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This work aims to investigate antioxidant/antidiabetic activities of aqueous and aqueous ethanol (20–80% ethanol:water, v/v) extracts from Calotropis procera leaves followed by profiling of related bioactives using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS technique. Of the extracts produced, 80% ethanolic extract offered highest level of total phenolics and total flavonoids with contribution 176.31 ± 2.09 mg GAE/g DE and 65.38 ± 2.65 mg RE/g DE, respectively. The α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effect of 80% extract was found to be maximum with IC50 value of 0.78 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.93 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively among others. The same extract also showed higher total antioxidant power (184.91 ± 3.65 mg/g AAE) and antiradical effect with corresponding IC50 of 87.35 ± 2.45 µg/mL. UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS investigation of 80% ethanolic extract led to identification/characterization of different antioxidant and antidiabetic metabolites such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructose, myrciacitrin IV, quinic acid and astragaloside/kaempferol/quinic acid derivatives. Based on the present findings, 80% ethanol leaf extract of C. procera was found to be an important source of bioactives with significant potency of antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects. Binding affinity data and interaction patterns, elucidated via docking simulations, of potential bioactives in C. procera leaf extract predicted that they can inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase synergistically to prevent hyperglycemia. These results explore potential uses of C. procera for development of functional foods and antioxidant/antidiabetic nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical profile of green grasses including barley and wheat. Green grasses were procured from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the phytochemical parameters were determined through standard methods with slight modifications. The explored parameters include proximate analysis, mineral profile, vitamin profile, and especially antioxidant profile (total phenolic contents (TPCs), free radical scavenging activity, flavonoids, and phenolic acids). The results portrayed that there was a significant difference between the proximate parameters, vitamin, and minerals profile of both barley and wheatgreen grasses. The antioxidant profile - antioxidant activity (283.5%) and free radical scavenging activity (99.29%) - of barley grass was much higher than wheatgrass. The TPCs (203.52 µmol of GAE/g) and flavonoids (161.12 μmol/L) were much higher in wheatgrass as compared to barley grass. Barley grass showed maximum contents of phenolic acids including benzoic acid (73.84 µg/g), caffeic acid (86.61 µg/g), gallic acid (6.33 µg/g), syringic acid (170.46 µg/g), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (42.52 µg/g), and Ferulic acid (1560.3 µg/g). Conclusively, barley grass showed higher antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was the characterization of coriander essential oil. The major volatile compounds in coriander seed essential oil were linalool, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, camphor, decanal geranyl acetate, limonene, geraniol, camphene, and D-limonene, while the major volatile compounds identified in coriander leaves essential oil were (E)-2-decenal, linalool, (E)-2-dodecenal, (E)-2-tetradecenal, 2-decen-1-ol, (E)-2-undecenal, dodecanal, (E)-2-tridecenal, (E)-2-hexadecenal, pentadecenal, and α-pinene. The essential oil from coriander seeds showed significant radical scavenging activity (66.48 ± 0.80%) at a concentration of 500 μg in comparison with essential oil of coriander leaves (56.73 ± 1.82%). Methanol extracts of both seed and leaves showed the significant radical scavenging activity (64.40 ± 0.81%) and (72.19 ± 0.64%) at 500 μg/mL, respectively, in comparison with the n-hexane extracts, which were (52.67 ± 2.05%) and (60.80 ± 1.01%), respectively, at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Reducing power results showed that at a concentration from 100–500 μg, coriander seed essential oil gave the absorbance (0.734 ± 1.146), while coriander leaves essential oil gave the absorbance (0.815 ± 1.274). While in non-volatile extracts, the maximum value reached 0.796 ± 0.01 for methanol extract of coriander leaves and for seeds is 0.593 ± 0.04, while the maximum value for n-hexane extract of coriander seeds was 0.624 ± 0.01 and leaves was 0.734 ± 0.04 at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Our study suggested that coriander seeds and leaves may be used as a potential source of food flavoring and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Antioxidants are important bio-regulators and suppressors of oxidation and are useful in enhancing the shelf life of consumer products. Formulated natural herbal soaps contain ingredients with antioxidant activities, but it is unknown how this influences shelf life. Herein, we evaluated whether natural additives or wild berry extracts were effective in improving the quality of natural herbal soaps. Three natural soaps, base bar (BB), forest grove (FG), and hibiscus rosehip (HR), were formulated using several wild berry extracts or natural additives and evaluated against similar commercial brands. The total phenolic content (TPC) of BB and FG infused with partridgeberry and HR with rosemary was 35.22, 44.72, and 33.26 µmole quercetin equivalent/g soap, while the total antioxidant activity (TAA) was 125.20, 119.23, and 126.94 µmole Trolox equivalent/g soap, respectively. Conversely, the commercial brand (BSG) with the highest TPC (56.24 µmole) contained lower TAA (59.68 µmole). As expected, the TPC and TAA of natural soaps were strongly correlated, and the majority (55–82%) of the polyunsaturated di/triacylglycerols remained unsaponified. Some extracts were inhibitory, while others promoted microbial growth. The results indicate that natural antioxidants from some Newfoundland wild berries have applications in improving the shelf life of natural herbal soaps, but care must be taken with the choice of berry used in the final soap formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work was aimed to synthesize biologically active Schiff base compound, 2-{(E)-[(3-{[(Z)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}phenol (L) by condensation reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole. In order to evaluate the effect of metal ions on the biological properties, ligand (L) was then coordinated to the metal ions such as Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II). Characterization of ligand and its metal complexes was done by physical, spectral and analytical data. The synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial/antifungal activities. The screening results indicated the ligand to possess bioactivity which significantly enhanced upon chelation/coordination with the metal ions. Computational studies were also carried out on the ligand to check orbital involvement and bonding interactions. The optimized frequency, intensity and geometry of the vibrational bands of ligand (L) were obtained through density functional theory (DFT) using 6–311++G (d.p) basis sets. Molecular stability and bond strength were also studied by carrying out the natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies confirmed the charge transfer in the molecule of ligand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]