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Spirulina species are photosynthetic and filamentous bacteria, commonly called 'blue-green microalgae'. Spirulina has a high nutrient content. It contains 60–70% protein with all essential amino acids present, and is rich in several vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Spirulina is also rich in essential fatty acids, and antioxidants. This rich nutritional content provides to Spirulina several health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and insulin-sensitizing properties as well as positive effects in various diseases which could be also interesting for athletes. This paper mainly aims to review the interest and effects of Spirulina supplementation in athletes at rest, and in relation to exercise/training. Spirulina's biochemical composition, health properties/effects in humans, and effects in athletes including nutritional status, body composition, physical performance and intense exercise-related disorders were discussed in this review. Literature data showed that Spirulina seems to have positive effects on body composition especially in overweight and obese subjects which could not be the case in other pathologies and athletes. Spirulina appears to be also effective in improving aerobic fitness especially in untrained and moderately trained subjects. Results reported in the literature suggest that Spirulina may improve strength and power performance despite the minor or no significant effects in highly trained subjects. Most studies have shown that Spirulina improves antioxidant status, prevents and accelerates the recovery of exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and inflammation in trained and untrained subjects. Taken together, the results from these studies are encouraging and may demonstrate the potential benefits of Spirulina supplementation in athletes despite methodological differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina, a filamentous microalga, is used all over the world as a nutraceutical dietary supplement. Recent studies have focused on examining its chelating activity and antioxidant properties, especially as a candidate for protection against neurotoxicity caused by heavy metals. The MTT test and LDH assay were used to examine the viability of the SH-SY5Y cells for 24, 48, and 72 h, to Cd, Hg, and Pb, individually or in combination with Spirulina, and the effects of necrotic cell death. In comparison to the control group, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells decreased after 24 h of exposure, with Cd being more toxic than Hg and Pb being less lethal. The effects of heavy metal toxicity on cell survival were ranked in order after 72 h under identical experimental circumstances as follows: Hg, Pb, and Cd. The viability of the cells was then tested after being exposed to Spirulina at doses of 5 at 50 (%v/v) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. SH-SY5Y cells that had been treated with mixtures of heavy metals and Spirulina underwent the same assay. Cell viability is considerably increased by using Spirulina treatments at the prescribed periods and doses. Instead, the same procedure, when applied to SH-SY5Y cells, caused the release of LDH, which is consistent with the reduction in cell viability. We demonstrated for the first time, considering all the available data, that Spirulina 5, 25, and 50 (%v/v) enhanced the number of viable SH-SY5Y cells utilized as a model system for brain cells. Overall, the data from the present study provide a first insight into the promising positive role of Spirulina against the potentially toxic effects of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of modern society, the demand for nutrition, health, and food safety among people is also increasing. More and more consumers are connecting their diet to a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce the occurrence of chronic diseases. Spirulina, known as green ginseng, is one of the most productive microalgae with high output value. It is considered as one of the most ideal dietary supplements due to its unique nutritional and health benefits. The main components of spirulina include protein, fat, vitamins, chlorophyll, and minerals. The protein content is particularly high, ranging from 60-70%. Spirulina can be used as a natural nutritional supplement, providing various essential nutrients needed by the body. Apart from being a nutritional supplement, spirulina is also widely utilized in the food, medicine, and cosmetics industries. Spirulina powder can be added to various foods such as bread, cakes, and biscuits to enhance their nutritional value. Spirulina extract can also be used in the production of healthcare and beauty products. Furthermore, the antioxidant and immune-boosting effects of spirulina make it a promising natural medicine for research in the treatment of cancer and liver disease. This paper aims to provide comprehensive information on the nutritional composition, secondary metabolites, and biological activities of spirulina, thereby contributing to the spirulina industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina, blue-green algae is now worldwide used as a dietary supplement owing to its richness in protein (50-60%), antioxidants, essential fatty acids, etc. The amino acid composition of Spirulina protein ranks among the best in the plant world, more than that of soya beans. This review article serves as an overview of why Spirulina is considered as a ‘superfood’. Its methodologies of cultivation, richness in nutrients and bioactive components, therapeutic properties in the health food circuits, and versatile utilization in various food supplements are elaborately introduced. All possible fortification of Spirulina platensis emphasizing the elevation of nutrient levels in bakery products, beverages, dairy products, extruded snacks, energy bars, infant foods, and confectionaries is briefed. Beyond, these algae convert carbon dioxide into organic substances and produce oxygen during their growth in alkaline and saline water thereby not wasting fresh water and allowing the production in barren areas. Such an organism with a plethora of health profits to humans, animals and the environment is limitless and has probably more to offer in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina is a popular food supplement known for its high antioxidant activity. Several studies have shown that antioxidant activity fluctuates depending on the combination of ingredients in the food. Fresh spirulina is a growing market trend; however, pure spirulina short shelf life is a strong limitation. This study aims to investigate antioxidant activity of various novel commercial fresh spirulina-containing products and the factors affecting it. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of each ingredient and binary combinations of spirulina and apple juices, Japanese quince syrup, or cranberry syrup were measured. Synergic, antagonistic, and additive interactions between samples were determined and expressed using the synergy coefficient. FRAP assay showed apparent synergism of spirulina and all the studied ingredients whereas ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteu methods revealed an antagonistic interaction between spirulina and apple juice. Despite the antagonistic interactions, all the products demonstrated at least the same antioxidant activity as pure fresh spirulina and had longer shelf life than, pointing to their commercial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapy drug that can cause significant cardiotoxicity, limiting its clinical application. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of topiramate (TPM) and spirulina (SP), either alone or in combination, in preventing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups, including a normal control group and groups receiving DOX alone, DOX with TPM, DOX with SP, or DOX with a combination of TPM and SP. Cardiotoxicity was induced by administering DOX intraperitoneally at a cumulative dose of 16 mg/kg over 4 weeks. TPM and/or SP administration started 1 week before DOX treatment and continued for 35 days. Body weight, serum markers of cardiac damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed on cardiac tissues. Results showed that TPM and SP monotherapy led to significant improvements in serum levels of cardiac markers, decreased oxidative stress, reduced fibrosis-related growth factor levels, increased antioxidant levels, and improved histopathological features. SP demonstrated more prominent effects in comparison to TPM, and the combination of TPM and SP exhibited even more pronounced effects. In conclusion, TPM and SP, either alone or in combination, hold promise as therapeutic interventions for mitigating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) has numerous nutritional and therapeutic benefits. