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Background Scientific knowledge regarding alpaca dentistry is relatively limited despite its clinical implications. The present gap in available supportive data leads to limited treatment options for dental pathology in alpacas in comparison to other species. The main goal of this study was to gain novel insights into the general and pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth to allow development of more advanced treatment strategies in the future. Also, the risk of causing pulp exposure when floating maxillary cheek teeth was of particular interest. Concurent research focusing on the anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth has been performed accordingly. The results obtained in mandibular teeth are expected to be non-extrapolatable because of the structural differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth. Results Pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth showed great variation. A common pulp chamber was identified in 46/83 (55.4%) teeth with a mean dental age of 2 years and 7 months (± 2 years and 5 months). Pulpal segmentation was more commonly observed in teeth of increasing age. Full columnar segmentation was seen in 33/69 teeth (47.8%), whereas within-column segmentation was observed in 36/83 teeth (43.4%). Age and degree of segmentation of the pulpal tissue varied greatly according to Triadan position. Physical contact between roots of adjacent teeth was found in the majority of examined molars (range 82–94%) which resulted in morphological adaptations at the level of the root tips. The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 0.46 mm above pulp horn 2 in a 14 years and 11 months old Triadan 09, emphasizing the risk of pulp exposure attributed to dental floating. Conclusion This study offers an objective description of age-dependent maxillary cheek teeth pulp morphology in alpacas. Current findings are of great value to provide a basis for the development of tooth-saving techniques as a treatment for dental disease in this species. Observed physical contact between the roots of different examined molars may be a facilitating factor in the spread of apical infection in chronically diseased cases. Finally, a conservative approach regarding dental floating is recommended in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to pulp tissue.

Background Dental disease is a troublesome health concern in alpacas. Specifically, the occurrence of tooth root abscesses has been described in veterinary literature. Nevertheless, no objective prevalence data are available for dental disorders in alpacas. Hypothesis/objectives To determine the prevalence of dental disorders in alpaca herds in Belgium and the Netherlands. To study the associations between the different dental disorders encountered in alpacas. Animals A total of 228 alpacas (Vicugna pacos) originating from 25 farms. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Dental disorders were diagnosed by dental examination of sedated animals using a dental mirror or a portable rigid oroscope. Results At the animal level, 82% (n = 187) had dental disorders of which 74.6, 41.7, and 3.9% were cheek teeth, incisor disorders, and canine disorders, respectively. At the level of the cheek teeth, diastemata (43.1%) were most common, followed by wear abnormalities (WA; 39.6%) and periodontal disease (PD; 33.3%). A significant association was detected between the presence of diastemata and PD (odds ratio [OR], 13.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.6-27.7; P < .001). Pulp exposure was significantly associated with the presence of diastemata (OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 3.8-51.5; P < .001), PD (OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 3.1-25.3; P < .001) and WA (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.4; P = .002). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Dental disorders are highly prevalent in alpacas in Belgium and the Netherlands. Several dental disorders in alpacas had significant associations. To prevent the development of advanced stages of dental disease, routine dental examinations are advised to allow early detection and prompt treatment.

Background Dental disorders, of which tooth root abscesses are best documented, are highly prevalent in alpacas. Identification of risk factors can be valuable for prevention of dental disorders in this species. Hypothesis/Objectives To identify risk factors associated with wear abnormalities, malpositioning, diastemata, periodontal disease (PD), and occlusal pulp exposure at the level of the cheek teeth. Animals Two hundred twenty-eight alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 25 farms. Methods Cross-sectional study. Dental examinations were performed on sedated animals. Risk factors were determined by clinical examination and interview. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for wear abnormalities, malpositioned teeth, diastemata, PD, and occlusal pulp exposure. Results Mandibular swelling was significantly associated with PD (odds ratio [OR], 11.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.27-48.81; P < .001). Nearly 73% of included animals with mandibular swelling concurrently had PD. For every increase in herd size of 1 animal, the risk for PD increased by 2% (95% CI, 1-4%; P = .01). The association between severe stages of PD and body condition score (BCS) indicates a painful situation, impairing animal welfare (P < .001). For each 1-day increase in interval between pasture cleanings, the odds of finding pulp exposure for a single animal was estimated to increase by 1% (95% CI, 0-2%; P = .05). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Simple management tools such as measuring BCS, palpating the mandible for bony swellings, removing feces from pasture on a regular basis and decreasing herd size might help identify animals at risk for dental disorders or prevent their development.

Background Despite dental disease being a common health concern in alpacas, important dental pathology including apical infection, remains poorly understood. Treatment options are limited compared to veterinary dentistry techniques in other species. The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of the external and internal anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth to enable the development of tooth sparing techniques in this species. Also, an objective evaluation of the sub-occlusal dentinal thickness in normal mandibular cheek teeth is warranted to understand the risks associated with reduction of overgrown teeth. Results Overall pulp anatomy was variably characterized by the presence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth, and segmentation of pulp cavities into multiple separate pulp entities within the same tooth with increasing age. A common pulp chamber was identified in 55.3% (26/47) of teeth with a mean dental age of 1 year and 11 months (± 1 year and 8 months). Columnar segmentation was recorded in the remaining teeth with a mean dental age of 6 years and 5 months (± 3 years and 11 months). Age of segmentation of the common pulp chamber into multiple separate pulp entities shows wide variation and is dependent of the specific Triadan position. The present study illustrates the presence of disto-mesial root contacts between adjacent tooth roots, often leading to morphological adaptations, most frequently observed between Triadan 09–10s (80%) and 10–11s (67%). The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 1.11 mm over some pulp horns. The sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was lower than 2, 3, and 4 mm in 13.1, 38.1 and 61.4% of performed measurements, respectively. Conclusion This study provides detailed information on age-dependent mandibular cheek teeth anatomy in alpacas, which may support the use and development of advanced dental treatments in this species such as endodontics and tooth sectioning techniques. Apical morphological adaptations caused by disto-mesial root contact between adjacent mandibular cheek teeth are clearly illustrated. The limited amount of sub-occlusal secondary dentin warrants a cautious approach with regards to dental floating in alpacas.

