, especially visible on mid- and hindfemora (Figs 14���16). All femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Apical half of outer margin of forefemur with serration (Fig. 14), apexes of chalazae with long or short, stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes. Additionally, whole outer margin covered with irregular row of long, hair-like setae. Inner margin of forefemur serrate or with several (2���7) distinct chalazae and stout setae (as on outer margin) in central part; several long, pointed, stout setae in basal part of margin; short, hair-like setae along entire length of margin. Surface of forefemur densely covered with solitary, fine setae, middle-sized, hair-like setae, several pointed, stout, hair-like setae and middle-sized and short, stout setae with rounded, pointed or bluntly pointed apexes. Stout setae situated mainly near outer and inner margins. Central part of forefemur with few, rounded or bluntly pointed apically, stout setae, often forming chalazae (Figs 14, 18). Dorsal surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of several long, spine-like setae or long, stout, hair-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsus with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hair-like setae, spine-like and feathered, stout setae. Outer and inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with distinct, but not deep, serration; such serration more obvious than on forefemur (Figs 14���16, 20). Chaetotaxy of mid- and hindfemora similar to foreleg, except for presence of several stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes in basal part of femora. Outer margin of midfemur with moderately developed apical projection, hindfemur with distinct projection (Figs 15, 16). Outer and inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spine-like setae; on outer margins spine-like setae more numerous. Distal ends of inner margins of tibiae each with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered stout setae. Inner margins of mid- and hind tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of stout, hairlike setae and spine-like setae; outer margins of these tarsi with hair-like setae only. Tarsal claws of all legs distinctly hooked (Figs 17, 19), with 2 subequal denticles (if third denticle present, always smaller and situated close to others) and 3 subapical setae. Abdomen: Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Pairs of projections present on terga II���X, with those on terga II���IV, IX and X smaller than others; those on terga V���VIII more developed (Fig. 21). Paired tergal projections not bifurcated; those of terga II���VII pointed; those of terga VIII elongated, bluntly pointed; those of tergum IX very small and rounded; those of tergum X bluntly pointed and bigger than those of tergum IX. Lateral projections of segment IX wide and not pressed against segment X (Figs 1, 21). Posterolateral projections of segments III���IX present and distinct (Fig. 21). Lamellate gills (Figs 22���25) dorsal surfaces and margins covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill V somewhat longer than dorsal lamellae of gills III���IV; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations. Adults. Unknown. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of the late Dr. Richard K. Allen (USA), who described the subgenus Rhionella. Diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae are moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward and laterally; (iii) projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur with distinct serration on inner and outer margins; (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with few knob-like projections (chalazae) bearing stout setae; (vi) middle and hind femora moderately flattened; (vii) outer and inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration; (viii) outer margin of middle femur with moderately developed apical projection; (ix) all pairs of abdominal tergal projections not bifurcated; (x) lateral projections of abdominal segment IX wide and not pressed against segment X (Figs 1, 21); (xi) tarsal claw with 2 subequal denticles (see details above). Distribution. Known only from India (Fig. 153). Habitat. Larvae of Cincticostella richardi sp. nov. inhabit large (from 20���100 m wide) mountain rivers (Alaknanda and Pindar Rivers) (Figs 147, 148) which are typical for the low mountain zone (up to 1000 m a.s.l.) of the Great Himalayan Range within India (Uttarakhand State). These rivers are characterized by low water temperature (9���14��C at the time of sampling), high average current velocity (from 0.3���1.5 m /s) and mainly stonepebble bottom with significant silting. Larvae were sampled under the stones and also from roots, branches and other substrates near the banks, mainly in places with current velocity from 0.3���0.6 m /s. It should be noted that large rivers of the mentioned low mountain zone are experiencing significant anthropogenic pressures, especially organic pollution. Investigated rivers can be classified as alpha- or betamezosaprobic. As a result, most oxyphillic species, including Cincticostella richardi sp. nov., survived only in mountain rivers with high current velocity and rapids. Type material. INDIA: Holotype: larva, Uttarakhand State, Chamoli district, Pindar River (2 km above of the Karnaprayag town), 30.251625 N, 79.229203 E, h ~ 780 m a.s.l., 04-II-2011, D.M. Palatov���IN Indi 4 Cinric / 1. Paratypes: INDIA: 3 larvae (one mature larva in slide number 645), same data as holotype���IN Indi 4 Cinric /2; 1 larva, Uttarakhand State, Chamoli district, Alaknanda River (700 m above mouth of the Pindar River), 30.267728 N, 79.220931 E, h ~ 800 m a.s.l., 5-II-2011, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud���IN Indi 6 Cinric., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 149-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700

Cincticostella sivaramakrishnani Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. (Figs 26–52) Larva. Body length 5.1–6.9 mm; caudal filaments length 4.5–6.3 mm. Body yellowish-brown. Body robust (Fig. 26); all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 27–34, 38, 40, 41, 46). Head: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 27). Mouthparts (Figs 32–38): Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 34); anteromedian emargination shallow, dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered setae and hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 32, 33). Right mandible with row of 6–9 long, stout, hair-like setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; outer incisor apex trifurcated, inner incisor (kinetodontium) bifurcated; prostheca apparently consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Left mandible: outer incisor apex with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) with two distinct, central denticles and one small, blunt, lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surface of lingua with hair-like and fine setae, mostly in apical part (Fig. 35). Rows of up to 7 short, pointed, stout setae on surface of lingua near base, subparallel to lateral margins. Maxillary palp (Fig. 36) 3-segmented, with up to 8 long, hair-like setae; segmentation weakly developed; segment III short, bluntly pointed, with few fine setae on apex. Maxilla with two dentisetae with serrated inner margins; apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae, some setae with serrated inner margins; inner margin of galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae; 6–9 different-sized, feathered, stout setae present on galea- lacinia surface near base (Fig. 37). Glossae rounded (Fig. 38); dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae. Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Ventral surface of labium (including mentum and submentum) mostly covered with short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of segment II and outer margin of segment I with several spine-like setae and long, stout hairlike setae; segment III slightly elongate, with length 1.75–1.79× width at base, apex covered with numerous fine setae. Thorax: Dorsal surface with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles, and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 26, 29). Anterolateral angles with small projections directed forward (Figs 29–31); anterolateral projections of mesothorax rounded and not subparallel to lateral aspect of body, though these projections may appear subparallel after slide-mounting (Figs 26, 28, 29). Femora of legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.1–2.3; middle femur 2.0–2.1; hind femur 2.1–2.2); all femora with longitudinal ridges (Figs 39–41). Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer and inner margins of forefemur without serration (sometimes only 1 or 2 small chalazae along outer margin) (Figs 39, 45), with only hair-like setae and few stout setae with rounded apexes. Dorsal surface of forefemur covered with hair-like setae; central part of dorsal surface with few chalazae bearing stout setae with rounded apexes (Figs 39, 43); few stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes also located near outer and inner margins. Surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of spine-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsal segments with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hairlike setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae. Outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration (Figs 40, 41), with apex of each weak protuberance bearing stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes, varying in length (Fig. 46). Inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration. Chaetotaxy of surface of mid- and hindfemora similar to forefemur, but lacking stout setae. Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection; hindfemur with distinct apical projection (Figs 40, 41). Middle tibia: outer margin with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margin with row of elongated, spine-like setae and hair-like setae; surface with hair-like setae only. Hind tibia: Outer and inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spinelike setae. Distal ends of inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with groups of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered, stout setae. Mid- and hind tarsi inner margins with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and rows of stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae; outer margins with hair-like setae only. Tarsal claw distinctly hooked, with 3–7 denticles (largest denticle in middle) (Figs 42, 44) and 3 subapical setae. Abdomen: Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Terga II–X with pairs of projections; projections on terga II–IV and X smaller than others; projections on terga V– IX more robust (Figs 47, 48). Paired projections on tergum VII sometimes bifurcated apically (visible in lateral view); paired projections on tergum VIII always bifurcated in this way; lower edge of paired projections on terga V and VI elongated, but without bifurcation notch (Fig. 48). Paired projections on terga II–VII and X pointed dorsally; paired projections on terga VIII and XI blunt. Posterolateral projections present on segments III–IX, poorly developed on segments III–V, most strongly developed on segments VIII and IX (Fig. 47). Dorsal surface and margins of lamellate gills (Figs 49–52) covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill VI somewhat longer than that of gills III–V; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations. Adults. Unknown. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of our co-author Dr. Kumbakonam G. Sivaramakrishnan, who has contributed significantly to the study of mayflies from the Indian zoogeographical subregion over the course of his career. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished easily from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward; (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur without serration along inner and outer margins (occasionally with one or two chalazae on outer margin); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with chalaza bearing few stout setae; (vi) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened; (vii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration, their inner margins without serration; (viii) middle femur without apical projection; (ix) paired projections on tergum VIII, and sometimes tergum VII, bifurcated apically; (x) tarsal claw with 3–7 denticles, one of the middle denticles being distinctly larger. Distribution. Known only from Nepal (Fig. 153). Habitat. Larvae of C. sivaramakrishnani sp. nov. inhabit small rivers in the middle mountain zone (1400– 1800 m a.s.l.) of Annapurna massif, one of the biggest spurs of the Great Himalayan Range within Central Nepal (Figs 149, 150). Larvae inhabit the rhithral zone of mountain rivers and streams that are 3–12 m wide, with stony bottoms, high current velocities and almost no anthropogenic pollution. Water temperatures during the collecting of material ranged from 9–12°C. Larvae were collected from the undersides of stones and pebbles in places with current velocities ranging from 0.3–0.8 m /s. Type material. NEPAL: Holotype: larva, Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi River (near Jhinu village), 28.409494 N, 83.826894 E, h ~ 1550 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN Nepa 10Cinsiv/3. Paratypes: 12 larvae (one larva in slide number 652), same data as holotype—IN Nepa 10 Cinsiv /1–2; 2 larvae (one in slide number 646), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Modi Khola River (1 km below New Bridge village), 28.393611 N, 83.825833 E, h ~ 1400 m a.s.l., 31-I-2014, V.V. Marinskiy—IN Nepa 6Cinsiv; 9 larvae, Bagmati zone, Kathmandu District, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, western source of the Budhanil (Bhoti) Khola River (1 km Northwards of the Phedigaun village), 27.798611 N, 85.373611 E, h ~ 1600 m a.s.l., 20-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN Nepa 8Cinsiv/1–3; 6 larvae (one larva in slide number 651), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, Chomrong Khola River (near Chomrong village), 28.407739 N, 83.816450 E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 16-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN Nepa 9Cinsiv/1–2.