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on changes in the levels of liver enzymes of male BALB/c mice exposed to a high dose of acetaminophen. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 adult male BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups of six. The toxic dose of acetaminophen 600 mg/kg body weight was considered. The control group received only a standard diet and water. The sham group was gavaged with saline solution. The third to seventh groups were treated as: acetaminophen; spirulina 600 mg/kg/bw, spirulina 300 mg/kg/bw, spirulina 600 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, and spirulina 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, respectively. In all groups, mice were treated with acetaminophen and spirulina powder by gavage for 14 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after receiving the last dose of medication and deprivation of food (the animals still had access to water), the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from the heart. Activity of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by spectrophotometry. Protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method. Catalase activity was assessed using hydrogen peroxide. The amount of malondialdehyde was measured and the total antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP method by reducing ferric to ferro ions. Results: The levels of serum transaminases (ALT, AST, ALP) as well as the level of total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde of the acetaminophen-treated group increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). The levels of these enzymes in the group treated with S. platensis 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen decreased significantly compared to the group treated with acetaminophen (P<0.05). Catalase activity in the acetaminophen group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05).In the group of S. platensis 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, catalase activity increased significantly compared to the acetaminophen group (P<0.05). The results of experiments in two groups of spirulina and acetaminophen showed that the active ingredients of the algae at a dose of 300 worked better than 600 mg per kg of body weight in response to oxidative stress. Conclusion: Consuming 300 mg/kg of S. platensis along with a near toxic dose of acetaminophen increases resistance to oxidative stress and injuries caused by drug poisoning by affecting the activity of enzymes and the antioxidant defense system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this review was to critically evaluate the research on the effects of Spirulina (SP) supplementation on pathological conditions in the general population, considering its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. On a total of 1621 records screened, eighteen studies published between 2001 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Despite variability in research methodology and patient conditions, the findings of these studies generally support the benefits of supplementing diet with SP in subjects with both transmittable and non-transmittable diseases. Improvements were found for all the conditions studied, with the only exception of male infertility. However, the number of clinically controlled trials examining the effects of SP on specific health conditions is still very low, and some studies show medium quality. Further research in this field is needed to confirm the possible clinical role of Spirulina supplementation in parallel with medical therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) (SP) has been utilized for a long time as a valued feed supplement because of its proteinous content and other beneficial phytochemical compounds. Herein, we investigated the influences of SP-supplemented diets on growth, body somatic indices, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidant activities, and immunological responses of hapa-reared thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) juveniles. Fish were assigned in six triplicate groups and were fed for consecutive 60 days on the prepared experimental diets containing varying SP levels as 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 g/kg diet and defined as control (CNT or SP0), SP2, SP4, SP6, SP8, and SP10 groups, respectively. The results indicated that dietary SP supplementation linearly and quadratically improved the fish growth performance, and the highest growth indices were found in the SP8 group. However, dietary SP supplementation did not significantly alter feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (%), hepato-somatic index, and viscera-somatic index among all experimental groups. Meanwhile, digestive enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, and proteases) in the mid-intestine were also linearly and quadratically increased in all SP-fed groups, and their uppermost values were noted in the SP8 group. Hepatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity in SP-supplemented groups were significantly elevated than the CNT group. Conversely, hepatic malondialdehyde contents were decreased significantly along with increasing dietary SP-supplementation levels. The immunological parameters such as lysozyme, respiratory burst, and alternative complement activities were significantly elevated in SP-fed groups than in the CNT group. These findings evoked that feeding SP-supplemented diets (especially at 8.0 g/kg diet) significantly promoted the growth, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidant status, and immunity of L. ramada juveniles. • Dietary supplementation with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis ; SP) (8.0 g/kg diet) for 60 days enhanced the growth performance of Liza ramada juveniles. • Dietary SP improved intestinal digestive enzymes and hepatic antioxidant activities of L. ramada. • Dietary SP enhanced serum immune parameters of juvenile L. ramada. • Spirulina could be considered as beneficial natural feed supplement for farmed L. ramada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three key types of pigments from the same batch of Spirulina were extracted by water. • Use of (non)mechanical cell wall disruption methods boosts extraction in water. • This method significantly improves extraction of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. • Chlorophyll extract is directly converted into its stable products. • Antioxidant in vitro activity and testing singlet oxygen production are tested. Carotenoids, chlorophyll and phycocyanin are three types of photosynthetic pigments found in Spirulina that differ in colour, composition, stability, solubility, and commercial importance. Such diversity of structures creates a challenge to extract these pigments simultaneously from the same batch of raw material in an efficient and sustainable manner. This study demonstrates that water can be successfully used as a single solvent together with combined (non)mechanical cell membrane disruption techniques (ultrasonication, centrifugation, freezing/thawing cycle) to extract these photosynthetic pigments from the same batch. This water-based approach delivers a significant improvement in isolating green pigments, which are often overlooked during extraction due to a preference for blue and yellow pigments. Chlorophyll was quantitatively converted to its stable derivatives to carry out a comparative analysis of antioxidant properties (DPPH, TEAC, FRAP), singlet oxygen production and intracellular activities (MTT, ROS assays) using Caco-2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina has been highlighted for potential health benefits based on its therapeutic functions. In the present study, the physicochemical characteristics and effects of Spirulina on ARPE-19 and HaCaT cells were monitored after mass-production, compared with conventional product. Gene ontology (GO) was analyzed using systems biology network that accounted for the function of Spirulina in human health. Spirulina powder had a smooth surface with adsorbing