Background: Fissures of the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth are commonly encountered during oral examination but their aetiology is unknown. Objectives: To examine the prevalence and characteristics of occlusal fissures in cadaver teeth. It is hypothesised that their prevalence is influenced by masticatory forces. Consequently, their possible association with wear disorders and occlusal angles were examined. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The dental abnormalities and occlusal fissure findings in the cheek teeth of 143 cadaver heads were recorded. The cheek teeth occlusal angles were measured using the stiff-hinge technique. Multiple regression analyses were performed to establish possible relationships between age, sex, dental wear, occlusal angle and fissure prevalence. Results: Occlusal fissures were found in 103/143 (72%) heads. Sex and age were determining factors in the prevalence of fissures. A similar prevalence was found in mandibular (54.1%) and maxillary teeth (45.9%, OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.95-1.29, P = 0.2). Mandibular fissures were more commonly located on the buccal aspect (OR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.16-1.65, P < 0.001), whereas for maxillary fissures there was no difference in prevalence between palatal and buccal aspects (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.97-1.46, P = 0.1). Two main fissure types were identified. Type 1a fissures were the most prevalent type (39.5%). No significant correlation was found between the presence of wear abnormalities or the occlusal angle of cheek teeth, and the prevalence of fissures. Main limitations: No dental histories were available. Conclusion: Equine cheek teeth show a high prevalence of occlusal fissures. Despite some evidence of predilection sites on the tooth surface that might indicate a mechanical aetiology for these lesions, no associations were found with wear abnormalities or occlusal angles of affected cheek teeth. Further histological and ultrastructural studies are warranted to elucidate their aetiology and possible role in other dental diseases.

The association between bovine papillomavirus (BPV) and equine sarcoids is well established, but it is unclear how the virus spreads. Although evidence in support of viral spread through direct animal contact exists, this does not explain sarcoid development in isolated equids. BPV DNA has been detected in flies, which could indicate that these insects serve as a vector. This study aimed to investigate whether BPV-negative stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) become positive for BPV DNA after exposure to equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue under experimental conditions and, if so, for how long. A total of 420 stable flies were caught alive and exposed to BPV positive equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue. During the following week, dead flies were collected daily and BPV loads were determined by quantitative PCR. There was a significant rise in BPV load after tissue exposure both in sarcoid and papilloma exposed flies, but the viral load was higher and remained high for a longer time after exposure to papilloma tissue compared to sarcoid tissue. Within days, viral loads decreased again and became indifferent from loads before exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that BPV transmission by S. calcitrans seems possible and is more likely to occur after contact with bovine papillomas than with equine sarcoids. Transmission seems only possible shortly after tissue exposure. Further research could include experimental induction of sarcoids with BPV positive stable flies, or a repeat of the experiment with micro-dissection prior to PCR.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Objective: To determine the required rate of a detomidine infusion (loading dose 5 μg kg −1 ; initial rate 12.5 μg kg −1 hour −1 ) added to a constant infusion of methadone (0.2 mg kg −1 ; 0.05 mg kg −1 hour −1 ) for sedation in standing horses and ponies undergoing elective surgeries with appropriate local anaesthetic techniques. Study design: Prospective, clinical study. Animals: Adult, healthy, client-owned, non-food-producing horses or ponies sedated for elective standing surgeries longer than 45 minutes. Methods: At baseline (in the stables before administration of sedative agents), at 10 minutes after sedation and every 5 minutes thereafter, ataxia, sedation and surgical condition were evaluated; each scored 0–3. These scores were used to adjust the detomidine administration rate using the Ghent Sedation Algorithm. A 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) was used by the main surgeon at the end of the procedure to evaluate the surgical conditions. Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure and respiratory frequency were also recorded at each time point. For statistical analysis, ANOVA for normal, Kruskal–Wallis H-test for non-normal variables, and Mann–Whitney U test for VAS were used. Results: From the 42 horses/ponies included in this study, 28 underwent dental procedures and 14 other types of procedures. Overall, dental procedures required higher mean detomidine rates compared with other types of surgeries (16.9 ± 4.5 versus 9.0 ± 1.9 μg kg −1 hour −1 ) (p < 0.001). Dental procedures were assigned similar VAS scores, median (range), of 7.8 (5.8–10) with other procedures, 8.7 (2.8–10). Cardiovascular changes were not clinically significant. No signs or behavioural changes of abdominal pain were observed postoperatively. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Satisfactory surgical conditions were achieved using a combination of detomidine and methadone infusions with locoregional anaesthesia, with no adverse effects. Dental procedures required higher detomidine dose rates compared with other surgeries. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2014/00474-5 FAPESP: 2017/01425-6

OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes following treatment of sarcoids in equids and to identify risk factors for treatment failure in these patients. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 230 equids with 614 sarcoids. PROCEDURES Records were searched to identify equids treated for ≥ 1 sarcoid between 2008 and 2013. A standardized protocol was used to determine treatment choice (electrosurgery, electrosurgery with intralesional placement of cisplatin-containing beads, topical administration of imiquimod or acyclovir, cryosurgery, bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine injection, or intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs). Data regarding animal, tumor, treatment, and outcome variables were collected. Complete tumor regression without recurrence for ≥ 6 months was considered a successful outcome. Success rates were calculated; binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for treatment failure and to compare effects of the 2 topical treatments. A χ2 test was used to compare effects of the number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine or cisplatin-containing drug injections on outcome. RESULTS The overall success rate was 460 of 614 (74.9%). Electrosurgical excision resulted in the highest treatment success rate (277/319 [86.8%]); odds of treatment failure were significantly greater for intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs, cryosurgery, and topical acyclovir treatment. Odds of treatment failure were also significantly greater for sarcoids on equids with multiple tumors than for solitary lesions, and significantly lower for sarcoids on equids that received concurrent immunostimulating treatment for another sarcoid than for those on patients that did not receive such treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Selection bias for treatments was inherent to the study design; however, results may assist clinicians in selecting treatments and in determining prognosis for equids with sarcoids treated according to the described methods.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a promising technological platform for continuous glucose monitoring in the human body. Moreover, these measurements could be performed in vivo with an implantable single-chip based optical sensor. However, a thin tissue layer may grow in the optical path of the sensor. As most biological tissues are highly scattering, they only allow a small fraction of the collimated light to pass, significantly reducing the light throughput. To quantify the effect of a thin tissue layer in the optical path, the bulk optical properties of serum and tissue samples grown on implanted dummy sensors were characterized using double integrating sphere and unscattered transmittance measurements. The estimated bulk optical properties were then used to calculate the light attenuation through a thin tissue layer. The combination band of glucose was found to be the better option, relative to the first overtone band, as the absorptivity of glucose molecules is higher, while the reduction in unscattered transmittance due to tissue growth is less. Additionally, as the wound tissue was found to be highly scattering, the unscattered transmittance of the tissue layer is expected to be very low. Therefore, a sensor configuration which measures the diffuse transmittance and/or reflectance instead was recommended. (a) Dummy sensor; (b) explanted dummy sensor in tissue lump; (c) removal of dummy sensor from tissue lump; and (d) 900 µm slices of tissue lump.

