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Volleth, Marianne, Son, Nguyen Truong, Wu, Yi, Li, Yuchun, Yu, Wenhua, Lin, Liang-Kong, Arai, Satoru, Trifonov, Vladimir, Liehr, Thomas, Harada, Masashi (2017): Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank. Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1): 41-50, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2017.19.1.003

Rhinolophus formosae Two males and one female from Taiwan were studied cytogenetically. All specimens showed a karyotype with 2 n = 52 and a FNa = 60 (Fig. 6). There were five bi-armed and 19 acrocentric autosomal pairs. In addition, the smallest, dot-like pair no. 25 is likely also bi-armed. Due to the minuteness of this element, the metacentric condition was visible only in a small percentage of metaphase spreads. Therefore, this chromosome was counted as one arm only for the FNa. The medium-sized X chromosome is submetacentric and the dot-like Y chromosome is probably bi-armed. Concerning the amount of centromeric heterochromatin, the acrocentric pairs differed from the bi-armed ones. In contrast to the faint staining of centromeric regions of bi-armed pairs 1 to 5 and 25, the acrocentric chromosomes showed dark stained pericentromeric regions after CBG-banding, which were also GTG-, QFQ- and DAPI-positive (Fig. 7 A���B). The amount of centromeric heterochromatin of the X chromosome was similar to that of other Rhinolophus species and not enlarged as in R. cf. luctoides and R. lanosus. The Y chromosome of R. formosae was hardly distinguishable from the autosomal pair 25 after CBG-banding and showed no clear centromeric heterochromatin (Fig. 7A). The secondary constriction of chromosomal pair 18 (homologous to MMY21) was shown to bear active NORs by silver-staining (Fig. 7C). Analysis of 20 metaphase spreads of one male specimen revealed a frequency of 2.0 NORs per cell. The complete set of AST painting probes and some selected MMY probes (MMY8, 14, 23) were applied on R. formosae. The results are given on the G-banded karyogram (Fig. 6) and examples of FISH experiments are shown in Fig. 3C and 3F. Of the chromosomal pairs 1 to 5, only two, i.e., 4 and 5, show the same combination of chromosomal arms as found in R. luctoides, R. lanosus and R. morio. Pairs 1 to 3 show a unique combination hitherto found in no other rhinolophid species., Published as part of Volleth, Marianne, Son, Nguyen Truong, Wu, Yi, Li, Yuchun, Yu, Wenhua, Lin, Liang-Kong, Arai, Satoru, Trifonov, Vladimir, Liehr, Thomas & Harada, Masashi, 2017, Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank, pp. 41-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2017.19.1.003, http://zenodo.org/record/3944816

Rhinolophus cf. luctoides The male from Vietnam, morphologically determined as R. luctus, showed a karyotype with a diploid chromosome number of 2 n = 32 and an autosomal fundamental number of FNa = 60. The karyotype consisted of 15 meta- to submetacentric autosomal pairs ranging from large to small, a large metacentric X chromosome and a large acrocentric Y chromosome (Fig. 1). C-banding revealed heterochromatin at all centromeres, in the proximal half of the short arm of the X chromosome, and in the Y chromosome with exception to the very proximal part (Fig. 2A). The secondary constriction in the short arm of chromosomal pair 8 (homologous to MMY21 and AST10) was proven to be the single site of Nucleolus Organizer Region (NOR) by silver-staining (Fig. 2B). The mean number of active NORs per cell was 1.7 (20 cells analyzed). The G-banding pattern of autosomal pairs was found to be similar to R. luctoides (Volleth et al., 2015). The identical arm composition of autosomes as in R. luctoides was confirmed by the results of whole chromosome painting with probes from A. stoliczkanus (AST), complemented with some probes from M. myotis (MMY3/4 and MMY8 for pair 1). The hybridization results are summarized on the karyotype (Fig. 1). Painting probes from biarmed AST autosomes hybridized to two different pairs each (examples in Fig. 3A and 3D)., Published as part of Volleth, Marianne, Son, Nguyen Truong, Wu, Yi, Li, Yuchun, Yu, Wenhua, Lin, Liang-Kong, Arai, Satoru, Trifonov, Vladimir, Liehr, Thomas & Harada, Masashi, 2017, Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank, pp. 41-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2017.19.1.003, http://zenodo.org/record/3944816, {"references":["VOLLETH, M., J. LOIDL, F. MAYER, H. - S. YONG, S. MULLER, and K. - G. HELLER. 2015. Surprising genetic diversity in Rhinolophus luctus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Peninsular Malaysia: description of a new species based on genetic and morphological characters. Acta Chiropterologica, 17: 1 - 20."]}

Rhinolophus lanosus stat. rev. The female from Sichuan province, China, showed a diploid chromosome number of 2 n = 32 and a FNa = 60. The karyotype was composed of 15 meta- to submetacentric autosomal pairs and two metacentric X chromosomes (Fig. 4). Heterochromatin was detected by C-banding at all centromeres and in the proximal part of the short arm of the X chromosome. The size of this heterochromatic segment differed between both homologs of the female studied (inset of Fig. 4). The NORs are located at the secondary constriction in the short arm of pair 8. This chromosomal arm is homologous to MMY21. The frequency of active NORs as detected by silver-staining was 1.8 NORs per cell (10 metaphase spreads analyzed). The composition of autosomal arms was studied by combination of whole chromosome painting probes from A. stoliczkanus, complemented by some M. myotis probes (MMY8, 14, 18). The hybridization results are summarized on the karyotype (Fig. 4), and as examples metaphase spreads hybridized with probes from AST 1, 2 and 8 are shown (Fig. 3B and 3E). G-banding and FISH results revealed that the karyotype of R. lanosus differs from that of R. luctoides and R. cf. luctoides from Vietnam by a whole arm reciprocal translocation (WART) between pairs 3 and 4. In the karyotype of R. cf. luctoides, pair 3 is composed of arms homologous to AST2 ad AST5, whereas in R. lanosus it consists of arms homologous to AST7 and AST5. Homology to AST1 and AST7 is found in pair 4 of R. cf. luctoides, but to AST1 and AST 2 in R. lanosus (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Volleth, Marianne, Son, Nguyen Truong, Wu, Yi, Li, Yuchun, Yu, Wenhua, Lin, Liang-Kong, Arai, Satoru, Trifonov, Vladimir, Liehr, Thomas & Harada, Masashi, 2017, Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank, pp. 41-50 in Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2017.19.1.003, http://zenodo.org/record/3944816

Hexacentrus karnyi Griffini, 1909 [A] CH 4982 ♂ The song of this species (two males recorded in the field at night) was in its basic structure (Fig. 15) similar to that of the Asiatic species H. unicolor Serville, 1831 (Heller, 1986) and other Hexacentrus species (e.g., Ichikawa et al. 2006), but it is much slower in echeme and syllable repetition rate. It consisted of a series of echemes, repeated at intervals of 8���12 s (0.5 s in H. unicolor). The syllable repetition rate was around 50 Hz (T= 21 ��C), again much slower than H. unicolor, which heats up before singing and reaches more than 300 Hz. Each echeme (duration about 0.7 s) started with a distinct impulse, probably indicating the opening of the tegmina. Similar isolated impulses can be seen in the song of the other species, but usually shortly after an echeme and produced during a final wing closure. The peak of the spectrum was situated at 9.7 kHz, close to that of 11 kHz observed in H. unicolor (Heller, 1986)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 368-369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Griffini, A. (1909) Note sopra alcune Phasgonuridae del Congo. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 53 (1908), 9 - 28.","Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 22, 28 - 65; 134 - 167; 262 - 292.","Heller, K. - G. (1986) Warm-up and stridulation in the bushcricket, Hexacentrus unicolor Serville (Orthoptera, Conocephalidae, Listroscelidinae). Journal of Experimental Biology, 126, 97 - 109.","Ichikawa, A., Ito, F., Kano, Y., Kawai, M., Tominaga, O. & Murai, T. (Eds.) (2006) Orthoptera of the Japanese Archipelago in color. Sapporo, 688 pp. + 2 CD."]}

