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In order to evaluate the potential prebiotic effects of cellobiose, 10 healthy adult research beagle dogs received a complete diet containing 0, 0.5 and 1 g cellobiose/kg bodyweight (BW)/day. At the end of each feeding period, faeces, urine and blood of the dogs were collected. The results demonstrated a significant increase of faecal lactate concentrations, indicating a bacterial fermentation of cellobiose in the canine intestine. Along with this, a dose-dependent linear increase of the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in the faeces of the dogs was observed (p = 0.014). In addition, a dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) of Alloprevotella, Bacteroides and Prevotella, and a linear decrease for unidentified Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.011) was observed when cellobiose was added to the diet, although the relative abundance of these genera was low (

The oral treatment of feline hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs often results in gastrointestinal side effects (10-20%). To date only oral formulations are approved although the oral application is not tolerated by all cats. Transdermal therapy can be an alternative. Nanocarriers could be used to ensure adequate transport of active agents through the skin. The present pilot study investigated the efficacy and safety of a novel dermal formulation of thiamazole for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. For the first time, amphiphilic dendritic core-multishell-nanocarriers were used. Cats with T4 values ≥ 4.0 µg/dl or a T4 value from 3.0-4.0 µg/dl and defined clinical findings were recruited. The euthyroid range for the T4 value was defined from ≥ 0.8 and ≤ 4.0 µg/dl. A total of 24 hyperthyroid cats were included and treated with thiamazole ointment for three weeks (24 cats) up to eight weeks (12 cats). The treatment success was 50% after three weeks and 41,7% after eight weeks. Cats that were within the euthyroid range required after three weeks a mean total dose of 1,09 mg/kg/d (0,68-1,7 mg/kg/d, 12/24) and after eight weeks 1,65 mg/kg/d (1,49-2,04 mg/kg/d, 5/12). No side effects were observed during the three resp. eight-week study period. Variations of the T4 value in companion cats in the same household were comparable to those of an independent control group. Thiamazole ointment based on nanocarriers is suitable for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.Bei der oralen medikamentösen Behandlung der felinen Hyperthyreose mit Thyreostatika kommt es bei 10–20% der Katzen zu gastrointestinalen Nebenwirkungen. Aktuell sind ausschließlich orale Formulierungen zugelassen, wobei nicht alle Katzen eine orale Medikamentengabe tolerieren. Eine Alternative kann die transdermale Therapie sein, bei der ein Wirkstofftransport über die Haut durch Nanocarrier gewährleistet wird. In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie wurde die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit einer neuartigen dermalen Formulierung von Thiamazol zur Behandlung der felinen Hyperthyreose untersucht. Zum Einsatz kamen erstmals amphiphile dendritische Kern-Multischalen-Nanocarrier. Eingeschlossen wurden Katzen mit einem Serum- T4-Wert ≥ 4,0 µg/dl oder einem T4-Wert zwischen 3,0–4,0 µg/dl und festgelegten klinischen Befunden. Der euthyreote Bereich wurde mit einem T4-Wert zwischen ≥ 0,8 und ≤ 4,0 µg/dl definiert. Insgesamt wurden 24 hyperthyreote Katzen eingeschlossen und drei (24 Katzen) bis acht Wochen (12 Katzen) mit Thiamazolsalbe behandelt. Der Behandlungserfolg lag nach drei Wochen bei 50%, nach acht Wochen bei 41,7%. Die Katzen, die den euthyreoten Bereich erreichten, erhielten nach drei Wochen eine mittlere Dosis von 1,09 mg/kg/d (0,68–1,7 mg/kg/d, 12/24) bzw. nach acht Wochen 1,65 mg/kg/d (1,49-2,04 mg/kg/d, 5/12). Während des drei bzw. achtwöchigen Studienzeitraumes konnten keine Nebenwirkungen beobachtet werden. Die Schwankungen der T4-Werte von im selben Haushalt lebenden Partnerkatzen waren mit denen einer unabhängigen Kontrollgruppe vergleichbar. Die auf Nanocarriern basierende Thiamazolsalbe ist zur Behandlung der felinen Hyperthyreose geeignet.Le traitement oral de l’hyperthyroïdie féline avec des médicaments antithyroïdiens entraîne souvent des effets secondaires gastro-intestinaux (10 à 20% des cas). À ce jour, seules les formulations orales sont approuvées, bien que l’application orale ne soit pas tolérée par tous les chats. La thérapie transdermique peut être une alternative. Des nanoporteurs pourraient être utilisés pour assurer un transport adéquat des agents actifs à travers la peau. La présente étude pilote a examiné l’efficacité et l’innocuité d’une nouvelle formulation cutanée de thiamazole pour le traitement de l’hyperthyroïdie féline. Pour la première fois, des nanoporteurs à noyau multicellulaire dendritiques amphiphiles ont été utilisées. Des chats avec des valeurs T4 ≥ 4,0 µg/dl ou une valeur T4 de 3,0–4,0 µg/dl et un tableau clinique définis ont été recrutés. La gamme euthyroïdienne pour la valeur T4 a été définie entre ≥ 0,8 et ≤ 4,0 µg/dl. Un total de 24 chats hyperthyroïdiens ont été inclus et traités avec une pommade au thiamazole pendant une période allant de trois semaines (24 chats) jusqu’à huit semaines (12 chats). Le succès du traitement était de 50% après trois semaines et de 41,7% après huit semaines. Les chats qui se trouvaient dans la gamme euthyroïdienne avaient besoin après trois semaines d’une dose totale moyenne de 1,09 mg/kg/j (0,68–1,7 mg/kg/j, 12/24) et après huit semaines 1,65 mg/kg/j (1,49-2,04 mg/kg/j, 5/12). Aucun effet secondaire n’a été observé pendant les trois respectivement les huit semaines de l’étude. Les variations de la valeur T4 chez les chats vivant dans le même ménage étaient comparables à celles d’un groupe témoin indépendant. La pommade au thiamazole à base de nanoporteurs convient au traitement de l’hyperthyroïdie féline.Il trattamento orale dell’ipertiroidismo felino con farmaci tirostatici causa nel 10-20% dei gatti degli effetti collaterali gastrointestinali. Attualmente sono approvate solo delle formulazioni orali anche se non tutti i gatti tollerano un medicamento per via orale. Un’alternativa sarebbe una terapia transdermica che garantisce via dei nanovettori il trasporto del principio attivo attraversa la pelle. In questo studio pilota è stata studiata l’efficacia e la sicurezza di una nuova formulazione dermica con tiomazolo per il trattamento dell’iperdiroidismo nei felini. Per la prima volta si sono utilizzati nanovettori anfifilici dendritici con nucleo a più gusci. Sono stati presi in considerazione solo gatti con risultati clinici accertati e con un valore sierico T4 ≥ 4,0 µg/dl oppure con un valore T4 tra 3,0–4,0 µg/dl. La zona eutiroidea è stata definita con un valore T4 compreso tra ≥ 0,8 e ≤ 4,0 µg/dl. Sono stati inclusi un totale di 24 gatti ipertiroidei e sono stati trattati con un unguento al tiomazolo durante 3 (24 gatti) a otto settimane (12 gatti). Il successo del trattamento dopo tre settimane era del 50% e dopo otto settimane del 41.7%. I gatti che hanno raggiunto la zona eutiroidea avevano ricevuto dopo tre settimane una dose media di 1,09 mg/kg/d (0,68–1,7 mg/kg/d, 12/24) e dopo otto settimane 1,65 mg/kg/d (1,49-2,04 mg/kg/d, 5/12). Non sono stati rilevati effetti collaterali durante il periodo dello studio di tre a otto settimane. Le variazioni dei valori T4 tra gatti partner che vivevano nella stessa famiglia erano paragonabili a quelle di un gruppo di controllo indipendente. L’unguento a base di tiomazolo con nanovettori è adatto al trattamento dell’ipertiroidismo felino.

Summary The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.

Background Dietary protein and amino acid intake and composition can modulate immune function. Objectives To evaluate the effects of high‐protein intake and arginine and ornithine supplementation on feline immune cells. Animals Ten healthy cats. Methods Experimental study. Cats received a high‐protein basal diet as a single daily meal. A crossover design was applied with treatments being basal diet (w/o); basal diet with arginine supplementation (+50, 75, 100% compared to the arginine provision by the basal diet; Arg 1‐3); and basal diet with ornithine supplementation (+100, 150, 200% compared to the arginine provision by the basal diet; Orn 1‐3). Blood samples were collected at the end of each 11‐day treatment period. Results Mitogen‐stimulated proliferative activity of blood leukocytes revealed a quadratic effect for the dietary supplementation of arginine (P = .02) and ornithine (P = .03) (means for ConA‐stimulation: w/o = 6.96; Arg 1 = 9.31; Arg 2 = 11.4; Arg 3 = 8.04; Orn 1 = 15.4; Orn 2 = 9.43; Orn 3 = 9.28; pooled SEM: 0.96). The number (% gated) of phagocytic granulocytes linearly decreased with increasing dietary concentrations of arginine (P = .05) and ornithine (P = .03) (means: w/o = 95.5; Arg 1 = 93.0; Arg 2 = 92.5; Arg 3 = 92.6; Orn 1 = 92.6; Orn 2 = 92.6; Orn 3 = 91.5; pooled SEM = 0.44). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study could demonstrate immunomodulating properties of dietary arginine and ornithine in cats.