Background Necrotic laryngitis, caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, frequently requires surgical intervention (laryngostomy) in the chronic stage. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine survival until slaughter of cattle surgically treated for necrotic laryngitis and to identify predictors of mortality. Animals A total of 221 cattle diagnosed with necrotic laryngitis by laryngoscopy and surgically treated Methods Retrospective cohort study. Clinical records were matched with the national cattle identification, registration, and movement database. Information on possible predictors including clinical examination, biochemistry, and surgery was collected. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify predictors of mortality. Results The overall survival rate was 65.2% and 58.6% of the animals with a completed life cycle could be slaughtered. Animals

To describe the anatomy of the entry to the equine esophagus (vestibulum esophagi) and to assess the risk of penetrating its adventitia and/or lumen during laryngoplasty.Ex vivo cadaveric study.Five isolated equine larynges and 39 equine head and neck specimens.The anatomy of the vestibulum esophagi was studied by dissection of 5 cadaver specimens. Then, a bilateral laryngoplasty was performed, including 5 suture placements through the muscular processes, caudal, rostral, and sagittal, with straight and curved needles. Two of the 3 surgeons performing the implantations were unaware of the goals of the study. Suture positions and iatrogenic trauma to the lumen and/or adventitia of the vestibulum esophagi were identified during dissection of the specimens. Risk factors for penetrating the adventitia were evaluated with a multivariate regression model.The vestibulum esophagi spans between both wings of the thyroid cartilage over the entire width of the larynx, covering the rostral spine (arcuate crest) of the arytenoid cartilages. It is covered by the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles. Masked surgeons were associated with a significantly higher number of adventitia penetrations (72%) compared to the nonmasked surgeon (9%). The lumen of the vestibulum esophagi was penetrated in 4.6% of suture placements and only by the 2 masked surgeons.Penetration of the adventitia was more common when surgeons were unaware of the anatomical extent of the vestibulum esophagi.Anatomical knowledge of the extent of the vestibulum esophagi reduces the risk of penetrating its lumen or adventitia during suture placement on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.

Fissures on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth are commonly encountered during oral examination. Generally, their presence is considered abnormal but their aetiopathogenesis and clinical impact on pulp disease is still undetermined. The aims of this research were to study the extent of occlusal cheek teeth fissures using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (μCT) imaging and their histological characteristics. Twenty-seven teeth (of 15 horses) were scanned using μCT imaging to analyse fissure extent. Histological examination of a subset of teeth (n = 7) was performed. Forty-three type 1 fissures (35 type 1a, eight type 1b) were identified. The mean length of the fissure of type 1a and type 1b on the occlusal surface was 3.47 +/− 1.60 mm and 13.64 +/− 7.40 mm, respectively. Their mean depth was 13.22 +/− 10.76 mm and 7.42 +/− 6.42 mm, respectively. Potential risk factors associated with fissure depth were identified using a multivariable mixed model The location of the fissure and Triadan number were significantly associated with fissure depth. Fissures could be identified on histological sections with the presence of organic material inside the fissure, microorganisms in the continuation of the fissure extending into the dentinal tubules and the presence of reactionary dentine. This study suggests that fissures can provide a pathway for microorganisms to enter the dentinal tubules, potentially resulting in local pulpal inflammation. It appears that in healthy teeth, vital odontoblasts react by producing reactionary (tertiary) dentin, which lacks patent tubules and thus provides a proper seal.

The aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bovine spastic paresis of the gastrocnemius muscle (BSP-G) have been investigated for several decades, but much remains to be elucidated. In some breeds, the proportion of atypical presentations of BSP involving the quadriceps muscle (BSP-Q) and/or several other muscles (mixed presentation, BSP-M) appears to be increasing. Differentiation between BSP-G, -Q and -M is challenging and existing surgical treatments are usually ineffective in cattle affected by one of the atypical forms of the disease. This paper reviews the current knowledge on BSP and addresses several areas where understanding of the disease is incomplete.

Pluronic® F127 is a biocompatible, injectable, and thermoresponsive polymer with promising biomedical applications. In this study, a chemically modified form, i.e., Pluronic ALA-L with tailored degradation rate, was tested as an encapsulation vehicle for osteoblastic cells. UV cross-linking of the modified polymer results in a stable hydrogel with a slower degradation rate. Toxicological screening showed no adverse effects of the modified Pluronic ALA-L on the cell viability. Moreover, high viability of embedded cells in the cross-linked Pluronic ALA-L was observed with life/death fluorescent staining during a 7-day-culture period. Cells were also cultured on macroporous, cross-linked gelatin microbeads, called CultiSpher-S® carriers, and encapsulated into the modified cross-linked hydrogel. Also, in this situation, good cell proliferation and migration could be observed in vitro. Preliminary in vivo tests have shown the formation of new bone starting from the injected pre-loaded CultiSpher-S® carriers.

In situ forming bone substitute materials are attractive candidates for filling irregularly shaped defects. In this study, a chemically modified form of the Pluronic F127 hydrogel was used. Similar to the parent form, this derivative underwent a sol-gel transition in the body and additional radical curing resulted in a stable three-dimensional network gel with a controllable degradation rate. An extra cell source of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was mixed with the hydrogel to increase the ossification process, when implanted in noncritical size unicortical tibia defects. These cells were cultured and predifferentiated on two types of cell carrier systems, that is, gelatin CultiSpher-S microcarriers and hydroxyapatite tubular carriers. Radiographic and histological evaluation revealed that bone regeneration was comparable in the defects with the bone substitute compositions and the untreated control defects at 2 and 4 weeks postimplantation and that newly formed bone originated from the cells on the CultiSpher-S carriers. This resulted, 6 and 8 weeks postimplantation, in faster bone repair in the defects filled with the hydrogel plus CultiSpher-S carriers in comparison to the control defects. Surprisingly, there was no formation of new bone originating from the hydroxyapatite carriers. The hydrogel by itself seemed to stimulate the natural repair process.