Zeuneria Karsch, 1890 Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878) included Zeuneria in Poreuomenini and retained it there (1891) despite Karsch���s idea (1890) to have it in a separate group Zeuneriae. The genus contains four species (see Table 7) and is certainly very closely related to the monotypic Gravenreuthia Karsch, 1892, which is also included in Poreuomenini (Karsch, 1892). 6.6 / 6.15 36,3 / 37 Z. centralis Rehn, 1914 - / 5.2 - / 32 Rehn, 1914, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1890) Verzeichniss der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi - Station in Deutsch - Westafrika 1890 gesammelten Locustodeen aus den Familien der Phaneropteriden, Mekonemiden und Gryllakriden. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 16, 353 - 369.","Karsch, F. (1892) Verzeichniss der von Herrn Dr Paul Preuss im Kamerungebirge erbeuteten Orthopteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 37, 65 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18920370112","Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223."]}

Afromecopoda preussiana (Karsch, 1891) [A] CH 4945, CH 5001 2 ♂♂, CH 5009 ��� 10 2 ♀♀ There are only two published records of A. preussiana outside Cameroon, both in Congo: Lukula (5.24 ��� S, 12.56 ���E) and Umangi (2.21 ��S, 21.4 ��E; Griffini 1908 a). Irangi is quite far from these localities and much more in the East. One undetermined nymph of the genus, however, had been already collected in the Ituri region (Rehn, 1914), north of the Kivu region. With respect to the possibly large variability (Griffini mentions an unusually small male), we consider our specimens as belonging to this species despite the tegmina being considerably shorter than in the types. At the frontal edge, the tegmina show a very narrow, translucent margin similar as described for A. austera by Karsch 1893. * measured from type photos in OSF, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 366-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1891) Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi-Station in Kamerun gesammelten Locustodeen. Anhang: Ueber die Mecopodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 36, 317 - 346.","Griffini, A. (1908 a) Phasgonuridae africane del R. Museo di Storia Naturale di Bruxelles, 3. Hetrodidae, Mecopodidae, Pseudophyllidae. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 15, 35 - 64.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223.","Karsch, F. (1893) Locustodeen von Victoria in Kamerun, gesammelt durch Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 19, 195 - 199."]}

Pardalota asymmetrica Karsch, 1896 [C] CH 4953 ��� 4, CH 4961 ��� 64 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀ The mainly black and white coloured animals (with orange markings on legs and pronotum) have a distinctive threatening display (Fig. 1 B). They open the elevated wings to some extent, go down with the head towards the ground and bulge the brightly orange skin of the neck as it is done also by disturbed Acripeza reticulata (Rentz 2010). Possibly they are imitating a wasp or another Hymenopteran (see the wasp-imitating phaneropterine Aganacris for a similar wing coloration; Nickle 2012). This idea is supported by the black antennae, marked with white rings only in large intervals. However, even the nymphs present orange and black colours (Fig. 1 C), so that an own chemical defence should not be completely excluded. The eggs are flat as typical for Phaneropterinae (Bey-Bienko 1954), and relatively oblong (4.7 mm long, 1.8 mm width, 0.9mm thick; one dark brown egg, in ethanol). Song: In the field and in the laboratory two different types of song could be heard. The short song (about 0.5���2 s; Fig. 6) was heard quite often, while the complicated long song (8���28 s; 4 complete recordings) was presented only in much larger intervals. At the beginning of the short song an animal typically sings microsyllables by opening the tegmina silently and producing few impulses only during a part of the closing movement. After a variable number of these elements, increasing in amplitude, the animal switches to macrosyllables and during the whole closing movement impulses are produced (Fig. 7 A). The syllable repetition rate decreases only very slightly from 23 to 21 Hz (T> 29 ��C). Mostly there are one or a few intermediate syllables in between. At the end of a short song sometimes microsyllabes are added or even another series of micro- and macrosyllables (observed once in a field recording). A long song (Fig. 2) starts with macrosyllables of low amplitude and short duration, but they become quickly longer and louder and remain so for several (up to many) seconds (syllable repetition rate 23 Hz). After some time the animal switches (Fig. 6, 7 B) to another syllable type which looks like a combination of a micro- and a macrosyllable. After a series of impulses one separate impulse (8���10 ms interval) is following. These syllables are repeated for about 2 to 4 s at a repetition rate of 37 Hz. After some intermediate syllables (Fig. 7 C) the final syllable sequence (0.5 to 1 s duration) is enclosed where very loud isolated impulses are produced, similarly as in the microsyllables, but with a much higher intensity, higher movement amplitude and higher repetition rate (55 Hz). The stridulatory file did not show any irregularities., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 347-349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1896) Neue Orthopteren aus dem tropischen Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 57, 242 - 359.","Rentz, D. C. F. (2010) A guide to the katydids of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 214 pp.","Nickle, D. A. (2012) Synonymies of wasp-mimicking species within the katydid genus Aganacris (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 21, 245 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.021.0209","Bey-Bienko, G. Ya. (1954) Orthoptera Vol. II. No. 2. Tettigonioidea Phaneropterinae, Fauna of the U. S. S. R. Zoological Institute Akademii Nauk SSSR, 381 pp. [English translation 1965 Jerusalem (Israel Program for Scientific Translations)]"]}