Cincticostella bifurcata Xie, Jia, Chen, Jacobus & Zhou, 2009 (Fig. 112) Diagnosis. Larvae of C. bifurcata are similar to C. braaschi (see above) and C. femorata because of their significantly flattened bodies, legs and large projections on the pronotum and mesonotum. Cincticostella bifurcata can be distinguished from C. femorata, C. braaschi and other representatives of the insolta complex by the following combination of characters: (i) genae are moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward and laterally; (iii) projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur without distinct serration along inner and outer margins (only few short marginal protuberances or chalazae can be seen); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with few protuberances or chalazae; (vi) middle and hind femora distinctly flattened; (vii) outer margin of middle femur with a well-developed apical projection; (viii) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration; (ix) inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration; (x) abdominal terga V���VIII with distinctly bifurcate projections; (xi) tarsal claw with 2 denticles, basal one larger than distal one. Distribution. Reported from three widespread localities in mainland China (Xie et al. 2009) and India (new data) (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, fast-flowing streams with cobble and gravel. Remarks. The larva was adequately described from China by Xie et al. (2009), and our records represent the first report from India. Adult stages remain unknown. Material examined. INDIA: 3 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talle Valley, 27.537201 N, 93.959883 E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, K.A. Subramanian��� Reg. No. 5578/H13., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700, {"references":["Xie, H., Jia, Y., Chen, P., Jacobus, L. M. & Zhou, C. (2009) Two new Cincticostella species from China with a larval key to species of the genus (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2299, 53 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 191662"]}

Cincticostella braaschi Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 (Figs 74���111) Ephemerella serrata Braasch, 1981, preoccupied name (nec Ephemerella serrata Morgan, 1911) Larva. Late instar: body length 6.0��� 6.5 mm. Caudal filaments 4.0��� 4.5 mm. Body yellowish-brown. All body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some sockets (Figs 74���81, 84���86, 94���96, 100���103). Head: With ridges and two pairs of small, blunt protuberances; genae not expanded (Figs 74, 90). Mouthparts: Labrum with shallow anteromedian emargination (Figs 81, 96); anterior margin with numerous feathered and hairlike setae; dorsal surface and anterolateral angles densely covered with long, hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous, long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Left mandible with outer incisor consisting of three distinct denticles (outer denticle longer than others) and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor with two distinct central denticles and one small, blunt lateral denticle (Figs 80, 95); prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Right mandible with outer incisor consisting of three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor bifurcate; prostheca apparently consisting of bunch of long, hair-like setae; row of 8���10 long, stout, hair-like setae below molar area (Figs 79, 94). Rounded apexes of superlinguae densely covered with long, stout, hair-like setae; dorsal and ventral surfaces of lingua with hair-like and fine setae, mainly in apical part (Fig. 97). Rows of several, short, stout setae on lingua surface near base. Maxilla with two dentisetae with serrate inner margins. Apex and distal part of maxilla surfaces with numerous, long, stout, hair-like setae, some with inner margins serrated; galea-lacinia with row of long, stout, hair-like setae on inner margin; group of 8 long, feathered, stout setae on surface near base (Figs 83, 99). Maxillary palp 3-segmented (Figs 82, 98); articulations between segments II and III sometimes weakly developed (Fig. 98); segment I slightly broader than others; segment III very short and rounded apically; segments I and II with long, hair-like setae, but most present on distal portion of segment II. Labium with rounded glossae; apexes of paraglossae and glosae with numerous long, stout, hair-like on dorsal surface (Figs 84, 100). Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Ventral surfaces of mentum and submentun covered with fine and hair-like setae. Labial palp segment I length subequal to length of segment II; segments I and II with hair-like setae and with long, spine-like setae on all surfaces; segment III much thinner than other segments and rounded apically, with fine setae. Thorax: Dorsal surface with various irregular ridges and tubercles. Pronotum expanded laterally, anterolateral angles with projections directed forward (Figs 76���78, 92, 93). Mesonotum with anterolateral projections broad and somewhat rounded, not subparallel to lateral aspect of body, and not notched (Figs 75, 76, 89, 91); pair of longitudinal ridges and blunt posterior projections present between forewing pads (Fig. 89). All femora moderately flattened, especially those of middle and hindlegs, and with longitudinal ridges on dorsal surfaces. Inner margins of femora without serration, but densely covered with numerous, hair-like setae. Femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Outer margin of forefemur with 1���3 small chalazae, numerous hair-like setae and few pointed or apically rounded, stout setae (Figs 85, 101). Dorsal surface of forefemur with long, hair-like setae and several elongated, stout setae with pointed or rounded apexes (Figs 85, 101, 104); stout setae sometimes situated on chalazae. Dorsal surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of spine-like setae. Outer margin and surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with long, thin, hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae and elongated, stout, hair-like setae; distal end of margin with group of elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margins of fore tarsal segments scattered with both fine and stout, hair-like setae, and with relatively dense row of stout, hair-like setae, spine-like setae and feathered, stout setae. Outer margin of midfemur with shallow serration; outer margin of hindfemur moderately serrate, with hair-like setae and variously shaped, stout setae (Figs 86, 102, 103). Outer margin of midfemur without apical projection; hindfemur with distinct projection (Figs 86, 102, 103). Inner and outer margins of mid- and hind tibiae with rows of long, thin, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches), elongate spine-like setae, and long, stout, hair-like setae; setae largest on hind tibia. Outer margins of mid- and hind tarsi with sparse middle-sized, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches); inner margins of these tarsi with relatively dense rows of long, stout, hair-like setae and spine-like setae. Tarsal claw with 3���5 denticles and up to 5 subapical setae (Figs 105, 106). Abdomen: Pairs of projections present on terga II���X; those on terga II, III, IV and X relatively small; those on terga V���IX stout, variously blunt or pointed; tergal projections on tergum VIII most abruptly divergent (Figs 87, 107), especially on material from India. Paired projections on terga V���VIII sometimes apparently bifurcate, especially on material from Nepal (Figs 87, 88). Gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamellae of gills III���V similar in shape. Gill VI much smaller than gills III���V; gill VII very small and wholly covered by gill VI (Figs 108���111). Caudal filaments with sharply pointed, stout setae at articulations. Adults. Unknown. Diagnosis. This species appears to be closely related to C. bifurcata. Cincticostella braaschi can be distinguished from all known representatives of the C. insolta complex by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed (Figs 74, 90); (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward (Figs 76���78, 89, 92, 93); (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax rounded and not notched (Figs 75, 76, 89, 91); (iv) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened; (v) outer margin of midfemur with shallow serration and outer margin of hindfemur moderately serrate (Figs 86, 102, 103); (vi) inner margins of all femora without serration and chalazae (Figs 85, 86, 101���103); (vii) outer margin of midfemur without apical projection (Fig. 102); (viii) abdominal tergal paired projections V���IX blunt or pointed (Figs 87, 107); such projections on terga V���VIII sometimes bifurcated apically (Fig. 88), especially on material from Nepal; (ix) tarsal claw with 3���5 denticles (Figs 105, 106). Distribution. Nepal (Braasch 1981) and India (new data) (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, fast flowing streams with cobbles and gravel. Remarks. Cincticostella braaschi is redescribed here based on the holotype from Nepal and additional specimens from India, because the larva was only briefly treated in its initial description by Braasch (1981) (as Ephemerella serrata). Our material represents the first records from India. The slide of the holotype has only two pairs of legs (Figs 85, 86). One of these was illustrated partially by Braasch (fig. 2 in Braasch 1981: 86) and apparently erroneously labeled as the midfemur. This figure (with modifications) was reproduced in Xie et al. (2009: 60, fig. 28). Investigation of intact C. braaschi specimens from India (Fig. 103) showed that Braasch (1981) must have illustrated the hind femur. The outer margin of the middle femur has shallow serration (Fig. 102), in contrast to the strong serration of the hind femur (Figs 86, 103). Also the outer margin of the middle femur is without any apical projection (Fig. 102), in contrast to the hind femur, which has a distinct apical projection (Figs 86, 103). The holotype from Nepal has bifurcation notches on the paired projections of terga V���VIII (Fig. 88), but these notches are apparently absent from specimens collected in India. Type material examined. NEPAL: Holotype: larva on slide, Himalaya, Trisuli Khola, before Dhunche, h ~ 1950 m a.s.l., 30.iv.1978, leg. I. Sivec��� SMNS, Stuttgart, Germany. Other material examined. INDIA: 6 larvae, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talle Valley, 27.537201 N, 93.959883 E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14-IV-2015, K.A. Subramanian��� Reg. No. 5574/H13., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 163-170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700, {"references":["Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Braasch, D. (1981) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ephemerellidae des Himalaya (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia (Staatl. Mus. Tierk. Dresden), 19 (15), 85 - 88.","Morgan, A. H. (1911) May-flies of Fall Creek. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4, 93 - 119, pls. 6 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.2.93","Xie, H., Jia, Y., Chen, P., Jacobus, L. M. & Zhou, C. (2009) Two new Cincticostella species from China with a larval key to species of the genus (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2299, 53 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 191662"]}

Cincticostella femorata (Tshernova, 1972) (Figs 113–118) Ephemerella sp. TEA: Gose 1969: 132 –135 (named C. boja by Allen 1975) Ephemerella (Cincticostella) boja Allen, 1975: 18 –19 (syn. by Jacobus et al. 2005) Asiatella femorata Tshernova, 1972: 611 –612 (genus name preoccupied by Asiatella Repina, 1964 (Arthropoda: Trilobita)) Diagnosis. Larvae of C. femorata can be distinguished from other representatives of the insolta complex by the following combination of characters: (i) head with large genae (Figs 113, 114); (ii) body, especially mid- and hindfemora, significantly flattened (Figs 113, 117, 118); (iii) projections of pronotum large, directed forward (Figs 113, 115); (iv) projections of mesothorax not notched (Figs 113, 115); (v) inner margin of forefemur without large projections or chalazae (only occasionally with one or two small chalazae) (Fig. 116); (vi) outer margins of mid- and hindfemora strongly serrated (Figs 113, 117, 118); (vii) inner margins of mid- and hindfemora without serration (Figs 117, 118); (viii) outer margin of middle femur with well-developed apical projection (Fig. 117); (ix) paired abdominal tergal projections without bifurcation. Distribution. Northern parts of Vietnam (Tshernova 1972) and Thailand (Gose 1969, Jacobus et al. 2005, Jacobus & McCafferty 2008, new data), and southern part of mainland China (Xie et al. 2009) (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, st flowing streams and rivers. Larvae appear to prefer pebble, detritus, leaf litter and roots as substrate. Remarks. The larva of this species was described in detail by Gose (1969) and Tshernova (1972). We illustrate the main distinguishing characters of the species (Figs 113–118) for comparative purposes. Material examined. THAILAND: 1 larva (slide number 622), Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, river flows at the Siriphum Botanic garden, above 1.5 km the Botanical garden, 18.543444 N, 98.501811 E, h ~ 1670 m a.s.l., 19-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Thai9Cinfem; 1 larva, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—main source of the Klang Phat River, 18.577542 N, 98.527056 E, h ~ 1370 m a.s.l., 18-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov D.M. and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Thai 10 Cinfem., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700, {"references":["Tshernova, O. A. (1972) Some new species of mayflies from Asia (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae, Ephemerellidae). Entomological Review, 51 (3), 364 - 369.","Gose, K. (1969) Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from Thailand. Nature and Life Science in Southeast Asia, 6, 125 - 138.","Allen, R. K. (1975) Ephemerella (Cincticostella): A revision of the nymphal stages (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Pan- Pacific Entomologist, 51, 16 - 22.","Jacobus, L. M., McCafferty, W. P. & Sites, R. W. (2005) A new synonym and new Thailand records of Cincticostella femorata (Tshernova) (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 733 - 734.","Repina, L. N., Khomentovskii, V. V., Zhuravleva, I. T. & Rozanov A. Yu. (1964) Biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian of the Sayan-Altai Fold Region. Nauka, Moscow, 364 pp. [in Russian].","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Xie, H., Jia, Y., Chen, P., Jacobus, L. M. & Zhou, C. (2009) Two new Cincticostella species from China with a larval key to species of the genus (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2299, 53 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 191662"]}

Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) (Figs 119–146) Ephemerella (Cincticostella) insolta Allen, 1971: 515 –516, 519 Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Cincticostella species by the following combination of characters: (i) genae moderately developed (Fig. 120); (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward and laterally, posterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed backward and laterally (Figs 119, 122); (iii) anterolateral projections of mesothorax notched (Figs 119, 121, 122); (iv) inner margin of forefemur bears 1–3 large chalazae and outer margin 1–5 small chalazae (Figs 119, 133, 136); (v) dorsal surface of forefemur with up to 4 knob-like projections or chalazae, each bearing a stout seta (Fig. 139); (vi) mid- and hindfemora moderately flattened (Figs 134, 135, 137, 138); (vii) inner and outer margins of mid- and hindfemora with serration (with greater development on inner margin) (Figs 134, 135, 137, 138); (viii) middle femur with moderate, apical projection (Figs 134, 137); (ix) paired abdominal tergal projections without bifurcation (Fig. 132); (x) posterolateral projections of abdominal segment IX narrow and pressed against segment X (Figs 119, 132); (xi) claws each with 3–5 denticles, one of them distinctly larger (Figs 140–142). Distribution. Northern Thailand (Allen 1971, Jacobus & McCafferty 2008, Ogden et al. 2009, new data), mainland China (Xie et al. 2009), Nepal (new data) and northern India (new data) (Fig. 153). Habitat. Cold, fast-flowing streams and rivers. Larvae appear to prefer pebbles, detritus, leaf litter and roots as substrate. Remarks. The serration of femora appears to be variable. The inner margin of the forefemur bears 1–3 large chalazae (Figs 119, 133, 136, 139 herein; Allen 1971: fig. 12). Serration of the mid- and hindfemora of our specimens from India and Nepal is