Objective To compare cardiac output ( Q ˙ t ) measurements using lithium dilution (LiDCO) and pulse contour analysis (PulseCO) techniques in isoflurane‐anaesthetized ponies before and during the administration of different inotropic/vasoactive drugs. Study design Prospective randomized experimental cross‐over trial. Animals Six ponies aged 5.0 ± 1.6 (4–6.5) years and weighing 286 ± 53 (212–368) kg. Methods After sedation (romifidine) and induction (midazolam + ketamine), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. After 90 minutes (= T0), one of four treatments was administered: saline 0.1 mL kg−1 (S), enoximone 0.5 mg kg−1 IV (E), enoximone followed by dobutamine (0.5 μg kg−1 minute−1 for 120 minutes) (ED) or enoximone followed by a calcium chloride infusion (0.5 mg kg−1 minute−1 for 10 minutes) (EC). Data were recorded for 120 minutes after T0. The PulseCO (recorded from carotid artery) was calibrated before T0, no further recalibrations were performed. Q ˙ t was determined with LiDCO ( Q ˙ t LiDCO) and PulseCO ( Q ˙ t PulseCO) simultaneously at T5, T10, T20, T40, T60, T80, T100 and T120. Systemic vascular resistances (SVRLiDCO and SVRPulseCO) were calculated. Results In the saline group, Q ˙ t PulseCO was 4.9 ± 12.3% lower than LiDCO (p < 0.01), whereas SVRPulseCO was 6.9 ± 14.4% higher than SVRLiDCO (p < 0.01). These differences increased over time (mean ± SEM), Q ˙ t by 0.06 ± 0.03% minute−1 (p = 0.042) and SVR by 0.08 ± 0.03% minute−1 (p = 0.018). Q ˙ t PulseCO was higher than Q ˙ t LiDCO in the EC group (1.8 ± 23.3%), but lower than Q ˙ t LiDCO in groups E (−11.7 ± 20.4%) and ED (−10.0 ± 25.9%) (significant difference between treatments, p Conclusions and clinical relevance Pulse contour analysis values deviated significantly from LiDCO measurements in isoflurane‐anaesthetized ponies. This difference was influenced by inotropic/vasoactive drugs.

Obejctive To investigate the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) on the cardio–respiratory effects of enoximone in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies. Study design Prospective consecutive experimental trial. Animals Six healthy ponies, weighing 287 ± 55 kg were included in this study. Methods After sedation (romifidine, 80 μg kg −1 ), anaesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.06 mg kg −1 ) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg −1 ) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The ponies’ lungs were ventilated to maintain normocapnia. After 90 minutes, a bolus of enoximone (0.5 mg kg −1 ) was administered, followed by a CaCl 2 infusion (0.5 mg kg −1 minute −1 over 10 minutes) (treatment EC). Sodium, potassium, ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiovascular variables and blood–gases were measured in the 120 minutes after treatment. Using a mixed model anova , the results were compared to those of a previous report [ Vet Anaesth Analg , 34 (2007) 416], evaluating the effects of 0.5 mg kg −1 enoximone in the same ponies and under identical circumstances (treatment E). Both an overall comparison and comparisons at specific time points after treatment were performed (α = 0.05). Results Although ionized and total calcium concentrations were higher during treatment EC, the cardio–respiratory effects of enoximone were comparable for both treatments. A small but significant difference in packed cell volume was detected. Conclusions and clinical relevance Calcium chloride did not enhance the effects of enoximone in normocalcaemic anaesthetized ponies.

Micro-CT is a non-destructive technique for 3D tomographic investigation of an object. A 3D representation of the internal structure is calculated based on a series of X-ray radiographs taken from different angles. The spatial resolution of current laboratory-used micro-CT systems has come down over the last years from a few tens of microns to a few microns. This opens the possibility to perform histological investigations in 3D on a virtual representation of a sample, referred to as virtual 3D histology. The advantage of micro-CT based virtual histology is the immediate and automated 3D visualization of the sample without prior slicing, sample preparation like decalcification, photographing and aligning. This not only permits a drastic reduction in preparation time but also offers the possibility to easily investigate objects that are difficult to slice. This article presents results that were obtained on punch biopsies of horse skin, (dental) alveolus of ponies and chondro-osseous samples from the tarsus of foals studied with the new high resolution micro-CT set-up (HRXCT) at the Ghent University (Belgium) (http://www.ugct.ugent.be). This state-of-the-art set-up provides a 1 micron resolution and is therefore ideally suited for a direct comparison with standard light microscopy-based histology.

Summary Goats are frequently used as a suitable animal model for tissue engineering. Immunohistochemistry can be helpful in improving the understanding and evaluation of the in vivo tissue responses at a molecular level. Several commercially available antibodies (KI67, vimentin, CD31, core-binding factor alpha-1, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, MAC387, CD3, CD20, CD20cy, CD79 and CD45) were evaluated on Technovit 9100 New© embedded goat tissues. Only vimentin, osteocalcin, MAC387 and CD3 revealed positive staining. These antibodies can be routinely used to evaluate goat tissues at molecular level. The use and development of alternative antibodies might further supplement and complete the possibilities for immunohistochemical analysis of goat tissue samples.