Leproscirtus granulosus (Karsch, 1886) Leproscirtus ebneri Karny, 1919, syn. n. Leproscirtus karschi Karny, 1919, syn. n. Leproscirtus granulosus aptera Karny, 1919, syn. n. [A] CH 4983 ��� 4 2 ♂♂, CH 4938, CH 4989, CH 4993 3 ♀♀ While the arrangement of the specimens in this genus is quite clear, the identification to species level is difficult from two reasons, from the variation of the diagnostic characters and from the definition of the species. The genus was considered as monotypic, until Karny (1919) described four new species. One of them, L. brunneri, seems to differ from all others by a double tooth on each tergite. In the same paper Karny described another new species from literature, L. griffinii, but the sole diagnostic character, the unusual length of tegmina, was obviously based on a printing error, and the species was synonymised by Ebner (1943). The remaining three species are relatively similar to each other, and differ according to the descriptions in the colour of some body parts and the shape of the male subgenital plate. Our female specimens (habitus Fig. 13 H) agree exactly with the description of the holotype of L. granulosus Karsch (1886) (single known specimen at that time; holotype probably lost, missing in MfN at least since 1974 according to a note in the collection) having rudimentary tegmina, the tip of the ovipositor not reaching knees of hind legs (except one leg; see below) and face and other parts not bright yellow (no yellow markings mentioned in description in contrast to specimens described later (1891) by Karsch). The tegmina overlap the caudal edge of the mesonotum, longer than described for L. karschi (Karny, 1919: p. 288) in which also the hind femora reach the tip of the ovipositor. Karny (1919), however, defines L. granulosus Karsch as having face, genae, lower edge of pronotum and mesopleura bright yellow, probably influenced by a series of specimens (from Barombi Station, Cameroun) described by Karsch (1891) which all show this character, and own new material (at least two females). According to the material in MfN, the coloration can be variable even in individuals of the same locality (yellow in 2 of 8 specimens (and in female deposited in Geneve; Hollier 2010) from Buea, Cameroun, and in 7 out of 8 specimens from Victoria, Cameroun). Only from Barombi, all specimens in MfN are yellow as noted by Karsch (1891). Karny (1919) splits the former L. granulosus in three species distinguished by the shape of the male subgenital plate and colour (yellow body parts diagnostic for ���true��� L. granulosus). Unfortunately, however, as mentioned above, the holotype of L. granulosus was very probably not yellow. The females of Karny���s granulosus have also clearly longer hind femora than the type (30.5���30.8 mm, type 26.8 mm, our specimens CH 4993 left side 24 (shorter), right 25 (longer than ovipositor), CH 4989 both sides 26, CH 4938 left side 25, right 24.5 mm (longer than ovipositor)). So our specimens seem to be true granulosus. Possibly Karsch (1891) and Karny (1919) assumed a second species (?) to be granulosus, which is larger (no measurements in Karsch 1891, but according to own measurements 32 mm (one female) and 27-30 mm (4 males; specimens from Barombi)) than the original species and which has bright yellow markings. Karny was aware of this possibility, however, he was erroneously asking, if Karsch���s animal from 1886 (holotype of granulosus) might be in fact his new karschi ! The combined data from all specimens in MHB (13 males, 17 females) do not show a clear bimodality, although the yellow individuals tend to belong to the larger ones. In the males from Cameroun, Karny (1919) distinguished three types of subgenital plates. In his ��� ebneri ��� (some syntypes in MfN, although not mentioned by Karny as types, but same place, date and collector (Buea, 1-10 th April 1891, Preuss; determined by Karsch 1892 as L. granulosus)), the median incision of the narrow subgenital plate is very short, much shorter than the lobes carrying the styli (Fig 14 C). In ��� karschi ��� this incision is much larger, longer than the lobes (as in Fig. 14 E, F). In Karny���s ��� granulosus ��� the situation is intermediate (Fig. 14 D; male from Barombi Station). In Dibongo, both types (and/or yellow and not yellow specimens) are possibly found together (same locality for both species; Karsch 1919). Our males (Fig. 14 F; both very similar to each other) are clearly nearest to ��� karschi ���, although they have special characters. Instead of describing a new species, we propose to consider L. ebneri and L. karschi as synonyms of L. granulosus due to the above mentioned taxonomic problems and missing clear diagnostic characters. The high variability within Cameroun requires detailed studies throughout the range of this widespread species (see long list of references in OSF). If the above mentioned second large and yellow species should turn out to be a good species, it must be called L. aptera Karny, 1919. The name was coined for the missing female tegmina, but the diagnostic characteristics would be colouration and size. Otherwise aptera characterises a variety, but not a geographic subspecies. Song. The calling song (Fig. 15) consisted of isolated syllables, repeated at intervals of 10���15 s, and was heard only at night. One syllable contained ca. 35 clearly separated (im)pulses with a frequency peak at 9 kHz. We recorded two males singing closely together (in captivity). The song of the leader was followed by that of the second male usually within ca. 0.7 s and often not only by one, but by several (up to three) syllables. The stridulatory file on the lower side of the left tegmen carries a dense series of broad teeth and ends distally in an unusual knob (Fig. 16 A). In contrast to the upper, leather-like appearing left tegmen the lower right one presents a large transparent mirror (Fig. 16 B)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1886) Eine neue westafrikanische Mecopode. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 12, 316 - 318.","Karny, H. H. (1919) Revision der Gattung Leproscirtus (Orthoptera, Mecopodinae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 50, 287 - 289.","Ebner, R. (1943) Einige Orthoptera Saltatoria von Fernando Po (Spanisch Guinea). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 143, 259 - 274.","Karsch, F. (1891) Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi-Station in Kamerun gesammelten Locustodeen. Anhang: Ueber die Mecopodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 36, 317 - 346.","Hollier, J. A. (2010) An annotated list of type specimens of Orthoptera (Insecta) described by Ferdinand Karsch and deposited in the collections of the Museum d'histoire naturelle de la Ville de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 17 - 22.","Karsch, F. (1892) Verzeichniss der von Herrn Dr Paul Preuss im Kamerungebirge erbeuteten Orthopteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 37, 65 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18920370112"]}

Pardalotini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 The Central African Pardalotini is a small tribe containing species without a fore coxal spine., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508

Arantiini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878) established this group for the single genus Arantia St��l. However, the description that indicates conchate tympana on both sides of the fore leg tibia (key, p. 17: ���tibia anticae foraminibus rimatis instructae���, p. 136: ���Vorderschienen tragen auf beide Seiten sehr verengte, beinahe geschlossene Geh��r��ffnungen���; p. 137: ���spaltenf��rmige Geh��rorgane���), is inconsistent with the Latin diagnosis (p. 136: ���foraminibus utrinque vel in latere antico rimatis��� =ears slit open on both sides or on the inner one). From the following descriptions of the species it can be seen the diagnosis is correct. A. fasciata (as A. spinulosa) possess open tympana on both sides, but A. rectifolia asymmetrical ones. Brunner von Wattenwyl provided the genus description obviously mainly based on A. fasciata (as A. spinulosa) and restricts the genus to occur in South Africa, although only one species is found there. In his key to genera Chopard (1955) described Arantia as having asymmetric ears: ���tympans differents, les externs ouverts, les internes en forme de fente���, as in Karsch (1889): ���Foramina der Vorderschienen ungleich��� - foramina of the fore tibiae uneven. Accepting the view of Karsch and Chopard, our specimens, showing also the asymmetric condition, can be easily identified as belonging to Arantia (without fore coxal spine and having only very small styli on the subgenital plate, sometimes even missing completely as in A. manca Bolivar 1906). However, during identification we were puzzled because at the first glance it seemed unlikely that our species, looking so differently, should belong to the same genus. After comparing descriptions and pictures it became obvious that Arantia is a quite heterogenous group. Again, Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878, 1891) may not have noticed this variability as he refers in the description of the group to the very broad tegmina, not found even in the type species. To facilitate identification we propose to split the genus in two subgenera based on tegmen width and hind femora curvature., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 350-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Chopard, L. (1955) La Reserve Naturelle Integrale du Mont Nimba, fasc. 2. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Memoires de l' Institut Francais d' Afrique Noire, 40 [1954], 25 - 98.","Karsch, F. (1889) Orthopterologische Beitrage. III. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 32 [1888], 415 - 464.","Bolivar, I. (1906) Fasgonuridos de la Guinea espanola. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natura, 1, 327 - 377, pl. 10."]}

Pseudophyllinae Burmeister, 1838 The specimens were identified following Beier (1962) except that of Pantecphylus., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung Kaukerfe, Gymnognatha. Erste Halfte; vulgo Orthoptera. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, i - viii + pp. 457 - 756.","Beier, M. (1962) Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Pseudophyllinae I). In: Mertens, R., Hennig, W. & Wermuth, H. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. 73. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 468 pp."]}

Conocephalus inaequalis Uvarov, 1928 [A] CH 5004 ♂ In the structure of the cerci the male is very similar to C. inaequalis, described from South Africa (see Fig. 10 in Uvarov 1928, photos of the type in OSF). Even the upward orientation of the small inner denticle agrees with the type. This type of cercus does not belong to the common ones in the genus (not figured e.g. in the only available multi-species study of the genus by Pitkin (1980) on the species of the Pacific area). There are also no obvious differences to C. inaequalis in the general structure of the tip of the abdomen and the length of the tegmina. However, from many African Conocephalus species (more than 30 besides of subgenus Megalotheca) stable characters for identification are missing, so our classification must remain preliminary. A large female nymph (CH 5005) of the genus may belong to another species., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 369-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1928) Notes on the types of Orthoptera described by Dr. L. Peringuey. Annals of the South African Museum, 25, 341 - 357.","Pitkin, L. M. (1980) A revision of the Pacific species of Conocephalus Thunberg (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 41, 315 - 355."]}

Zabalius apicalis inversus Beier, 1957 [A] CH 4990 ♀ During the day, the animal (Fig. 13 C) showed the same cryptic posture as typical for the other Pseudophyllini., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Beier, M. (1957) Pseudophyllinae aus dem Belgischen Congo (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 55, 49 - 68."]}