less developed than in most specimens from Thailand (Figs 134, 135, 137, 138), but some specimens from Thailand also have the lesser developed serration. All other characters appear to be relatively consistent both between and among populations. Allen (1971) indicated “maxillary palpi absent or reduced to a single segment” (see Allen 1971: fig. 4) for this species. However, we note that all newly reported larvae collected near the type locality and paratypes examined have developed, 3-segmented, maxillary palps (Figs 129, 130), as in other known representatives of this species complex. The same observation was made for specimens from Nepal and India. Adult stages are unknown. This species is recorded by us for the first time for India and Nepal. Type material examined. PARATYPES: THAILAND: 9 larvae, Chiengmai Province, small stream and waterfalls, Doi Sutep, west of Chiengmai, 2-XII-1964, W.L. & J.G. Peters— PERC-0064028, PERC-0064029. Other material examined. INDIA: 12 larvae, Uttarakhand, Almora District, 2-nd left tributary of the river Ramganga-left (in Dwarahat forest, 10.1 km North-Eastwards of the Chaukhutia town), 29.925608 N, 79.445983 E, h ~ 1200 m a.s.l., 2-II-2011, D.M. Palatov— IN Indi 1 Cinins; 5 larvae, Uttarakhand, Nainital district, Garkkhetgatkhera River (opposite to the Duniakhan pass), 29.450797 N, 79.374053 E, h ~ 1350 m a.s.l., 22-I-2013, M.V. Chertoprud— IN Indi 3 Cinins. NEPAL: 3 larvae (one larva in slide number 663), Bagmati zone, Kavrepalanchok District. Chandeswori Khola River (1.5 km North-Eastwards of the Banepa village), 27.642333 N, 85.544033 E, h ~ 1500 m a.s.l., 5-III-2007, M.V. Chertoprud—IN Nepa 11 Cinins. THAILAND: 2 larvae, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—left tributary of the Klang Phat River, 1 km above highway of Doi Inthanon National Park), 18.558022 N, 98.557031 E, h ~ 1130 m a.s.l., 17-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Thai 5 Cinins; 1 larva, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, Klang River below mouth of the Si Ri Phum River, 18.537686 N, 98.526939 E, h ~ 1250 m a.s.l., 21-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud M.V.— IN Thai 7 Cinins; 3 larvae, Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, stream—main source of the Klang Phat River, 18.577542 N, 98.527056 E, h ~ 1370 m a.s.l., 18-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Thai 10 Cinins; 1 larva (slide number 664), Chiang Mai Province, Chom Thong District, river flows through the Siriphum Botanic garden, 18.546739 N, 98.514842 E, h ~ 1340 m a.s.l., 19-XI-2009, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Thai 21 Cinins., Published as part of Martynov, Alexander V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, Kailash, Palatov, Dmitry M., Sinha, Bikramjit & Jacobus, Luke M., 2019, Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal, pp. 147-179 in Zootaxa 4551 (2) on pages 170-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622700, {"references":["Allen, R. K. (1971) New Asian Ephemerella with notes (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103 (4), 512 - 528. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 103512 - 4","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Ogden, T. H., Osborne J. T., Jacobus L. M. & Whiting M. F. (2009) Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Ephemerellinae (Ephemerellidae: Ephemeroptera), with remarks about classification. Zootaxa, 1991, 28 - 42.","Xie, H., Jia, Y., Chen, P., Jacobus, L. M. & Zhou, C. (2009) Two new Cincticostella species from China with a larval key to species of the genus (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2299, 53 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 191662"]}

Cincticostella richardi Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. (Figs 1–25) Larva. Late instar: body length 8.0– 8.2 mm; caudal filaments 4.2–5.4 mm. Body yellowish-brown to brown. Body robust (Fig. 1), all body surfaces, labrum, mandibles, labium and gills densely covered with large scales sockets and small scales in some of them (Figs 2, 4–9, 13, 20). Head: With two pairs of small, blunt protuberances. Genae moderately developed (Fig. 2). Mouthparts: Labrum wide, angles rounded (Fig. 9); anteromedian emargination shallow; dorsal surface densely covered with long, hair-like setae; anterior margin with numerous feathered and hair-like setae; ventral surface with numerous long, stout, hair-like setae. Mandibles with numerous long, hair-like setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces (Figs 7, 8). Right mandible with trifurcated outer incisor, and bifurcated inner incisor; mandible with row of 9 long, stout, hairlike setae under mola and bunch of short, hair-like setae above; prostheca consisting of bunch of hair-like setae. Outer incisor apex on left mandible with three distinct denticles and one small, blunt denticle; inner incisor (kinetodontium) of left mandible with two distinct central denticles and one small, blunt lateral denticle; prostheca consisting of protuberance with bunch of hair-like setae. Rounded apexes of superlinguae with long, stout, hair-like setae; surfaces of lingua covered with hair-like and fine setae mainly in apical part (Fig. 10). Rows of short, pointed, stout setae (up to 7) present on lingua surface near base; these rows subparallel to lateral margins. Maxilla with two dentisetae with inner margins serrate. Apex and apical part of maxilla surface with numerous long, stout, hair-like setae, some of these setae with serrated inner margins; galea-lacinia with long, stout, hair-like setae on inner margin and group of 8 long, feathered, stout setae at surface near base (Fig. 12). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, segment II with few, relatively long, hair-like setae; segment III short, distinctly narrowed and pointed (Fig. 11); segmentation weakly developed. Labium with rounded glossae; dorsal surface of glossae and apexes of paraglossae covered with long, stout, hair-like setae (Fig. 13). Inner margins of paraglossae subparallel to longitudinal axis of body, held tightly against glossae. Whole ventral surface of labium, including mentum and submentum, covered with middle-sized and short, hair-like setae. Labial palp 3-segmented; segment I and segment II subequal in length, covered with long, hair-like setae; segment II with several long, stout, hair-like setae on dorsal surface and outer margin; segment III slightly elongated, rounded apically (length/width ratio = 1.53–1.78) (Fig. 13), apex covered with numerous fine setae. Thorax: Pronotum expanded laterally, with anterolateral angles projecting forward and laterally (Figs 4–6). Anterolateral projections of mesothorax blunt and not notched, with margins usually subparallel to lateral aspect of body (Figs 3, 4). Thoracic surface with fine and short, hair-like setae; with small, indistinct ridges and tubercles and small, blunt posterior projections between forewing pads (Figs 1, 4). Femora of all legs moderately flattened (length/width ratio = forefemur 2.5–2.6; middle femur 2.4–2.5; hind femur 2.6–2.7) and with longitudinal ridge, especially visible on mid- and hindfemora (Figs 14–16). All femora longer than tibiae, and tibiae longer than tarsi. Apical half of outer margin of forefemur with serration (Fig. 14), apexes of chalazae with long or short, stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes. Additionally, whole outer margin covered with irregular row of long, hair-like setae. Inner margin of forefemur serrate or with several (2–7) distinct chalazae and stout setae (as on outer margin) in central part; several long, pointed, stout setae in basal part of margin; short, hair-like setae along entire length of margin. Surface of forefemur densely covered with solitary, fine setae, middle-sized, hair-like setae, several pointed, stout, hair-like setae and middle-sized and short, stout setae with rounded, pointed or bluntly pointed apexes. Stout setae situated mainly near outer and inner margins. Central part of forefemur with few, rounded or bluntly pointed apically, stout setae, often forming chalazae (Figs 14, 18). Dorsal surface of fore tibia with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and short row of several long, spine-like setae or long, stout, hair-like setae. Outer margins of fore tibia and tarsus with short, hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches). Inner margin of fore tibia with hair-like setae and sparse row of spine-like setae; distal end of margin with