Objective—To evaluate the biological behavior of a nonresorbable bone substitute (NRBS) in the alveoli of ponies, compared with tissue quality in naturally healing alveoli, after cheek tooth extraction. Animals—5 clinically normal ponies. Procedures—In each pony, both maxillary fourth premolars (Triadan 108/208) were repulsed bilaterally during anesthesia. One randomly chosen alveolus was filled with NRBS and isolated from the oral cavity by use of dental impression material and a spring-wire retention device. The other alveolus was occluded in its occlusal third portion with dental impression material. One year after surgery, cylindrical lateromedial biopsy specimens were collected from the apical, middle, and occlusal level of each alveolus. Biopsy samples were evaluated for bone mineral density and bone volume via micro–computed tomography; qualitative histologic characteristics were evaluated via light microscopy. Results—Bone mineral density and bone volume were greater in control alveoli, compared with NRBS-treated alveoli. Control alveoli were characterized by the presence of few mature bone trabeculae and wide spaces containing fat tissue and mesenchymal stroma. In treated alveoli, biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties of the NRBS were excellent; continuous bone formation and bone remodeling were also evident. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the NRBS was integrated well in calcified alveolar tissues in ponies 1 year after maxillary cheek tooth extraction. Further research is necessary to establish the benefits of this NRBS in the development of a dental implant surgical technique in equids.

To report the long term clinical outcome of calves treated surgically or managed conservatively for bovine spastic paresis of the gastrocnemius (BSP-G), quadriceps femoris muscle (BSP-Q), or mixed muscle involvement (BSP-M).Retrospective case study.Calves (n = 79) with bovine spastic paresis.Medical records of calves treated by partial tibial neurectomy or managed conservatively for bovine spastic paresis were analyzed for sex, breed, lineage history, and the onset, duration, and severity of clinical signs. Cases were classified as unilateral or bilateral BSP-G, BSP-Q, or BSP-M. Long term follow-up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire.The study group included 26 BSP-G (33%), 16 BSP-Q (20%), and 37 BSP-M (47%) calves. BSP-M and BSP-Q calves were significantly more bilaterally affected compared to BSP-G calves. Twenty-five of 26 BSP-G calves were treated surgically; 86% had complete resolution of clinical signs. Twenty-nine of 37 BSP-M calves were treated surgically; 81.5% improved, but none completely recovered. In all of the conservatively managed BSP-M calves, clinical signs gradually worsened. None of the BSP-Q calves were treated surgically; in 66.7%, clinical signs gradually worsened and 33.3% of calves spontaneously improved.Partial tibial neurectomy is advocated for the treatment of BSP-G and in selected cases of BSP-M. However, only partial resolution of clinical signs should be expected for BSP-M. No surgical treatment exists for BSP-Q calves, although spontaneous improvement is possible.

Background: The anatomical complexity of the horse’s head limits the abilities of radiography. Computed tomography (CT) in combination with contrast enhanced CT is used more often for diagnosing various head pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to compare intravenous and intra-arterial contrast-enhancement techniques and describe normal and abnormal contrast enhancement in the horse’s head. Results: All 24 horses included in the study recovered without complication from the procedures. Compared to the pre-contrast studies, post-contrast studies showed significant contrast enhancement in the pituitary gland (IA: p

Topical acyclovir application is an owner-friendly treatment for occult equine sarcoids, without the caustic side-effects other topical treatments have. Variable clinical success rates have been described, but it is not known to what rate and extent acyclovir penetrates in and through equine skin from a topical formulation. In the current study, an in vitro Franz diffusion model was used to determine the permeation parameters for a generic 5% acyclovir cetomacrogol cream for both healthy and sarcoid equine skin. The distribution of acyclovir between different layers of both skin types was also evaluated. While acyclovir penetrated through both skin types, significantly less acyclovir permeated to the deep dermis of sarcoid skin (197.62ng/mm(3)) compared to normal skin (459.41ng/mm(3)). Within sarcoid skin samples, significantly higher acyclovir concentrations were found in the epidermis (983.59ng/mm(3)) compared to the superficial dermis (450.02ng/mm(3)) and the deep dermis. At each sample point, significantly more acyclovir permeated to the receptor fluid through normal skin compared to sarcoid skin, which is reflected in the significantly higher permeation parameters of normal skin. Normal skin was found to be more permissive for acyclovir, but even in sarcoid skin, enough acyclovir reached the deep dermis to treat a Herpes simplex virus infection. In the case of equine sarcoids, the treatment is aimed at the Bovine papillomavirus and no information is available on the susceptibility of the DNA polymerase of this virus for acyclovir. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of acyclovir to treat equine sarcoids.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is crucial in diabetic care. Long-term CGM systems however require an accurate sensor as well as a suitable measuring environment. Since large intravenous sensors are not feasible, measuring inside the interstitial fluid is considered the best alternative. This option, unfortunately, has the drawback of a lag time with blood glucose values. A good strategy to circumvent this is to enhance tissue integration and enrich the peri-implant vasculature. Implants of different optically transparent biomaterials (poly(methyl-methacrylate) [PMMA] and poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS]) – enabling glucose monitoring in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum – were surface-treated and subsequently implanted in goats at various implantation sites for up to 3 months. The overall in vivo biocompatibility, tissue integration, and vascularization at close proximity of the surfaces of these materials were assessed. Histological screening showed similar tissue reactions independent of the implantation site. No significant inflammation reaction was observed. Tissue integration and vascularization correlated, to some extent, with the biomaterial composition. A modification strategy, in which a vascular endothelial-cadherin antibody was coupled to the biomaterials surface through a dopamine layer, showed significantly enhanced vascularization 3 months after subcutaneous implantation. Our results suggest that the developed strategy enables the creation of tissue interactive NIR transparent packaging materials, opening the possibility of continuous glucose monitoring.

Objective— To evaluate the effect of alveolar bone substitute on post-extraction drift of maxillary cheek teeth in ponies. Study Design— In vivo longitudinal experimental study. Animals— Five ponies (5–7 years) with a healthy dentition. Methods— Both maxillary 4th premolar teeth (Triadan 08) were surgically removed. One alveolus was filled with a biocompatible non-resorbable bone substitute (Bioplant® 24), whereas the other healed by second intention. A polyvinylsiloxane plug and spring wire isolated the bone substitute from the oral environment. Pathologic changes to dentition and adjacent soft tissue were recorded. Tooth drift was calculated after 1 and 2 years. Results— At 1 month, bone substitute material was incorporated into healthy tissue. Tooth drift was observed but differed significantly between control and treated sides at 2 years (P

An 18-month-old Belgian Warmblood mare was evaluated because it had injured the outer convex aspect of the left auricle. Second intention healing of the wound area caused tissue contracture, which resulted in the tip of the ear curling backward. By use of a technique involving undermining of the skin and a flap of granulation tissue on the medial aspect of the wound area and multiple incisions of the auricular cartilage, the curling was relieved and the ear regained a more normal shape. A skin graft was applied to cover the existing wound defect in an attempt to accelerate wound healing; thermoplastic material was contoured to fit the inner concave surface of the ear for immobilization and fixation of the ear in its final shape after surgery. Thirty days after surgery, the graft had healed completely and the ear had a normal conformation. The successful outcome of this treatment suggests that correction of an ear deformity secondary to scar tissue formation by use of an adapted surgical technique and appropriate materials can be achieved with good cosmetic results in horses.