Arantia (Arantia) gracilicercata Heller sp. n. Holotype: male (CH 4939), CONGO (formerly ZAIRE), Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles in Irangi holotype, ca. 100 km (north) west of Bukavu [A], MfN Further material: females CH 4994, 4998, same locality (in ethanol). A Pairwise distance [1] L. viridis _ CH 6817 [2] A. fasciata _ CH 7504 0,0 87 [3] A._ congensis _ CH 4991 0,0 97 0,0 57 [4] A. _ CH 4943 0, 100 0,0 58 0,0 0 1 A. congensis [5] A. _ CH 4992 0,0 79 0,0 30 0,0 0 3 0,0 0 7 [6] A. _ CH 4998 0,0 93 0,0 54 0,0 41 0,0 42 0,0 20 [7] A. _ CH 4994 0,0 94 0,0 57 0,0 46 0,0 46 0,0 18 0,0 26 A. gracilicercata [8] A. _ CH 4939 0,102 0,0 53 0,0 47 0,0 48 0,0 15 0,0 32 0,0 37 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] B mean net distances between species [1] L. viridis [2] A. fasciata 0,0 87 [3] A. congensis 0,0 90 0,0 47 [4] A. gracilicercata 0,0 81 0,0 39 0,0 18 [1] [2] [3] [4] A pairwise distance [1] L. viridis _ CH 6817 [2] A. fasciata _ CH 7504 0, 100 [3] A. congensis _ CH 4991 0,0 82 0,0 36 [4] A. _ CH 4943 0,0 82 0,0 36 0,0 0 0 A. congensis [5] A. _ CH 4992 0,0 89 0,0 36 0,0 0 6 0,0 0 6 [6] A. _ CH 4998 0,0 93 0,0 40 0,0 10 0,0 10 0,0 16 [7] A. _ CH 4994 0,0 97 0,0 36 0,0 13 0,0 13 0,0 20 0,0 10 A. gracilicercata [8] A. _ CH 4939 0,0 89 0,0 36 0,0 0 6 0,0 0 6 0,0 13 0,0 0 3 0,0 0 6 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] B mean net distances between species [1] L. viridis [2] A. fasciata 0, 100 [3] A. congensis 0,0 82 0,0 34 [4] A. gracilicercata 0,0 90 0,0 34 0,0 0 6 [1] [2] [3] [4] Diagnosis. In the male sex the species can easily be recognised by its long, slender cerci with strong basal tooth. Description. Male (Fig. 9 A, C). Head. Fastigium verticis about half as wide as scapus, sulcate at tip, met from below by conical fastigium frontis, leaving a gap between tips. Antennal sockets strongly margined (as typical for Pseudophyllinae; Rentz 1979) (Fig. 9 D). Scapus large, its distal half slightly inflated. Eyes circular, the diameter at base smaller than further distal. Thorax. Surface of pronotum smooth, without carinae. Fore coxa with a very small blunt spine, directed anteriorly and slightly inwards. At the lower side fore femora with 7 to 9 spinules at inner edge, mid femora with two spinules distally at anterior edge, hind femora with 4-6 spinules at both edges each. All tibiae with few to many spinules on both edges above and below. Hind tibiae slightly curved. Tibial ears in the fore legs anteriorly conchate, posteriorly open. Auditory spiracle very large, but entrance for the most part covered by paranotum. Wings. Tegmina narrow (see Table 3), rounded at tip, with black markings at the very base (Fig. 9 B). Stridulatory vein with about 100 teeth, the intervals between becoming continuously smaller from articulation to edge. Alae slightly longer than fore wings. Colour translucent-green, six white markings at irregular intervals along Media Anterior (sensu Ragge 1955). Venation see Fig. 9 A. Abdomen. Third tergite with a large tubercle, projecting anteriorly into an incision of the second tergite, possibly a gland (see e.g., by Ingrisch 2011). There are no hairs, but some material of unknown provenance covering the top of the successional tergites. Subgenital plate quite short with broad, slightly incised end, without styli. Cerci slightly inward-curved, very long and slender. Dorsally at the end of the basal quarter a strong tooth with a long and inward-curved tip (Fig. 9 E, F). In live specimens cerci probably decussate with the tips directed downwards, and the basal teeth nearly touching each other. Female. Since the females differ in the width of the tegmina from the male (see Fig. 9 G) and there are no species���specific characters except male genitalia, their affiliation to the new species is not beyond doubt (see above, Genetics). Morphology. General habitus as in male. Thorax. At the lower side fore femora with 4 to 5 spinules at inner edge, mid femora unarmed or with two spinules distally at anterior edge, hind femora with 4-6 spinules at both edges each. Wings. Tegmina broader than in male (see Table 3). Upper side of right tegmen with nine veins carrying stridulatory teeth. Abdomen. No gland-like structures at first tergites. However, last tergite dorso-posteriorly with a large protuberance, covered with hairs and an obviously sticky substance, only the most posterior part clean and smooth. Ovipositor (Fig. 9 H) short (4 mm), its edges without teeth or crenulation. Measurements see Table 3. Etymology. Named according to the slender cerci. Song. The male lived many days in captivity, when its song was recorded. During four continuous records (130 minutes combined), in total 28 separated, isolated syllables were registered (Fig. 12; syllable duration ca. 50 ms at 21 ��C) with the animal singing at night. Sometimes two syllables followed each other with quite short intervals (4, 8, 13 s observed). For the human ear and the recording equipment, the sound was quite faint. However, the main energy was probably above 15 kHz., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 355-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. F. (1979) Comments on the classification of the orthopteran family Tettigoniidae, with a key to subfamilies and description of two new subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology, 27, 991 - 1013. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9790991","Ragge, D. R. (1955) The wing-venation of the Orthoptera Saltatoria, with notes on Dictyopteran wing-venation. British Museum (Natural History), London, 159 pp.","Ingrisch, S. (2011) New taxa of Mirolliini from South East Asia and evidence for an abdominal gland in male Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Zootaxa, 2943, 1 - 44."]}

Batodromeus subulo (Karsch, 1893) [A] CH 4944, ♂ (Fig. 13 E), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 365, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1893) Locustodeen von Victoria in Kamerun, gesammelt durch Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 19, 195 - 199."]}

Monticolaria sp. [C] CH 4874 ♀. Our single female is very similar to females of other Monticolaria species. A present, however, there is not enough information to distinguish it from females of Atlasacris peculiaris Rehn, 1914 with its type locality not far away., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223."]}

Pseudophyllinae Burmeister, 1838 The specimens were identified following Beier (1962) except that of Pantecphylus.

Plastocorypha ituriana Bolivar, 1922 Plastocorypha cabrai Griffini, 1909 stat. rev. [A] CH 4986, CH 4997 2 ♂ For the identification of Plastocorypha species (five species in OSF) not many characters are available. Our males have a dark orange red face (Fig. 13 J). Applying this character, the two Plastocorypha forms with black faces (nigrifrons nigrifrons and vandikana) can be excluded. In these two forms, the tip of the fastigium is tapering, while it is blunt in P. brevipes (see OSF) and our animals. The remaining three forms have all dark orange red (���ferruginous���) faces and are all distributed in Central Africa��� brevipes Rehn, 1914, nigrifrons cabrai Griffini 1909 and ituriana Bolivar 1922. P. brevipes has shorter hind femora than the other two and our specimens. Bolivar did not give any diagnosis when describing ituriana, only ���voisine de vandikana��� (=related to vandikana). Although caprai (we propose to treat it as species due to the difference in colour of the face) and ituriana may be the same taxon, we will call our animals at the moment P. ituriana, since the type locality of cabrai (Mayumbe) is near the Atlantic Ocean. Song. The calling song (Fig. 17) consisted of long echemes (ca. 4 s) with a syllable repetition rate of ca. 40 Hz (T= 21 ��C). In our nightly field recording, two males were imperfectly synchronizing, at the beginning or the end of the echeme the softer singing male could be heard (in Fig. 16 at the end). The echemes were separated by intervals of ca. 25 s. The stridulatory file (Fig. 16 C) is similar to that figured in OSF for P. brevipes. In both species there is a small bulge near the proximal end., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 370-371, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1922) Orthopteres. In: Voyage de M. Le Baron Maurice de Rothschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique orientale anglaise 1904 - l 905). Animaux Articules, Paris. Imprimerie National 1, pp. 169 - 219, pls (10) 1 - (10) 4.","Griffini, A. (1909) Note sopra alcune Phasgonuridae del Congo. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 53 (1908), 9 - 28.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223."]}

Phaneropterinae Within Phaneropterinae a series of tribes exist, based mainly on Brunner von Wattenwyl’s groups (1878). He used, for example, presence or absence of a coxal spine or/and the shape of the ears in the fore tibia as important diagnostic characters. Ragge (e.g. 1960) and Gorochov (e.g. Gorochov & Kang 2002) expressed doubts several times that these groups represent natural units, but unfortunately nobody proposed better solutions at present. So we will here continue to use Brunner’s characters and his grouping because it seems to be the best (and only) way to group similarly looking genera together.