particles and contained sodium, magnesium, and potassium. Spirulina powder extracts in 0.1 × PBS, 0.1 M HEPES, 0.1 M NaCl, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetonitrile showed broad absorbance peaks at 300–450 and 500–700 nm. In ARPE-19 and HaCaT cells, Spirulina powder in PBS displayed proliferation at 2–20 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively. Cell viability levels of HaCaT cells were almost higher than 90% at 0.1–20 mg/mL. Despite cell susceptibility, phycocyanin, which is a component of Spirulina, helped maintain consistency of cell responses with Spirulina. Spirulina functions were explained by GO-terms, mainly binding, cellular process, and cell in the network, in terms of anti-oxidant activity. Mass-produced Spirulina powder can be developed as a high-value nutraceutical for therapeutic applications in clinics. This protocol can be extended to other materials for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the transcription of selected antioxidants and relevant genes under varying temperature conditions, and to identify the optimum temperature for antioxidants production by Arthrospira platensis. Methods and Results: The dry weight (DW), pigment production, antioxidants production and gene transcription were examined in A. platensis growing under three temperatures of 23, 30 and 37°C. The cyanobacterial DW was highest in the high temperatures (30 and 37°C), while the pigments, such as Chl a, carotenoids, C‐phycocyanin and total phycobiliprotein contents, showed their maximum value at 30°C. The total soluble protein and carbohydrate contents were highest at 30°C. Lipid peroxidation, as a marker for thermal stress, was high at 23°C, while higher temperatures remarkably reduced lipid peroxidation levels. Antioxidants activity was increased by 1·5‐fold at 30°C and temperature fluctuations induced the antioxidant enzyme activities. The transcriptional abundance of heat shock protein (HSP90), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), delta‐9 desaturase (desC), iron‐superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and the large subunit of Rubisco (rbcL) genes was measured under the same temperatures. Conclusion: The optimal temperature for growth, biochemical constituents and antioxidants of A. platensis is 30°C while some antioxidant enzyme activity increased at lower and higher temperatures. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study showed the significance of temperature for growth, enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants and gene expression in A. platensis. This contributes to the knowledge of culturing A. platensis to harvest specific antioxidants or as an antioxidant‐rich food source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Astaxanthin is a strong anti-oxidant used as nutraceutical. • Natural astaxanthin has higher bioactivity (2–10 folds) compared to synthetic form. • Hematococcus pluvialis with 5% astaxanthin used for industrial production. • High natural astaxanthin production costs (US$ 6,000–7,150 per kg) affect its use. Astaxanthin is a red-colored secondary metabolite with excellent antioxidant properties, typically finds application as foods, feed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and medications. Astaxanthin is usually produced synthetically using chemicals and costs less as compared to the natural astaxanthin obtained from fish, shrimps, and microorganisms. Over the decades, astaxanthin has been naturally synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis in commercial scales and remains exceptional, attributed to its higher bioactive properties as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. However, the production cost of algal astaxanthin is still high due to several bottlenecks prevailing in the upstream and downstream processes. To that end, the present study intends to review the recent trends and advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae. The structure of astaxanthin, sources, production strategies of microalgal astaxanthin, and factors influencing the synthesis of microalgal astaxanthin were discussed while detailing the pathway involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis. The study also discusses the relevant downstream process used in commercial scales and details the applications of astaxanthin in various health related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a blue-colored natural pigment, is Spirulina' s most crucial photosynthetic protein, and it is associated with this cyanobacteria's bioactivity. Many recent studies aimed at optimizing C-PC extraction from Spirulina using different protocols; however, the correlation between the extraction method (both lab scale experimental methods and industrial methods) and the antioxidant activity of the extract has not been explored yet. This review aimed to gather information regarding the most used C-PC extraction techniques from Spirulina in the last decade (2010–2020) and compare these biomolecules' antioxidant capacity with the extraction methodology applied. A density map was created by searching keywords related to C-PC extraction on Scopus , which guided the discussion on the C-PC extraction methods used and their impact on its bioactivity. The density map showed that the lowest density words represented factors that can influence, describe, or determine the success of C-PC extraction. In contrast, the most cited expressions were related to the methods. The compilation of literature on the influence of C-PC extraction on its antioxidant activity showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solvent extraction using water or buffer were the most used methods to extract C-PC from Spirulina in the last decade. However, the UAE does not seem to protect C-PC's bioactivity. Additionally, most studies of the previous ten years used a single method to determine C-PC's antioxidant activity. We concluded that C-PC's antioxidant activity needs to be appraised by more than one method using assays of different mechanisms to evaluate the extraction influence in its bioactivity in a panoramic way. Image 1 • The most used methodology to evaluate C-PC antioxidant activity is the DPPH method. • Solvent extraction protects the antioxidant capacity of C-PC, while UAE does not. • C-PC antioxidant activity needs to be assessed by two or more methods. • UAE and extraction using water or buffer were the most used methods to extract C-PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This innovative research study highlights on the optimization of extraction process parameters of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and caffeic acid extraction from Spirulina platensis using ultrasonication (probe) technology. Optimization of ultrasonication parameters was carried out employing Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and response surface methodology. The three levels of extraction parameters i.e. solvent volume, extraction time and frequency have been fixed. As responses, the total yield of extract, total phenolic contentand DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) of the extracts were determined. The variability of each response variable was determined by developing multiple linear regressions. