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The present study was carried out to investigate the change in physicochemical composition, bioactive components, and bioaccessibility of processed caper products. For this purpose, the chlorophyll, total carotenoid, color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*), antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents were analyzed in dry salted caper, dried caper, caper tea, pickled caper, pickled caper berry, caper jam, and caper marmalade. The bioaccessibilities of polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids were also determined after the simulated gastrointestinal track. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and flavonoids were parallel in all products and dried caper had the highest values, whereas caper marmalade had the lowest contents. The bioaccessible antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids were the highest in the dried caper and caper tea. As a result, it has been shown that the physicochemical and bioactive components of caper vary depending on the process conditions. Practical applications Caper and caper products are consumed by a private consumer group, especially for their health benefits. However, the extent of changes in composition after processing of this material has not been investigated in detail. This study was carried out in order to complete lack of data on this subject. Moreover, the accessibility of caper phenolics and flavonoids in metabolism after the gastrointestinal track was first analyzed in these products in this study. The results are thought to be guiding for producers, consumers, and researchers.

Apricot is one of the fruits dried by using different methods, such as sun, convective or microwave drying. The effects of drying methods on the components of this fruit differ depending upon the temperature or time parameters. In this research, the impacts of convective, microwave and microwave-convective drying techniques on color, beta-carotene, minerals and antioxidant activity of apricots were investigated. The color values (L-star, b(star), Delta E-ab, h degrees and C-ab(star)) of dried fruit were decreased, while the a(star) values increased. Compared with a fresh sample, the dried apricots showed a 1.4-3.9-fold proportional increase in beta-carotene based on the increment of dry matter. The samples dried at high temperature and microwave levels, at 75 degrees C+90 watt and 75 degrees C+160 watt, showed lower antioxidant activity. Of the different drying treatments, the microwave-convective method (50 degrees C+160 watt) obtained a higher beta-carotene content while maintaining antioxidant activity with a short drying time.

Bu çalışma, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsünde Ömer Utku Çopur'un danışmanlığında Bige İncedayı tarafından hazırlanan "Farklı uygulamaların minimal işlem görmüş (fresh - cut) bazı sebzelerin kalitesi üzerine etkileri" adlı doktora tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Chemical treatments in combination with modified atmosphere packaging and cold storage was employed as hurdles for control of microorganisms and extending shelf life of minimally processed potatoes in this study. Washed and hand-peeled potatoes were treated with NaCl (1%) + Na-metabisulphite (1500 ppm), chlorinated (150 ppm, pH: 6.8, 5 min) and rinsed with water. They were divided into two lots and subjected to the following treatments: dip in solutions containing 1.5% citric acid and 0.5% L-cysteine + 1% citric acid. The samples were packaged at two different gas combinations and stored at 4 to 6 ºC for 14 days. The weight loss of samples packaged under N2 was lower than the samples packaged under N2 and CO2. Also L-cysteine was more effective than citric acid for limiting weight loss by repressing metabolic activity. L-cysteine treatment with packaging under N2 and CO2 atmosphere had positive effects for protecting overall quality. Browning inhibited up to two weeks with the help of chemical inhibitors. Rapid increase of total coliform bacteria count after 8th day (especially in control samples) made inconsumable of these samples. However, citric acid treatment prolonged the shelf life up to two weeks. As sensorial, L-cysteine treated samples were rejected in terms of odour, but preferred in terms of colour and appearence. Bu çalışmada mikrobiyal gelişimin kontrol altına alınması ve raf ömrünün uzatılması amacıyla, Agria patates çeşidi minimal yöntemle işlenme aşamasında, engeller teknolojisi kapsamında, kimyasal muamele ile birlikte, modifiye atmosfer ortamında paketleme ve soğukta muhafazaya alınmıştır. Yıkanan ve kabukları soyulan patates yumruları, tuz (%1), sodyum metabisülfit (1500 ppm) ve klor (150 ppm, pH: 6.8, 5 dk) çözeltileri ile muamele edilmiş; durulandıktan sonra iki gruba ayrılarak; ilk grup %1.5 sitrik asit, diğer grup %1sitrik asit + %0.5 L-sistein çözeltisine daldırılmıştır. İki farklı atmosfer koşuluna sahip ortamda paketlenen patatesler 4-6 ºC’de 14 gün muhafaza edilmiştir. Ağırlık kaybı yalnızca azot ortamında paketlenen patateslerde daha düşük saptanırken; Lsistein metabolik aktiviteyi bastırararak ağırlık kaybını sınırlandırmıştır. Genel olarak L-sistein ve sitrik asit kombinasyonuyla muamele edildikten sonra, azot ve karbondioksit içeren ortamda paketlenen patateslerin kalitesi daha iyi korunmuştur. Ürünlerin esmerleşmesi iki haftaya kadar önlenebilmiş, ancak 8. günden sonra özellikle kontrol grubunda toplam koliform bakteri sayılarındaki artış nedeniyle, ürünler tüketilebilirliklerini kaybetmiştir. Buna rağmen, yalnızca sitrik asit uygulaması, ortalama iki hafta boyunca, ürünleri mikrobiyolojik yönden daha fazla güvence altına almıştır. Duyusal olarak ise L-sistein uygulaması yapılan patatesler koku yönünden red edilirken (p≤0.05), renk ve görünüş yönünden tercih edilmiştir.