Phaneroptera sparsa St��l, 1856 [A] CH 5002 male., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Stal, C. (1856) Orthoptera cursoria och Locustina fran Cafferlandet. Ofversigt Kongliga Vetenskaps - akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 13, 165 - 170;"]}

Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang, Volleth, Marianne (2014): Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera). Zootaxa 3785 (3): 343-376, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2

Tetraconcha sp. [A] CH 5008 ♀ photo only After taking photos the specimen was eaten by ants and only parts of the tegmina remained. From coloration, tegmen shape and its short ovipositor, it (Fig. 1 H) looks similar to T. banzyvilliana, whereas according to the pictures presented in OSF T. fenestrata, stichyrata (tegmen shape) and smaragdina (coloration) can certainly be excluded. Focusing on the short ovipositor, even the tribe Phlaurocentrini Karsch, 1889 with Phlaurocentrum, Buettneria and Leiodontocercus may be possible. Only using the keys in Brunner von Wattenwyl (1891) and Chopard (1955), it is difficult or impossible to determine Tetraconcha by females, because one has first to decide that the ovipositor is (nearly always; Chopard 1955) longer than the pronotum (incorrect) and in a second step that it is shorter.

Karniella crassicerca Hemp, 2010 [B] CH 4968 ♂, D CH 4969 ��� 70 2 ♂♂ K. crassicerca is in habitus (Fig. 13 I) quite similar to K. bullata. The calling song is described in Hemp et al. (2010 a)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Hemp, C., Voje, K. L., Heller, K. - G. & Hemp, A. (2010 b) Lunidia, a new genus of African Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 10, 215 - 226.","Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Kehl, S., Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. Waegele, J. W. & Hemp, A. (2010 a) The Phlesirtes complex (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Conocephalini) reviewed: integrating morphological, molecular, chromosomal and bioacoustic data. Systematic Entomology, 35, 554 - 580. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00512. x"]}

Anoedopoda cf. erosa Karsch, 1891 [A] CH 4996 ♂ nymph, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1891) Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi-Station in Kamerun gesammelten Locustodeen. Anhang: Ueber die Mecopodiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 36, 317 - 346."]}

Meconematinae Burmeister, 1838 [A] CH 5003 ♀ The damaged female is unidentifiable with the key of Beier (1967).

Pantecphylus (Pantecphylus) helleri Schmidt, Stelzer & Marshall, 2004 [A] CH 4936 (holotype), CH 4937, 2 ♂♂ Schmidt et al. have described several new species in this genus (Schmidt et al. 2004, 2006, 2007). In the Kivu region they described five new species from five males. According to these data a second, morphologically very similar species occurs in Irangi (with the same co-ordinates as [A]), while the locality of our animal is shown at a different place in their map). New studies on more material have to show if the extreme split of the genus (Schmidt et al. 2004, 2006, 2007) has been correct. The brilliant blue coloration of the mouth parts (Fig. 13 D) fades to yellow after death. Song. For data on the acoustic behaviour (calling song and defence stridulation) see Heller (1996).

Karniella bullata Rehn, 1914 [C] CH 4965 ♂, CH 4966 ��� 7 2 ♀♀ See Hemp et al. (2010 a) for differences to K. crassicerca., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223.","Hemp, C., Heller, K. - G., Kehl, S., Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. Waegele, J. W. & Hemp, A. (2010 a) The Phlesirtes complex (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Conocephalini) reviewed: integrating morphological, molecular, chromosomal and bioacoustic data. Systematic Entomology, 35, 554 - 580. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00512. x"]}

Ruspolia flavovirens (Karny, 1907) [A] CH 5000 ♂, CH 4995, CH 4999 2 ♀♀ According to the data presented by Bailey (1975) the specimens most probably belong to H. flavovirens, a species widespread in East Africa. With 130 stridulatory teeth (in a bulbous file) the male clearly fits in the range of that species (123���143). The same is true for its syllable repetition rate (95 Hz (laboratory recording) to 75���95 Hz in Bailey 1975). However, the length of the pronotum (7.7 mm in all our specimens) is distinctly larger than the range given by Bailey (6.2���7.1 mm). In this aspect the specimens would agree better with the more western species H. paraplesia (Karny, 1907), which has a separate subspecies in Uganda. In this species the number of file teeth (95��� 126) and the syllable repetition rate (65���75 Hz) are only slightly lower than in our animals. Song. See previous paragraph., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 371, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karny, H. H. (1907) Revisio Conocephalidarum. Abhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft Wien, 4, 1 - 114.","Bailey, W. J. (1975) A review of the African species of the genus Ruspolia Schulthess (Orthoptera Tettigonioidea). Bulletin de l' Institut Fondamental d' Afrique Noire, Serie A, 37, 171 - 226."]}

Subgenus Arantia (habitus see Fig. 9, for example) Tegmina narrow (below 12 mm width; 7���12 mm), also when considered in relation to the pronotum (see Table 3 for measurements). In general medium-sized species with nearly straight hind tibiae. The cerci of most species of this subgenus (except simplicinervis and hydatinoptera) have a strong internal/dorsal tooth. For most species, males and females (except A. manca) are known. * measured from type photos in OSF, ** own data, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 353-354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508

Arantiini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878) established this group for the single genus Arantia Stål. However, the description that indicates conchate tympana on both sides of the fore leg tibia (key, p. 17: “tibia anticae foraminibus rimatis instructae”, p. 136: “Vorderschienen tragen auf beide Seiten sehr verengte, beinahe geschlossene Gehöröffnungen”; p. 137: “spaltenförmige Gehörorgane”), is inconsistent with the Latin diagnosis (p. 136: “foraminibus utrinque vel in latere antico rimatis” =ears slit open on both sides or on the inner one). From the following descriptions of the species it can be seen the diagnosis is correct. A. fasciata (as A. spinulosa) possess open tympana on both sides, but A. rectifolia asymmetrical ones. Brunner von Wattenwyl provided the genus description obviously mainly based on A. fasciata (as A. spinulosa) and restricts the genus to occur in South Africa, although only one species is found there. In his key to genera Chopard (1955) described Arantia as having asymmetric ears: “tympans differents, les externs ouverts, les internes en forme de fente”, as in Karsch (1889): “Foramina der Vorderschienen ungleich” - foramina of the fore tibiae uneven. Accepting the view of Karsch and Chopard, our specimens, showing also the asymmetric condition, can be easily identified as belonging to Arantia (without fore coxal spine and having only very small styli on the subgenital plate, sometimes even missing completely as in A. manca Bolivar 1906). However, during identification we were puzzled because at the first glance it seemed unlikely that our species, looking so differently, should belong to the same genus. After comparing descriptions and pictures it became obvious that Arantia is a quite heterogenous group. Again, Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878, 1891) may not have noticed this variability as he refers in the description of the group to the very broad tegmina, not found even in the type species. To facilitate identification we propose to split the genus in two subgenera based on tegmen width and hind femora curvature.