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) of developed mathematical models allowed the prediction of the behaviour of the responses, as a function of the variables involved in the process. The optimized extraction conditions were obtained at 58.76 kHz frequency, 10 mL of solvent volume for 6 min. This extract exhibited the highest content of total phenolic content (30.89 mg GAE/g powder), IC50 for DPPH activity (151.27 µg/mL). The extract exhibited an important antioxidant i.e. caffeic acid, which was quantified as 660.72±41.05 µg/g of dry algal powder using HPLC. In this way, this study offers an alternative method for obtaining natural antioxidants from algae for food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamins' deficiency in humans is an important threat worldwide and requires solutions. In the concept of natural biofactory for bioactive compounds production, microalgae represent one of the most promising targets filling many biotechnological applications, and allowing the development of an eco-sustainable production of natural bioactive metabolites. Vitamins are probably one of the cutting edges of microalgal diversity compounds. Main text: Microalgae can usefully provide many of the required vitamins in humans, more than terrestrial plants, for instance. Indeed, vitamins D and K, little present in many plants or fruits, are instead available from microalgae. The same occurs for some vitamins B (B12, B9, B6), while the other vitamins (A, C, D, E) are also provided by microalgae. This large panel of vitamins diversity in microalgal cells represents an exploitable platform in order to use them as natural vitamins' producers for human consumption. This study aims to provide an integrative overview on vitamins content in the microalgal realm, and discuss on the great potential of microalgae as sources of different forms of vitamins to be included as functional ingredients in food or nutraceuticals for the human health. We report on the biological roles of vitamins in microalgae, the current knowledge on their modulation by environmental or biological forcing and on the biological activity of the different vitamins in human metabolism and health protection. Conclusion: Finally, we critically discuss the challenges for promoting microalgae as a relevant source of vitamins, further enhancing the interests of microalgal "biofactory" for biotechnological applications, such as in nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S. maxima and Kéfir are known and used for their antioxidant and immunostimulant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the natural extracts of these two agents with the technique of manipulation of oocytes included in preantral follicles (MFP), because the technique can replace the use of laboratory animals and could also harmonize the laws that try to reduce and improve the use of animals for the study of new drugs and to integrate good laboratory practices. The natural extracts studied were obtained from S. maxima and Kefir, both substances are known in the market for their antioxidant and immunostimulating activity. Both were evaluated in suspensions of 10, 50, 100 and 200 µg.mL-1. The results show that Spirulina produced a decrease in survival, development, and follicular diameter. While Kefir did not show positive or negative influences on the growth and development of preantral follicles, only the concentration of 200 µg.mL-1 decreased follicular survival. The MFP technique proved to fit into the 3R policy (replacement, reduction, and refinement) and allowed to evaluate cytotoxicity, showing that the technique can be used as a safety test in natural extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivation of microalgae as a source of phytosterol and other lipid compounds has gained more attention for commercial applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food function industries. In this research, native Spirulina maxima SM from Egypt was grown in individual cultures containing various concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) elements in order to elucidate the effect of its elements on lipid and phytosterols production and to evaluate its antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The results revealed that the SM was able to grow in different concentrations of testing elements S (from 0.3 to 2.4 mM), P (from 0.3 to 2.4 mM) and N (0.3 to 3.2 mM) with significant differences. A high potential for production of MS biomass, total lipid and phytosterol contents were obtained in individual cultures containing 0.6 mM N, 0.6 mM P and 0.80 mM, respectively. Therefore, these concentrations (combination of S+P+N element) were selected for cultivation of SM at large scale in a column photobioreactor (PBR 300 L) to induce sufficient SM biomass so that, we can obtain an adequate amount of total lipid and phytosterol contents. Phytosterols (PS) of native SM grown in the 300 L PBR were partially purified from unsaponified extracts of SM total lipid followed by its purification by crystallization process. The identification and quantification of PS profile were performed by GC-FID analysis. The results revealed high levels of campsterol, D7-Avena sterol, (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and other compounds. These PS compounds showed marked in vitro superoxide, DPPH and OH radical scavenging activity, which was comparable with the results obtained with standard antioxidants BHA or α-tocopherol. Moreover, SM phytosterols exhibited anti-proliferative activity against three human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Hep-G2 and HCT-116) with IC50 values less than 11.62 μg/mL as assessed by in vitro MTT colorimetric method. Thus, SM phytosterol may be considered as a potential natural source of promising ingredient in the future for a range of health applications for human, cosmetic industries and in functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Spirulina platensis on sexual desire, semen quality, and biochemical and antioxidant parameters in blood and seminal plasma of APRI rabbit bucks. Thirty bucks were divided into three groups (10 in each). Bucks in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups daily received drinking water supplemented with 0, 150, 300 mg spirulina/l for one month (treatment period), respectively. About one month of treatment, semen was collected and evaluated twice/week for ten weeks (200 ejaculates/group). At the end of the experiment, biochemical constituents, enzymatic activity and antioxidants status in blood and seminal plasma, as well as blood plasma testosterone were analyzed. Also, does (n=20/group) were naturally mated with five bucks from each group. Net semen volume, pH value, individual motility, livability, membrane integrity and concentration of spermatozoa, total sperm output per ejaculate and semen initial fructose increased (P<0.05), while reaction time, abnormality and acrosomal damage decreased (P<0.05) by both spirulina levels compared with control group. In blood and seminal plasma, total proteins, globulin, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase increased (P<0.05), while aspartate aminotransferase and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P<0.05) decreased by both spirulina levels. Testosterone and albumin in blood plasma increased (P<0.05) by both spirulina levels. Pregnancy rate and litter size improved (P<0.05) in does mated by bucks treated with both spirulina levels. Spirulina platensis administration at a level of 150 mg/l in drinking water for one month, could be effectively used for improving semen quality, oxidative status and the fertility of rabbit bucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted for the first time on rams of the Karakul Moldavian breed. As an antioxidant, two versions of the ZooBior preparation were used, which contains: BioR, spirulina, zinc and selenium. The preparation was given to rams in teenium for 50 days at the rate of 5 g/head/day. Studies have shown that the ZooBior drug increased the volume of ejaculate by 0.4 ml in the second experimental group, the motility by 11%, the concentration of sperm in the sperm by 0.1 billion/ml and the total number of sperm in the ejaculate with rectilinear movements. With 6.5%, the data are reliable compared with the indicators found at the beginning of the experiment. There have also been some fluctuations in sperm kinetics. Semen advancement rate increased in the experimental groups, but the data are not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina platensis and bentonite are known to have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to formulate methanolic extract of spirulina and bentonite nanoparticles into peel-off gel mask, and to evaluate the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the gel mask. Bentonite nanoparticles were synthesized using High Energy Milling method and characterized using PSA and SEM. The gel mask formulation were optimized using factorial design method, to study the effect of two variables, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) concentration on the organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity, and drying time of the peel-off gel mask. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 - pikrilhidrazil) method. The results showed the particle size of bentonite was 152.8±0.69 nm. The optimized formula was obtained with the concentration of PVA and HPMC were 13 and 2.5% b/b, respectively. The optimized gel mask exhibited antioxidant effects on DPPH radical scavenging with the ICS0 values of 173.56 pg/mL. The peel-off gel mask was successfully developed with good physical stability, and showed moderate antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate the effect of spirulina whole cell (Sp-WC) and spirulina nanoparticles (Sp-NPs) as an antioxidant in olive oil (OO) under accelerated storage at 60 ± 1 °C up to 49 days. Sp-NPs were incorporated into freshly OO at 0.25, 0.5, and 1% (w/v), Sp-WC at 0.5% (w/v), and both of them compared with 0.01% BHT and 0.01% α-tocopherol as a reference and without antioxidant as the control sample. The kinetic rate of oxidation markers and shelf life (assuming Q10 value of 2.0 for lipid oxidation) of OO were estimated. Sp-NPs exhibited a high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In Sp-NPs-treated samples, the contents of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), peroxide, p -anisidine, totox, K 232 , and K 270 were significantly lower than the control. The rate constant (k) was low in OO with BHT and 1% Sp-NPs compared with other treatments. Chlorophyll content in olive oil containing Sp-NPs was improved during the storage. The antioxidant indices and sensory attributes of oil samples including Sp-NPs were significantly higher than that of the control. These results confirmed that Sp-NPs were more effective in retarding oxidation, improving oil color, and extending shelf life (up to 475 days at 25 °C). Highlights • Spirulina nanoparticles (Sp-NPs) were prepared and evaluated as natural ingredient. • Sp-NPs exhibited high antioxidant capacity and strongly inhibited the oil oxidation. • The oxidative stability of olive oil was enhanced by 1% Sp-NPs. • Sp-NPs improved olive oil color compared with BHT and α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-deprivation of some photosynthetic electron transport mineral pairs is sought for enhancing antioxidant accumulation in a local isolate of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis , to improve their nutritional value and economic feasibility. The omitted element pairs were iron and sulfur (‑FeS), manganese and iron (‑MnFe) and nitrogen and sulfur (‑NS); chosen on the basis of their strong mediation in redox activities (Fe, Mn or S) or as sinks (N or S) of photosynthetic electrons. Antioxidant contents were estimated in 15 days old cells as growth of Arthrospira was not deteriorated by depriving the studied mineral pairs on the one hand and older cells tend to accumulate secondary compounds than younger ones whose bioenergetics are diverted into vegetative growth on the other hand. Iron‑sulfur, followed by iron‑manganese deprivation, induced the highest rates of photosynthtic oxygen evolution and respiratory oxygen uptake. Nitrogen‑sulfur starved cells, however, seem just survived as the increment of their dry mass relative to the inoculum was insignificant; they exhibited the lowest rates of photosynthesis with significantly enhanced respiration. A positive correlation between dry mass allocation and antioxidant accumulation can be deduced in the following order: ‑FeS > ‑FeMn > ‑NS. Vitamins A and tocopherols exhibited significant rise per unit dry mass (about fourfold that of the control) at ‑FeS while total antioxidants, reducing power and phenolics were more than doubled. FeMn pair deprivation sustained growth but did not enhance the accumulation of the targeted antioxidants. Under NS deprivation, neither Vitamin A nor tocopherols was enhanced although total antioxidants, reducing power and total phenolics were significantly higher than in control cultures. Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids did not exhibit significant alterations in response to the imposed deprivations, indicating that enhancing the antioxidant accumulation did not take place at the expense of growth or primary metabolism in Arthrospira. • The validity of poor aquatic environments for producing important biomolecules from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. • The ability of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis , to grow in poor (mineral elements)aquatic environments. • Mineral deprivation enhanced antioxidant contents without affecting primary metabolism in Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nanoemulsions present several advantages over macroemulsions, since they guarantee characteristics of compounds such as greater bioavailability, kinetic stability, besides facilitating the transport of compounds of interest. The incorporation of biopeptides into nanoemulsions makes its applicability viable in several areas such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. Linked to this, the use of microalgal lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as the oil phase in a nanoemulsion, gets attractive when one consults data of its benefits to human health. The objective of this study was to develop lipid-based nanoemulsions extracted from de microalga Spirulina sp. LEB18, with incorporation of biopeptides obtained from this same microalga, evaluating its nanoemulsions antioxidant activity. Distilled water and Tween® 80 surfactant were used as the aqueous phase and as microalgal lipid oil phase, a solvent mixture of chloroform-methanol (2:1) and biopeptides was used. The nanoemulsions presented mean droplet diameter at the range of 222.9 ± 3.4 to 466.9 ± 5.3 nm, remaining constant over the period analyzed (14 d). Moreover, all nanoemulsions presented antioxidant activity and electrostatic stability, having zeta potential values below −30 mV. It was also possible to observe that lipids from Spirulina sp. LEB18 presented stabilizing capacity, acting as biosurfactant. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Spirulina peptides generated by protein hydrolysis exhibit antioxidant activity. • Spirulina sp. LEB18 lipids presented stabilizing capacity, acting as biosurfactant. • Nanoemulsions present several advantages over macroemulsions. • All nanoemulsions presented antioxidant activity and electrostatic stability. • Nanoemulsions with biopeptides makes its applicability viable in several areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to investigate an effect of various concentrations of Spirulina maxima extract (SME) in BIOXcell® extender on Simmental bulls spermatozoa quality. Semen was collected from 20 healthy bulls using an artificial vagina. Semen was evaluated in terms of concentration, motility, viability and morphology. Samples that showed more than 70% motility, 60% viability and 70% morphologically accepted spermatozoa were selected for the experiment. SME at the concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 µg/mL was added to bovine commercial BIOXcell® extender. The semen aliquots were cooled and preserved at 4 °C. Their qualities were evaluated during pre-freezing, then the cooled semen samples were packaged into 0.25 ml straws. The straws were frozen in the vapour of liquid nitrogen, and stored at −196 °C in container. The straws were thawed one day later and the characteristics of spermatozoa were examined. Results showed significant effect of SME on characteristics such as viability, Reactive Oxygen Species synthesis, DNA fragmentation and motility of spermatozoa in post freezing conditions (p < 0.05) and revealed that supplementation of SME extender improved the post-thaw spermatozoa quality in bulls. Spirulina maxima extract has antioxidant effect on bovine sperm cells The addition of Spirulina maxima extract improves the quality of bovine semen The extender supplemented with 4 µg/mL Spirulina maxima extract improves the motility, viability and DNA integrity of the bovine spermatozoa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hundred and twenty five Oreochromis niloticus with average body weight 36±1 g, were distributed randomly into five groups in triplicates. The control group was fed on basal diet, while the other groups were supplemented with various levels of Spirulina platensis (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) for 90 days. The growth performance, biochemical parameters (Alanine aminotransferase activity, Aspartate aminotransferase, Creatinine and cortisol), antioxidant effect (Reduced Glutathion enzyme), IgM and lysozyme were determined. Also, investigating the differences between fish fed the control diet and diet supplemented with Spirulina (1%) against the infection with pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila. The final body weight, gain percent and specific growth rate was significantly (P.0.05) increased in fish fed on supplemented diet with Spirulina comparable with that fed on the control diet. The highest final body weight (49.60±0.52g), body gain (11.70±1.04g) and body gain (30.87±4.10%) were recorded in fish fed on diet supplemented with 2% Spirulina. Biochemical, immunological parameters and antioxidant enzyme (GSH) were improved in the group supplemented with Spirulina in comparing with fish fed on basal diet. The best result was recorded in-group fed on Spirulina supplemented diet by level of 1% at which the levels of IgM was 42.40 ±0.66 μg /ml, lysozyme level was 31.33 ±0.44 μg /ml and the level of GSH was 11.7 ±0.39 mg/g tissues. Moreover, Spirulina supplemented with (1%) in diet enhanced fish protection against A. hydrophila infection. The survival rate was (80%) in fish fed on diet supplemented with 1% Spirulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are potential sources of bioactive compounds that have health promoting effects due to the abundant presence of flavonoids and polyphenols. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical profiles of microalgae extracts from Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were measured. Nannochloropsis sp. had a significantly higher TPC value than Spirulina sp. (58.43 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g DW vs. 19.64 ± 0.52 mg GAE/g DW, p < 0.01) and a significantly higher TFC value than Spirulina sp. (79.87 ± 0.12 mg QE/g DW vs. 11.19 ± 0.07 mg QE/g DW, p < 0.01). Nannochloropsis sp. also exhibited a greater percentage of DPPH inhibition compared to Spirulina sp. (EC50 0.195 ± 0.007 mg/mL vs. 0.613 ± 0.003 mg/mL, p < 0.01). TPC and TFC were negatively correlated with the EC50 of DPPH antioxidant inhibition activity (-0.956, p = 0.003, and -0.899, p = 0.015, respectively). These negative correlations indicate that polyphenol compounds are the major contributors to the antioxidant activity observed in this study. Further analysis is needed to determine how to utilize the health benefits of both microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes causes free radicals overproduction, which contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy. In modern medicine, no satisfactory therapy is available to cure diabetes mellitus. In that context, we investigated the potential therapeutic action of spirulina-enriched diet on renal impairment and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of alloxan (120 mg·kg−1) in rats. Following alloxan treatment, male Wistar rats were fed daily with 5% spirulina-enriched diet or treated with insulin (0.5 IU·rat−1) for 3 weeks. Diabetes was associated with hyperglycemia, increase in renal oxidative parameters (lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl and advanced oxidation protein products levels, changes in antioxidant enzyme activities), and nephropathology markers. The renal injury induced by alloxan was confirmed by histological study of the diabetic rat kidney. Treatment with spirulina or insulin significantly ameliorated renal dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, while rats recovered normal kidney histology. Overall, this study indicates that spirulina is efficient in inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by diabetes, and suggests that the administration of this alga may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications. This amelioration was even more pronounced than that caused by insulin injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Spirulina maxima was used as important nutritional source in the Aztec civilization because it is rich in proteins and vitamins. It contains various antioxidants such as phycocyanin and flavonoids. Based on abundant antioxidants, S. maxima is known to possess anti-inflammatory effect, especially on neuronal cells. Materials and Methods: S. maxima was extracted in water and contain of phycocyanin was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability test was performed with treatment of S. maxima extract. After, oxidative stress-related mechanisms were evaluated by detecting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ influx, and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level. Then, the glutathione (GSH) related assays were conducted. Results: The water extracted S. maxima exerted the neuroprotective activity by attenuating the ROS and Ca2+ formation, maintaining the MMP level, and protecting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes by increasing reduced GSH against oxidative stress compared to control. Conclusion: The results suggested that water extracted S. maxima showed powerful neuroprotective effect through the mechanism related to antioxidant activity, able to preventing the radical-mediated cell death. Abbreviations used: ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential; GSH: Glutathione; GSSG: Glutathione disulfide, oxidized glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; GR: Glutathione reductase; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; DCF-DA: 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; PBS: Phosphate buffered serum; Rho 123: Rhodamine 123; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; DTNB: 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, Ellman's reagent; GSSG-R: Glutathione disulfide reductase; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methotrexate (MTX) is an efficient cytotoxic drug used against various carcinogenic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; however, the hepatotoxicity of MTX limits its use. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential hepatoprotective and immune-stimulant effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) against MTX acute toxicity. Main methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into the following four groups ( n  = 8): control, SP (500 mg/kg bwt, oral gavage daily for 21 days), MTX (20 mg/kg bwt, single ip injection), and MTX+SP. Hepatic and splenic histoarchitecture, leukocyte counts and serum immunoglobulins were evaluated. Hepatic oxidant/antioxidant status, proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6), and pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase 3 and Bax) immunoexpression were assessed. Key findings MTX induced extensive hepatic necrosis and vacuolation, and sever lymphoid depletion in splenic white pulp with increased levels of serum transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and hepatic malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6; and number of caspase 3- and Bax-positive hepatocytes. A significant decrease in leukocyte counts, serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) level, and hepatic antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT) was also detected. Pretreatment with SP resulted in significant improvements in hepatic and splenic histologic architecture, as well as restoring liver enzymes and reduction of lipid peroxidation product, proinflammatory cytokines, and caspase 3 and Bax immunoexpression. Additionally, a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes, serum immunoglobulins, and total leukocyte counts was demonstrated. Significance SP possesses promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immune stimulatory properties against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of 0, 1, 3, and 6% of Spirulina powder (SP) on physicochemical properties and consumer acceptability of shortbread biscuits during storage. Color, hardness, water content, water activity, total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content, lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile, and sensory evaluation of biscuits were determined on 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Results showed that biscuits baked with the addition of SP were significantly harder and darker than the control during the whole period of storage. Despite this, they were still acceptable by consumers. It was observed that in each day of storage biscuits with SP had more phenolic compounds and higher values of TAA than the control, and their contents increased with the level of SP addition. Moreover, the addition of SP reduced oxidative changes of shortbread biscuits during storage. Practical Applications: Intense competition in the market of biscuit manufacturers forces to implement product innovations in order to attract new groups of consumers. Shortbread biscuits with Spirulina powder could be characterized not only by nutritional properties and quite good sensorial acceptability but also by extended shelf life. Additionally, so far products identical with the proposed have