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A novel metal–organic framework (MZ-8) based on mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) was successful prepared and combined with Ti 3 C 2 T X nanosheets (MXene) to create an organic–inorganic nanocomposite (MZ-8/MXene), the as-prepared MZ-8/MXene based nanocomposite coating exhibits satisfactory self-healing, antibacterial, antifouling and anticorrosion properties. [Display omitted] • Successful combination of MZ-8 and MXene forms MZ-8/MXene. • MZ-8/MXene blends with polyurethane (PU) to create nanocoating. • Nanocoating converts NIR light to heat, restoring mechanical properties. • Nanocoating demonstrates satisfactory antifouling and anticorrosion properties. Antifouling coatings have been widely utilized to prevent microbial attachment. However, these coatings can be damaged and lose their effectiveness, leading researchers to develop coatings that can self-heal. In this study, a novel metal–organic framework (MZ-8) based on mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) was successfully synthesized by forming coordination bonds with 2-methylimidazole and zinc salt. The MZ-8 was then combined with Ti 3 C 2 T X nanosheets (MXene) to create an organic–inorganic nanocomposite (MZ-8/MXene), which was used as a filler for polyurethane (PU) resin. The resulting MZ-8/MXene/PU coating exhibited a remarkable ability to convert near-infrared laser (NIR) light into heat, enabling the PU resin to melt and flow, thereby efficiently repairing mechanical damage with over 92% effectiveness. Additionally, the MZ-8/MXene/PU coating reduced microbial adhesion through the photothermal effect and the release of zinc ions and MBT, achieving a reduction of more than 99% in surface-attached bacteria and 93% in microalgae. Moreover, the coating demonstrated good anti-corrosion properties by inhibiting the penetration of corrosive substances, thanks to the protective film formed by MBT and the shielding properties of layered MXene. This study presents a novel approach to develop coatings with both antifouling and self-healing capabilities, offering wide-ranging applications in fields such as marine antifouling and biomedical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their low toxicity and unique antibacterial properties, gallium-based liquid metals (GLM) exhibit promising applications as marine antifouling agents. Herein, the zwitterionic molecule-functionalized GLM nanodroplets were successfully prepared via probe-type sonication and self-assembled on-site with zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate (ZDS) ligand. The as-prepared ZDS-modified GLM (ZDS@GLM) nanodroplets manifested fine antibacterial properties attributable to the synergistic effect existing between gallium ions and the quaternary ammonium group in ZDS. Meanwhile, the surface hydration layer formed by ZDS ligand equips the ZDS@GLM nanodroplets with exceptional antifouling and lubrication properties. The as-prepared ZDS@GLM nanodroplets can be effectively blended with the self-polishing coating as a filler to synthesize the functionalized nanocomposite coating. Due to the remarkable antibacterial properties possessed by ZDS@GLM nanodroplets and surface hydration layer generated by zwitterionic dopamine ligand, the ZDS@GLM-based self-polishing coatings demonstrate potent antifouling properties (above 50% E. coli and S. aureus ; 65% Porphyridium were removed). Furthermore, the ZDS@GLM nanodroplets can endow the PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) coating with self-healing properties by means of crosslinking the uncured vinyl under the exposed GLM initiating polymerization. The zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate functionalized Gallium-based liquid metal (GLM) nanodroplets were successfully prepared and incorporated with the self-polish resin to obtain nanocomposite antifouling coatings. [Display omitted] • Zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate functionalized GLM nanodroplets (ZDS@GLM) were successfully prepared. • The as-prepared ZDS@GLM nanodroplets have remarkable antibacterial and lubrication properties. • The ZDS@GLM based self-polishing coating exhibits excellent antifouling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-scale brush-based antifouling surface (p[BNIm][Br]-"Sharklet") was prepared using 3D printing technology and subsurface-initiated ring opening metathesis polymerization. The as-prepared surface showed satisfactory antifouling performance compared to the "Smooth" and "Sharklet" surface. [Display omitted] • A novel ionic liquid monomer containing benzotriazole and imidazole groups was successfully synthesized. • 3D printing and subsurface-initiated ROMP were combined to construct a multi-scale brush-based biomimetic surface. • The considerable anti-bacterial activity and antifouling performance were realized on the multi-scale surface. In this work, we combined 3D printing technology and subsurface-initiated ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to construct a multi-scale brush-based antifouling surface. A biomimetic sharklet structured substrate embedded with ROMP initiator was