Zeuneria biramosa Sj��stedt, 1929 [A] CH 5013 ��� 17 5 ♂♂, CH 5011 ��� 2 3 ♀♀ and some isolated tegmina (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; CH 4988, CH 5006 ��� 7) The large and colourful species (Fig. 1 G; see OSF for more photographs of our specimens) was quite common at Irangi. It could be identified easily according to the cerci figures of three species (Z. melanopeza, Z. longicercus, Z. biramosa) as given by Sj��stedt (1929). The type and only known specimen (female) of Z. centralis Rehn, 1914 is smaller than our (and all other known) specimens (Table 7). In the male of Z. biramosa, the second abdominal segment is unusually large, carrying on top many glands (?) with hairs. Its posterior edge is curved upwards. Similar structures can be found also on the much smaller first abdominal segment. Song. The calling song was heard only at night. It consisted of single, isolated syllables (Fig. 12) produced at relatively large intervals (in the laboratory 20���30 s). The narrow-banded spectrum has an extraordinarily low peak at 3.7 kHz with a second harmonic of varying intensity at 7.4 kHz (Fig. 4; 500 Hz high pass filter). The peaks in the spectrum at 0.6 and 2 kHz result from continuous background noise. Due to our limited equipment the presence of ultrasonic components cannot be excluded, but the shape of the spectrum below 10 kHz should be correct. The stridulatory file on the underside of the left tegmen showed no irregularities (Fig. 5 D; CH 5007: ca. 128 teeth; interval in the middle 65 ��m) and is in tooth number similar to Zeuneria melanopeza (125 teeth; Leroy 1970). The lower right tegmen shows a large, transparent mirror (Fig. 5 C). Its diameter is slightly larger than in the species Aerotegmina kilimandjarica Hemp with a similarly low-frequent song, but much smaller body size (Heller et al. 2010)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Sjostedt, Y. (1929) Orthoptera 2. Phasgonurodea. In: Voyage au Congo de S. A. R. le Prince Leopold de Belgique (1925) Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 17, 38 - 43.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223.","Leroy, L. (1970) Diversites d`aspects et la dissymetrie des rapes de stridulation des Insectes Orthopteres Phaneropterinae. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences. Serie D, Sciences naturelles, 270, 96 - 99."]}

Arantia (Euarantia) congensis Griffini, 1908 CH 4943, CH 4992 f♀ The species was described by Griffini (1908 c; type locality Congo, Bus(s)ira: probably 0�� 50 ���S, 19 �� 56 ���E) as a subspecies of A. melanota Sj��stedt, 1901 (type locality Cameroon, (M)Bonge, probably 4 �� 32 ���N, 9 ��06���E) and elevated to species rank by Otte (1997) without comment, possibly because the genital structures have been described being different. Our specimen (Fig. 1 D) differs in this character clearly from A. melanota, but agrees quite well with the description of the cercal structure of A. congensis (see Fig. 10 A, B for our specimen). All other Arantia (Euarantia) species with known males can be definitively excluded since their cercal morphology is different. On the second abdominal segment, the male carries a large gland-like structure, a smaller one also on the first. At the posterior end of many tergites (2 nd - 8 th) there is a small spine. The females are characterized by the unusually large, broad-based spines (especially the last two) on both edges of the underside of the hind femur (Fig. 10 C). A. (E.) fasciata has some spines only on the internal edge (Fig. 10 G; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1891, as spinulosa and atrolineata), A. marmorata has only one large spine on both sides (Karsch 1889) on the hind femur (Fig. 10 F). Even the spines (on both edges) of A. melanota (Fig. 10 E) and the male of A. congensis, which are relatively large, are clearly smaller (Fig. 10 D). All other species have only much smaller spines according to the photos in OSF or the descriptions. In addition, male and females differ in colouration of the caudal edge of pronotum (see Fig 1 D, E) and texture of the tegmina. From the genetic similarity, however, we are convinced that the three specimens belong to one species, and give a detailed description of the hitherto unknown female because of these unusually large differences. Colour. See Fig. 1 E. Head. Fastigium verticis ends in a narrow, finger-like process, about a quarter as wide as scapus, sulcate before the process, met from below by conical, weakly sulcate fastigium frontis, leaving a gap between ends. Antennal sockets strongly margined (considered as typical for Pseudophyllinae; Rentz 1979). Scapus large, its distal half slightly inflated. Eyes circular, the diameter at base smaller than further distal, striped. Thorax. Surface of pronotum smooth, without carinae. Posterior part of disc red (Fig. 11 C). Fore coxa without spine. At the lower side fore femora with 3 to 4 spines at inner edge, mid femora unarmed, hind femora with 6-7 spines at both edges each. All tibiae with few to many spines or spinules on both edges above and below. Hind tibiae distinctly curved. Tibial ears in the fore legs anteriorly conchate, posteriorly open, leg dark coloured in this region. Auditory spiracle very large, but entrance for the most part covered by paranotum. Wings. Tegmina broad (see Table 3), broadly pointed at tip, with black markings at the very base (Fig. 11 A). Upper side of right tegmen with nine veins carrying stridulatory teeth. Alae slightly longer than fore wings. Colour green, with some brown-white markings at vein connections. Venation see Fig. 11 A, B. Abdomen. Subgenital plate comparatively short. Last tergite dorso-posteriorly with a large soft protuberance, covered with hairs, only the most posterior part smooth (not well preserved in the dried specimen). Ovipositor short (4 mm), near the tip at edges and on the surface with spines. Measurements see Table 3. Behaviour. During our stay we have taken two photographs which may represent subadult nymphs of this species recognisable by the large spines and the curved hind tibiae. On both images the animals sit with the antennae placed below the body (Fig. 1 F). This behaviour was known only from some South East Asian Holochlorini (Stictophaula spp. Ingrisch 1994; own unpublished observations in other Stictophaula species and Ancylecha fenestrata) and recently also from some East African phaneropterine (genera Gonatoxia, Lunidia, Melidia, Oxyecous, Terpnistria; CH, own unpublished observations)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 358-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Griffini, A. (1908 c) Phasgonuridae africane del R. Museo di Storia Naturale di Bruxelles. 6. Phaneropteridae pars 2 a (reliquae species omnes). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 15, 201 - 226.","Sjostedt, Y. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun. 8. Locustodeen aus Kamerun und Kongo. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - akademiens Handlingar, 27, 1 - 45.","Otte, D. (1997) Orthoptera Species File 7. Tettigonioidea. Orthopterists' Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 373 pp.","Karsch, F. (1889) Orthopterologische Beitrage. III. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 32 [1888], 415 - 464.","Rentz, D. C. F. (1979) Comments on the classification of the orthopteran family Tettigoniidae, with a key to subfamilies and description of two new subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology, 27, 991 - 1013. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9790991","Ingrisch, S. (1994) Drei neue Arten der Gattung Stictophaula aus Thailand (Ensifera, Phaneropteridae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 104, 245 - 264."]}

Pantecphylus (Pantecphylus) helleri Schmidt, Stelzer & Marshall, 2004 [A] CH 4936 (holotype), CH 4937, 2 ♂♂ Schmidt et al. have described several new species in this genus (Schmidt et al. 2004, 2006, 2007). In the Kivu region they described five new species from five males. According to these data a second, morphologically very similar species occurs in Irangi (with the same co-ordinates as [A]), while the locality of our animal is shown at a different place in their map). New studies on more material have to show if the extreme split of the genus (Schmidt et al. 2004, 2006, 2007) has been correct. The brilliant blue coloration of the mouth parts (Fig. 13 D) fades to yellow after death. Song. For data on the acoustic behaviour (calling song and defence stridulation) see Heller (1996)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 363-365, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Schmidt, G. H., Stelzer, R. & Marshall, J. (2004) Description of five new Pantecphylus species from Kivu, the east province of Democratic Republic Congo (Ensifera: Tettigonioidea: Pseudophyllidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 36, 279 - 301.","Heller, K. - G. (1996) Unusual abdomino-alary, defensive stridulatory mechanism in the bushcricket Pantecphylus cerambycinus (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Pseudophyllidae). Journal of Morphology, 227, 81 - 86. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / (sici) 1097 - 4687 (199601) 227: 1 3.0. co; 2 - s"]}

