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Serum lipids and lipoprotein concentrations have been associated with dominance aggression in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between serum lipids, including cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C ratio and dominance aggression in dogs. Levels of serum TC, triglyceride and HDL-C were significantly lower in dogs with dominance aggression compared with non-aggressive dogs (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a relationship exists between serum lipid profile and dominance aggression in dogs, and hypocholesterolaemia exists in dogs with dominance aggression.

Monensin is a carboxylic polyether ionophore producedby a naturally occurring strain of Streptomycescinnamonensis. 1 Monensin is available in variousforms for use in cattle. It can be incorporated into feed as a powderor given as a ruminal bolus by the use of controlled releasedcapsules. 2–4 The capsules consist of a plastic cylinder with foldingwings, which allow the capsule to be retained in the rumen. 1,3 Monensin improves the efficiency of energy metabolism, increasesthe flow of protein to the small intestine, alters mineral metabolismand decreases the occurrence of ruminal disorders, includingbloat and lactic acidosis. 2 Its effects on energy metabolism are todecrease butyrate concentration, increase propionate concentra-tion, a glycogenic effect that is independent of rumen fermenta-tion, and to decrease the circulation of free fatty acids. 2,3 Therefore, the potential effects of monensin on glucose productionare of great importance to dairy cows in early lactation, especiallythose with a negative energy balance and at risk for ketosis. 1–3,5 The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy ofthe monensin controlled release capsule (Rumensin® CRC),administered prepartum, on blood metabolites in periparturientdairy cows.

Bu çalışmada, klinik ve subklinik ketozisli sütçü ineklerin esterleşmemiş yağ asiti(NEFA),betahidroksibütirik asit (BHBA) ve adiponektin düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması ve aralarındaki korelasyonun belirlenmesi ve bunun ketozis ile ilişkilendirilmesi planlanıp, çalışmadan elde edilecek sonuçların hastalığın patogenezi için litaretüre önemli ve yenilikçi bir katkı sağlaması amaçlanmıştır.Çalışmada; 15 adet klinik ketozis, 15 adet subklinik ketozis ve 15 adet sağlıklı kontrol grubu olmak üzere toplam 45 adet sütçü inek kullanıldı. Çalışmanın gruplandırması BHBA düzeyleri ölçülerek yapıldı. Serum BHBA düzeyi 1,4 mmol/ L≤ olanlar klinik ketozis, serum BHBA düzeyi 1,0 ≤ 1,4 mmol/L olanlar subklinik ketozis ve serum BHBA düzeyi >1,0 mmol/L olanlar kontrol grubunu oluşturdu. Tüm gruplardaki ineklerden klinik muayenelerini takiben kan örnekleri alınarak biyokimyasal (glukoz, albumin, GGT, fosfor, kalsiyum, BUN, NEFA, BHBA ve adiponektin) parametreleri karşılaştırılmıştır.Çalışmanın sonucunda, glukoz, kalsiyum, BUN, NEFA ve adiponektin değerlerinde klinik ketozis grubu ile kontrol grubu arasındaki glukoz, kalsiyum, NEFA ve adiponektin değerlerin de subklinik ketozis ile kontrol grubu arasında istatistiksel fark belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın albumin ve GGT değerlerinde her üç grup arasında da istatistiksel olarak herhangi bir fark tespit edilememiştir. Adiponektin düzeyleri klinik ve subklinik ketozisli ineklerde kontrol grubuna göre belirgin şekilde düşük bulunmuştur (p< 0,001). Sunulan çalışmanın sonuçları temelinde, adiponektin düzeylerinin ineklerde ketozisin tanısında kullanılabilecek bir parametre olduğunu ve adiponektinin ve bununla ilişkili olarak insülin direncinin, ketozisin patogenezisinde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma bulgularının eşliğinde gelecekteki çalışmalara ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Adiponektin, BHBA, NEFA, Ketozis Aim of the presented study was to investigate the role of adiponectin on pathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows and relationship with between NEFA, BHBA and adiponectin. Material of this study consist of totaly 45 dairy cows of which 15 were detected to be suffering from clinical ketosis, 15 subclinical ketosis and 15 healthy cows. Ketosis was diagnosed by measuring the levels of serum BHBA. Cows with serum BHBA levels of 1,4 mmol/ L≤ were classified as clinical ketosis, serum BHBA levels of 1,0≤ 1,4 as subclinical ketosis and serum BHBA levels of >1,0 mmol/L as healthy controls. After clinical examination, blood samples for evaluation of biochemical parameters ( glucose, albumin, GGT, P, Ca, BUN, NEFA, BHBA and Adiponectin) were collected from both groups.Serum, glucose, calcium, BUN, NEFA and adiponectin levels were differ significantly between HC and CK groups. Also glucose, calcium, BUN, NEFA and adiponectin levels of healthy controls and subclinical ketosis groups were significantly different. There was not any difference between albumin and GGT levels between both groups. Adiponectin levels were significantly (p< 0,001) lower in both clinical ketosis groups and subclinical ketosis groups when compared to healthy controls group.Result of the study indicates that adiponectin could be used as a diagnostic tool for detection of ketosis and that adiponectin and therefore insulin resistance plays a major role in pathogenesis of the disease. As a result of this study, we supposed that contribute the role of Adiponectin on pathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows and adiponectin levels on clinical and subclinical ketosis to be lower than control gropus because due to developing insulin resistance of during the ketosis which causing significant losses of considerable in our country and around the world, reserved a place in the field of veterinary medicine.Key Words: Adiponectin, BHBA, NEFA, Ketosis 71

