1. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of sorafenib-loaded camel milk casein nanoparticles against hepatocarcinoma cells.
- Author
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Mittal A, Mahala N, Dhanawade NH, Dubey SK, and Dubey US
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Sorafenib pharmacology, Sorafenib therapeutic use, Camelus, Caseins pharmacology, Caseins therapeutic use, Milk, Hep G2 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Apoptosis, Liver Neoplasms metabolism, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular drug therapy, Nanoparticles
- Abstract
Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor is used to treat hepatocellular and renal carcinoma. However, a low solubility impedes its bioavailability and thus, effectiveness. This study aims to enhance its effectiveness by using novel camel milk casein nanoparticles as a delivery system. This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of sorafenib encapsulated in camel milk casein nanoparticles against human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) in vitro. Optimal drug loaded nanoparticles were stable for 1 month, had encapsulation efficiency of 96%, exhibited a particle size of 230 nm, zeta potential of -14.4 and poly disparity index of 0.261. Treatment with it led to cell morphology and DNA fragmentation as a characteristic of apoptosis. Flow cytometry showed G1 phase arrest of cell cycle and 26% increased apoptotic cells population upon treatment as compared to control. Sorafenib-loaded casein nanoparticles showed 6-fold increased ROS production in HepG2 cells as compared to 4-fold increase shown by the free drug. Gene and protein expression studies done by qPCR and western blotting depicted upregulation of tumor suppressor gene p53, pro-apoptotic Bax, and caspase-3 along with downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene and protein expression which further emphasized death by apoptosis. It is concluded regarding the feasibility of these casein nanoparticles as a delivery system with enhanced therapeutic outcomes against hepatocellular carcinoma cells., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2024
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