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are described as promising non-invasive biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Human studies have shown that haemolysis occurring during blood collection or due to improper sample processing/storage significantly alters the miRNA content in plasma and serum. Nevertheless, no similar research has been performed in dogs so far. We therefore investigated the effects of different degrees of haemolysis on the levels of selected miRNAs in serum and serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from dogs, by inducing a controlled in vitro haemolysis experiment.The abundance of miR-16, miR-92a, miR-191, miR-451 and miR-486 was significantly sensitive to haemolysis in serum and serum-derived EVs, while other selected miRNAs were not influenced by haemolysis. Furthermore, we found that the abundance of some canine miRNAs differs from data reported in the human system.Our results describe for the first time the impact of haemolysis on circulating miRNAs not only in whole serum, but also in serum-derived EVs from dogs. Hence, we provide novel data for further analyses in the discovery of canine circulating biomarkers. Our findings suggest that haemolysis should be carefully assessed to assure accuracy when investigating circulating miRNA in serum or plasma-based tests.

A 3-month old male Shar-Pei was presented for lethargy, fever and cutaneous edema. Further investigations revealed superficial pyoderma withEin 3 Monate alter, männlicher Shar Pei-Welpe wurde wegen Mattigkeit, Fieber und Hautödemen vorgestellt. Durch weiterführende Untersuchungen konnten eine oberflächliche Pyodermie mit

Cross-matching is performed to determine the serological compatibility of donor and recipient blood. Current guidelines recommend that cross-matching should be performed in dogs when an initial transfusion was performed more than 4 days ago or when the transfusion history is unknown.Determination at what time point alloantibodies are detected in dogs after transfusion. The hypothesis was that dogs would form alloantibodies within 4 days after a transfusion.Twenty-one anemic dogs were transfused and monitored for at least 4 subsequent days. Exclusion criteria were persistent red blood cell (RBC) agglutination and a previous transfusion.Prospective observational study. Cross-matching was performed before the initial DEA 1-compatible transfusion and on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 and if possible, between day 5 and 28, using the tube method without enhancement (major cross-match, recipient controls); recipients were monitored for transfusion reactions.In 12/21 dogs a positive cross-match (microscopic degree of agglutination [AD] 1+ to 2+) was observed within 4 days after the transfusion. In a nonlinear regression model, no significant association was detected between type of anemia (P = .41), RBC storage time (P = .44), immunosuppressive treatment (P = .75) nor transfusion volume (P = .70) and the occurrence of positive cross-matches within 4 days after transfusion. Another 4 dogs developed a positive cross-match (microscopic AD 1+ to 2+) after 6 to 13 days.Because production of alloantibodies was detected as early as 1 day after transfusion, cross-matching should be performed before every subsequent transfusion.

During the first months of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), cases of human-to-cat transmission were reported. Seroconversion was shown in cats infected under experimental and natural conditions. This large-scale survey of 1,005 serum samples was conducted to investigate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in domestic cats during the first 7 months of the pandemic in Germany and other European countries. In addition, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of two multispecies SARS-CoV-2 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results were confirmed by using an indirect immunofluorescence test (iIFT) and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Sera that were highly positive for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies (n = 103) were included to correct for cross-reactivity of the tests used. Our results showed an overall SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity of 1.9% (n = 19) in a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based ELISA, additional 0.8% (n = 8) were giving inconclusive results. In contrast, a nucleocapsid-based ELISA revealed 0.5% (n = 5) positive and 0.2% (n = 2) inconclusive results. While the iIFT and sVNT confirmed 100% of positive and 50%–57.1% of the doubtful results as determined in the RBD ELISA, the nucleocapsid-based assay showed a high discrepancy and only one of the five positive results could be confirmed. The results indicate significant deficits of the nucleocapsid-based ELISA with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Due to a significantly higher rate (5.8%) of positive results in the group of highly FCoV antibody-positive samples, cross-reactivity of the FCoV-ELISA with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies cannot be excluded. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of direct contact of domestic cats (n = 23) to SARS-CoV-2 positive owners. Considering one inconclusive result, which got confirmed by iIFT, this exposure did not lead to a significantly higher prevalence (4.4%; p = .358) among tested subjects. Overall, we conclude that cats are a negligible entity with respect to virus transmission in Europe.

Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis (Piana & Galli-Valerio, 1895) is emerging in new regions in Europe since its vector Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) is expanding its geographic range. In the Berlin/Brandenburg area in northeast Germany, D. reticulatus is highly abundant but in the past only one autochthonous B. canis infection was reported. Since 2015, autochthonous cases were occasionally diagnosed but numbers increased since autumn 2019. The aim of the study was to genotype autochthonous canine Babesia spp. infections from Berlin/Brandenburg. Between 04/2015 and 01/2022, 46 dogs with acute babesiosis were presented to the small animal clinic (one dog was infected twice resulting in 47 samples). There were 32 dogs that had never left Berlin/Brandenburg and 14 others that had not left the region in the 6 weeks prior to disease onset. PCRs targeting the 18S rRNA and the Bc28.1 merozoite surface antigen were positive in 47 and 42 samples, respectively. Sequencing of cloned PCR products identified all samples as B. canis with 17 18S rRNA and 12 Bc28.1 haplotypes. Based on network analysis for 18S rRNA sequences and a previously described polymorphic dinucleotide, samples were assigned to two distinct clusters. One contained 31 and the other 16 samples. Using network analysis, the Bc28.1 haplotypes could also be separated into two clusters differing by at least five polymorphisms. Analyses of sequences from multiple clones indicated the presence of up to five 18S rRNA and eight Bc28.1 haplotypes and thus high parasite variability in an individual host. The genetic diversity could suggest that the parasites in the region have multiple origins, but diversity in individual dogs and dog populations from endemic regions is unknown. The suitability of both markers for genotyping is questionable due to potential intragenomic diversity for the rRNA and high intergenomic variability for the Bc28.1 marker.

Large populations of unowned cats constitute an animal welfare, ecological, societal and public health issue worldwide. Their relocation and homing are currently carried out in many parts of the world with the intention of relieving suffering and social problems, while contributing to ethical and humane population control in these cat populations. An understanding of an individual cat’s lifestyle and disease status by veterinary team professionals and those working with cat charities can help to prevent severe cat stress and the spread of feline pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens, which can be overlooked in cats. In this article, we discuss the issue of relocation and homing of unowned cats from a global perspective. We also review zoonotic and non-zoonotic infectious agents of cats and give a list of practical recommendations for veterinary team professionals dealing with homing cats. Finally, we present a consensus statement consolidated at the 15th Symposium of the Companion Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBD) World Forum in 2020, ultimately to help veterinary team professionals understand the problem and the role they have in helping to prevent and manage vector-borne and other pathogens in relocated cats. Graphical Abstract

Three species of protozoalThe study included cats tested forSixty-four of 931 cats (7%) tested positive forAlthough infections with

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important cause of morbidity in Irish Wolfhounds (IW), a breed also predisposed to neoplastic and orthopedic diseases that shorten life expectancy. The objective of this study was to investigate survival and causes of death in IW with DCM and to characterise the clinical findings of DCM over time. Data from cardiovascular examinations performed in 1591 IW, including echocardiography and electrocardiography, were retrospectively evaluated. IW with DCM on medical therapy with long term longitudinal follow-up were included in this study (n=151; 95 males, 56 females). Based on their clinical status at initial diagnosis, IW were classified into one of three groups: preclinical DCM with sinus rhythm (PC-DCM-SR, n=35), preclinical DCM with atrial fibrillation (PC-DCM-AF, n=87), and congestive heart failure with DCM and AF (CHF-DCM-AF, n=29). Survival data were analyzed using cumulative incidence functions, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. CHF was predominantly characterized by chylous pleural and mild pericardial effusions. Causes of death were cardiac (CD) in 73/151 and non-cardiac (non-CD) in 62/151; 16 dogs remained alive at study end. The majority of deaths in both preclinical DCM groups were non-CD (PC-DCM-AF=51.9% non-CD, 48.1% CD; PC-DCM-SR, 65.5% non-CD, 34.5% CD). In the CHF-DCM-AF group most dogs (89.6%) experienced a CD. Median survival of the CHF-DCM-AF group (7.3 months) was significantly shorter than in the PC-DCM-AF group (21.9 months) or PC-DCM-SR group (29.1 months, P=0.001). CHF-DCM-AF in IW was associated with reduced life expectancy and CD, while most IW with preclinical DCM died from non-cardiac causes.

