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Context: In this study, the capacities of C 46 , Ge 46 , C 72 , Al 36 P 36 , Ni-C 46 , Ni-Ge 46 , Cr-C 72 , and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages to transfer the flutamide and cyclophosphamide as anticancer drugs are investigated. The adsorption parameters and recovery time values for desorption of flutamide and cyclophosphamide drugs from surfaces of nanocages are calculated to propose the acceptable materials for drug delivery. The ΔG adsorption of flutamide and cyclophosphamide on surfaces of studied nanocages are changed from - 2.95 to - 4.12 eV. Results indicated that the Ni-Ge 46 and Cr-Al 36 P 36 have higher capacities to deliver the flutamide and cyclophosphamide than other metal-doped nanocages. The Ni and Cr adoption increased the recovery time of complexes of flutamide and cyclophosphamide with metal-doped nanocages. The recovery time of flutamide and cyclophosphamide with studied nanocages is changed from 46.96 to 62.92 s. Results shown that the recovery time of complexes of flutamide and cyclophosphamide as anticancer drugs with Ni-C 46 , Ni-Ge 46 , Cr-C 72 , and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages in this study is lower than other types of nanostructures including the C, Si, and AlN nanocages and C, Si, and BN nanotubes in previous works. The Ni-Ge 46 and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages are proposed as effective nanostructures to deliver the flutamide and cyclophosphamide as anticancer drugs., Methods: In this study, structures of C 46 , Ge 46 , C 72 , Al 36 P 36 , Ni-C 46 , Ni-Ge 46 , Cr-C 72 , and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages and complexes flutamide and cyclophosphamide with C 46 , Ge 46 , C 72 , Al 36 P 36 , Ni-C 46 , Ni-Ge 46 , Cr-C 72 , and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages have been optimized by DFT method, PBE functional, and aug-cc-pVDZ basis set in GAMESS software. The adoption energy of Ni and Cr atoms on C 46 , Ge 46 , C 72 , and Al 36 P 36 and cohesive energy of C 46 , Ge 46 , C 72 , Al 36 P 36 , Ni-C 46 , Ni-Ge 46 , Cr-C 72 , and Cr-Al 36 P 36 nanocages are calculated. The thermodynamic parameters, band gap energy, and recovery time of complexes of nanostructures-flutamide and nanostructures-cyclophosphamide are calculated., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication: I confirmed. Consent to participate: I confirmed. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The review examined the potential of starch-based drug delivery systems for managing breast cancer efficiently. It covered the background of breast cancer and the significance of drug delivery systems in treatment enhancement. Starch, known for its versatile physicochemical properties, was explored as a promising biopolymer for drug delivery. The review detailed the properties of starch relevant to drug delivery, synthesis methods, and characterization approaches. It discussed the application of starch-based systems in breast cancer treatment, focusing on their role in improving chemotherapy delivery. The advantages and limitations of these systems, such as biocompatibility and drug loading capacity, were evaluated, along with future research directions in starch modification and emerging technologies. The review concluded by emphasizing the potential of starch-based drug delivery systems in improving breast cancer treatment outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)