Left displaced abomasum (LDA) affects high-yielding dairy cattle, but the aetiopathogenesis for this condition is not clearly understood. Studies conducted on the aetiology of LDA have recognised breed, age, diet, genetics and metabolic disorders as factors that can predispose dairy cows to developing LDA (Coppock 1974, Varden 1979). Specifically, negative energy balance and ketosis are among the many factors implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of LDA (LeBlanc and others 2005). By monitoring energy balance in postpartum dairy cattle via the milk protein/fat (P/F) ratio, it is possible to identify cows predisposed to LDA. In addition to the negative energy balance, sub-acute ruminal acidosis plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of LDA because the flow of rumen-derived gases (CO2 and CH4) and excess volatile fatty acids from the rumen to the abomasum increases the abomasal pH, enabling bacterial fermentation and resulting in additional gas production (Svendsen 1970, Gregory and Miller 1989). Milk fat and protein levels and the ratio between the two are often used to monitor energy balance in postpartum cows (Gantner and others 2009). Geishauser and others (1997) previously investigated the relationship between P/F ratios and abomasal displacement, but they used different sample collection times from those used in the work presented here. Standardisation of sampling times could improve the accuracy of milk P/F ratios, resulting in a more reliable indicator for LDA, especially in herds where development of the condition is related to ketosis. This study aimed to evaluate the milk P/F ratio as a potentially cheap, useful and accurate predictive tool for LDA. High-yielding dairy cows (n = 154) in their second lactation and without a …

TOXIC epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare dermatological disorder characterised by widespread erythema, necrosis and bullous detachment of the epidermis and mucous membranes, resulting in exfoliation of the skin and possibly leading to sepsis and/or death (Lyell 1956, Lebargy and others 1997). The epithelium of the gut and airways can also be affected, causing clinical signs such as profuse diarrhoea and respiratory distress. Studies conducted in human beings have revealed that detachment of the epidermis is a result of disseminated apoptosis of keratinocytes and that the death of these cells is most likely caused by cytotoxic lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages (Paul and others 1996). TEN in human beings is most commonly a drug-induced disease caused by antibiotics (such as sulfonamids, macrolides, penicillins, ampicillin and some quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), antiepileptic drugs and NSAIDs. However, the disorder has other potential aetiologies in human beings, including Mycoplasma pneumonia infection, malignancy and vaccinations (Fournier and others 1995, Tay and others 1996). M pneumonia -related TEN cases in human beings are usually milder than drug-induced ones, and generally only 10 per cent of the skin is involved (Tay and others 1996). The pathophysiology of TEN has not been fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that this disease is an immune-related cytotoxic reaction that destroys keratinocytes expressing a foreign antigen (Paul and others 1996). TEN is a clinical diagnosis confirmed by histopathological analysis of skin lesions. There are only two reports regarding TEN in cattle (Yeruham and others 1999a, b). These studies reported cases of TEN in calves; however, because no underlying cause for disease was detected, the cases were classified as idiopathic (Yeruham and others 1999b). This short communication describes an association …

In 2007, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) occurred in Turkey. On the basis of clinical investigation, 41 cattle were suspected to have EHD. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequence analyses indicated that the virus belonged to EHD virus serotype 6, thus confirming EHD virus infection of cattle in Turkey. UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001144) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001159) UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BBS/E/I/00001446)

Objective To determine the clinical efficacy of subconjunctival injection of clindamycin in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Animals studied Clinically, out of 81 animals examined, 46 were found to be suffering from IBK of variable severity. The ocular secretions were collected and cultured for Moraxella bovis. The study included 36 Holstein cattle from which M. Bovis was isolated. These animals ranged between 4 and 28 months of age. Procedures The severity of the clinical findings were scored as normal, mild, moderate, and severe. Clindamycin was injected subconjunctivally at a total dose of 150 mg (1 mL), once daily for 3 days to the test group (n = 18); isotonic saline solution (1 mL) was administered to the control group. After treatment, all cattle were re-examined and clinical response was evaluated on days 3, 7 and 15 post-treatment. Results Compared with the control group and prior to treatment, all active lesions such as blepharospasm, epiphora, photophobia, chemosis, corneal edema, and corneal ulceration were generally resolved by day 15 after subconjunctival injection of clindamycin. Severity of IBK lesions increased on days 3 and 7, compared to baseline in the control group administered isotonic saline solution. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that subconjunctival injection of clindamycin is effective in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