Background: Blood-feeding arthropods can transmit parasitic, bacterial, or viral pathogens to domestic animals and wildlife. Vector-borne infections are gaining significance due to increasing travel and import of pets from abroad, as well as the changing climate in Europe. The main objective of this study was to assess the percentage of cats with positive test results for selected vector-borne pathogens in Germany and explore any possible association of such results with time spent abroad.Methods: This retrospective study included test results from cats for which a ‘Feline Travel Profile’ established by the laboratory LABOKLIN had been requested by veterinarians in Germany between April 2012 and March 2020. This above-mentioned diagnostic panel includes the direct detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Dirofilaria spp. via PCR as well as indirect detection assays (IFAT) for Ehrlichia spp. and Leishmania spp. The panel was expanded to include an IFAT for Rickettsia spp. from July 2015 onwards.Results: A total of 624 cats were tested using the “Feline Travel Profile”. Serum for indirect detection assays was available for all 624 cats, EDTA-samples for direct detection methods were available from 618 cats. Positive test results were as follows: Ehrlichia spp. IFAT 73 out of 624 (12%), Leishmania spp. IFAT 22 out of 624 (4%), Hepatozoon spp. PCR 53 out of 618 (9%), Dirofilaria spp. PCR 1 out of 618 cats (0.2%) and, Rickettsia spp. IFAT 52 out of 467 cats (11%) tested from July 2015 onwards. Three cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen before 2015. After testing for Rickettsia spp. was included in 2015, 19 cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen (Rickettsia spp. were involved in 14 out of these 19 cats).Conclusions: At least one pathogen could be detected in 175 out of 624 cats (28%) via indirect and/or direct detection methods. Four percent had positive test results for more than one pathogen. This data emphasizes the importance of considering the above-mentioned vector-borne infections as potential differential diagnoses in clinically symptomatic cats.

Objectives To describe the clinical features and outcome of dogs after chocolate ingestion. Material and methods Retrospective evaluation of clinical signs, clinical pathological findings, therapy and outcome of 156 dogs after chocolate ingestion. The concentration of methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) was calculated based on the type of chocolate and the amount ingested. Results One hundred and twelve dogs had no clinical signs. Forty-four dogs had clinical signs of chocolate intoxication. Twenty-eight of these 44 dogs ingested dark and bitter chocolate. Reasons for presentation were agitation (33), tremor (22), vomiting (21), panting (11), polyuria/polydipsia (seven) and diarrhea (two). Common clinical findings were sinus tachycardia (28), tachypnea/panting (14), hyperthermia (10) and dehydration (seven). Clinical pathological findings in 34 of 44 dogs consisted of hyperlactataemia (23), hypokalaemia (16), mild hyperglycaemia (16) and mild alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation (14). After decontamination (apomorphine, activated carbon) and symptomatic treatment (fluid therapy, esmolol, forced diuresis, sedatives), 43 of the 44 dogs survived. Clinical significance In dogs with potential chocolate intoxication, the type and amount of chocolate and the time of ingestion are important factors. Cardiovascular, neurological and gastrointestinal signs are the most common clinical signs. In this case series, the prognosis after decontamination and symptomatic therapy was good, with a mortality rate of less than 3%.

Background Chronic diarrhea (CD) is common in dogs, and information on frequency and distribution of primary and secondary causes is lacking. Objectives To evaluate underlying causes and predictors of outcome in dogs with CD. Animals One hundred and thirty-six client-owned dogs with CD (≥3 weeks duration). Methods Retrospective review of medical records (Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany, 09/2009-07/2011). Quantification of final diagnoses and comparison of clinical aspects including disease severity and clinicopathological abnormalities among dogs with clinical remission (either complete [gastrointestinal signs absent] or partial [clinical improvement of gastrointestinal signs and reduced episodes with shortened duration]), and those without recovery. Results Ninety percent of dogs were diagnosed with a primary enteropathy: inflammatory (71%; of those 66% dietary responsive, 23% idiopathic, 11% antibiotic responsive), infectious (13%), neoplastic (4%), and in one dog each mechanical disease or systemic vasculitis. Secondary causes were diagnosed in 10% of dogs: exocrine pancreatic (6%), endocrine (2%), and in one dog each hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease. In total, 87% of dogs had clinical remission, whereas 13% died or did not respond to treatment: Lack of recovery was frequently recorded for dogs with primary inflammatory (idiopathic) or neoplastic disease and was significantly associated with increased disease severity scores (P = .005), anemia (hematocrit < 40%, P < .001), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and carrot pomace (CAP) were used as fiber sources in low- or high-protein diets in dogs. Ten adult Beagles were involved in 5 feeding periods of 19 d in a cross-over design. Experimental diets contained 7.5% of total dietary fiber (TDF) from BSG or CAP and 20% or 40% of crude protein in dry matter. A diet with 3.5% TDF from both fiber sources and 20% crude protein was used as reference. Fecal dry matter was 27% higher for diets with BSG compared to CAP (P < 0.001). Apparent fecal digestibility of crude protein was 7% to 11% higher in diets with 40% protein concentration (P < 0.001), while apparent digestibility of crude fat was 2% to 3% higher for diets with CAP (P < 0.001). Carrot pomace increased the apparent fecal digestibility of TDF, phosphorus, and magnesium (P < 0.001), while 40% protein diets had a positive impact on TDF and sodium and a negative effect on magnesium apparent fecal digestibility (P < 0.001). Inclusion of CAP increased fecal short-chain fatty acids (P = 0.010), mainly acetate (P = 0.001). i-butyrate (P = 0.001), i-valerate (P = 0.002), biogenic amines (P < 0.001), and ammonium (P < 0.001) increased with higher dietary protein levels. Diet-induced changes in the fecal microbiome were moderate. Relative abundance of Bifidobacteriales was higher for the low-protein diets (P = 0.001). To conclude, BSG and CAP can be used as fiber sources in canine diets and are well tolerated even at higher inclusion rates, the effect on microbial protein fermentation seems to be limited compared to the dietary protein level.

Background: Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism (HA) frequently show gastrointestinal signs of gastrointestinal disease (SGD). The prevalence of dogs presented for chronic SGD with HA is unknown. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of HA in dogs with chronic SGD and to identify clinical and laboratory variables for HA in this population. Animals: 151 dogs with chronic SGD Methods: In this multi-centered prevalence study a standardized work-up was performed in prospectively enrolled dogs. Basal serum cortisol concentration was measured in every dog with SGD >3 weeks, followed by an ACTH stimulation test (ACTHST) if basal serum cortisol concentration was

ObjectivesCross-matching is currently recommended as part of pre-transfusion testing for repeat transfusions in cats 4 days after having received an initial transfusion. This prospective study determined when and if cats developed positive cross-match (CM) results after having been transfused with AB-compatible blood.MethodsDonors were selected according to standard transfusion safety protocols. Twenty-one hospitalised anaemic recipients (blood type A: n = 20; blood type B: n = 1) received 1–4 (median 2) whole blood transfusions (WBTs) over 1–6 days (median 2) in 33 transfusion instances. The tube CM method, including major, minor and recipient control, was employed. Macroscopic and microscopic agglutination reactions were evaluated according to a predetermined scale. CM tests with a positive recipient control could not be evaluated.ResultsNo signs of an acute transfusion reaction were observed. A total of 63 CMs were performed. In one cat with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia the CM could not be evaluated (positive recipient control). The minor CM was negative in all cases. Fifteen of 20 cats had a negative major CM (MCM) 1–12 days (median 5) after their first transfusion. A positive MCM was observed in five cases after 2–10 days (median 5) post-first WBT. These five cats had received a total of 1–4 (median 2) WBTs. Cats with a negative MCM had received 1–3 (median 2) WBTs. In 51.5% (17/33) of transfusion instances, the cat’s haematocrit increased as expected, with cats with a positive MCM at 40% (4/10) vs 56.5% (13/23) if MCM was negative.Conclusions and relevanceTwenty-five percent (5/20) of the feline recipients likely developed alloantibodies against erythrocyte antigens outside of the AB system as early as 2 days post-first WBT. This adds data to the recommendation to include cross-matching in pre-transfusion screening tests.

