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Simple Summary: The present research investigates the counterintuitive effects of sublethal chemotherapy doses in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), focusing on their role in enhancing cancer cell malignancy and the role of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) in this process. This study is designed to understand how sublethal doses of chemotherapy drugs like taxol and doxorubicin lead to increased cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and the consequent upregulation of AKR1B10. Our findings uncover the fact that AKR1B10 plays a crucial role in NSCLC progression and chemoresistance, with its increased expression being linked to enhanced malignancy. The results are significant for the research community as they provide insight into the currently paradoxical molecular mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced resistance in lung cancer. This could lead to the potential development of more effective treatment strategies that consider the impact of chemotherapy dosing on cancer cell behavior, potentially improving patient outcomes by preventing the unintentional enhancement of cancer aggressiveness. Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone in lung cancer treatment, yet emerging evidence suggests that sublethal low doses may inadvertently enhance the malignancy. This study investigates the paradoxical effects of sublethal low-dose chemotherapy on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, emphasizing the role of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10). We found that sublethal doses of chemotherapy unexpectedly increased cancer cell migration approximately 2-fold and invasion approximately threefold, potentially promoting metastasis. Our analysis revealed a significant upregulation of AKR1B10 in response to taxol and doxorubicin treatment, correlating with poor survival rates in lung cancer patients. Furthermore, silencing AKR1B10 resulted in a 1–2-fold reduction in cell proliferation and a 2–3-fold reduction in colony formation and migration while increasing chemotherapy sensitivity. In contrast, the overexpression of AKR1B10 stimulated growth rate by approximately 2-fold via ERK pathway activation, underscoring its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention. The reversal of these effects upon the application of an ERK-specific inhibitor further validates the significance of the ERK pathway in AKR1B10-mediated chemoresistance. In conclusion, our findings significantly contribute to the understanding of chemotherapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer cells. The elevated AKR1B10 expression following sublethal chemotherapy presents a novel molecular mechanism contributing to the development of chemoresistance. It highlights the need for strategic approaches in chemotherapy administration to circumvent the inadvertent enhancement of cancer aggressiveness. This study positions AKR1B10 as a potential therapeutic target, offering a new avenue to improve lung cancer treatment outcomes by mitigating the adverse effects of sublethal chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]