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This study presents a nonreciprocal-beam phased-array antenna constituted of phase-gradient patch radiators integrated with transistor-based nonreciprocal phase shifters. Such an antenna exhibits different beams for transmission and reception states. The proposed phased-array antenna provides power amplification for both transmission and reception states, which is of paramount importance in most practical applications. In addition, in contrast to the recently proposed time-modulated antennas, the proposed nonreciprocal-beam phased-array antenna introduces no undesired time harmonics and unwanted frequency conversion, which requires no radio frequency bias signal. Furthermore, the nonreciprocal phased-array antenna is lightweight and is amenable to integrated circuit fabrication. The transmission and reception beam angles, the beam shapes, and the power amplification level may be easily tuned by changing the direct current (dc) bias of the transistors and phase of the passive phase shifters. Such a nonreciprocal-beam phased-array antenna is expected to find military and commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an advanced wave engineering technique based on unidirectional frequency generation and spatial decomposition in general space–time-modulated (STM) slabs. The extraordinary wave engineering provided by such slabs is comprised of unidirectional wavefront shaping, nonreciprocal frequency generation, and spatial decomposition of ST harmonics (STHs). We first derive a rigorous analytical solution for the wave scattering from general ST permittivity- and permeability-modulated (STP&PM) slabs. The analytical solution considers the most general form of spatiotemporal variation and wave incidence, i.e., oblique incidence and scattering from time-periodic spatially aperiodic/periodic STP&PM slabs. The spatial aperiodicity may be utilized for further spectrum engineering and suppression of undesired STHs. Next, it will be shown that an equilibrated ST refractive-index-modulated slab with equal permittivity and permeability modulation strengths exhibits highly enhanced nonreciprocity. The FDTD numerical simulation of general STM slabs is presented, providing extra leverage for the analyses of wave propagation and scattering in such media. We show that oblique incidence to an STM slab yields nonreciprocal spatial decomposition of generated STHs. The explored peculiar properties of STM slabs under oblique incidence is expected to pave the way for the realization of new class of subharmonic generators, radars, illusion cloaks, and spatial mixers and isolators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a nonreciprocal nongyrotropic magnetless metasurface. In contrast to previous nonreciprocal structures, this metasurface does not require a biasing magnet, and is therefore lightweight and amenable to integrated circuit fabrication. Moreover, it does not induce Faraday rotation, and hence does not alter the polarization of waves, which is a desirable feature in many nonreciprocal devices. The metasurface is designed according to a Surface-Circuit-Surface architecture and leverages the inherent unidirectionality of transistors for breaking time reversal symmetry. Interesting features include transmission gain as well as broad operating bandwidth and angular sector operation. It is finally shown that the metasurface is bianisotropic in nature, with nonreciprocity due to the electric-magnetic coupling parameters, and structurally equivalent to a moving uniaxial metasurface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a mixer-duplexer-antenna leaky-wave system based on periodic space-time modulation. This system operates as a full transceiver, where the upconversion and downconversion mixing operations are accomplished via space-time transitions; the duplexing operation is induced by the nonreciprocal nature of the structure, and the radiation operation is provided by the leaky-wave nature of the wave. A rigorous electromagnetic solution is derived for the dispersion relation and field distributions. The system is implemented in the form of a spatio-temporally modulated microstrip leaky-wave structure incorporating an array of subwavelengthly spaced varactors modulated by a harmonic wave. In addition to the overall mixer-duplexer-antenna operation, frequency beam scanning at fixed input frequency is demonstrated as one of the interesting features of the system. A prototype is realized and demonstrated by full-wave and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]