Ninety-five horses with sarcoids were subjected to three types of treatment: surgical excision (conventional or carbon dioxide laser), cryotherapy or local BCG vaccination. The type of treatment was selected on the basis of the size, location and clinical appearance of the tumours. The choice between conventional and laser excision was empirical. A successful outcome was obtained in 1 1 of 14 (79 per cent) of the horses treated by cryosurgery, 18 of 27 (67 per cent) treated by BCG vaccination, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) treated by conventional excision, and 20 of 28 (71 per cent) treated with a carbon dioxide laser. For both excision methods, rigorous measures were taken to avoid autoinoculation and to ensure a wide margin of normal skin. The probability of local recurrence after excision was significantly higher for large sarcoids and sarcoids which had previously failed to respond to treatment. In 10 of the 31 horses with remaining sarcoids, some or all of the untreated sarcoids were observed to regress spontaneously.

THE ability to physically restrain primates depends on the size and condition of the animal, the handler’s skill and the available equipment. In animals weighing more than 12 kg, chemical restraint is considered necessary for safe handling (Joslin 2003). The drug should have a wide therapeutic index because the animal’s exact weight is often unknown. It should allow a quick recovery and be effective in small volumes, allowing fast injection and avoiding local tissue reactions (Sainsbury and others 1989). Administration routes can be oral, intravenous, intramuscular or by inhalation. This short communication describes the anaesthesia of a Siamang monkey (Hylobates syndactylus), for the surgical correction of a hand injury. A seven-year-old female Siamang monkey from a public wildlife park, weighing 10 kg, was presented to the veterinary faculty of Ghent University. The animal had sustained an injury to its right hand one month previously under unknown conditions. Despite local antibiotic treatment, several fingers had became infected, and self-mutilation had resulted in the animal losing its distal phalanges in the central three fingers. As the condition of the monkey’s hand had deteriorated, the animal had started to lose weight. In order to perform a clinical and radiographic evaluation of the hand, the monkey was scheduled for general anaesthesia, and was fasted and deprived of water for 12 hours before surgery. It appeared to be in a poor general physical condition, and as the animal was difficult to handle, no thorough preanaesthetic evaluation was possible. A mixture of 10 mg/kg ketamine (Anesketin; Eurovet), 0·2 mg/kg midazolam (Dormicum; Roche) and 0·1 mg/kg methadone (Mephenon; Denolin) was prepared and administered into the biceps femoris muscle. After seven minutes, the animal was sufficiently anaesthetised to allow safe removal from its cage. It was positioned on the operating table, which was covered by a heated water blanket (K° thermia, RK 625; Gorman-Rupp Industries). Before intubation, the larynx was visualised with a laryngoscope and a 10 per cent lidocaine solution (Xylocaine 10 per cent Spray; Astra Pharmaceuticals) was used to desensitise the larynx. The trachea was intubated with a 4·5 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube and the animal was connected to a circle system (Spiromat 656; Drager). A 20 G catheter was placed in the left cephalic vein. The lungs were ventilated mechanically using a ventilator that was adjusted to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide tension between 4·5 and 5·5 volume per cent. Maintenance of general anaesthesia was provided by administration of isoflurane in oxygen (Isoflo; Abott Laboratories). Vapouriser settings were between 1·5 and 0·7 volume per cent. Fentanyl (Fentanyl-Janssen; Janssen Cilag) was given as an initial bolus (2 μg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 2·5 μg/kg/hr, to obtain extra analgesia. Hartmann’s solution (Hartmann; Baxter) was infused at a rate of 10 ml/kg/hr. Carprofen (Rimadyl; Pfizer Animal Health) and amoxicillin (Clamoxyl; GlaxoSmithKline) were given subcutaneously and intramuscularly at respective dosages of 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Monitored parameters included body temperature (by an oesophageal probe), heart rate and rhythm (EKG; Hellige Servomed) and oxygen-haemoglobin saturation. A multianaesthetic gas analyser (Capnomac Ultima; Datex Engstrom Instrumentation) constantly measured the following parameters: inspiratory and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, inspiratory oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure was monitored non-invasively every 15 minutes using an oscillometric device (NSAIS Memo Print; Matsushita Electric Works) with a cuff placed midway between the carpus and the elbow. Eyelid reflexes and jaw muscle tone were regularly checked at 15 minute intervals. The changes in haemodynamic variables and temperature are given in Table 1. On close inspection of the injured hand, the absence of the distal phalanges of the three central fingers was noted. The middle phalanx of the index finger was covered with dry, parchment-like necrotic skin, and its proximal phalanx was grossly swollen. The distal condyle of the middle phalanx protruded from the tip of the middle finger. The ring finger demonstrated a significant swelling of the middle phalanx. Radiographs revealed clear signs of osteomyelitis in the distal condyles of the three central fingers’ distal phalanges. Amputation in the nearest normal joint was considered the best treatment option. Dorsal and palmar skin flaps were created around the injured figures. After ligation of the different blood vessels, the appropriate flexor and extensor tendons were sectioned. The index finger was subsequently amputated at the proximal interphalangeal joint and the middle and ring fingers were amputated at the metacarpophalangeal joint. The distal condyles of the exposed proximal bones were removed with rongeurs. Wound closure was performed in two layers using resorbable suture material (Maxon 2-0; Synature). To avoid suture exposure, the skin was sutured using a continuous intradermal pattern. The hand was protected with a self-adhesive bandage (Vet-Flex; Kruuse). The monkey was anaesthetised for a total of 75 minutes. Buprenorphine (Temgesic; Schering-Plough) (5 μg/kg) was injected intramuscularly 15 minutes before the end of anaesthesia. Five minutes after administration of isoflurane and fentanyl ceased, the animal was breathing spontaneously. Recovery from anaesthesia was rapid and uneventful. The endotracheal tube was left in place until the animal was swallowing 25 minutes after the operation. The primate remained under a heated cover on the surgical table until it was moving, when it was placed in its cage under an infrared lamp for close monitoring over the following 12 hours. No signs of distress were observed. Postoperative antibiotic treatment was continued using an amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. The monkey was returned to its normal environment within 48 hours, and it removed the bandage by itself after 10 days. The amputation stumps of the middle and ring finTime (minutes) Parameter 0 15 30 45 60 75

