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4 results on '"MESH : Nerve Net"'

1. Food Intake Adaptation to Dietary Fat Involves PSA-Dependent Rewiring of the Arcuate Melanocortin System in Mice

Author

Christophe Guissard, Cecile Hryhorczuk, Caroline Rigault, André Colom, Emmanuelle Nédélec, Luc Pénicaud, Anne Lorsignol, Claude Knauf, Philippe Valet, Alexandra Gouazé, Xavier Fioramonti, Alexandre Benani, Rita Gerardy-Schahn, Alice Krezymon, Thibaut Duparc, Aleth Lemoine, Xavier Brenachot, Jean Gascuel, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] ( CSGA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires ( I2MC ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Hôpital de Rangueil-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale [Toulouse] ( CRCA ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STROMALab, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement Français du Sang-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Etablissement Français du Sang-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-05-PNRA-004], Burgundy county [FABER-2009-9201-AAO036S00635], Association Francaise d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Obesite, and Institut B. Delessert

Subjects
Male, MESH: Signal Transduction, Pro-Opiomelanocortin, [ SDV.AEN ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, SYNAPTIC INPUT ORGANIZATION, MESH: Energy Intake, Weight Gain, MESH: Mice, Knockout, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Sialic Acids, NPY/AGRP NEURONS, MESH: Pro-Opiomelanocortin, MESH: Animals, MESH : Neuronal Plasticity, MESH: Neuronal Plasticity, PLASTICITY, MESH : Pro-Opiomelanocortin, MESH : Adaptation, Physiological, Mice, Knockout, FEEDING CIRCUITS, MESH : Organ Culture Techniques, INSULIN-RESISTANCE, 0303 health sciences, Neuronal Plasticity, POLYSIALIC ACID, General Neuroscience, Leptin, MESH: Energy Metabolism, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, INDUCED OBESITY, MESH : Sialyltransferases, MESH : Weight Gain, Articles, Adaptation, Physiological, MESH : Mice, Transgenic, BODY-WEIGHT, MESH: Dietary Fats, Hypothalamus, CELL-ADHESION MOLECULE, MESH: Weight Gain, Ghrelin, ENERGY-BALANCE, Melanocortin, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Signal Transduction, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Mice, Transgenic, MESH : Male, MESH: Sialyltransferases, MESH: Arcuate Nucleus, Mice, Transgenic, MESH : Mice, Inbred C57BL, Biology, MESH : Arcuate Nucleus, MESH: Sialic Acids, 03 medical and health sciences, Organ Culture Techniques, Insulin resistance, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, Arcuate nucleus, Internal medicine, MESH : Mice, medicine, Animals, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Signal Transduction, Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, MESH : Energy Intake, medicine.disease, Dietary Fats, MESH: Adaptation, Physiological, Sialyltransferases, MESH: Organ Culture Techniques, MESH: Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, MESH : Energy Metabolism, Endocrinology, MESH: Nerve Net, Sialic Acids, MESH : Nerve Net, MESH : Mice, Knockout, MESH : Animals, Nerve Net, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, MESH : Dietary Fats, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Homeostasis, Hormone
Abstract

International audience; Hormones such as leptin and ghrelin can rapidly rewire hypothalamic feeding circuits when injected into rodent brains. These experimental manipulations suggest that the hypothalamus might reorganize continually in adulthood to integrate the metabolic status of the whole body. In this study, we examined whether hypothalamic plasticity occurs in naive animals according to their nutritional conditions. For this purpose, we fed mice with a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) and assessed brain remodeling through its molecular and functional signature. We found that HFD for 3 d rewired the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, increasing the anorexigenic tone due to activated pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. We identified the polysialic acid molecule (PSA) as a mediator of the diet-induced rewiring of arcuate POMC. Moreover, local pharmacological inhibition and genetic disruption of the PSA signaling limits the behavioral and metabolic adaptation to HFD, as treated mice failed to normalize energy intake and showed increased body weight gain after the HFD challenge. Altogether, these findings reveal the existence of physiological hypothalamic rewiring involved in the homeostatic response to dietary fat. Furthermore, defects in the hypothalamic plasticity-driven adaptive response to HFD are obesogenic and could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases.