Lichenochrus congicus Rehn, 1914 [A] CH 4935, ♂ Since this specimen (Fig. 13 F) seems to represent the first known male of this species, some doubts must remain concerning its identification. In three described Lichenochrus species, the genicular lobes of the hind femora carry only small spines or they are unarmed (Beier 1962) as in this specimen. So our specimen belongs to one of these three. From the first species, L. marmoratus Sj��sted, 1901, our male differs by the structure of the subgenital plate, in which the distal lobes are widely separated by a deep, rounded incision (much wider than in L. marmoratus; see Fig. 14 A, B). The other two species are known only from a single female each. One of them was found in West Africa (L. servus Beier, 1954) and has a shiny black face and dark hind wings, two characters not seen in our specimen. So only L. congicus remains with its type locality in the Kivu region. Most of the characters mentioned by Beier (1962) for the female are also true for the male except that it is not smaller than L. marmoratus. Perhaps the tegmina are shorter, but the difference may be very small. Measurements: length of pronotom 6.5 mm, hind femur 22.5 mm, tegmina 28 mm. Song. The calling song (Fig. 15) consisted of short echemes (duration 0,5��� 0,8 s, syllable repetition rate 28���31 Hz; T = ca. 22 ��C). It was heard only at night (recording time 55 min, 8 echemes). The stridulatory file carries many small teeth, similar to other Pseudophyllinae (e.g., Heller 1995). At its basal end it is running on a free bulge separated from the wing surface as also seen in other Pseudophyllinae (e.g., Morris & Beier 1982, Montealegre-Z. & Morris 1999). The main energy of the song may be in the ultrasonic range., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. (1914) Orthoptera. I. Mantidae, Phasmidae, Acrididae, Tettigoniidae und Gryllidae aus dem Zentral - Afrikanischen Gebiet, Uganda und dem Ituri - Becken des Kongos. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral - Afrika Expedition, 1907 - 1908, Leipzig, 5 (Zool. 3 [1]), 1 - 223.","Beier, M. (1962) Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Pseudophyllinae I). In: Mertens, R., Hennig, W. & Wermuth, H. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. 73. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 468 pp.","Sjostedt, Y. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun. 8. Locustodeen aus Kamerun und Kongo. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - akademiens Handlingar, 27, 1 - 45.","Beier, M. (1954) Revision der Pseudophyllinen 1. Halfte. Trabajos del Instituto Espanol de Entomologia, 1 - 479.","Heller, K. - G. (1995) Acoustic signalling in palaeotropical bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Pseudophyllidae): does predation pressure by eavesdropping enemies differ in the Palaeo- and Neotropics? Journal of Zoology, 237, 469 - 485. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1995. tb 02775. x","Morris, G. K. & Beier, M. (1982) Song structure and description of some Costa Rican katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 108, 287 - 314.","Montealegre, Z. F. & Morris, G. K. (1999) Songs and systematics of some Tettigoniidae from Colombia and Ecuador 1. Pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 8, 163 - 236. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503439"]}

Cestromoecha tenuipes (Karsch, 1890) Comparing the single female with museum material (NHM, MNHP) we (CH) found that it agrees very well with specimens of this species., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1890) Verzeichniss der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi - Station in Deutsch - Westafrika 1890 gesammelten Locustodeen aus den Familien der Phaneropteriden, Mekonemiden und Gryllakriden. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 16, 353 - 369."]}

Phaneropteridae Phaneropteridae Burmeister, 1838 stat. rev. In contrast to the opinion of Ragge (1968: p. 78), we proclaim to re-establish family status for Phaneropteridae. Ragge proposed his idea of a subfamily treatment explicitly based on the work of Ander (1939) who subdivided his superfamily Tettigonioidea into six families, Rhaphidiphoridae, Schizodatylidae, Gryllacrididae, Stenopelmatidae, Prophalangopsidae and Tettigoniidae. Phaneropteridae as a family would not be equivalent to these groups. However, at present these families are considered as belonging to five different superfamilies, with only Gryllacrididae and Stenopelmatidae united in Stenopelmatoidea (see OSF for references). So Ander���s system has considerably changed, and his families are now more or less equal to superfamilies. Ander did not consider any grouping within his Tettigoniidae. Recently, however, the first molecular trees within the Tettigoniidae have been published (e.g., Mugelston et al. 2013) presenting hypotheses about the relationship of the subgroups of Tettigonioidea (Tettigoniidae). This tree supports the assumption of Gorochov (1995: 93) ���based on palaeontology that the mainly plant-feeding Phaneropterinae, Pseudophyllinae (except Pterochrozini; Mugelston et al. 2013), Mecopodinae and Phyllophorinae are one natural unit (clade B; Mugelston et al. 2013). Therefore it is appropriate to give this group family status in our opinion, and we suggest to call it Phaneropteridae (with four subfamilies). Both Phaneropteridae and Pseudophyllidae date back to Burmeister (1838), but Phaneropteridae /inae is by far the most important and species-rich group. The remaining bush-cricket subfamilies are considered as subfamilies of Tettigoniidae until more data are available., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung Kaukerfe, Gymnognatha. Erste Halfte; vulgo Orthoptera. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, i - viii + pp. 457 - 756.","Ragge, D. R. (1968) An index - catalogue of African Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 22, 75 - 108.","Ander, K. (1939) Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien uber die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum 2, 1 - 306.","Gorochov, A. V. (1995) System and evolution of the suborder Ensifera (Orthoptera). Part II. Trudy Zoologitscheskogo Instituta Akad. Nauk SSSR [= Proc. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR], 260, 1 - 213."]}

Poreuomenini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 This tribe contained three genera in 1891 and is characterized by asymmetric tibial ears and a well-developed spine on the fore coxae (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891). It is thus quite similar to the Holochlorini mainly distributed in Asia, in which now Brunner von Wattenwyl���s Holochlorae and Psyrae are included (Bey-Bienko, 1954). Future studies have to show if and how Poreuomenini and Holochlorini can be separated and where the African genera included in Holochlorini at present have to be placed (Liu 2011)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Bey-Bienko, G. Ya. (1954) Orthoptera Vol. II. No. 2. Tettigonioidea Phaneropterinae, Fauna of the U. S. S. R. Zoological Institute Akademii Nauk SSSR, 381 pp. [English translation 1965 Jerusalem (Israel Program for Scientific Translations)]","Liu, C. - X. (2011) Brief summary of Holochlorini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae), with description of seven new species from China. Zootaxa, 2931, 35 - 52."]}