prepared by 3D printing with commercial acrylic resin. Then, the embedded poly(ionic liquid) brushes were grafted onto the as-prepared biomimetic sharklet via subsurface-initiated ROMP of a novel ionic liquid monomer containing benzotriazole and imidazole groups ([BNIm][Br]). A series of characterization including infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope proved the successful grafting of poly([BNIm][Br]) brushes on the as-prepared surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy etching and friction tests demonstrated that poly([BNIm][Br]) can be grafted not only on the surface but on the subsurface of the as-prepared surface, and the as-prepared poly(ionic liquid) brush-based surfaces showed satisfactory wear resistance compared to traditional surface initiated ROMP. Subsequently, we evaluated the anti-biofouling properties of poly([BNIm][Br]) brushes. The results indicated that poly(ionic liquid) brushes can obviously resist adhesion of bovine serum albumin and have good anti-bacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus. The as-prepared poly(ionic liquid) brush-based biomimetic surface also exhibited considerable antifouling performance for microalgae (Porphyridium and Dunaliella) due to the synergistic effect of the surface composition and microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine biological pollution is a worldwide problem that poses a significant challenge in marine engineering. MXene nanosheets and zwitterionic polymers are promising materials for marine anti-biofouling and have attracted much attention. Herein, we self-assembled the polydopamine layer on the surface of MXene nanosheets (MXene-PDA), and then introduced the zwitterionic polymer (PEIS) by Michael addition reaction onto the PDA layer to obtain the zwitterionic polymer-functionalized MXene nanosheets (MXene-PEIS). The as-prepared MXene-PEIS exhibits excellent antifouling performance through the cooperative antifouling effect between the MXene nanosheets and the zwitterionic polymer PEIS (the antibacterial rate improved by 88 % and there was a 98 % decrease in microalgae adhesion density). Moreover, the nanocomposite antifouling coatings (MXene-PEIS/SP) were obtained by blending the as-prepared MXene-PEIS nanosheets with self-polishing coatings. The results show that MXene-PEIS/SP coatings have good antifouling performance due to the synergy between MXene, PEIS, and self-polishing coatings. [Display omitted] • Zwitterionic polymer (PEIS)-functionalized MXene nanosheets were successfully prepared via a two-step modification. • The nanocomposite coatings were obtained by simply blending the MXene-PEIS nanosheets with self-polishing coatings. • The MXene-PEIS based nanocomposite coatings present good anti-bacterial and anti-biofouling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical and biological characteristics of ionic liquids (IL) can be engineered via a suitable selection of their constituent anions and cations, which is instrumental in the research and the development of anti-biofouling materials. The ring-opening reaction and subsurface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (sSI-ATRP) were employed to prepare IL-functionalized polystyrene nanospheres effectively. The sSI-ATRP was used to graft the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) brushes onto crosslinked polystyrene (CPS) nanospheres while they were fully swollen. Subsequently, the imidazolium-based IL was bound onto PGMA brushes through ring-opening reaction between the epoxide groups of PGMA and the amine groups of IL. Furthermore, their anti-wear, antibacterial, and antifouling properties were comprehensively evaluated. Experimental results reveal that the as-prepared IL-functionalized PS nanospheres exhibited good antibacterial properties against both E. coli and S. aureus , attributable to the imidazole groups of IL, in addition to resisting adhesion of Porphyridium and Dunaliella. Moreover, the IL-functionalized CPS nanospheres manifested satisfactory wear resistance as against the traditional surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), because the PGMA can graft on the surface and subsurface of the polystyrene nanospheres via sSI-ATRP. The as-obtained IL-functionalized polystyrene nanospheres can be mixed effectively with the self-polishing resin to acquire a novel self-polishing nanocomposite coating, the nanocomposite coating exhibit good antibacterial characteristics against E. coli and S. aureus , as well as a substantial antifouling effect against microalgae (83 % Porphyridium and 85 % Dunaliella were removed). The ionic liquid functionalized crosslinking polystyrene (CPS) nanospheres were successfully prepared and incorporated with the self-polish resin to obtain nanocomposite antifouling coatings. [Display omitted] • The ionic liquid functionalized crosslinking polystyrene (CPS) nanospheres (CPS-sg-PGMA-MIm) were successfully prepared. • The as-prepared CPS-sg-PGMA-MIm nanospheres have remarkable antibacterial and wear resistance properties. • The CPS-sg-PGMA-MIm based self-polishing coating exhibits excellent antifouling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]