group of elongated, feathered, stout setae. Inner margin of fore tarsus with hair-like setae and dense row of stout, hair-like setae, spine-like and feathered, stout setae. Outer and inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with distinct, but not deep, serration; such serration more obvious than on forefemur (Figs 14–16, 20). Chaetotaxy of mid- and hindfemora similar to foreleg, except for presence of several stout setae with rounded or bluntly pointed apexes in basal part of femora. Outer margin of midfemur with moderately developed apical projection, hindfemur with distinct projection (Figs 15, 16). Outer and inner margins of mid- and hind tibiae with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of elongated, spine-like setae; on outer margins spine-like setae more numerous. Distal ends of inner margins of tibiae each with group of spine-like setae and elongated, feathered stout setae. Inner margins of mid- and hind tarsi with hair-like setae (solitary and in bunches) and row of stout, hairlike setae and spine-like setae; outer margins of these tarsi with hair-like setae only. Tarsal claws of all legs distinctly hooked (Figs 17, 19), with 2 subequal denticles (if third denticle present, always smaller and situated close to others) and 3 subapical setae. Abdomen: Dorsal surface and posterior margins of terga covered only with hair-like setae; stout setae absent. Pairs of projections present on terga II–X, with those on terga II–IV, IX and X smaller than others; those on terga V–VIII more developed (Fig. 21). Paired tergal projections not bifurcated; those of terga II–VII pointed; those of terga VIII elongated, bluntly pointed; those of tergum IX very small and rounded; those of tergum X bluntly pointed and bigger than those of tergum IX. Lateral projections of segment IX wide and not pressed against segment X (Figs 1, 21). Posterolateral projections of segments III–IX present and distinct (Fig. 21). Lamellate gills (Figs 22–25) dorsal surfaces and margins covered with relatively long, hair-like setae; gill III without medial transverse band of weakened membrane; dorsal lamella of gill V somewhat longer than dorsal lamellae of gills III–IV; gill VII very small and entirely covered by gill VI. Caudal filaments subequal in length, with elongated, apically rounded, stout setae and hair-like setae at articulations. Adults. Unknown. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of the late Dr. Richard K. Allen (USA), who described the subgenus Rhionella. Diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from other representatives of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) genae are moderately developed; (ii) anterolateral angles of pronotum with projections directed forward and laterally; (iii) projections of mesothorax not notched; (iv) forefemur with distinct serration on inner and outer margins; (v) dorsal surface of forefemur usually with few knob-like projections (chalazae) bearing stout setae; (vi) middle and hind femora moderately flattened; (vii) outer and inner margins of mid- and hindfemora with shallow serration; (viii) outer margin of middle femur with moderately developed apical projection; (ix) all pairs of abdominal tergal projections not bifurcated; (x) lateral projections of abdominal segment IX wide and not pressed against segment X (Figs 1, 21); (xi) tarsal claw with 2 subequal denticles (see details above). Distribution. Known only from India (Fig. 153). Habitat. Larvae of Cincticostella richardi sp. nov. inhabit large (from 20–100 m wide) mountain rivers (Alaknanda and Pindar Rivers) (Figs 147, 148) which are typical for the low mountain zone (up to 1000 m a.s.l.) of the Great Himalayan Range within India (Uttarakhand State). These rivers are characterized by low water temperature (9–14°C at the time of sampling), high average current velocity (from 0.3–1.5 m /s) and mainly stonepebble bottom with significant silting. Larvae were sampled under the stones and also from roots, branches and other substrates near the banks, mainly in places with current velocity from 0.3–0.6 m /s. It should be noted that large rivers of the mentioned low mountain zone are experiencing significant anthropogenic pressures, especially organic pollution. Investigated rivers can be classified as alpha- or betamezosaprobic. As a result, most oxyphillic species, including Cincticostella richardi sp. nov., survived only in mountain rivers with high current velocity and rapids. Type material. INDIA: Holotype: larva, Uttarakhand State, Chamoli district, Pindar River (2 km above of the Karnaprayag town), 30.251625 N, 79.229203 E, h ~ 780 m a.s.l., 04-II-2011, D.M. Palatov—IN Indi 4 Cinric / 1. Paratypes: INDIA: 3 larvae (one mature larva in slide number 645), same data as holotype—IN Indi 4 Cinric /2; 1 larva, Uttarakhand State, Chamoli district, Alaknanda River (700 m above mouth of the Pindar River), 30.267728 N, 79.220931 E, h ~ 800 m a.s.l., 5-II-2011, D.M. Palatov and M.V. Chertoprud—IN Indi 6 Cinric.

Ptilomera (P.) laticaudata (Hardwicke, 1823) (Figs. 3A–K) Gerris laticaudata Hardwicke, 1823. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 14: 134 (type locality: Nepal). Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardwicke): Horváth, 1900. Semon Zoologische Forshungsreisen, 639. Material examined. INDIA, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, West Kameng District, 2 apt. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 2 apt. ♀, 2 mac-da ♀, Tipi, 20.iii.1973., 1 apt. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 3 apt. ♀, 2 mac-da ♀, 25.iii.1973, Coll. S.K. Tandon & Party; HIMACHAL PRADESH, Shimla District, 2 apt. ♂, 2 apt. ♀, Chandimandir, Ghaggar River, 5.i.1970, Coll. A. Singh; Solan District, 1 apt. ♀, Kasauli, Patta Village, 30.ii.1969, Coll. J.R. Sharma; UTTARAKHAND, Dehradun District, 2 apt. ♂, Kalapani bridge No. 14-1, Rishikesh, 7.ii.1964, Coll. T.D. Soota; 1 apt. ♂, 7 apt. ♀, Kansras, Suswa River, 5.ii.1965, Coll. R.K. Bhatnagar; 2 apt. ♂, 7 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Satyanarain Forest Rest House, 26.ii.1965, Coll. T.D. Soota; 1 apt. ♀, Satyanarain, Suswa River, 21.v.1965, Coll. T.D. Soota; 3 apt. ♂, 3 apt. ♀, 7 nymphs, Manjhera Village, Sahastra Dhara Hills, 28.v.1965, Coll. R.K. Bhatnagar; 5 apt. ♂, 12 apt. ♀, Sahastra Dhara Hills, 15.x.1965, Coll. R.K. Bhatnagar; 1 apt. ♂, Mahantmajri Village, 23.vii.1966, Coll. R.K. Bhatnagar; 2 mac-da ♀, Bhaniawala, Doi Wala, 26.vii.1966, Coll. R.K. Bhatnagar; 1 apt. ♂, Doi Nala, 10.ii.1967, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 4 apt. ♂, 8 apt. ♀, Jaspur, 27.ii.1967, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 1 apt. ♂, 3 apt. ♀, Satyanarain, Suswa River, 29.iv.1967, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 2 apt. ♂, 2 mac-da ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Gola Topper Forest, 6.v.1967, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 1 apt. ♀, 10 nymphs, Naro Nadi, Langa Village, 9.v.1967, Coll. M.P. Gupta; 3 apt. ♂, 1 mac. ♀, 8 apt. ♀, 2 nymph, Barkat, 4.viii.1967, Coll. Asket Singh; 4 mac-da ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 8 mac-da ♀, Sahastra Dhara, 24.i.1968, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 1 mac-da ♂, Randholi, 29.vi.1968, Coll. Asket Singh; 1 apt. ♂, Herbertpur, Assan River, 23.xi.1968, Coll. A. Husain; 6 apt. ♂, 2 apt. ♀, Herbertpur, Assan River, 25.i.1969, Coll. M.K. Biswas; 16 apt. ♂, 26 apt. ♀, Gularghati, Mianwala, 17.xi.1969, Coll. M. Prasad; 1 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Rajpur, Nalota Nala, 7.iii.1970, Coll. M.K. Biswas; 7 apt. ♂, 7 apt. ♀, 3 nymphs, Satyanarain, Suswa River, 23.iv.1971, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 22 apt. ♂, 2 mac. ♂, 63 apt. ♀, 30 nymphs, Robbers Cave, 6.v.1971, Coll. K.P. Singh; Tehri Garhwal District, 1 mac. ♂, 2 nymphs, Bhontpur, 22.vi.1969, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 17 apt. ♂, 22 mac. ♂, 17 apt. ♀, 15 mac. ♀, 7 nymphs, Uppu, 23.vi.1969, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 15 apt. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 5 mac. ♂, 12 apt. ♀, 2 mac. ♀, 1 mac-da ♀, Mutayagaon, Devprayag, 11.vii.1969, Coll. J.C. Tripathi; 9 apt. ♂, 6 mac-da ♂, 5 mac. ♂, 9 apt. ♀, 3 mac-da ♀, 10 mac. ♀, Bageshwar, Devprayag, 12.vii.1969, Coll. J.C. Tripathi. Reg. No. 5746/H15 to Reg. No. 5778/H15. Repository. The specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Collection, Hemiptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Diagnosis. Body length of apterous male 10.57–12.33, apterous female 10.89–11.90. Males of this species can be distinguished by the presence of a medium sized dense black setal tuft on the anterolateral region of the lateral process of the pygophore (Fig. 3C); the proctiger is posteromedially produced, but the projection is not basally angulated (Figs. 3A, C, J); the setal fringe on the mid femur extends to near the base (Fig. 3G). Females can be identified by the connexival process slightly curved in lateral view and about as long as or slightly shorter or slightly exceeding the lateral process of seventh abdominal sternum (Figs. 3B, E, F, I) and the presence of a short setal fringe on the flexor sub-basal region of the hind femur (Fig. 3H). Distribution. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal (Thirumalai 2002, Saha & Bal 2010) see Fig. 7A. Elsewhere: Nepal (Hungerford & Matsuda 1965). Remarks. Records of P. laticaudata from peninsular India (Hardwicke 1823) instead belong to P. agriodes Schmidt, 1926; for more information see remarks under P. agriodes. Ptilomera laticaudata recorded from Meghalaya by Bal & Basu (1998) and Lyngdoh (2011, 2013) must be considered as P. assamensis and the P. assamensis recorded from Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal by Basu et al. (2016) is considered here as P. laticaudata. These misidentifications are due to the erroneous illustrations of female P. assamensis given in Hungerford and Matsuda (1965). This error was first noticed by Zettel (2003) while studying the type specimens of P. assamensis and describing P. occidentalis Zettel from Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India. The records of P. laticaudata from Bankura and Bardhaman districts of West Bengal by Bal & Basu (1994) are doubtful because these areas are the part of peninsular India; thus, there is a possibility of the occurrence of P. agriodes in these regions and not P. laticaudata since it is a member of the Himalayan fauna. In the distribution map of P. laticaudata (Fig. 7A), these two localities are not given. FIGURES 3A–K. Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardwicke) (A, C, D, G, J, K: apterous male; B, E, F, H, I: apterous female): A, B, habitus, dorsal view; C & E, abdominal apex, dorsal view; D & F, same, ventral view; I, same, lateral view; G, mid femur, ventrolateral view; H, hind femur, ventrolateral view; J, proctiger, dorsal view; K, paramere, lateral view., Published as part of Jehamalar, E. Eyarin, Chandra, Kailash, Basu, Srimoyee & Selvakumar, C., 2018, Review of Ptilomera (Ptilomera) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from India, with description of a new species, pp. 501-518 in Zootaxa 4370 (5) on pages 507-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1147313, {"references":["Thirumalai, G. (2002) A checklist of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 100 (1 - 2), 55 - 97.","Saha, N. & Bal, A. (2010) Hemiptera: Water Bugs. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18 (Part 2), 105 - 131.","Hungerford, H. B. & Matsuda, R. (1965) The genus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville (Gerridae: Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 45 (5), 397 - 515.","Bal, A. & Basu, R. C. (1998) Insecta: Hemiptera: Water-Bugs. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Meghalaya, State Fauna Series, 4 (Part 4), 431 - 461.","Lyngdoh, J. (2011) Studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta) of Jaintia Hills and East Khasi Hills districts of Meghalaya, north eastern India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, No. 332, 1 - 34.","Lyngdoh, J. (2013) Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 45, 37 - 42.","Basu, S., Subramanian, K. A. & Saha, G. K. (2016) Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of Terai-Doors region of West Bengal, India. Halteres, 7, 120 - 135.","Zettel, H. (2003) Ptilomera (s. str.) occidentalis sp. n. (Heteroptera: Gerridae) aus Nordwest-Indien. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 35, 1131 - 1134.","Bal, A. & Basu, R. C. (1994) Insecta: Hemiptera: Mesoveliidae, Hydrometridae, Veliidae & Gerridae. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3 (Part 5), 511 - 534."]}

Ptilomera (P.) tigrina Uhler, 1860 (Figs. 5A–J) Ptilomera tigrina Uhler, 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12, 230 (type locality: Hong Kong). Material examined. INDIA, ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS, South Andaman District, 1 apt. ♀, 2 nymphs, Wimberleygunj, Jan. 1930, Coll. Not mentioned; 2 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Humphrygunj, 7.iii.1964, Coll. B.S. Lamba; 4 apt. ♂, 8 apt. ♀, Mannar Ghat, Wright Myo, 24.iii.1964, Coll. B.S. Lamba; 1 apt. ♂, 6 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, South Andaman, Shoalbay-8, 30.xii.2013, Coll. G. Srinivasan; 1 apt. ♂, 7 apt. ♀, South Andaman, Aniket near Mazad Pahad, 31.xii.2013, Coll. G. Srinivasan. North and Middle Andaman District, 4 apt. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 3 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Saddle Peak National Park, 16.xii.2013, Coll. G. Srinivasan. Reg. No. 4042/H15 to 4044/H15 and Reg. No. 5743/H15 to Reg. No. 5745/H15. Repository. The specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Collection, Hemiptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Diagnosis. Body length of apterous male 12.33–15.01, apterous female 11.74–13.46. Males of Ptilomera tigrina can easily be distinguished from those of all known congeners from India by the long abdominal tergum VIII and pygophore (Figs. 5A, C, D); the posteromedian process of the proctiger not exceeding its lateral process (Figs. 5A, C, I); the basal half of the male mid femur with thin and short setae and the apical half with intertwined slightly thick swimming setae (Fig. 5G); the apex of the lateral process of the male pygophore is pointed, without a setal tuft, and lies above and does not exceed the lateral process of the proctiger (Fig. 5A, C, D). Females can be identified by the presence of a bilobed lateral process of sternum VII (Fig. 5H) and the connexival process with a straight base (Fig. 5E). Distribution. India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman) (Polhemus & Starmühlner 1990 and Jehamalar & Chandra, 2013b), see Fig. 8B. Elsewhere: China, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam (Polhemus 2001). Remarks. This species has been reported as P. harpyia Schmidt, 1926 from the Andaman Islands by Polhemus & Starmühlner (1990), which was synonymised to P. tigrina Uhler, 1860 by Polhemus (1991)., Published as part of Jehamalar, E. Eyarin, Chandra, Kailash, Basu, Srimoyee & Selvakumar, C., 2018, Review of Ptilomera (Ptilomera) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from India, with description of a new species, pp. 501-518 in Zootaxa 4370 (5) on page 512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1147313, {"references":["Polhemus, J. T. & Starmuhlner, F. (1990) Results of the Austrian-Indian Hydrobiological Mission 1976 to the Andaman-Islands: Part X: List of Aquatic Hemiptera collected in the inland waters of the Andaman Islands. Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museums in Wien, Series B, 91, 43 - 51.","Jehamalar, E. E. & Chandra, K. (2013 b) Freshwater Gerridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) with two new records from South Andaman, India. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 18 (1), 118 - 120.","Polhemus, D. A. & Polhemus, J. T. (2001) A revision of the genus Ptilomera (Heteroptera: Gerridae) on New Guinea and nearby islands. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 109, 81 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2001) 109 [0081: AROTGP] 2.0. CO; 2","Polhemus, J. T. (1991) Nomenclatural notes on aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 64, 438 - 443."]}

