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Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis.

Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.