Published
2012
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2. The Combined Effects of Inhibitory and Electrical Synapses in Synchrony

Author

David Golomb, Benjamin Pfeuty, Germán Mato, David Hansel, Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur ( NPSM ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centro Atómico Bariloche [Argentine], Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] ( CONICET ) -Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] ( CNEA ), Instituto Balseiro [Bariloche], Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] ( CNEA ) -Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] ( UNCUYO ), Department of Physiology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ( BGU ), Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ( HUJ ), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie ( UMR 8119 ), Departamento de Fisica Teorica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid ( UAM ), Laboratoire Franco-Israelien de Neurophysiologie et Neurophysique des Systèmes, Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)

Subjects
MESH: Gap Junctions, Action Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, MESH: Synapses, Synapse, Models of neural computation, MESH : Electric Conductivity, Phase response, MESH: Animals, MESH : Dendrites, MESH: Action Potentials, Physics, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), Gap Junctions, MESH: Neural Inhibition, MESH : Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH: Interneurons, MESH: Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH : Computer Simulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Electrical Synapses, GABAergic, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Gap Junctions, MESH : Synapses, Interneuron, Cognitive Neuroscience, Models, Neurological, MESH: Electric Conductivity, MESH : Interneurons, MESH: Dendrites, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH: Computer Simulation, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Interneurons, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, medicine, Animals, MESH : Models, Neurological, Computer Simulation, Electric Conductivity, Conductance, Neural Inhibition, Dendrites, Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH: Nerve Net, [ SDV.NEU ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Synapses, MESH : Nerve Net, Neural Networks, Computer, MESH : Animals, Nerve Net, Neuroscience, MESH : Neural Inhibition
Abstract

Recent experimental results have shown that GABAergic interneurons in the central nervous system are frequently connected via electrical synapses. Hence, depending on the area or the subpopulation, interneurons interact via inhibitory synapses or electrical synapses alone or via both types of interactions. The theoretical work presented here addresses the significance of these different modes of interactions for the interneuron networks dynamics. We consider the simplest system in which this issue can be investigated in models or in experiments: a pair of neurons, interacting via electrical synapses, inhibitory synapses, or both, and activated by the injection of a noisy external current. Assuming that the couplings and the noise are weak, we derive an analytical expression relating the cross-correlation (CC) of the activity of the two neurons to the phase response function of the neurons. When electrical and inhibitory interactions are not too strong, they combine their effect in a linear manner. In this regime, the effect of electrical and inhibitory interactions when combined can be deduced knowing the effects of each of the interactions separately. As a consequence, depending on intrinsic neuronal proper-ties, electrical and inhibitory synapses may cooperate, both promoting synchrony, or may compete, with one promoting synchrony while the other impedes it. In contrast, for sufficiently strong couplings, the two types of synapses combine in a nonlinear fashion. Remarkably, we find that in this regime, combining electrical synapses with inhibition ampli-fies synchrony, whereas electrical synapses alone would desynchronize the activity of the neurons. We apply our theory to predict how the shape of the CC of two neurons changes as a function of ionic channel conduc-tances, focusing on the effect of persistent sodium conductance, of the firing rate of the neurons and the nature and the strength of their interac-tions. These predictions may be tested using dynamic clamp techniques.

Published
2005
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3. A continuous attractor network model without recurrent excitation: maintenance and integration in the head direction cell system