Ptilomera (P.) assamensis Hungerford & Matsuda, 1965 (Figs. 2A���J) Ptilomera assamensis Hungerford & Matsuda, 1965. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 45: 421 (type locality: Assam, India). Material examined. INDIA, MEGHALAYA, East Khasi Hills District, 3 apt. ♂, 4 apt. ♀, Badapani, Haria Nala, 1453 m, 25.65442 N, 91.90517 E, 26.ii.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 2 apt. ♀, Mawkynrew, Waiong Stream, 1489 m, 25.42489 N, 92.00619 E, 28.ii.2016; 5 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Pongtung Village, Wahpongtung Stream, 1017 m, 25.24842 N, 91.94494 E, 29.iii.2016; 1 apt. ♀, Siatbakon Village, Wahtyrsaw Stream, 1207 m, 25.29983 N, 91.92028 E, 29.ii.2016; 1 apt. ♀, Lyngiong Village, Maria Stream, 1647 m, 25.41639 N, 91.68353 E, 7.iii.2016; West Jaintia Hills District, 2 apt. ♂, Laskein Village, Myntang River, 893 m, 25.56131 N, 92.43803 E, 13.iii.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Raliang Village, Yalip Stream, 1205 m, 25.48786 N, 92.37564 E, 13.iii.2016; 1 apt. ♂, Thadmuthlong Village, Thwailangwiang Stream, 1324 m, 25.4705 N, 92.30992 E, 13.iii.2016; 1 apt. ♂, Wahiajer Village, 1198 m, 25.56003 N, 92.18247 E, 14.iii.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 3 apt. ♀, Wahiajer Village, Umpawai Stream, 1183 m, 25.55831 N, 92.18322 E, 14.iii.2016; East Jaintia Hills District, 1 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Narpuh WLS, Jamchera Village, Stream, 234 m, 25.09222 N, 92.36086 E, 11.iii.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 2 mac. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 2 mac. ♀, 8 nymphs, Narpuh WLS, Umkiang Village, Wah Apha Stream, 19 m, 25.06997 N, 92.3785 E, 11.iii.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 8 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Narpuh WLS, Kuliang, Stream, 93 m, 25.07506 N, 92.37133 E, 11.iii.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Thongsang, 960 m, 25.13789 N, 92.36906 E, 11.iii.2016; 1 apt. ♂, Narpuh WLS, Umkiang Village, Umkiang Stream, 112 m, 25.06347 N, 92.38858 E, 11.iii.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 3 apt. ♀, Umpung Stream, 1010 m, 25.30767 N, 92.63658 E, 12.iii.2016. East Garo Hills District, 4 apt. ♂, 10 apt. ♀, 2 nymphs, Samanda R.F., Khera Vill, Ningsik River, 280 m, 25.56969 N, 90.56685 E, 19.vi.2016; 6 apt. ♂, 14 apt. ♀, 7 nymphs, Dawa-Nengkatokgre, Rombi River, 258 m, 25.51509 N, 90.63474 E, 19.vi.2016; 8 apt. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 8 apt. ♀, 1 mac-da ♀, 2 mac. ♀, 10 nymphs, Simsang river, 308 m, 25.57546 N, 90.48131 E, 20.vi.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 1 nymph, Bansa Away Village, Stream, 324 m, 25.57994 N, 90.48708 E, 20.vi.2016; 1 mac. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 2 nymphs, Samanda, Nongalpara, Kalsnang River, 279 m, 25.57855 N, 90.51316 E, 20.vi.2016; 5 apt. ♂, 4 apt. ♀, 1 mac. ♀, 1 nymph, Jimnanggre Vill., Kamphil River, 294 m, 25.57163 N, 90.49218 E, 20.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 5 nymphs, Bansamggre Village, Stream, 314 m, 25.57072 N, 90.46041 E, 20.vi.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 2 apt. ♀, 3 nymphs, Samanda Megapgre, Ronga River, 283 m, 25.58389 N, 90.51859 E, 20.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, Rongmal Village, Chochalja River, 322 m, 25.73626 N, 90.81219 E, 22.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 10 nymphs, Rongjeng R.F., Rongan River, 330 m, 25.67699 N, 90.81118 E, 22.vi.2016; 3 apt. ♂, 5 apt. ♀, 1 mac. ♀, 17 nymphs, Rongmil Village, Stream, 324 m, 25.73793 N, 90.81947 E, 23.vi.2016. West Garo Hills District, 2 apt. ♂, 5 apt. ♀, 5 nymphs, 7th Mile, Dalne River 135 m, 25.46014 N, 90.2199 E, 11.vi.2016; 5 apt. ♂, 1 mac. ♂, 1 mac-da ♂, 3 mac-da ♀, 5 apt. ♀, 2 nymphs, Tura Peak, Rongkan River, 653 m, 25.50697 N, 90.23328 E, 12.vi.2016; 6 apt. ♂, 1 mac. ♂, 2 mac-da ♂, 2 mac-da ♀, 10 apt. ♀, 13 nymphs, Nokrek National Park, Daribokre Vill., Simsang River, 875 m, 25.49056 N, 90.33024 E, 13.vi.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 4 apt. ♀, 6 nymphs, Sadopara Village, Thanek Stream, 233 m, 25.65202 N, 90.12226 E, 17.vi.2016; 1 mac-da ♂, 2 mac-da ♀, 2 nymphs, Dadenggre, Tebongre Stream, 505 m, 25.60968 N, 90.23759 E, 17.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♀, Dadenggre, Bimbri River, 192 m, 25.71953 N, 90.10813 E, 18.vi.2016. North Garo Hills District, 1 apt. ♂, 3 nymphs, Risupakra Village, Stream, 142 m, 25.90618 N, 90.58649 E, 24.vi.2016; 2 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 1 mac. ♀, 6 nymphs, Malchapara, Narangkol, Stream, 149 m, 25.90164 N, 90.54883 E, 24.vi.2016; 11 apt. ♂, 13 apt. ♀, 1 mac-da ♀, Rajasimla, Rashnare falls, 183 m, 25.88698 N, 90.93000 E, 25.vi.2016; 4 apt. ♂, 3 apt. ♀, 1 mac. ♀, 4 nymphs, Badaka Village, Ildek River, 80 m, 25.87027 N, 90.96128 E, 25.vi.2016; 4 apt. ♀, 2 nymphs, Wattre Gittim Village, Oira Nala, 114 m, 25.88613 N, 90.87072 E, 26.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Wattre Gittim Village, Stream, 233 m, 25.86779 N, 90.86041 E, 26.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, Upper Rongbu Village, 101 m, 25.91615 N, 90.83157 E, 26.vi.2016; 1 apt. ♂, 1 apt. ♀, 1 nymph, Chiliki Village, Stream, 263 m, 25.85204 N, 90.85092 E, 28.vi.2016. All the materials were collected by E. Eyarin Jehamalar and Reg. No. 5305/H15 to 5346/H15. Repository. The specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Collection, Hemiptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Diagnosis. Body length of male 10.75���13.98, female 10.72���12.56. Males of Ptilomera assamensis can be identified by the short, sparse yellowish brown setal tuft on the anterolateral region of the lateral process of the pygophore (Figs. 2C, D); however, sometimes macropterous males have a long setal tuft, the proctiger is convex posteromedially with the base of the convexity slightly angulated (Fig. 2I), and the basal 1/3 of the flexor region of the mid femur is bare (Fig. 2G). Females can be identified by the connexival process reaching upto two thirds of the length of the lateral process of abdominal sternum VII and never reaching the apex of the lateral process (Figs. 2E, F, H). Distribution. India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya * and Mizoram (Thirumalai 2002; Bal & Basu 2004, 2007) (*first record), see Fig. 6B. Elsewhere: Myanmar and China (Yunnan) (Polhemus 2001). Remarks. The species was given as Ptilomera laticaudata from Meghalaya by Paiva (1919b), Bal & Basu (1998) and Lyngdoh (2011, 2013), but their records must be considered as P. assamensis. We have collected and studied specimens from the majority of the localities mentioned in the literature and determined that the species of Ptilomera from Meghalaya is P. assamensis. In our intensive survey we have not encountered P. laticaudata., Published as part of Jehamalar, E. Eyarin, Chandra, Kailash, Basu, Srimoyee & Selvakumar, C., 2018, Review of Ptilomera (Ptilomera) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from India, with description of a new species, pp. 501-518 in Zootaxa 4370 (5) on pages 504-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1147313, {"references":["Hungerford, H. B. & Matsuda, R. (1965) The genus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville (Gerridae: Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 45 (5), 397 - 515.","Thirumalai, G. (2002) A checklist of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 100 (1 - 2), 55 - 97.","Bal, A. & Basu, R. C. (2004) Insecta: Hemiptera: Water-Bugs. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Manipur, State Fauna Series, 10, 293 - 310.","Bal, A. & Basu, R. C. (2007) Insecta: Hemiptera: Water-Bugs. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Mizoram, State Fauna Series, 14, 249 - 260.","Polhemus, D. A. & Polhemus, J. T. (2001) A revision of the genus Ptilomera (Heteroptera: Gerridae) on New Guinea and nearby islands. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 109, 81 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.1664 / 0028 - 7199 (2001) 109 [0081: AROTGP] 2.0. CO; 2","Paiva, C. A. (1919 b) Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam. Records of the Indian Museum, 16 (3), 349 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 25927","Bal, A. & Basu, R. C. (1998) Insecta: Hemiptera: Water-Bugs. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Meghalaya, State Fauna Series, 4 (Part 4), 431 - 461.","Lyngdoh, J. (2011) Studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemiptera (Insecta) of Jaintia Hills and East Khasi Hills districts of Meghalaya, north eastern India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, No. 332, 1 - 34.","Lyngdoh, J. (2013) Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 45, 37 - 42."]}