Fruit leathers, or traditionally named as pestil are intermediate moisture pectic gels, eaten as snack, manufactured by dehydration of fruit pulp into leathery sheets. The aim of the study was to evaluate physicochemical and sensory properties of apricot pestil dried with different methods. One group was sun dried, other group was dried in vacuum oven at 55 C and the last one was dried in microwave oven (90 W). Analysis of moisture, water soluble dry matter, pH, titratable acidity, total and reducing sugar, hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Zn), color (L*, a*, b*) and sensory analysis were carried out. The moisture contents of apricot pestil samples were between 13.12 +/- 1.35 - 14.39 +/- 0.41 gm/100 gm. The HMF content of samples was affected by drying method. The HMF contents of microwave oven dried, vacuum oven dried and sundried pestil samples were 13.62 +/- 0.78, 19.39 +/- 0.26 and 45.64 +/- 1.29 mg/kg, respectively. Total phenolic compounds in samples were determined as between 110.03 +/- 0.72 - 121.24 +/- 6.19 mg GAE/100 gm. Retention of antioxidant activity of the sundried, microwave oven dried and vacuum oven dried samples was 59.80%, 39.23% and 19.15%, respectively. The mineral contents of pestil samples were higher because of increasing dry matter content. When comparing drying times, the shortest was observed in microwave oven drying followed by sun drying and vacuum oven drying. Drying methods considerably influenced the color changes of pestil samples. Chromatic parameters a*, b*, Delta E-ab* and C*(ab) were found higher in microwave oven dried samples. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that all of the samples were acceptable by the panelists. The results of the analysis were important for selecting the quality criterion and for characterizing of this traditional product.

The radish in this research was treated with citric acid (1.5 %) and Ca-ascorbate (0.5 %) + citric acid (1 %) following pre-processes. After centrifugation, the samples were packed in 20 % atmospheric air + 80 % N-2 and 20 % atmospheric air + 70 % N-2 + 10 % CO2 conditions with 42 mu bi-axially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film. After 20 days of storage at 4 +/- 2 degrees C. total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids content and antioxidant activity of radishes had decreased by 22.65, 24.84, 30.91 and 20.52 %, respectively. More reductions occurred in the control samples that were not treated with any chemicals and they Were also rejected by the panelists at the 95 % probability level because of their deleterious texture and appearance. Ca-ascorbate with citric acid treatment with the carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere was found to be more effective with regard to limiting the phenolics, antioxidant activity, weight and total dry matter losses, microbiological spoilage of packaged radishes and prevented organoleptic degradation.

The aim of the present work was to design new beverages using lemonade and some herbal extracts (linden, heather, green tea, lemon verbena, clove, peppermint, ginger and mate) rich in vitamin C and flavonoids. The linden-added lemonade showed the highest value (597.9 mg/kg) for ascorbic acid content, whereas the lemon verbena-added lemonade showed the lowest value (486.04 mg/kg). The amount of saccharose was changed by 11.07-11.58%, the glucose by 1.11-1.62% and the fructose between 11.07-11.58% in the beverages. K, Na, Mg and P values in the lemonades were determined in the range of 178.83-210.98 mg/kg, 33.75-39.13 mg/kg, 22.37-27.89 mg/kg and 7.22-10.04 mg/kg, respectively. The total phenolic content in the samples changed between 315.11-397.57 mg GAE/100 g. When the samples were analyzed for antioxidant activity, FRAP (17.13-26.79 µmol trolox/mL) and ABTS (16.91-25.38 µmol trolox/mL) methods gave higher results than the DPPH (14.88-17.72 µmol trolox/mL) method. Linden-, ginger- and peppermint-added lemonades, which had been found to be rich in total phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, showed higher antioxidant activity than the control sample. Overall, the most preferred lemonades were heather- and ginger-added beverages and the control sample. Mate-added lemonade was the least preferred.