Hepatozoon canis is a blood parasite of the suborder Adeleorina infecting wild and domestic canids. Transmission occurs by oral uptake of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato vector ticks infected with H. canis, but vertical transmission is also assumed to be possible. In German foxes, a high prevalence of H. canis has previously been reported despite the fact that R. sanguineus s.l. is not endemic. In the absence of knowledge about local transmission pathways, foxes should be considered to be possible reservoirs of H. canis and contribute to infection of domestic dogs. The present study aimed to determine how often foxes and dogs are infected in Brandenburg (Germany) and if identical or different H. canis 18S rRNA haplotypes are found in these host species. Hepatozoon spp. were detected by PCR in 46/1050 (4.4 %) of dog blood and 176/201 (77.6 %) of fox spleen samples from Brandenburg. Sequencing of 19 dog and 56 fox samples identified all as H. canis. For nine positive dogs, owners stated that they had never left Germany suggesting that autochthonous transmission occurs not only in foxes but also in dogs. Sequences for seven of these possible autochthonous cases were obtained and six were identical to the predominant haplotype found in the foxes. Haplotype network analysis confirmed that many dogs, including some without travel history, carried the same or very similar 18S rRNA haplotypes as the foxes suggesting that both hosts participate in the same epidemiological cycle.

Blepharitis is a common finding in many dogs with various skin diseases.To establish a definition for canine blepharitis versus periocular dermatitis (POD), to evaluate the clinical findings and underlying skin diseases of blepharitis, and to document the effects of blepharitis on tear production in dogs.One hundred and two privately owned dogs with clinical signs of blepharitis and a definitive diagnosis of skin disease.Prospective evaluation of clinical signs and underlying diseases in dogs with blepharitis alone compared to dogs with blepharitis and POD.Brachycephalic dogs were significantly more likely to present with blepharitis than other breeds. Twenty five dogs had blepharitis alone [three dogs (2.9%) without and 22 dogs (21.5%) with cutaneous lesion beyond the periocular skin]. Seventy one of 102 (69%) presented with POD in addition to blepharitis. In six cases a differentiation between blepharitis and POD was not possible. Typical lesions included alopecia/hypotrichosis (97%), erythema (93%), eyelid oedema (50%) and crusts (39.2%). Allergic skin disease (52%) was the most common underlying cause of blepharitis, followed by infectious/parasitic diseases (21.5%), autoimmune disorders (17.7%) and neoplasia (4.9%). Four dogs could not be allocated to any of these disease groups. A diagnosis of parasitism was always accompanied by POD. Reduced tear production was detected in ten of the 53 dogs tested (18.8%).Blepharitis occurring in the absence of other skin lesions is rare. The most common underlying cause of blepharitis is allergic dermatitis. Measurement of tear production should be recommended in all cases of blepharitis.La blépharite est fréquente chez de nombreux chiens présentant des dermatoses.Déterminer une définition de la blépharite canine versus la dermatite périoculaire (POD), évaluer les données clinique et les dermatoses sous jacentes des blépharites et de documenter les effets de la blépharite sur la production de larmes chez le chien.Cent deux chiens de propriétaires avec e signes cliniques de blépharite et un diagnostic définitif de dermatose. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Une évaluation prospective des signes cliniques et des dermatoses sous jacentes chez les chiens avec une blépharite seule comparé aux chiens avec blépharite et POD. RÉSULTATS: Les chiens brachycéphales est significativement plus représentés que les autres races pour la blépharite. Vingt cinq chiens avaient une blépharite seule [trois chiens (2.9%) sans et 22 chiens (21.5%) avec des lésions cutanées dont la peau périoculaire]. soixante et onze sur 102 (69%) présentaient une POD en plus de la blépharite. Dans six cas une différentiation entre la blépharite et la POD n’était pas possible. Les lésions typiques incluaient alopécie/hypothrichose (97%), érythème (93%), œdème des paupières (50%) et croutes (39,2%). La dermatose allergique (52%) était la cause sous jacente la plus fréquente de la blépharite, suivie des dermatoses parasitaires/infectieuses (21,5%), les troubles auto-immuns (17,7%) et néoplasie (4,9%). Quatre chiens n'ont pas pu être alloué à un de ces groupes. Un diagnostic de parasitisme a toujours est accompagné de POD. Une diminution e la production des larmes a été détectée pour dix des 53 chiens testés (18,8%).La blépharite sans autre lésions cutanée est rare. La cause sousjacente la plu fréquente de blépharite est la dermatite allergique. La mesure de la production de larme devrait être recommandée dans tous les cas de blépharite.INTRODUCCIÓN: la blefaritis es un hallazgo común en muchos perros con diversas enfermedades de la piel. OBJETIVOS: establecer una definición de blefaritis canina frente a dermatitis periocular (POD), evaluar los hallazgos clínicos y las enfermedades subyacentes de la blefaritis y documentar los efectos de la blefaritis en la producción de lágrimas en perros. ANIMALES: Ciento dos perros de propietarios particulares con signos clínicos de blefaritis y un diagnóstico definitivo de enfermedad de la piel. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: EVALUACIÓN PROSPECTIVA DE SIGNOS CLÍNICOS Y ENFERMEDADES SUBYACENTES EN PERROS CON: blefaritis sola en comparación con perros con blefaritis y POD. RESULTADOS: los perros braquicefálicos fueron significativamente más propensos a presentar blefaritis que otras razas. Veinticinco perros tenían blefaritis sola [tres perros (2,9%) sin y 22 perros (21,5%) con lesión cutánea más allá de la piel periocular]. Setenta y uno de 102 (69%) presentó POD además de blefaritis. En seis casos no fue posible una diferenciación entre blefaritis y POD. Las lesiones típicas incluyeron alopecia/hipotricosis (97%), eritema (93%), edema del párpado (50%) y costras (39,2%). La enfermedad alérgica de la piel (52%) fue la causa subyacente más común de la blefaritis, seguida de enfermedades infecciosas/parasitarias (21,5%), los trastornos autoinmunes (17,7%) y la neoplasia (4,9%). Cuatro perros no pudieron ser asignados a ninguno de estos grupos de enfermedades. Un diagnóstico de parasitismo siempre estuvo acompañado de POD. Se detectó una reducción en la producción de lágrimas en diez de los 53 perros analizados (18,8%). CONCLUSIÓN: la blefaritis que ocurre en ausencia de otras lesiones cutáneas es rara. La causa subyacente más común de blefaritis es una dermatitis alérgica. La medición de la producción de lágrimas debe recomendarse en todos los casos de blefaritis.Eine Blepharitis tritt häufig bei vielen Hunden mit verschiedenen Hauterkrankungen auf.Eine Definition für die Blepharitis des Hundes zu erstellen im Kontrast zu einer periokulären Dermatitis (POD), eine Evaluierung der klinischen Befunde und der zugrundeliegenden Hauterkrankungen einer Blepahritis, und eine Dokumentation der Auswirkungen einer Blepharitis auf die Tränenproduktion bei Hunden.Einhundertzwei Hunde in Privatbesitz mit klinischen Anzeichen einer Blepharitis und einer definitiven Diagnose einer Hauterkrankung.Eine prospektive Evaluierung der klinischen Zeichen und der zugrundeliegenden Erkrankungen bei Hunden mit einer Blepharitis alleine im Vergleich zu Hunden mit Blepharitis und POD.Brachycephale Hunde wurden signifikant häufiger mit einer Blepharitis präsentiert als andere Rassen. Fünfundzwanzig Hunde zeigten nur eine Blepharitis [drei Hunde (2,9%) ohne und 22 Hunde(21,5%) mit Hautveränderungen über die periokuläre Haut hinaus]. Einundsiebzig von 102 (69%) wurden mit POD zusätzlich zur Blepharitis präsentiert. Bei sechs Fällen war eine Unterscheidung zwischen Blepharitis und POD nicht möglich. Typische Veränderungen waren Alopezie/Hypotrichose (97%), Erythem (93%), Ödem des Augenlids (50%) und Krusten (39,2%). Eine allergische Hauterkrankung war die häufigste Ursache für eine Blepharitis, gefolgt von infektiösen/parasitären Erkrankungen (21,5%), Autoimmunerkrankungen (17,7%) und Neoplasie (4,9%). Vier Hunde konnten keiner dieser Krankheitsgruppen zugeordnet werden. Die Diagnose eines Parasitenbefalls war immer von einer POD begleitet. Eine reduzierte Tränenproduktion wurde in zehn von den 53 getesteten Hunden festgestellt (18,8%).Das Auftreten einer Blepharitis in Abwesenheit anderer Hautveränderungen ist selten. Die häufigste zugrundeliegende Ursache für eine Blepharitis ist eine allergische Dermatitis. Eine Messung der Tränenproduktion sollte in allen Fällen von Blepharitis empfohlen werden.背景: 睑缘炎在许多患有各种皮肤病的犬身上常见。 目的: 建立犬睑缘炎与眼周皮炎(POD)的定义,评估睑缘炎的临床发现和潜在皮肤病,并记录睑缘炎对犬眼泪量的影响。 动物: 一百二十只有睑缘炎临床症状和明确皮肤病诊断的私家犬,。 方法和材料: 对患有睑缘炎,与同时患有睑缘炎和POD犬的临床症状和潜在疾病进行前瞻性评估。 结果: 短头犬比其他品种更容易出现睑缘炎。仅有25只犬患有睑缘炎[三只犬(2.9%)没有,22只犬(21.5%)有眼周皮肤以外的皮肤病变]。 102例中有71例(69%)除睑缘炎外还有POD。有6例无法区别睑缘炎和POD。典型病变包括脱毛/ 少毛(97%)、红斑(93%)、眼睑水肿(50%)和结痂(39.2%)。过敏性皮肤病(52%)是睑缘炎最常见的根本原因,其次是传染病/寄生虫病(21.5%)、自身免疫性疾病(17.7%)和肿瘤(4.9%)。四只犬无任何疾病。寄生虫的诊断总是伴随着POD。在测试的53只犬中有10只检测到泪液量减少(18.8%)。 结论: 睑缘炎在没有其他皮肤病变时单独出现是罕见的。睑缘炎最常见的潜在原因是过敏性皮炎。在所有睑缘炎病例中都建议测泪液量。.背景: 眼瞼炎は、さまざまな皮膚疾患を持つ多くの犬において一般的な所見である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、犬の眼瞼炎および眼周囲炎(POD)の定義を確立し、眼瞼炎の臨床所見と根底にある皮膚疾患を評価し、犬の涙液産生に対する眼瞼炎の影響を詳細に記録することである。 被検動物: 眼瞼炎の臨床症状および皮膚疾患の確定診断を受けた飼育犬122頭。 材料と方法: 眼瞼炎およびPODを有する犬と比較した、眼瞼炎のみを有する犬の臨床的徴候と基礎疾患の前向き評価。 結果: 短頭種は、他の犬種よりも眼瞼炎を呈する可能性が有意に高かった。 25頭の犬が眼瞼炎のみを患っていた[眼周囲の皮膚を越えて皮膚病変を有する犬22頭(21.5%)と3頭有していない犬(2.9%)]。眼瞼炎に加えてPODを呈した犬は102頭中71頭(69%)であった。 6頭で眼瞼炎とPODの鑑別は不可能であった。典型的な病変には、脱毛症/貧毛症(97%)、紅斑(93%)、まぶた浮腫(50%)および痂皮(39.2%)が含まれていた。アレルギー性皮膚疾患(52%)が眼瞼炎の最も一般的な根本的原因であり、続いて感染症/寄生虫症(21.5%)、自己免疫疾患(17.7%)および腫瘍(4.9%)が続いた。 4頭の犬をこれらの病気のグループに割り当てることはできなかった。寄生虫症の診断は常にPODを伴っていた。試験した53頭の犬のうち10頭(18.8%)において涙液産生の減少が検出された。 結論: 他の皮膚病変がない場合に起こる眼瞼炎はまれである。眼瞼炎の最も一般的な根本的な原因は、アレルギー性皮膚炎である。すべて眼瞼炎の症例に涙の産生量を測定することを推奨すべきである。.Blefarite é um achado comum em muitos cães com diversas doenças de pele.Estabelecer uma definição para blefarite canina versus dermatite periocular (POD), avaliar os achados clínicos e as doenças de pele primárias de blefarite, e documentar os efeitos da blefarite na produção de lágrima.Cento e dois cães de proprietários com sinais clínicos de blefarite e com diagnóstico definitivo de doença de pele. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Avaliação prospectiva dos sinais clínicos e doenças primárias em cães com somente com blefarite comparado a cães com blefarite e POD.Os cães braquicefálicos foram significativamente mais predispostos a apresentar blefarite que outras raças. Vinte e cinco cães tiveram somente blefarite [três cães (2,9%) sem e 22 cães (21,5%) com lesões cutâneas além da pele periocular]. Setenta e um de 102 (69%) apresentaram POD concomitantemente à blefarite. Em seis casos não foi possível a diferenciação entre blefarite e POD. As lesões típicas incluíram alopecia/hipotricose (97%), eritema (93%), edema palpebral (50%) e crostas (39,2%). As alergopatias (52%) foram as causas primárias mais comuns de blefarite, seguido por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (21,5%), doenças autoimunes (17,7%) e neoplasia (4,9%). Quatro cães não puderam ser agrupados em nenhum destes grupos de doenças. Um diagnóstico de parasitismo foi acompanhado de POD. Redução da produção de lágrimas foi detectada em dez dos 53 cães testados (18,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A ocorrência de blefarite na ausência de outras lesões cutâneas é rara. As doenças primárias de blefarite mais comuns foram as alergopatias. A mensuração da produção de lágrimas deve ser recomendada em todos os casos de blefarite.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-30T21:05:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and in some countries have been regularly culled as part of government policy to control visceral leishmaniasis. At the 13th Symposium of the Companion Vector-Borne Diseases World Forum in Windsor, UK, March 19-22, 2018, we consolidated a consensus statement regarding the usefulness of dog culling as a means of controlling visceral leishmaniasis. The statement highlighted the futility of culling infected dogs, whether healthy or sick, as a measure to control the domestic reservoir of L. infantum and reduce the risk for visceral leishmaniasis. Aggeu Magalhães Institute Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Universidad Complutense de Madrid Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire North Carolina State University Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) Murdoch University Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Utrecht University Goethe-University Freie Universität Berlin Colorado State University Oklahoma State University Clinglobal Universidade NOVA de Lisboa São Paulo State University LABOKLIN GmbH University of Naples Federico II University of Messina University of Pretoria University of Guelph Universität Leipzig Chonnam National University Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München University of Bristol University of Melbourne Mount Veterinary Practice Cornell University Istituto Superiore di Sanità University of Bari Aldo Moro São Paulo State University CNPq: 313118/2018-3 Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior: IF/01302/2015