The innervation pattern of the interosseus muscle of the forelimb was studied in two ponies and two horses. The nerves of the suspensory ligament were studied histologically after neurectomy of the ulnar and median nerve branches proximal to the carpal joint. The results demonstrated that the interosseus muscle is innervated by the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve which emerges at the level of the midcarpal region and contains fibres from the ulnar and the median nerve. These findings provide evidence that an ulnar nerve block proximal to the accessory bone would fail to anaesthetise the entire suspensory ligament.

The aim of the study was to determine if horses with large colon impaction were more severely affected by oral pathology than control cases and to relate faecal particle size distribution to dental pathology in both study groups. A prospective study included 39 horses with large colon impaction and 72 control horses from a hospital-based population. An oral pathology score (OPscore) and periodontal disease index (PDI) were assigned to all horses and faecal samples were collected for estimating faecal particle size and analysis of particle size distribution. Horses with large colon impactions were not more severely affected by oral pathology than control horses for both OPscore (P = 0.2) and PDI (P = 0.3). Faecal particle size estimates were significantly higher in control animals (P

Objective—To develop a practical ultrasonography-guided injection approach to anesthetic blockade of the femoral nerve in calves and to assess the method's accuracy. Animals—13 cadavers of 4-week-old male Holstein Friesian calves. Procedures—Detailed topographic and anatomic cross-sectional evaluation of the relevant topography in 3 cadavers was performed to identify optimal injection approaches to the femoral nerve. Three approaches (ventral paravertebral, dorsal paravertebral, and ileal) were evaluated by simulated ultrasonography-guided perineural injection of methylene blue dye in 10 cadavers. Ultrasonographic image quality, number of needle redirections required for correct needle positioning, and injection success as defined through a 3-point grading system were recorded. Results—The dorsal paravertebral approach yielded the best results, compared with the ileal and ventral paravertebral approaches, to properly and adequately stain the targeted nerve. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The dorsal paravertebral injection technique appeared to be the best choice for performing a femoral nerve block in calves, although this technique will need to be further evaluated in live calves to determine its effectiveness and clinical usefulness. Diagnostic perineural anesthesia of the femoral nerve in cattle might be helpful in identifying quadriceps muscle involvement in those with complex spastic paresis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a femoral nerve block via a dorsal paralumbar injection in healthy calves and calves suffering from spastic paresis. Based on bony landmarks and using ultrasound guidance, the femoral nerves of eight healthy calves were blocked bilaterally with a 4% procaine solution containing blue dye. In 11/16 nerve blocks, paralysis of the quadriceps muscle was obtained after dorsal paralumbar injection. Paralysis was total in 8/16 cases. The injection site was confirmed by post mortem dissection, and in 12/16 cases, the blue dye was found2mm from the nerve. Clinical use of the technique was then demonstrated in two cases of atypical bovine spastic paresis. In such calves an objective diagnostic tool is required to identify those calves which are suitable for partial tibial neurectomy. The femoral nerve block used in this study has the potential to be such a method and can be used to establish the involvement of the quadriceps femoris in calves suffering from the quadriceps or mixed presentation form of spastic paresis.

To assess risk factors for celiotomy incisional infection in horses, especially the use of staples for skin closure.Case series.Horses (n=356) that had 1 exploratory celiotomy for colic and survived2 weeks after surgery between March 1, 2004 and December 31, 2007.Incisions were classified as "normal" (no complication, only edema, serous drainage lasting24 hours) or as "surgical site infection (SSI)" (persistent serosanguinous drainage or purulent drainage with or without positive bacterial culture). All possible risk factors, including method of skin closure (monofilament sutures or staples), were statistically analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Of 356 horses, 303 (85%) had normal wound healing and 53 (15%) developed a SSI (purulent: 48 [14%]; persistent serosanguinous: 5 [1%]). Bacterial cultures were positive in 33 of 40 cases. Factors significantly associated with SSI in the multivariate analysis were: use of staples for skin closure (odds ratio [OR] 3.85, P.001) and surgical site closure by a 1st or 2nd year resident (OR 2.20, P=.016). Lavage of the linea alba with sterile saline solution after closure was a protective factor (OR 0.38, P=.004).Use of staples for skin closure and less experienced surgeons closing the abdomen are risk factors for incisional infection. Incisional lavage after linea alba closure was a protective factor.Despite their ease and speed of application, skin staples can lead to an increase in celiotomy wound complications in horses.

SummaryMethods currently used to restore bone defects in human and veterinary orthopaedics are often not satisfactory. This is especially the case in the healing of large, irregular defects which result in the formation of tissues with inferior qualities compared to the original structures. For these reasons, several new approaches are currently being explored to improve bone healing capacities in different situations. This review will examine the different techniques used to enhance bone regeneration, highlighting both experimental and clinically applicable methods with regard to veterinary orthopaedics.

