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Considering the significantly lower TPhC of the digested extracts compared with their non-digested counterparts, as observed in Section 3.3., a reduction of the anti-inflammatory capacity of the digested extracts, measured as the capacity to inhibit the production of NO SP • sp in LPS-stimulated macrophages, was expected, especially in the EtOAc extract. However, most of the studies performed on phlorotannins' bioactivities were carried out on pure compounds and/or phlorotannin-rich extracts, without taking into consideration the possible effects and alterations that gastrointestinal digestion may exert on these compounds before they reach their target. Keywords: brown macroalgae; Himanthalia elongata; marine bioactives; phenolic compounds; phlorotannins; gastrointestinal digestion; stability; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant EN brown macroalgae Himanthalia elongata marine bioactives phenolic compounds phlorotannins gastrointestinal digestion stability anti-inflammatory antioxidant N.PAG N.PAG 12 08/29/22 20220801 NES 220801 1. Indeed, our previous studies have already shown how gastrointestinal digestion affects the stability and bioaccessibility of I Fucus vesiculosus' i phlorotannin-rich extracts, and how these compounds may modulate the gut microbiota's growth and activity [[6]]. [Extracted from the article]

Due to their large spectrum of bioactive properties, much attention has recently been drawn to phlorotannins—i.e., phenolic compounds characteristic from brown macroalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of F. vesiculosus phlorotannin extracts and purified fractions. Overall, the crude extract and its ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) showed good radical scavenging activity, particularly towards nitric oxide (NO•). Subsequent subfractions of EtOAc (F1 to F9) with different molecular weights were then shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced NO• production in macrophages, with stronger effects being observed for fractions of lower MWs. Of the three intracellular markers analyzed, inducible NO• synthase showed the highest sensitivity to almost all the phlorotannin-rich samples, followed by interleukin 1β and cyclooxygenase 2, which was only inhibited by F2. Furthermore, this subfraction inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory protein κBα, thus preventing the activation of NF-κB and blocking the inflammatory cascade at the transcriptional level. This sample was characterized by the presence of a major compound with a deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 507 with a fragmentation pattern coherent with that of a phlorotannin derivative. Overall, this work unveiled some of the mechanistic aspects behind the anti-inflammatory capacity of phlorotannins from F. vesiculosus, endorsing its use as a possible natural source of anti-inflammatory compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus genus comprises numerous species that are particularly abundant in the West Mediterranean region. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of these species are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids and luteolin glycosides, able to render them potential applications in a range of industrial fields. This review collects the most relevant studies focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer of phenolic-rich extracts from Thymus plants, highlighting correlations made by the authors with respect to the main phenolic players in such activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, aqueous extracts of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis 'Icterina' and Savia mexicana origin were screened for their phenolic composition and for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The three aqueous extracts contained distinct phenolic compounds, with S. africana presenting the highest total levels (231.6 ± 7.5 μg/mg). Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in all extracts, yet that of S. africana origin was characterized by the present of yunnaneic acid isomers, which overall accounted for about 40% of total phenolics. In turn, S. officinalis 'Icterina' extract presented glycosidic forms of apigenin, luteolin and scuttelarein, and the one obtained from S. mexicana contained several simple caffeic acid derivatives. S. africana aqueous extract exhibited high antioxidant potential in four methods, namely the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability, iron-reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), for which EC50 values were equal or only 1.3–3.1 higher than those of the standard compounds. Moreover, this extract was able to lower the levels of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages (EC50 = 47.8 ± 2.1 μg/mL). In addition, the three sage aqueous extracts showed promising cytotoxic effect towards hepatocellular HepG2, cervical HeLa, and breast carcinoma cells MCF-7. Overall this study highlights the potential of three little-exploited Salvia species, with commercial value for applications in food or pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia apiana and Salvia farinacea var. Victoria Blue decoctions were screened for diverse bioactivities, including the ability to counteract oxidative and inflammatory events, as well as to act as cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. Both extracts showed good activities and that of S. apiana origin was particularly effective regarding the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and to prevent nitric oxide (NO●) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line (EC50 = 50 μg/mL). Moreover, it displayed high cytotoxic capacity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, cervical carcinoma HeLa, and breast carcinoma cells MCF-7, but comparatively low effects in porcine liver primary cells, which highlights its selectivity (GI50 = 41–60 μg/mL vs. 362 μg/mL, respectively). Further, it exhibited inhibitory and lethal potential against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is possible that the bioactive properties of the two Salvia extracts are associated to their phenolic components and, in the particular case of S. apiana, to its richness in phenolic terpenes, namely in rosmanol, hydroxycarnosic acid and a derivative of sageone, which were found in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia species are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and are traditionally used for healing purposes. Salvia verbenaca is an Algerian plant used for healing wounds and ulcers. This work aims to assess the acute and subacute safety of S. verbenaca and its possible anti-inflammatory activity as a mechanism contributing to its traditional applications. Lethal toxicity of S. verbenaca hydromethanolic extract was evaluated against Artemia salina larvae, while acute and subacute toxicity were orally tested on mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was screened ex vivo using membrane stabilization and in vivo using xylene induced ear edema as an acute inflammation model. The antiradical, reducing power and iron chelating activities of S. verbenaca were also investigated in vitro , and phenolic compounds were determined using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Salvia verbenaca extract contained high amounts of phenolic compounds (206 μg GAE/mg extract). The in vitro antioxidant activity showed promising radical scavenging ability, iron chelating (IC 50 : 189 μg/mL), reducing power and strong anti-lipid-peroxidation effect (IC 50 : 111 μg/mL). The extract had potential cytotoxic effect against Artemia salina larvae (LC 50 : 30 μg/mL), but did not exhibit any acute/subacute toxicity effect on mice. Salvia verbenaca inhibited hypotonic and heat induced hemolysis and also reduced 50% of xylene induced ear edema at 600 mg/kg bw. Rosmarinic acid and caffeoylmalic acid were identified as the major compounds. Salvia verbenaca hydromethanolic extract was found to be safe at acute and subacute levels. Its in vitro/in vivo antioxidant activity, membrane stabilizing properties and anti-inflammatory activity may be an important aspect of its wound healing and anti-ulcer traditional use. [Display omitted] • Salvia verbenaca hydromethanolic extract did not exhibit oral acute or subacute toxicity. • In addition, it showed cell membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory properties. • Hydromethanolic extract from S. verbenaca presented antioxidant activity. • Major compounds identified were rosmarinic, caffeoylmalic, and yunanneic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]