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Objectives: The dentin bonding often fails over time, leading to secondary caries and restoration failure. The objectives of this study were to develop an adhesive with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and investigate the effects of storage in artificial saliva for six months on the bonding durability, antibacterial activity, ion release and biofilm pH properties for the first time., Methods: DMAHDM was added at 5% (by mass) to Scotchbond Primer and Adhesive (SBMP). NACP was added at 10%, 20%, and 30% to SBMP adhesive. Dentin bonding durability, antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms, and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion liberation properties were investigated after 1 day and 6months of storage in artificial saliva., Results: Dentin bond strength (n = 50) had 25% loss after 6 months of aging for SBMP control. However, SBMP + DMAHDM+10NACP and SBMP + DMAHDM+20NACP showed no loss in bond strength after storage in artificial saliva for 6 months. The DMAHDM + NACP incorporation method dramatically reduced the biofilm metabolic activity and acid production, and decreased the biofilm CFU by four orders of magnitude, compared to SBMP control, even after 6 months of aging (p < 0.05). DMAHDM + NACP had long-lasting Ca and P ion releases, and raised the biofilm pH to 6.8, while the control group had a cariogenic biofilm pH of 4.5., Conclusions: Incorporating DMAHDM + NACP in bonding agent yielded potent and long-lasting antibacterial activity and ions liberation ability, and much higher long-term dentin bond strength after 6-month of aging. The new bonding agent is promising to inhibit caries at the restoration margins and increase the resin-dentin bonding longevity., Clinical Significance: The novel bioactive adhesive is promising to protect tooth structures from biofilm acids and secondary caries. NACP and DMAHDM have great potential for applications to a wide range of dental materials to reduce plaque and achieve therapeutic effects., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to incorporate EgMA, an antibacterial monomer into two commercial dental adhesive systems for their application in endodontic restoration with the aim to disinfect the root canal space before curing and to inhibit bacterial growth on their surfaces after being cured., Methods: EgMA monomer was added at 20%wt. into the formulation of the single-component self-etch, Clearfil Universal Bond™ (CUB) and into the catalyst and the adhesive components of the total-etch Adper Scotchbond-multipurpose™ (SBMP) adhesive systems. The degree of conversion (DC) was calculated from FTIR spectra, glass transition temperature (Tg) determined by DSC, water sorption and solubility were measured gravimetrically, and surface free energy (SFE) via contact angle measurements. The bonding performance to coronal and middle root canal dentin was assessed through push-out bond strength after filling the canals with a composite core material and the surface integrity was observed using SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The standard agar diffusion test (ADT) was used to identify the sensitivity of three endodontically pathogenic bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Propionibacterium acnes to uncured EgMA modified adhesives. Multispecies biofilm model from these strains was grown on the disc surface of cured adhesives and investigated using quantitative microbial culture and CLSM with live/dead staining. MTT assay was also used to determine the cytotoxicity of these adhesives., Results: The incorporation of EgMA lowered polymerization exotherm and enhanced the hydrophobic character of these adhesives, without changing the DC and Tg in comparison to the controls (without EgMA). The total push-out bond strengths of the EgMA-containing adhesives were not significantly different from those of the controls (p>0.05). The modification of self-etch adhesive system enhanced the bond strength in the middle region of the roots canal. SEM of debonded specimens and CLSM examination showed the integrity of the resin-dentin interfaces. For all three bacteria tested, the sizes of the inhibition zones produced by uncured EgMA modified adhesives were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of the controls. The results of biofilm inhibition tests showed less CFU for total bacteria on bonding agents with EgMA compared to the control materials (p<0.05). The modification at 20% monomer concentration had no adverse effects on cytocompatibility of both adhesives tested., Significance: The inclusion of EgMA endows dental adhesives with effective antibacterial effects without influencing their curing properties, bonding ability to root canal dentin, and cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts, indicating the usefulness of their application in endodontic restorations., (Copyright © 2017 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Eugenol has been used in dentistry due to its ability to inhibit the growth of a range of microorganisms, including facultative anaerobes commonly isolated from infected root canals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the experimental composites containing eugenyl methacrylate monomer (EgMA), a polymeric derivative of eugenol, against a range of oral bacteria, commonly associated with failure of coronal and endodontic restorations. In vitro composite behavior and wettability were also studied in conjunction with their antibacterial activity., Methods: EgMA monomer (5 and 10% by weight) was added into BisGMA/TEGDMA resin based formulations with filler mixtures of hydroxyapatite (HA) and zirconium oxide ZrO2. The antibacterial activity of the experimental composites against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Propionibacterium acnes were evaluated by direct contact test and compared with composite formulation without inclusion of EgMA. To clarify the antibacterial mode of action, agar diffusion test (ADT) was also performed. Water sorption, solubility, diffusion coefficient, contact angle and surface free energy as complementary clinically relevant properties were determined., Results: Water sorption and wettability studies showed reduction of water uptake and surface free energy values with increasing content of EgMA monomer, resulting in significant increase in the hydrophobicity of the composites. No inhibition zones were detected in any of the composites tested against the three bacteria employed as expected, due to the absence of any leachable antibacterial agent. The covalently anchored EgMA monomer with the composite surface exhibited an effective bacteriostatic activity by reducing the number of CFUs of the three species of bacteria tested with no significant dependence on the concentration of EgMA at 5 and 10% by weight. The surface antibacterial activity R of the experimental composites were different against the three tested species with values in the range 2.7-6.1 following the order E. faecalis

Objectives: This study systematically review the literature to assess the effectiveness of antibacterial monomers incorporated into dental adhesive systems against major oral bacteria; as well as the research advances and the future prospects of this technology., Methods: The following seven databases were screened: MedLine (PubMed), Lilacs, Ibecs, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, and The Cochrane Library. Furthermore, the online system Questel Orbit (Paris, France) was accessed to obtain patent data. The inclusion criteria were articles and patents that investigated the antimicrobial activity of antibacterial monomers in dental adhesive systems. Only documents written in English, Spanish or Portuguese were included., Results: After screening, 33 studies and eight patents fulfilled all the criteria and were included. Antibacterial agents, such as QA, MDPB, DMAHM and DMADDM were found in patents, which claimed their incorporation into adhesive compositions, dental cements, composite resins. MDPB was the only antimicrobial monomer incorporated into a commercially available adhesive system, Clearfil Protect Bond™ (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Japan). All studies reported the inclusion of antimicrobial monomers in adhesive systems to be an effective dental treatment strategy., Significance: There are potential areas to be explored with antibacterial monomers for dentistry, and their use could have important implications for future more conservative dental treatments. Although there is evidence of antibacterial activity from in vitro studies, clinical studies must be conducted to confirm the effectiveness of these materials in the prevention of dental pathologies., (Copyright © 2015 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)