Reasons for performing stud-v: There is a lack of evidence-based data on the prevalence, outcome and risk factors of distal limb cast sores, and no objective tool has been described for the early detection of cast sores. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, location, outcome and risk factors of cast sores after application of a distal limb cast and to determine whether static thermography of the cast is a valuable tool for the assessment of sores. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on horses treated with a distal limb cast. At each cast removal, cast sores were graded as superficial sores (SS), deep dermal sores (DS) or full thickness skin ulcerations (FS). In several cases, a thermographic evaluation of the cast was performed immediately prior to removal and differences in temperature (Delta T) between the coolest point of the cast and 2 cast regions predisposed for sore development (dorsoproximal mc/mtIII and palmar/plantar fetlock) were calculated. Results: Mean +/- s.d. total casting time of 70 horses was 31 +/- 18 days. Overall, 57 legs (81%) developed at least SS. Twenty-four legs (34%) ultimately developed DS and one horse had an FS. Multivariable analysis showed that the severity of sores was positively associated with increasing age (OR: 1.111, P = 0.028), a normal (vs. swollen) limb (OR: 3.387, P = 0.023) and an increase in total casting time (OR per week: 1.363, P = 0.002). The thermographic evaluation (35 casts) revealed that the severity of sores was positively associated with increasing Delta T (OR: 2.100, P = 0.000-5). The optimal cut-off values for the presence of SS and DS were set at, respectively, Delta T = 2.3 and 4.3 degrees C. Conclusion and potential relevance: Distal limb cast is a safe coaptation technique with increasing risk of developing sores with time. Thermography is a valuable and rapid clinical tool to monitor the development of cast sores.

An in situ crosslinkable, biodegradable, methacrylate-endcapped poly(D,L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) in which crosslinkage is achieved by photoinitiators was developed for bone tissue regeneration. Different combinations of the polymer with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) were tested in a unicortical tibial defect model in eight goats. The polymers were randomly applied in one of three defects (6.0 mm diameter) using a fourth unfilled defect as control. Biocompatibility and bone-healing characteristics were evaluated by serial radiographies, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated cell survival and proliferation in the polymer-substituted bone defects. The addition of alpha-TCP was associated with less expansion and growth of the BMSCs than other polymer composites.

Case Description—An 8-year-old warmblood mare was evaluated following an acute onset of neurologic abnormalities. Clinical Findings—Computed tomography of the head revealed large masses in both lateral ventricles, and a presumptive diagnosis of cholesterinic granuloma was made. Treatment and Outcome—Freehand biopsy of the intracranial masses was performed under computed tomographic guidance, and histologic examination of biopsy specimens confirmed the diagnosis. No adverse effects associated with the brain biopsy procedure were encountered. Clinical signs resolved, and long-term follow-up did not reveal any recurrence of neurologic deficits. The horse was able to return to its previous level of training. Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that computed tomographic–guided brain biopsy is feasible in horses and can be used to establish a diagnosis in horses with intracranial masses.

This study investigated the placement of an intra-alveolar prosthesis of bone substitute on gingival/periodontal health in 5 ponies following repulsion of cheek teeth 108 and 208. In each pony, one randomly chosen alveolus was allowed to heal by second intention while the other was filled with a non-resorbable, biocompatible bone substitute. At 6, 12 and 24-months after surgery, both maxillary arches were evaluated for wear abnormalities and for gingival health using a periodontal scoring system. Recorded changes included development of overgrowths on mandibular cheek teeth, widening of maxillary interproximal spaces due to tooth drift with subsequent food accumulation, gingivitis, and subgingival pocket formation. Diastema formation initially occurred between the maxillary 06 and 07s but resolved after 24-months, whereas the diastemata that developed between the maxillary 09 and 10s remained. It was concluded that maxillary cheek teeth extraction induced progressive changes in the position of adjacent teeth that caused periodontitis. The use of a bone substitute prosthesis in the alveolus did not prevent the development of periodontal disease.

An in situ crosslinkable, biodegradable, methacrylate-encapped porous bone scaffold composed of D: ,L: -lactide, epsilon-caprolactone, 1,6-hexanediol and poly(ortho-esters), in which crosslinkage is achieved by photoinitiators, was developed for bone tissue regeneration. Three different polymer mixtures (pure polymer and 30% bioactive glass or alpha-tricalcium phosphate added) were tested in a uni-cortical tibial defect model in eight goats. The polymers were randomly applicated in one of four (6.0 mm diameter) defects leaving a fourth defect unfilled. Biocompatibility and bone healing properties were evaluated by serial radiographies, histology and histomorphometry. The pure polymer clearly showed excellent biocompatibility and moderate osteoconductive properties. The addition of alpha-TCP increased the latter characteristics. This product offers potentials as a carrier for bone healing promoter substances.

The in vivo behaviour of 5% gentamicin sulphate ocular mini-tablets (2-mm diameter, 6.525 mg weight) was compared with gentamicin eye drops in six ponies. Two mini-tablets were inserted on the bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye while a similar dose of gentamicin was administered via eye drops in the left eye. Irritation induced by the mini-tablets and the eye drops was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (0-10). Tears were sampled with ophthalmologic absorption triangles for 1 min for the determination of the concentration of gentamicin sulphate using a microbiological plate diffusion method. Irritation induced by the tablets was minor and clinically acceptable (overall median score of 1.7 +/- 1.4). Eye drops induced a sharp increase in gentamicin sulphate concentration (364.4 microg/mL after 5 min) followed by a fast decline (10.8 microg/mL after 60 min). The increase in concentration induced by the ocular mini-tablets was less pronounced (up to 56.2 microg/mL after 30 min) and followed by a gradual decrease; the concentration remained above 15 microg/mL for 8 h. Ocular 5% gentamicin sulphate mini-tablets are clinically well-tolerated in ponies, assuring a constant concentration in the tears for at least 8 h.

The aim of the study was to investigate post-extraction tooth drift in ponies and the influence of an intra-alveolar prosthesis. The maxillary 08 was bilaterally repulsed in five ponies under general anaesthesia. On one side the alveolus was left to granulate, and on the other a synthetic bone substitute prosthesis was fitted. Standard radiographic projections of the head were taken monthly during the first year and at 24 months post-operatively. Different cephalometric parameters were measured and statistically analyzed. Rostral and caudal drift were recognized in molar and premolar teeth, respectively. The prosthesis significantly slowed down tooth drift (P

One hundred and thirteen double-muscled Belgian blue calves (69 males and 44 females) with spastic paresis (52 unilateral and 61 bilateral) were treated surgically by partial tibial neurectomy under caudal epidural anaesthesia. Telephone inquiries made at least three-and-a-half months later established that good results were obtained in 83.2 per cent of the calves; a considerable improvement was reported in 4.4 per cent which still had intermittent spastic contractions; severe hyperflexion of the hock necessitating early slaughtering was recorded in 4.4 per cent of the calves; and in 8 per cent there was little or no improvement.