Background Protein concentration and quality in cat food can vary considerably, and the impact on feline urine composition and nutrient supply is of high practical relevance. In the present study, 6 canned diets with varying protein concentrations and qualities were fed to 10 healthy adult cats. Protein quality in the diet differed depending on the amount of collagen-rich ingredients. Hydroxyproline concentrations were 2.56–4.45 g/kg dry matter in the high quality and 3.76–9.44 g/kg dry matter in the low quality diets. Protein levels were 36.2, 43.3 and 54.9% in the high quality and 36.7, 45.0 and 56.1% in the low quality groups. Each diet was fed for 6 weeks, using a randomized cross-over design. In the last 2 weeks of each feeding period, urine and faeces of the cats were collected. Results Renal calcium (Ca), oxalate (Ox) and citrate excretion were unaffected by the dietary protein concentration, possibly mediated by a high urine volume (24.2–34.2 ml/kg bodyweight (BW)/day) in all groups. However, renal Ox excretion was lower when the high quality diets were fed (P = 0.013). Urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium oxalate (CaOx) was low in general, but reduced in the high quality groups (P = 0.031). Urinary RSS values for magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) were high (2.64–5.00) among all groups. Apparent digestibility of crude protein and most minerals was unaffected by the different diets. Feed intake was higher in the low quality groups (P = 0.026), but BW of the cats did not differ depending on dietary protein quality. BW of the cats increased with increasing dietary protein concentrations (P = 0.003). Conclusion In conclusion, a high protein canned diet might not be a specific risk factor for CaOx urolith formation in cats. In contrast, all diets resulted in high RSS MAP values, which might be critical concerning MAP crystallization. Protein quality had a minor, but significant impact on urine composition, necessitating further research on this subject. A lower energy supply when feeding a low protein quality can be assumed. Changes in BW were only small and require a careful interpretation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1517-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A 5-year old hunting dog was presented with reduced appetite, weight loss and polyuria/polydipsia. Hematology and clinical chemistry revealed anemia, leukocytosis, increased liver enzymes, hypoalbuminemia and hypercalcemia. The cytological, pathohistological and microbiological examination identified a disseminated infection with the saprophytic mould fungus Paecilomyces variotii in the biopsies of the spleen and a lymph node. Determination of vitamin D metabolites confirmed a calcitriol induced hypercalcemia. Ein 5-jähriger Jagdhund wurde wegen verminderter Futteraufnahme, Gewichtsverlust und Polyurie/Polydipsie vorgestellt. In der hämatologischen und klinisch-chemischen Blutuntersuchung wurde neben einer Anämie und Leukozytose eine Erhöhung der Leberenzyme, Hypoalbuminämie und Hyperkalzämie festgestellt. Durch zytologische, pathohistologische und mikrobiologische Untersuchungen von Biopsien aus Milz und Lymphknoten konnte eine systemische Schimmelpilzinfektion mit Paecilomyces variotii nachgewiesen werden. Die Bestimmung der Vitamin-D-Metabolite bestätigte das Vorliegen einer Hyperkalzämie infolge einer Erhöhung der Calcitriolkonzentration.