Author

Nicolas Brunel, Christian Boucheny, Angelo Arleo, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action (LPPA), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Laboratoire de physiologie de la perception et de l'action (LPPA), Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Collège de France (CdF) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Time Factors, Computer science, Motion Perception, Action Potentials, MESH: Head Movements, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Neural Pathways, Thalamus, Neural Pathways, MESH: Animals, Head direction cells, head direction cells, Attractor network, MESH: Action Potentials, Network model, MESH: Thalamus, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Basis (linear algebra), MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), spiking neurons, Dynamics (mechanics), Sensory Systems, MESH: Systems Theory, MESH: Motion Perception, Head Movements, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Space Perception, MESH : Time Factors, MESH : Motion Perception, Cognitive Neuroscience, Population, Models, Neurological, MESH: Space Perception, Systems Theory, Angular velocity, Topology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Models, Neurological, Animals, MESH : Thalamus, Motion perception, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], education, integrate-and-fire, Simulation, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Systems Theory, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, MESH: Neural Pathways, MESH: Time Factors, MESH : Head Movements, MESH: Nerve Net, continuous attractor networks, Space Perception, MESH : Nerve Net, MESH : Animals, Neural Networks, Computer, Nerve Net, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Motivated by experimental observations of the head direction system, we study a three population network model that operates as a continuous attractor network. This network is able to store in a short-term memory an angular variable (the head direction) as a spatial profile of activity across neurons in the absence of selective external inputs, and to accurately update this variable on the basis of angular velocity inputs. The network is composed of one excitatory population and two inhibitory populations, with inter-connections between populations but no connections within the neurons of a same population. In particular, there are no excitatory-to-excitatory connections. Angular velocity signals are represented as inputs in one inhibitory population (clockwise turns) or the other (counterclockwise turns). The system is studied using a combination of analytical and numerical methods. Analysis of a simplified model composed of threshold-linear neurons gives the conditions on the connectivity for (i) the emergence of the spatially selective profile, (ii) reliable integration of angular velocity inputs, and (iii) the range of angular velocities that can be accurately integrated by the model. Numerical simulations allow us to study the proposed scenario in a large network of spiking neurons and compare their dynamics with that of head direction cells recorded in the rat limbic system. In particular, we show that the directional representation encoded by the attractor network can be rapidly updated by external cues, consistent with the very short update latencies observed experimentally by Zugaro et al. (2003) in thalamic head direction cells.

Published
2005
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4. Optimal information storage and the distribution of synaptic weights: perceptron versus Purkinje cell

Author

Brunel, Nicolas, Hakim, Vincent, Isope, Philippe, Nadal, Jean-Pierre, Barbour, Boris, Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie (UMR 8544) (NEURO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur ( NPSM ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS ( LPS ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris ( FRDPENS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie (UMR 8544) ( NEURO ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
MESH: Rats, [ PHYS.COND.CM-DS-NN ] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Disordered Systems and Neural Networks [cond-mat.dis-nn], [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Models, Neurological, Synaptic Transmission, MESH: Synapses, MESH : Learning, Purkinje Cells, MESH: Afferent Pathways, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH: Purkinje Cells, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, Animals, Learning, MESH : Models, Neurological, MESH: Animals, [PHYS.COND.CM-DS-NN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Disordered Systems and Neural Networks [cond-mat.dis-nn], MESH: Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Afferent Pathways, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Afferent Pathways, MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), MESH : Rats, MESH : Reproducibility of Results, MESH : Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, MESH : Purkinje Cells, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Reproducibility of Results, Neural Inhibition, MESH: Neural Inhibition, Rats, MESH: Reproducibility of Results, MESH: Nerve Net, [ SDV.NEU.NB ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Synapses, MESH : Nerve Net, MESH: Learning, Neural Networks, Computer, MESH : Animals, Nerve Net, MESH : Synapses, MESH : Neural Inhibition
Abstract

International audience; It is widely believed that synaptic modifications underlie learning and memory. However, few studies have examined what can be deduced about the learning process from the distribution of synaptic weights. We analyze the perceptron, a prototypical feedforward neural network, and obtain the optimal synaptic weight distribution for a perceptron with excitatory synapses. It contains more than 50% silent synapses, and this fraction increases with storage reliability: silent synapses are therefore a necessary byproduct of optimizing learning and reliability. Exploiting the classical analogy between the perceptron and the cerebellar Purkinje cell, we fitted the optimal weight distribution to that measured for granule cell-Purkinje cell synapses. The two distributions agreed well, suggesting that the Purkinje cell can learn up to 5 kilobytes of information, in the form of 40,000 input-output associations.

Published
2004
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