Ptilomera (P.) nagalanda Jehamalar & Chandra, new species (Figs. 4A–I) Material examined. Holotype (apterous male): INDIA, NAGALAND, Peren District, Intanki River, 181 m, 25°39.883’ N, 93°30.686’ E, 23.iii.2017, Coll. C. Selvakumar. Repository. The type specimen is deposited in the CEL, ZSI, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Holotype Reg. No. 5788/H15. Etymology. The new species is named after the Indian state Nagaland. Diagnosis. The new species can easily be recognized by the presence of a fringe of fine short setae of different lengths in addition to a row of short black spines on the flexor region of the male mid femur reaching beyond the middle, and its sub-apex with a tuft of thick dark brown setae (Fig. 4E); the lateral process of the pygophore both dorsally and ventrally covered with dense setae (Figs. 4C, D); the presence of spines on the posterior region of the pygophore (Fig. 4D); and the presence of a longitudinal black stripe on the sublateral region of the mesonotum clothed with silvery white setae (Fig. 4A). Description. Apterous male (holotype). (Figs. 4A–I). Body length 11.79; body width at mesoacetabulum 2.85. Colour. Orange with black marks dorsally and pale yellowish brown ventrally; head laterally, anterior margin of pronotum at level below eye and vertex, lateral and sub-lateral region of meso-and metanota, acetabular region, abdominal terga I–VIII with silvery white marks; vertex of head with a pair of oblique black marks, base of head around trichobothrium with black round spot adjacent to eye; anterior and posterolateral region of pronotum black, mesonotum laterally with black mark, sublaterally with broad black longitudinal stripe and united anteriorly with lateral mark, linear and not reached posterior margin of mesonotum; mesoacetabulum laterally and posteriorly black; pleural region medially with linear yellow mark between mesopleural black mark and mesonotal lateral black mark; metanotum medially and laterally black; metaacetabulum with black-enclosed orange mark; dorsal face of fore femur with two longitudinal black stripes, one anteriorly and other medially, mesofemur dark brown, metafemur brown, coxa and trochanter of all legs yellowish brown; tibiae and tarsi of all legs black except fore tibia dorsally with yellow mark; connexivum yellowish brown; abdominal terga I–VII black, tergum VIII basally brown, apically black; proctiger brown, apical region of parameres black (Fig. 4A). Structural characters. Head produced anteriorly, antennal tubercle prominent, head around eyes with black setae, inner margin of first antennal segment with sparse fine setae (more evident in alcohol), venter of head adjacent to eyes with 4–5 black setae, apex of third rostral segment with 4 erect sensory bristles two ventrally and other two dorsally; head length 1.49, width 1.75, minimum interocular width 0.56, eye length 0.84, eye width 0.53; antennal segment lengths I–IV 5.40, 1.28, 1.49, 1.19; rostrum reaching posterior margin of prosternum. Anterior margin of pronotum straight, posterior margin medially concave; mesonotum sublaterally longitudinally depressed, medially with longitudinal sulcus indistinct anteriorly (Fig. 4A), posteromedian margin straight, posterolateral margin oblique; metanotum with posterior margin slightly concave, medially with longitudinal suture; venter of body with sparse minute black adpressed spines (more evident in alcohol) in addition to dense silvery white setae; fore trochanter clothed with short and long black setae; fore femur posteriorly with dense minute setae ventrally; basal region of fore femur with 5–6 medium sized thin setae; inner basal region of fore tibia with anterior small notch and posterior wide notch, each edge of notches with single denticle, apical process of fore tibia with few setae; venter of mid trochanter with 23–25 black spinules and sparse fine black setae, outer lateral region with 8 minute brown spines; mid femur clothed with minute black spines, flexor region of mid femur fringed with fine short setae of different length directed against hind femur in addition to row of short black spines, reaching beyond middle, tip of each seta directed downward, adjacent to which on ventral face with black spinules gradually disappearing apically, apex of mid femur with tuft of thick black setae directed upward and downward (Fig. 4E); mid tibial inner margin beyond middle fringed with dense straight setae directed downward; venter of hind trochanter with 22–24 minute black spines, dorsolateral region of hind trochanter with 5–9 black spines; metacoxa posterolaterally with prominent spine; hind femur longer than mid femur; hind tarsus fused; claws of all legs prominent; length of metasternum 0.39. Lengths of leg segments: fore leg: femur 6.31, tibia 4.52, tarsomeres I–II 2.51, 1.06; mid leg: femur 17.37, tibia 10.87, tarsomeres I–II 5.40, 0.53; hind leg: femur 20.64, tibia 11.67, tarsomeres I + II (fused) 0.31. Width of fore-, mid-, hind femora 0.93, 0.42, 0.34. Connexivum small; posterior margin of tergum VII convex (Figs. 4A, C); 1ength of abdominal tergum 4.36, terga I–VIII 0.26, 0.41, 0.32, 0.32, 0.33, 0.42, 0.85, 0.74, combined lengths of terga I–VII 2.88, sterna II–VIII 0.32, 0.30, 0.32, 0.35, 0.37, 0.45, 0.49, combined lengths of sterna II–VII 2.10, posterior margin of tergum VIII with medium sized brown setae (Fig. 4C), sternum with long black setae (Fig. 4D). Genitalia: proctiger length (insitu) 0.54; lateral process of pygophore reniform, shape more evident in alcohol due to numerous long pale to dark brown setae dorsally and ventrally (Figs. 4C, D), posterior region of pygophore with numerous black adpressed spines (Fig. 4D); lateral margin of pygophore and proctiger with numerous fine setae; pygophore length, dorsal 0.21, ventral 1.68; proctiger wider than long, length 0.96, width 1.13 (after dissection), produced posterolaterally and medially, dorsally clothed with dark brown to black setae (Fig. 4F); paramere hook-like, apical part strongly bend upward, apical inner margin slightly concave, sparse setae throughout except base and apex, subapical outer region with fringe of numerous long dark brown to black setae, inner region beyond middle with short dark brown to black setae (Fig. 4G). Endosoma: dorsal view: basal sclerite (bs) with outer margin straight, inner margins irregular, highly sclerotised laterally; dorsal sclerite (ds) originates beneath basal sclerite, reaching near apical sclerite, basal end highly sclerotised, excavated forming lower short and upper long arms, fused behind, split before medially forming two long slender arms converging apically, apex highly sclerotised; median sclerite (ms) placed adjacent to dorsal sclerite, arising at level of subapex of lateral sclerite (ls) and apex overlaps apical sclerite; lateral sclerite placed below basal sclerite; accessory lateral sclerite (als) placed between subapices of lateral and median sclerites (Fig. 4H); lateral view: endosoma oval shaped; bs placed over base of dorsal sclerite; ds curved, base sub-triangular; as bow-shaped; ms broad, indistinctly fused with apical sclerite; ls linear, boat-shaped; als highly sclerotised with narrow base and broad apex; ventral sclerite (vs) thin and boat-shaped (Fig. 4I). Macropterous male, apterous female and macropterous female: Unknown. Distribution. Peren District, Nagaland, India, see Fig. 8A. Comparative notes. Ptilomera nagalanda Jehamalar and Chandra, new species can be clearly recognized from all the known congeners from India by the absence of curly, intertwined dark brown to black swimming setae on the flexor region of the mid femur and the presence of silvery setae on the sublateral region of the meso- and metanota of the male (Fig. 4A). Ptilomera nagalanda is similar to P. fang Polhemus, 2001 from Thailand, but the new species can be easily distinguished from P. fang by the following characters: Silvery patches are present on the first abdominal tergum in P. nagalanda (Fig. 4A), whereas they are absent in P. fang; the lateral wing of the pygophore dorsally and ventrally is clothed with white and black setae in P. nagalanda (Figs. 4C, D), whereas in P. fang the lateral wing of the pygophore has apical tufts of long black setae (see Polhemus 2001, p. 217, Fig. 1; Raruanysong et al. 2014, p. 106, Figs. 10, 11); the metasternum is distinctly shorter than the combined length of abdominal sterna II and III in P. nagalanda, whereas the metasternal length exceeds the combined lengths of sterna II and III in P. fang; the flexor region of the mid femur basally has a fringe of short, almost straight and less dense setae reaching beyond the middle and the apex has a setal tuft (Fig. 4E) in P. nagalanda, whereas this setal fringe is absent in P. fang, although it has an apical setal tuft.