1. Essential oil extraction, chemical analysis and anti-Candida activity of Foeniculum vulgare Miller - new approaches.
- Author
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Garzoli S, Božović M, Baldisserotto A, Sabatino M, Cesa S, Pepi F, Vicentini CB, Manfredini S, and Ragno R
- Subjects
- Allylbenzene Derivatives, Anisoles analysis, Antifungal Agents chemistry, Bicyclic Monoterpenes, Camphanes, Chemical Fractionation, Cyclohexane Monoterpenes, Distillation, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Fruit chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Italy, Monoterpenes analysis, Norbornanes analysis, Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Candida drug effects, Foeniculum chemistry, Oils, Volatile chemistry, Oils, Volatile pharmacology
- Abstract
A comprehensive study on essential oil samples of Foeniculum vulgare Miller from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. A 24-h systematic steam distillation was performed on different harvested samples applying different extraction times. The GC-MS analysis of the residue outcome showed o-cymene, α-phellandrene, α-pinene and estragole as the major constituents. The predominance and continued presence of o-cymene makes this fennel oil a rather unique chemotype. An evident correlation between the antifungal activity and phenological stage is demonstrated. The most active fractions were particularly rich in estragole, as well as a significant amount of fenchone that possibly exerts some additive effect in the expression of overall antifungal potency. Pre-fruiting material produced oil particularly rich in o-cymene. With reference to the duration of the extraction, the maximum amount of oil was released within the first 3 h, whereas the reproductive phase material needed at least 6 h for the extraction.
- Published
- 2018
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