Endotoxin is a potent stimulator of the inflammatory response and is believed to initiate the pathology in gram-negative sepsis. Agents are being searched for that bind and neutralize or block the effects of endotoxin. The aim was to study the anti-endotoxic effects of polymyxin-E (colistin) in endotoxaemic dogs. The study included a total of 30 endotoxaemic dogs, which were divided into two groups (control = 15; test = 15) of both sexes, different breeds and ages. Hetastarch colloid solution (Expahes(R),10 mL/kg, i.v.) with lactated Ringer's solution (20 mL/kg, i.v., Q12 h) was given to all dogs. While ampicillin was administered (Alfasilin(R), 10 mg/kg, i.m., Q12 h) as an antibacterial to the control group, colistin (12 500 IU/kg, i.m., Q12 h) + ampicillin were administered to the test group. The clinical examination (body temperature, pulse and respiration rates, capillary filling times, peripheral pulse qualities, dehydration degrees), hematological and biochemical examinations (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, thrombocyte, serum urea, creatinine and TNF-alpha) were performed both before the treatment, and 2, 4, 12 and 24 h after the treatment. In comparison with the control group, it was observed that test group had shorter capillary filling time at 24 h (P < 0.001). Moreover, the degree of dehydration in test group, was significantly improved at 24 h (P < 0.01). While the differences in peripheral pulse qualities significantly differed between 0 and 2 h in controls, at 2, 4, 24 h after treatment it was found to be significantly increased when compared with 0 h in the test group. Serum TNF-alpha concentrations were statistically decreased in the test group between 0 h and other times (P < 0.01). When compared with controls, serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower at 2, 4, 12 and 24 h in test group (P < 0.05). Results of the study indicated that polymyxin-E (colistin) has an anti-endotoxic effect and is safe for the dogs with endotoxemia at the dosage used in this study.

Salt poisoning has been described under various circumstances in adult cattle. Presenting clinical signs in 6 Holstein beef cattle with such poisoning were primarily dysfunction of the central nervous system and included ataxia, opisthotonus, nystagmus, depression, muscle twitching and intermittent convulsions, as well as abdominal pain and polydipsia. Diarrhea occurred in 2, and blindness in 3/6 cattle. Hypernatremia (161.8 - 178.8 mmol/L) and hyperosmolality (331.81 366.18 mOsm/L) were present in all animals. To treat the affected cattle, access to fresh water was restricted, vascular volume was expanded with isotonic saline and then hypotonic fluid (5 % Dextrose solution) iv and dexamethasone im was administered. Although biochemical parameters returned to normal reference ranges, 3/6 affected animals remained blind.

Thirty dehydrated diarrheic calves aged 2-45 days were used to study the effects of small volume intravenous 7.2% hypertonic saline and 6% dextran 70 solution in combination with alkalinising oral fluids and to compare this therapy with the large volume intravenous isotonic saline with alkalinising oral fluid treatment. This study included a total of 30 diarrhoeic dehydrated calves aged 2-45 days. After routine clinical and haematological examinations, the calves were allotted to two treatment groups. Isotonic saline solution (32 ml/kg, i.v.) with an oral electrolyte solution (22 ml/kg, p.o.) were administered to group I (control), and the combination of 7.2% hypertonic saline in 6% dextran 70 solutions (HSD) (4 ml/kg, i.v.) with an oral electrolyte solution (50 ml/kg, p.o.) were administered to group II (test). Additionally, an oral electrolyte solution (50 ml/kg, p.o.) was readministered to both groups at 12 h of the study. The clinical and haematological examinations of all calves were performed both before and after the treatment at the 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h. The capillary refill time, peripheral pulse quality, dehydration degrees, mental status, haematocrit rates, haemoglobin and plasma values after treatment were found to be statistically different compared with the values before treatment. In comparison with group I, group II is observed to have shorter capillary refill time at 1, 4 and 12 h (P < 0.001) and better peripheral pulse quality at 1/2 (P < 0.05), 1, 2, 4 and 12 h (P < 0.001). Moreover, the degree of dehydration in group II, was significantly improved at 2 (P < 0.01), 4 and 12 h. Results of the study indicated that administration of low volumes of hypertonic sodium chloride and dextran 70 solution combinations with oral electrolyte solutions was concluded as quicker, practical, economical and most importantly an effective way for the treatment of dehydrated diarrhoeic calves.

PARATUBERCULOSIS is a debilitating disease of livestock caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Its control is very important for the industry because of the economic loss caused by decreased milk yield, pregnancy rate and increased veterinary costs ([Murray and Smith 2002][