An update on the 2005 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Consensus Statement on blood donor infectious disease screening was presented at the 2015 ACVIM Forum in Indianapolis, Indiana, followed by panel and audience discussion. The updated consensus statement is presented below. The consensus statement aims to provide guidance on appropriate blood-borne pathogen testing for canine and feline blood donors in North America.

Leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) is a severe form of leptospirosis. Pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Lung tissues from 26 dogs with LPHS, 5 dogs with pulmonary haemorrhage due to other causes and 6 healthy lungs were labelled for IgG (n=26), IgM (n=25) and leptospiral antigens (n=26). Three general staining patterns for IgG/IgM were observed in lungs of dogs with LPHS with most tissues showing more than one staining pattern: (1) alveolar septal wall staining, (2) staining favouring alveolar surfaces and (3) staining of intra-alveolar fluid. Healthy control lung showed no staining, whereas haemorrhagic lung from dogs not infected with Leptospira showed staining of intra-alveolar fluid and occasionally alveolar septa. Leptospiral antigens were not detected. We conclude that deposition of IgG/IgM is demonstrable in the majority of canine lungs with naturally occurring LPHS, similar to what has been described in other species. Our findings suggest involvement of the host humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of LPHS and provide further evidence to support the dog as a natural disease model for human LPHS.

Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein in both people and dogs. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of 3 different point-of-care tests (POCT) for canine CRP (cCRP) in comparison to a standard ELISA test, and to assess storage stability. Material and Methods Blood samples were collected from 125 dogs (23 healthy and 102 diseased). Serum cCRP measurements were performed using the TECOmedical AG, the EUROLyser Diagnostica, and the LifeAssays POCT. The TECOmedical AG ELISA validated for canine serum was used as a reference method. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, inter assay variance for each POCT, comparison of results from each POCT with the ELISA using Spearman's correlation and Bland–Altman plots, and a t-test to evaluate sample stability. Results ELISA cCRP values ranged from 0.1–4.7 mg/L (median 1.3) in healthy dogs and from 0–282 mg/L (median 17.3) in diseased dogs. Spearman's correlation coefficient between ELISA and the respective POCT measurements for cCRP concentration was 0.89 for TECOmedical, 0.85 for EUROLyser, and 0.97 for LifeAssays. Bias calculated from Bland–Altman difference plots was 27.6% for TECOmedical, −14.2% for EUROLyser, and −15.7% for LifeAssays. Inter assay reliability was > 0.9 for all POCT. Total observed error of the EUROLyser was 28.2% and therefore met the acceptable total error of 29.6%. Conclusions All POCTs were able to measure cCRP, but precision, accuracy, and correlation coefficients varied among the 3 systems. Therefore, serial measurements for monitoring of cCRP in dogs should always be performed using the same POCT system.

Giardia duodenalis is a relevant gastrointestinal protozoan pathogen of humans and animals. This species complex consists of eight genetically different assemblages. Assemblages A and B are pathogenic to humans and pets, thus confer zoonotic potential. The risk of zoonotic transmission has been controversially discussed. The aim of this monocentric cross-sectional pilot study was to investigate G. duodenalis assemblages in humans and pets living in common households in Berlin/Brandenburg (Germany). Samples from dogs, cats and humans sharing the same households were screened for Giardia infection by antigen-detecting assays. All human samples were additionally analysed by a Giardia-specific qPCR. Cyst quantification and sequences of different gene loci (triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), β-giardin (bg) and for dogs SSUrDNA) were analysed. A total of 38 households (31 households with dogs and seven with cats) with 69 human individuals participated in the study. Initial antigen-detecting assays revealed Giardia-positive results for 13 (39%) canine, one (14%) feline and one human sample. Reanalysis of the human samples by qPCR revealed two more positive specimens (4%). Two of these three samples were identified as assemblage B at all tested loci. Success rate of assemblage typing for pet samples was generally low and comprised mainly the SSUrDNA locus only. Overall, six of 13 Giardia-positive canine samples were typable (2× A, 1× co-infection: A and B, 1× C; 2× D). One pair of samples (dog and human) from the same household had a similar but not identical assemblage B sequence at tpi locus. Assemblage A was also detected in the dog specimen, which hampered sequence analysis. In conclusion, although exhibiting limitations due to the sample size, our study highlights the need for better and standardized typing tools to distinguish G. duodenalis strains with higher resolution in order to perform proper case-control studies for a realistic estimation of zoonotic risk.

Background Exosomes are defined as extracellular membrane vesicles, 30–150 nm in diameter, derived from all types of cells. They originate via endocytosis and then they are released through exocytosis to the extracellular space, being found in various biological fluids as well as in cell culture medium. In the last few years, exosomes have gained considerable scientific interest due to their potential use as biomarkers, especially in the field of cancer research. This report describes a method to isolate, quantify and identify serum- and cell culture-derived exosomes from dog samples, using small volumes (100 μL and 1 mL, respectively). Results Quantification and sizing of exosomes contained in serum and cell culture samples were assessed by utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Detected particles showed the normal size (30–150 nm) and morphology described for exosomes, as well as presence of the transmembrane protein CD63 known as exosomal marker. Conclusions Based on a validated rapid isolation procedure of nanoparticles from small volumes of different types of dog samples, a characterization and exploration of intact exosomes, as well as facilitation for their analysis in downstream applications was introduced.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are specialized immune cells with a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and control of inflammation. However, relatively little is known about immune regulation in the peripheral blood of dogs with primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia or chronic enteropathy. Using flow cytometry this study investigated Treg responses in the peripheral blood of dogs with respective autoimmune or chronic intestinal diseases and demonstrated that a reduction of Treg frequencies is observed in dogs with clinical signs compared to dogs undergoing remission and healthy dogs. These findings suggest that reduced frequencies of Treg cells in peripheral blood might be causally associated with the onset and/or progression of autoimmune and chronic intestinal diseases in dogs and that measurement of regulatory T cells might represent a useful tool in the monitoring of treatment response and disease progression.

C-reactive protein (CRP) plays an important role in the acute phase reaction in humans and dogs. For the canine CRP (cCRP) only an in silico deduced preliminary transcript and amino acid sequence is available. The objective of this study was to further characterize the native cCRP protein and its corresponding liver mRNA. Furthermore, immunological similarities of serum CRP in related animal species were investigated. Native cCRP protein was isolated from dog-sera by affinity chromatography and further analyzed by immunodetection, protein sequencing (mass spectrometry and N-terminal Edman sequencing), 2D-gel electrophoresis, and glycoprotein analysis. Furthermore, cCRP cDNA sequence was determined from dog liver total RNA by RT-PCR. Gel electrophoresis, immunodetection and glycoprotein detection revealed two cCRP isotypes with different molecular weights (22 and 25kDa) with the upper band being glycosylated. Selective glycoprotein analysis showed sialic acid terminally linked (2-6) to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine and subsequent PNGase F treatment identified N-terminal linkage. Mass spectrometry confirmed approximately 45% of the cCRP predicted amino acid sequence and N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed a shorter native cCRP than expected (204 amino acids). The new canine CRP mRNA sequence confirms 100% of the formerly deduced sequence. Immunological homologies to the canine CRP protein were found in selected dog-related species. This study contributes major molecular details to the knowledge about canine CRP. Such structural information may assist in developing new diagnostic tools for inflammatory-based diseases in dogs as well as other dog-related species.

Ticks transmit various important pathogens to humans and animals, and dogs are frequently exposed to tick infestation. The objective of this study was to examine tick infestation and the characteristics of tick prophylaxis of dogs in the Berlin/Brandenburg area. A total of 441 dogs (392 owners) was examined from March 2010 to April 2011. The dog owners participated in the study for a period of 1-13 months (10.33±2.85; median 11.00). The prevalences of a total of 1728 ticks collected from 251 (57%) of these dogs were: 46.0% Ixodes ricinus, 45.1% Dermacentor reticulatus, 8.8% Ixodes hexagonus, and 0.1% Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The ticks were 75.2% adult females and 24.4% adult males, and 0.4% were nymphs. The average prevalence of apparent infestation of tick-positive dogs was 0.78 ticks/month (median 0.38). Tick infestation was highest in October (5.9±5.8 ticks/dog) and lowest in December (1±0 tick/dog). The highest frequency of infestation was observed during May (117 dogs). The number of ticks found on dogs by owners on a single day varied from one to 70 (median 1). The scutal index indicated that more than 60% of I. ricinus and more than 40% of D. reticulatus had been removed after they had fed for more than 2 days. The heads, necks, chests, and limbs of the dogs were the most common attachment sites. Data for tick prophylaxis with substances licensed for dogs by the Medicinal Products Act (MPA) were available for 124 dogs; a total of 1195 ticks was obtained from these dogs. About two-thirds of the ticks were collected from dogs that were treated incorrectly (n=96) or were not treated (n=60). One third of the ticks were collected from dogs (n=96) that had been treated correctly. Dog-specific characteristics such as length of coat (p=0.011) and body size (p=0.040) played significant roles in tick infestation.

“ Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” ( Anaplasmataceae ) is an emerging pathogen transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Conventional PCR and the newly developed high-resolution melt PCR were used to detect and discriminate “ Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” and Anaplasma phagocytophilum . Both bacterial species were frequently found in Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus but virtually absent from Dermacentor reticulatus . In rodents, “ Candidatus N. mikurensis” was significantly more prevalent than A. phagocytophilum , whereas in cats, only A. phagocytophilum was found.

In humans, detection of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) using nucleic acid-based methods such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has proven to be of prognostic relevance. However, similar procedures are still lacking in veterinary oncology. To assess the correlation of CTC markers with the metastatic potential of canine mammary tumours, 120 peripheral blood samples from bitches with mammary carcinomas with (group 1) and without (group 2) histological evidence of vascular invasion and/or presence of lymph node metastases and mammary adenomas (group 3) were analyzed. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes and RNA was extracted within 48 h. Subsequently, the samples were tested by RT-PCR for a panel of seven CTC mRNA markers. CRYAB was the most sensitive single marker with a sensitivity of 35% and also the most specific marker with a specificity of 100% to detect group 1 blood samples. A multimarker assay combining four genes enhanced the sensitivity up to 77.5%, but decreased the specificity to 80%. CRYAB appeared to be highly specific but only moderately sensitive at detecting blood samples from dogs with metastatic tumours and detection significantly correlated with vascular invasion of primary mammary tumours. However, a multimarker assay of four genes significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the assay and is therefore preferable for CTC detection.

Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. Information has been continuously collected on these infections in Europe, and publications have increased in recent years. Prevalence rates are high for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different European countries. The goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs from Europe. This guideline is intended to answer the most common questions on these diseases from a practical point of view.

Dirofilaria repens is endemic in eastern and southern European regions but was recently found in Germany in dogs, mosquitoes and one human patient. Since some of the positive dog and mosquito samples were collected in Brandenburg, it was aimed to systematically assess the prevalence of D. repens and other canine vector-borne pathogens in Brandenburg. Dog owners also received a questionnaire and were asked to provide more information about the dogs including travel history. In total, 1023 dog blood samples as well as 195 fox spleen and 179 fox blood samples were collected. DNA was analysed by PCR for the presence of filariae, piroplasms, anaplasmataceae and Rickettsia spp. Filariae were detected in six dogs (0.6%), two were positive for DNA from D. repens , two from Dirofilaria immitis and two from Acanthocheilonema reconditum . One of the D. repens positive dogs originated from an animal shelter in Brandenburg, but the origin of the other one remained unknown. Interestingly, both D. repens ITS-1 sequences showed 100% identity to a D. repens sample obtained from a Japanese woman that travelled in Europe and were 97% identical to a newly proposed species Dirofilaria sp. ‘hongkongensis’ described from Hong Kong. However, identity to other D. repens sequences from Thailand was considerably lower (81%). Identity of 12S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I to D. repens samples from southern Europe was 99%. Due to the low number of Dirofilaria spp. positive dogs and since the origin of these was unknown, endemic occurrence of Dirofilaria in Brandenburg could not be confirmed. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 15 dogs (1.5%), Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in three dogs (0.3%) and E. canis in one dog (0.1%), which was co-infected with D. repens . Rickettsia spp. were detected in 8 dogs (0.8%), seven were Rickettsia raoultii and one was Rickettsia felis . To the author’s knowledge, R. raoultii DNA was detected for the first time in dogs in Germany in this study and Candidatus N. mikurensis for the second time. In spleen samples of red foxes with 47.5% a high prevalence of piroplasms was found. Sequencing of 11 samples identified 10 as Theileria annae . Despite the high prevalence of this pathogen in its reservoir host, it was absent in dog samples. In one dog (0.1%), Babesia canis was detected but there was no further information about the dog’s origin. Evaluation of the questionnaire identified a high proportion of dogs (74.2%, n = 233) which was not protected by ectoparasiticides. Moreover, 21.2% (n = 236) of the dogs originated from inland or abroad shelters, and therefore might potentially come from areas endemic for dirofilariosis or babesiosis.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylocoocus aureus (MRSA) harboring mecA(LGA251) has been isolated from humans and ruminants. Database screening identified this MRSA variant in cats, dogs, and a guinea pig in Germany during 2008-2011. The novel MRSA variant is not restricted to ruminants or humans, and contact with companion animals might pose a zoonotic risk.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The standard method of detection of ketone bodies is the dipstick method, which detects semiquantitatively acetoacetate, but not β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB). The objectives of the current study were to assess the diagnostic utility of β-HB to diagnose diabetic ketosis (DK) and DKA in cats and to establish a cut-off value for the diagnosis of DKA. Sixty-two cats were included in the study. Eleven cats were healthy (group 1); in the remainder of cats (51), a diagnosis of DM was based on hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and increased fructosamine concentrations. Nineteen of 51 cats suffered from nonketotic diabetes mellitus (group 2). In 11 cats, plasma ketone bodies were detected with the dipstick method (diabetic ketosis, group 3). In 21 cats, plasma ketone bodies and metabolic acidosis were present (DKA, group 4). Plasma β-HB was measured in all cats by an enzymatic method (spectrophotometry). A cut-off value for the diagnosis of DKA was calculated based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. In healthy cats, the β-HB concentration ranged from 0 to 0.1 mmol/l; in cats of group 2, from 0 to 0.9 mmol/l (median: 0.1 mmol/l); in cats of group 3, from 0.6 to 6.8 mmol/l (median: 1.7 mmol/l); and in cats of group 4, from 3.8 to 12.2 mmol/l (median: 7.9 mmol/l). A cut-off value of 2.4 mmol/l revealed 100% sensitivity and 87% specificity to diagnose DKA. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a useful parameter for the diagnosis of diabetic ketosis and DKA in cats.

The main objectives of this prospective study were to establish prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in dogs from Northeast Germany; and to evaluate the hematological parameters of sero- or real-time PCR-positive clinically healthy dogs. The mean prevalence of A. phagocytophilum seropositivity of 522 dogs (258 suspected to have anaplasmosis, 264 healthy) was 43%. There was no difference between sick (46.9%) and healthy dogs (39.8%) (p=0.100). The PCR test was positive in 30 dogs (20 sick, 10 healthy); morulae were found in 12 of them. Twenty-six of 30 dogs tested PCR-positive between May and September (p

BACKGROUND Canine primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is associated with a high-mortality rate. C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most important acute-phase protein in dogs and may have value as a marker of prognosis or response to treatment in IMHA. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to evaluate serum CRP concentration in dogs with primary IMHA at presentation and during treatment, to assess potential differences based on survival time, and to compare CRP with other laboratory parameters of inflammation and prognosis. METHODS Inclusion criteria for primary IMHA were anemia (PCV

Background: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis (CGA), is a Gram-negative intracellular organism transmitted by ixodid ticks. Thus far, only a few clinical studies evaluating dogs with CGA have been published. Objectives: Evaluation of dogs naturally infected with A. phagocytophilum in which known co-infections were excluded. Animals: Eighteen dogs with CGA. Methods: Prospective study. The diagnosis of CGA was based on a positive PCR test result; dogs with co-infections were excluded. History, clinical findings, CBC, clinical biochemistry, infectious disease screening, diagnostic imaging, and the course of disease were evaluated. Results: CGA was diagnosed based on a positive PCR test for A. phagocytophilum; 10 dogs also had morulae in neutrophils. Six of 18 dogs were seronegative to A. phagocytophilum, the others were seropositive. All dogs were acutely ill. The most common clinical findings were lethargy, inappetence, fever, and splenomegaly. Abnormal laboratory results included thrombocytopenia, anemia, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and abnormally high plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. In 6 of 10 dogs tested, the platelet-bound antibody test was positive; Coombs' test was negative in 9 dogs. All dogs were treated with doxycycline and recovered. PCR testing as well as blood smear analysis for morulae were negative in 14 tested dogs 2–8 weeks after beginning treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinical findings in dogs with CGA were nonspecific. Positive platelet-bound antibody test results suggest immune-mediated platelet destruction as an important pathogenic mechanism. With correct diagnosis and treatment, prognosis is good.