Lanistoides Sj��stedt, 1913 stat. rev. The tribe Copiphorini contains six genera in Africa (excluding the genera endemic to Madagascar and St. Helena and the doubtful species Copiphora subulata (Stoll, 1813)): the closely related genera Euconocephalus and Ruspolia and the equally widespread Pseudorhynchus and the endemic Clasma, Lanista and Plastocorypha. Another endemic genus, Lanistoides Sj��stedt, 1913, was placed in synonymy of Plastocorypha by Chopard (1955: 88), who obviously did not notice that both genera have different type species with same specific name (overlooked also by Otte 1997): Plastocorypha is based on Pseudorhynchus nigrifrons Redtenbacher 1891, Lanistoides on Lanistoides nigrifrons Sj��stedt, 1913. Combining both genera would produce a secondary homonym and require a new name for Lanistoides nigrifrons Sj��stedt, 1913. Since the tip of the fastigium verticis seems to be distinctly longer in Lanistoides nigrifrons than in Lanista and Plastocorypha (at least in the species figured in OSF), a character mentioned as typical for the genus by Sj��stedt (1913), and the shape of the head is different, we propose to re-establish Lanistoides as a valid genus., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Sjostedt, Y. (1913) Neue Orthopteren aus Ost - und Westafrika, nebst einigen anderen zugehorigen Formen. Arkiv for Zoologi, 8, 1 - 26, pls 1 - 3.","Stoll, C. (1813) Natuurlijke en naar het leven nauwkeurig gekleurde afbeeldingen en beschrijvingen der spoken, wandelende bladen, zabel-springhanen, krekels, trek-springhanen en kakkerlakken. J. C. Sepp & sohn, Amsterdam, 1 - 9, 1 - 79, pls 1 + 1 - 25; 1 - 28, pls 1 a - 13 a; 1 - 42, pls 1 b - 23 b; 1 - 8, pls 1 c - 4 c; 1 - 14, pls 1 d - 5 d. [Dutch and French]","Chopard, L. (1955) La Reserve Naturelle Integrale du Mont Nimba, fasc. 2. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Memoires de l' Institut Francais d' Afrique Noire, 40 [1954], 25 - 98.","Otte, D. (1997) Orthoptera Species File 7. Tettigonioidea. Orthopterists' Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 373 pp.","Redtenbacher, J. (1891) Monographie der Conocephaliden. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft Wien, 41, 315 - 562, pls 3 - 4."]}

Pardalotini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 The Central African Pardalotini is a small tribe containing species without a fore coxal spine.

Tetraconcha sp. [A] CH 5008 ♀ photo only After taking photos the specimen was eaten by ants and only parts of the tegmina remained. From coloration, tegmen shape and its short ovipositor, it (Fig. 1 H) looks similar to T. banzyvilliana, whereas according to the pictures presented in OSF T. fenestrata, stichyrata (tegmen shape) and smaragdina (coloration) can certainly be excluded. Focusing on the short ovipositor, even the tribe Phlaurocentrini Karsch, 1889 with Phlaurocentrum, Buettneria and Leiodontocercus may be possible. Only using the keys in Brunner von Wattenwyl (1891) and Chopard (1955), it is difficult or impossible to determine Tetraconcha by females, because one has first to decide that the ovipositor is (nearly always; Chopard 1955) longer than the pronotum (incorrect) and in a second step that it is shorter., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1889) Orthopterologische Beitrage. III. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 32 [1888], 415 - 464.","Chopard, L. (1955) La Reserve Naturelle Integrale du Mont Nimba, fasc. 2. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Memoires de l' Institut Francais d' Afrique Noire, 40 [1954], 25 - 98."]}

Odonturini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 The tribe Odonturini should probably contain only the genus Odontura (Grzywacz et al. 2014), although it includes at present another 11 genera in OSF rather than the genus Monticolaria. However, we think Monticolaria represented by the specimen at hand fits well into the tribe in its present understanding., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Grzywacz, B., Heller, K. - G., Lehmann, A. W., Warchalowska-Sliwa, E. & Lehmann, G. U. C. (2014) Chromosomal diversification in the flightless Western Mediterranean bushcricket genus Odontura (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) inferred from molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, in press. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12046"]}

Monticolaria sp. [C] CH 4874 ♀. Our single female is very similar to females of other Monticolaria species. A present, however, there is not enough information to distinguish it from females of Atlasacris peculiaris Rehn, 1914 with its type locality not far away.

Meconematinae Burmeister, 1838 [A] CH 5003 ♀ The damaged female is unidentifiable with the key of Beier (1967)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie, Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung Kaukerfe, Gymnognatha. Erste Halfte; vulgo Orthoptera. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, i - viii + pp. 457 - 756.","Beier, M. (1967) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattungsgruppe Amytta Karsch (Orth. Meconematinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 15 [1966], 203 - 242."]}

Phaneropteridae Phaneropteridae Burmeister, 1838 stat. rev. In contrast to the opinion of Ragge (1968: p. 78), we proclaim to re-establish family status for Phaneropteridae. Ragge proposed his idea of a subfamily treatment explicitly based on the work of Ander (1939) who subdivided his superfamily Tettigonioidea into six families, Rhaphidiphoridae, Schizodatylidae, Gryllacrididae, Stenopelmatidae, Prophalangopsidae and Tettigoniidae. Phaneropteridae as a family would not be equivalent to these groups. However, at present these families are considered as belonging to five different superfamilies, with only Gryllacrididae and Stenopelmatidae united in Stenopelmatoidea (see OSF for references). So Ander’s system has considerably changed, and his families are now more or less equal to superfamilies. Ander did not consider any grouping within his Tettigoniidae. Recently, however, the first molecular trees within the Tettigoniidae have been published (e.g., Mugelston et al. 2013) presenting hypotheses about the relationship of the subgroups of Tettigonioidea (Tettigoniidae). This tree supports the assumption of Gorochov (1995: 93) –based on palaeontology that the mainly plant-feeding Phaneropterinae, Pseudophyllinae (except Pterochrozini; Mugelston et al. 2013), Mecopodinae and Phyllophorinae are one natural unit (clade B; Mugelston et al. 2013). Therefore it is appropriate to give this group family status in our opinion, and we suggest to call it Phaneropteridae (with four subfamilies). Both Phaneropteridae and Pseudophyllidae date back to Burmeister (1838), but Phaneropteridae /inae is by far the most important and species-rich group. The remaining bush-cricket subfamilies are considered as subfamilies of Tettigoniidae until more data are available.

Poreuomenini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 This tribe contained three genera in 1891 and is characterized by asymmetric tibial ears and a well-developed spine on the fore coxae (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891). It is thus quite similar to the Holochlorini mainly distributed in Asia, in which now Brunner von Wattenwyl’s Holochlorae and Psyrae are included (Bey-Bienko, 1954). Future studies have to show if and how Poreuomenini and Holochlorini can be separated and where the African genera included in Holochlorini at present have to be placed (Liu 2011).

Odonturini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 The tribe Odonturini should probably contain only the genus Odontura (Grzywacz et al. 2014), although it includes at present another 11 genera in OSF rather than the genus Monticolaria. However, we think Monticolaria represented by the specimen at hand fits well into the tribe in its present understanding.

Phaneropterinae Within Phaneropterinae a series of tribes exist, based mainly on Brunner von Wattenwyl���s groups (1878). He used, for example, presence or absence of a coxal spine or/and the shape of the ears in the fore tibia as important diagnostic characters. Ragge (e.g. 1960) and Gorochov (e.g. Gorochov & Kang 2002) expressed doubts several times that these groups represent natural units, but unfortunately nobody proposed better solutions at present. So we will here continue to use Brunner���s characters and his grouping because it seems to be the best (and only) way to group similarly looking genera together., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Ragge, D. R. (1960) The Acrometopae of the Ethiopian Region: a revision, with notes on the sexual dimorphism shown by the group (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 8, 269 - 333.","Gorochov, A. V. & Kang Le (2002) Review of the Chinese species of Ducetiini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 337 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 x 00190"]}

Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893 Before establishing Cestromoecha, Karsch had described the type species (and a second species) under Poreuomena. Cestromoecha seems to differ from Poreuomena mainly and only in the tip of the male abdomen. Therefore it should be included in Poreuomenini, as already suggested by Griffini (1908 b: 86) who listed it under Poreuomenae., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Hemp, Claudia, Liu, Chunxiang & Volleth, Marianne, 2014, Taxonomic, bioacoustic and faunistic data on a collection of Tettigonioidea from Eastern Congo (Insecta: Orthoptera), pp. 343-376 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 361-362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/250508, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1893) Locustodeen von Victoria in Kamerun, gesammelt durch Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 19, 195 - 199.","Griffini, A. (1908 b) Phasgonuridae africane del R. Museo di Storia Naturale di Bruxelles. 5. Phaneropteridae pars 1 a. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 15, 74 - 86."]}