The objective of this retrospective study was the evaluation of the administration of a haemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carrying solution (Oxyglobin®) to cats over a time period of 4 years. Indication, infusion volume/24 h, number of Oxyglobin® infusions/cat, Hb concentration pre- and post-infusion, adverse events, and patient outcome were evaluated. Forty-eight anaemic cats received 65 Oxyglobin® infusions. Prior to administration of Oxyglobin®, Hb concentration ranged from 2 to 7.8 g/dl (median 4.9 g/dl), the volume of Oxyglobin® administered was 4.4–25 ml/kg/24 h (median 9.8 ml/kg/24 h). An increase of Hb was noted after 41 of 49 infusion events. Severe side effects were noted in seven cats with cardiac disease, which developed pulmonary oedema (five), pleural effusion (three), and respiratory distress (one). They received 6.7–19.8 ml/kg/24 h (median 12.3 ml/kg/24 h) of Oxyglobin®. Four of these seven cats received whole blood transfusions on the same day; five cats died and one was euthanased. Overall 24-h survival rate was 77%. Administration of Oxyglobin® efficiently increased the Hb concentration. However, in cats suffering from cardiac disease, there is a high risk of life-threatening circulatory overload at the doses used in this study.

During a 6-year period, primary (idiopathic) immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was retrospectively evaluated in 30 dogs. Ages of the dogs ranged from 3 months to 10 years (median 4 years); female dogs were markedly overrepresented with 73%. Clinical examination revealed hemorrhages in 70% of the dogs. Platelet counts ranged from 0 to 111,000/μL (median 8000/μL); 77% of the dogs had platelet counts

Human recombinant IL-1beta and TNFalpha have been previously used to induce a cytokine response in canine chondrocytes. In order to establish this functional relation in a homologous system in vitro, we have developed both 2D and 3D models of inflammatory arthritis using canine recombinant cytokines in canine articular chondrocytes. IL-1beta and TNFalpha were cloned and subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant canine cytokines were used to simulate inflammation in vitro and the expression of typical inflammation markers such as proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF and TNFalpha), enzyme mediators (MMP-3 MMP-13, iNOS, COX-2) and their catabolites (NO, PGE(2)) was measured. High expression of proinflammatory cytokines, enzyme mediators and their catabolites was only observed in IL-1beta/TNFalpha stimulated cells. We conclude that the canine IL-1beta and TNFalpha generated in this study are biologically active and equally effective in the canine cell culture systems. Inducing an inflammatory pathway by canine exogenous cytokines in canine chondrocytes provides a useful tool for the study of canine inflammatory arthritis.

Clinical specimens of small animals (n=869) were screened for the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; MRSA) during routine microbiological examinations, and results were confirmed by a multiplex PCR strategy. The genetic relatedness of all mecA-positive S. aureus isolates was further investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), PCR for Panton-Valentine leukocidine genes (PVL) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec-typing (SCCmec). A total of 61 S. aureus isolates were found during a 20-month period of investigation, 27 (44.3%) of them harbouring the mecA gene for methicillin-resistance. The majority of MRSA were isolated in specimens from dogs (n=18) and cats (n=4). One guinea pig and one rabbit were found to be positive for an MRSA infected site. Similarly, three exotic animals, a turtle, a bat and a parrot, were found to be infected with MRSA. PFGE and MLST analysis revealed a certain genotype ("A" and "A-1") dominating the isolate collection (23 of 27). Furthermore, one isolate showed homologous PFGE pattern to the German epidemic strain Barnim ("BE") and another one ("BE-1") was considered to be closely related. A third genotype ("B") was detected in two cases. Two different sequence types (ST) were identified among the 27 MRSA isolates. PFGE type "A" and both strains related to the Barnim epidemic strain were assigned to ST22, whereas ST239 was associated to PFGE profile "B". The present data show that certain MRSA genotypes are capable of infecting a wide spectrum of small and exotic animals, especially in clinical facilities.

Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs is analogous to that in humans. Romiplostim, a novel thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonist, is currently used for the treatment of refractory ITP in humans, but not in dogs. Here, we describe the response to romiplostim in five dogs with refractory ITP. Five dogs with severe and refractory ITP (three primary and two secondary) received romiplostim subcutaneously. Four dogs were administered 3–5 μg/kg and one dog received 10–13 μg/kg body weight once weekly. Results Romiplostim was well-tolerated and administration was associated with an increase in platelet counts in all five dogs. Four of the five dogs entered remission and relapses were not observed over a follow-up period of 3–10 months. Conclusions Romiplostim is effective in the treatment of ITP in dogs at least as well as in humans. This finding may help to develop and use new therapeutics for ITP in dogs and humans.

A 13-year-old Dalmatian dog was presented with a history of abdominal enlargement and reduced appetite for several months. Acute clinical signs were anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea. During exploratory laparotomy, acute intestinal perforation due to a foreign body and peritonitis was diagnosed. In addition, the abdominal cavity was filled with multiple small (0.5 cm), white, cyst-like structures. Histopathology revealed typical cestode structures of the cyst walls but no protoscolices were found. PCR was performed with cestode specific primers of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA. The sequence showed a 99.75% identity with a Mesocestoides lineatus isolate published in the NCBI GenBank®. This is the first case of canine peritoneal larval cestodosis (CPLC) in Germany and the first evidence of M. lineatus as causal agent for CPLC.

Background: The CA530-VET is a completely automated impedance cell hematology analyzer, which yields a 16-parameter blood count including a 3-part leukocyte differential. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the operational potential of the CA530-VET and its value for use in veterinary practice. Methods: The analyzer was tested for blood carry-over, precision, and accuracy. Comparison methods included the CELL-DYN 3500, microhematocrit centrifugation, manual platelet (PLT) counting for feline and equine species, and a 100-cell manual WBC differential. Blood samples for comparison of the methods were obtained from 242 dogs, 166 cats, and 144 horses. Results: The carry-over ratio (K) was 0.28% for RBC, 0.59% for PLT, 0.32% for WBC, and 0.18% for hemoglobin (HGB) concentration. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for within-batch precision and duplicate measurement of blood samples were clearly within the required limits, except for duplicate platelet counts in cats (8.7%) and horses (9.5%). The WBC count was in excellent agreement for dogs and horses and RBC count was in excellent agreement for horses. The accuracy of feline WBC counts was not acceptable, with the exception of values at the high end of the range. RBC counts in dogs and cats, and HGB concentration and MCV in all 3 species were sufficiently accurate. The CA530-VET HCT results were in excellent agreement with microhematocrit results in horses but exceeded the maximum allowed inaccuracy for cats and dogs. In all species, PLT counts established mechanically and manually were not in adequate agreement. Large differences were found between the CA530-VET and the manual differential percentage for lymphocytes and “mid-sized cells” (monocytes and basophilic granulocytes). Conclusions: The CA530-VET can be considered useful for routine canine, feline, and equine blood cell analyses. It should not be considered accurate, however, for PLT counts, feline total WBC counts in the subnormal and normal range, and leukocyte differentials, except for granulocytes.

A 12 yr old female neutered Carthusian crossbreed cat was presented due to progressive neurological signs. Clinical signs included dehydration, stupor, and anisocoria. Laboratory examination revealed severe hypernatremia, azotemia, hyperglobulinemia, and an erythrocytosis. Clinical signs and hypernatremia suggested an intracranial process. Imaging studies revealed a loss of structure in the cerebrum, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. Due to a poor prognosis, the cat was euthanatized. Histopathological examination revealed a subacute granulomatous and necrotizing panencephalitis with Toxoplasma-typical protozoa. The Toxoplasma-induced dysfunction of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland led to diabetes insipidus, which was, in combination with insufficient water intake, the most likely cause for the hypernatremia.

Anemia is a common hematological alteration in cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of different types of anemia and the course of disease in cats with a hematocrit (hct)0.26 l/l. In a period of 18 months 194 cats were included and assigned to different anemia groups based on history, physical examination and laboratory parameters. Most cats had acute blood loss anemia (BA; 75/194; 38.7%). Frequent causes were trauma (39/75), hematuria (13/75) and hemostatic disorders (9/75). Anemia of inflammatory and neoplastic disease (AID) occurred in 22.2% (43/194) and hemolytic anemia (HA) in 18% (35/194). Half of those were presumptively immune-mediated (IHA). Four cats were diagnosed with hemotropic mycoplasma infection. Rare causes of anemia included anemia of renal disease (ARD; 18/194; 9.3%) and intramedullary non-regenerative anemia (INR; 13/194; 6.7%). The latter either had retroviral infection (6/13) or neoplasia (6/13). In cats with HA and INR anemia was often severe and very severe (Hct0.14 l/l) and in cats with AID and ARD usually mild (Hct 0.20-0.25 l/l). Cats with BA had significantly lower total protein concentrations than those with INR (p = 0,001), HA, AID and CNE (p0,001) and those with HA most often had hyperbilirubinemia (21/27). Blood transfusions were primarily given to cats with BA (37/75) and HA (19/35), especially those with IHA (13/17). 69% of the patients survived the first 14 days after the anemia was detected for the first time. Cats with HA had the highest survival rate.