not been observed, which creates great opportunities for their commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phycocyanin (Pc) is one of the active pigment constituents of Spirulina microalgae. It has been used for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the protective effects of Pc against ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced primary skin cells damage are still undefined. In the present study, we investigated whether Pc prevented UVB-induced apoptotic cell death in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Pc induced the transcription of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, Pc treatments resulted in a marked increase in nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 (NF-E2)-like 2 (Nrf-2) nuclear translocation. Also, Pc protected UVB induced apoptosis and reduced the p53 and Bax levels, as well as caspase-3 activation. Pc treatment showed a significantly enhanced effect on the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) α/β II, but not that of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or Akt. Induction of HO-1 induced by Pc was suppressed by Go6976, a selective inhibitor of PKC α/β II. In addition, knockdown of HO-1 by small interfering (siRNA) caused a significant increase in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage and caspase-3 activation after Pc pretreatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pc-induced expression of HO-1 is mediated by the PKC α/β II-Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, and inhibits UVB-induced apoptotic cell death in primary skin cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study concerns: (1) the long-term effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in neonatal rats on inflammation and antioxidant parameters in brain and (2) the effects of aSpirulina-enriched diet given to lactating mothers on protective and inflammatory parameters in brains of suckling pups subjected to peripheral inflammation. Methods: Five-day old rat pups were treated with LPS (i.p. 2 mg/kg). After 3, 7, 30, and 65 days, mRNA, miRNA, and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-system were examined. In a sub-group, aSpirulina-enriched diet was given to the mothers 24 hours before the pups were treated with LPS, then the effects on antioxidant and inflammatory parameters were evaluated. Results: The main findings were: (1) interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) was upregulated in cortex 3, 7, and 30 days after LPS treatment, (2) Nrf2 and the catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteinyl ligase were decreased in cortex 7 days after LPS in parallel with increased levels of phosphorylated p38 and decreased levels of histone H3 acetylation, and (3) aSpirulina-enriched diet to lactating mothers normalized both the increased IL-1β expression and the decreased antioxidant parameters after LPS. The protective effects ofSpirulinawere correlated with decreased levels of phosphorylated p38 and high levels of the antioxidant miRNA-146a. Discussion: ASpirulinadiet given to lactating mothers can protect against neuroinflammation and decreased antioxidant defence in brain of suckling pups subjected to peripheral inflammation, possibly via decreased activation of p38 and high levels of the antioxidant miRNA-146a. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The current study aimed to evaluate effects of oral administration with different levels of Spirulina platensis on reproductive performance, hematological and biochemical criteria, antioxidant activity, and liver and kidney histogenesis of APRI doe rabbits. A total of 45 nili-parous does at 16-18 wk of age was allotted to 3 groups (15 does / group). Does in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups were daily received oral 3 ml distilled water containing 0 (G1) as control group, 300 (G2) and 600 (G3) mg/doe from Spirulina platensis for four weeks as a treatment period, respectively. At end of treatment, does were naturally mated by15 untreated fertile APRI bucks (5 bucks / group). Body weight (BW) of does, as initial and final of treatment (16-18 and 20-22 wk of age, respectively) and at kindling (22-26 wk of age), and of bunnies at birth and weaning were recorded for one parity. Daily feed intake (DFI) of does was recorded during treatment period. Conception (CR) and kindling (KR) rates and litter size (LS, total and live) of does, and bunny viability rate (VR) at birth and weaning were calculated. Plasma concentration of estradiol 17-β (E2) and progesterone (P4) of does on day 15 post-mating, hematological parameters, plasma biochemical and oxidative capacity at the end of treatment, and hepatic and renal histology of does at the end of experiment were determined. Results showed that doe final BW was heavier (P<0.05) in G2 than in G1 and G3. Change in BW (absolute or relative to initial BW), DFI, CR and LS of does, and VR and BW at birth and weaning of kids increased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in G1, but KR was similar. Plasma E2 and P4 was higher (P<0.05), while E2/P4 ratio was lower (P<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in G1. Only E2 was higher (P<0.05) in G2 than in G3. Values of hemoglobin, red blood cells hematocrit, neutrophils and eosinophils increased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3, while platelets and lymphocytes, monocytes and acidophils decreased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3 compared with G1. The white blood cells decreased (P<0.05) only in G2, while erthrocytic values were not affected. Plasma total proteins, albumin, globulin and high density lipoprotein increased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3, while total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase decreased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3 compared with G1. Blood total antioxidant capacity, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase increased (P<0.05), while thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances decreased (P<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in G1. Hepatic and renal tissues of treated does were normal. In conclusion, orally administrated Spirulina platensis (300 mg/doe) as natural antioxidants was proved to improve reproductive performance, blood constituents, antioxidative status without adverse effects on liver and kidney functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina maxima, a microalga containing high levels of protein and many polyphenols, including chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms where by Spirulina maxima ameliorates cognitive disorders induced by amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of Spirulina maxima (SM70EE) ameliorated cognitive impairments induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 in mice. SM70EE increased the step-through latency time in the passive avoidance test and decreased the escape latency time in the Morris water maze test in Aβ1-42-injected mice. SM70EE reduced hippocampal Aβ1-42 levels and inhibited amyloid precursor protein processing-associated factors in Aβ1-42-injected mice. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase activity was suppressed by SM70EE in Aβ1-42-injected mice. Hippocampal glutathione levels were examined to determine the effects of SM70EE on oxidative stress in Aβ1-42-injected mice. SM70EE increased the levels of glutathione and its associated factors that were reduced in Aβ1-42-injected mice. SM70EE also promoted activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase signaling pathway and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation. These findings suggested that SM70EE ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairments by inhibiting the increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β caused by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of Spirulina platensis polysaccharides (SPP) at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% (wt/wt) of Chinese-style sausages on lipid peroxidation, microbiological and sensory properties during 24 d stored at 4 °C. During the storage, pH, lightness (L*) values, DPPH radical scavenging activity and sensory scores decreased with time and TBARS, TVB-N, mesophilic, and psychrotrophic total viable counts increased. However, the magnitude of the changes was attenuated with the addition of SPP as compared to control. Samples containing SPP had significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and lower TBARS values compared with the control, and the antioxidant effect was dose-dependent. The addition of 0.5% SPP maintained stable redness (a*) values of sausages, although there was no positive effect on the microbiological status. Moreover, the addition of SPP prevented the decrease of aroma, flavor and sensory acceptance of samples. The results suggested incorporation of SPP could decrease lipid peroxidation and improve sensory properties of Chinese-style sausage. Practical Application There is a great need for adding natural antioxidants to healthier meat and meat products. Spirulina platensis polysaccharides (SPP) had strong antioxidant activity. The addition of SPP to Chinese-style pork sausage could inhibit lipid peroxidation, to extend the shelf life of meat products. SPP were very potential to be used to replace synthetic antioxidants in meat and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was performed to investigate the ameliorating effect of dietary supplementation of 0.5 and 1% Spiurolina platensis (SP) diet against the sub-acute toxicity of diazinon (DZN) 0.28 mg/L in Nile tilapia. At the end of experiment after 28 days, hepatic and renal damage markers (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid and creatinine), serum biochemical parameters (total proteins, albumin, cholesterol and glucose) and tissue antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde) were detesrmined. The results of the current study revealed significant improvement in hepatic and renal damage markers after SP supplementation in fish exposed to DZN toxicity. Moreover, SP improved serum biochemical markers through increasing serum albumin and globulins with a significant decrease in serum glucose and cholesterol. In addition, liver, kidneys and gills antioxidant status showed a significant improvement after SP supplemented to fish exposed to DZN where a significant increase in tissue antioxidant activity were observed with a significant decline in lipid peroxidation levels. It can be concluded that, SP supplementation attenuated the toxic effect of DZN toxicity in Nile tilapia through improving liver and kidney functions with a significant enhancement of tissue antioxidant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To our knowledge, the effects of Spirulina platensis water extract (SP) on hearing function have not yet been reported. This study investigated the effects of SP on the function and redox status of the auditory system. Auditory brainstem responses and redox status were compared between two groups of 3-month-old senescence-accelerated prone-8 (SAMP8) mice: the control group was fed a normal diet, and the experimental group was fed a normal diet with oral supplementation of SP for 6 weeks. Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower hearing thresholds according to auditory brainstem responses measured using click sounds and 8-kHz tone burst sound stimulation at the end of this study. The experimental group had a shorter I-III interval of auditory brainstem responses with 16-kHz tone burst stimulation than the control group that was of borderline significance. Additionally, the experimental group had significantly higher mRNA expression of the superoxide dismutase and catalase genes in the cochlea and brainstem and significantly higher mRNA expression of the glutathione peroxidase gene in the cochlea. Further, the experimental group had significantly lower malondialdehyde levels in the cochlea and brainstem than the control group. However, tumor necrosis factor–α mRNA expression was not significantly different between the control and experimental groups. SP could decrease hearing degeneration in senescence-accelerated prone-8 mice possibly by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase gene expression and decreasing damage from oxidative stress in the cochlea and brainstem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature claims that incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens provides additional skin photoprotection by scavenging free radicals formed due to sun radiation, but there are limited in vivo studies that support this hypothesis. This study aims to examine whether addition of antioxidants to a broad-spectrum sunscreen increases its photoprotective effect in real-use conditions. Sunscreen formulations composed of stable UV filters (Tinosorb® S, Tinosorb® M, Uvinul® APlus, and Uvinul® T150) alone or in combination with antioxidants ( Spirulina and dimethylmethoxy chromanol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles) were developed and their appearance, odor, rheological behavior, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), and UVA protection were analyzed. Next, it was conducted a 3-month, single-blind clinical study with 44 healthy subjects (30–50 years). Before and 28, 54, and 84 days after twice-daily self application of the sunscreens on the face, the stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss, dermis echogenicity, and skin elasticity and pigmentation were measured. At the end of the study period, the volunteers answered a questionnaire containing terms related to sensory characteristics of the formulations. All formulations were stable and exhibited non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior, in vivo SPF 30, and good UVA protection. Antioxidant supplementation to the sunscreen formulation significantly improved the skin pigmentation, the collagen degradation on the dermis and thereby the skin net elasticity after 84 days of treatment compared to the sunscreen alone. Concerning safety, all formulations were considered non-irritant according to the sensorial analyses, whose results agreed with the clinical study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirulina maxima (Sm) is known to have nutritive value as well as a number of potentially useful biomedical properties. Objectives: The initial purpose of this report was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the alga (without its polyphenol content), on the induction of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon aberrant crypts (AC) in mouse. Besides, we hydrolyzed the protein content of such mixture. Our second aim was to determine the inhibitory potential of this last plant mixture on the AOM-induced colon AC in mouse. Moreover, we also determined the effect of the two indicated Sm samples on the oxidative damage caused by AOM in the colon and liver of treated mice. Materials and Methods: The experiment lasted 5 weeks. At the end, we registered the level of AC, nitric oxide, and the lipid and protein oxidation. Results: Our results showed the following: (1) the carcinogen increased more than 18 times the amount of the AC found in the control group. (2) On the contrary, the two tested mixtures of Sm produced a significant reduction over this damage (about 45%). (3) The two tested Sm mixtures were generally able to reduce the oxidative stress markers although with variable effects which go from 59% to 100% with respect to the control mice. Conclusion: Therefore, the present report established that the tested Sm fractions have mouse colon anticarcinogenic potential, partially related with their antioxidant capacity. Our report also suggested the need to further evaluate specific Sm chemicals as chemopreventive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac causes hepato-renal toxicity and gastric ulcer. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on Diclofenac-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods Rats were treated as follows: normal control (group I); diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p. ) treated rats (group II); diclofenac-induced (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p. ) rats treated with Spirulina fusiformis (400 mg/kg b.w., p.o. ) (group III); diclofenac-induced (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p. ) rats treated with silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w., p.o. ) (group IV); Spirulina fusiformis (400 mg/kg b.w., p.o. ) alone treated rats (group V). Biochemical (liver and kidney functional markers) and antioxidant parameters (enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants) were measured in the blood and tissue homogenates of the rats. Evaluation of intestinal ulcer score and assessment of liver and kidney histology were also done. Discussion Alterations in the levels of biochemical and antioxidant assays and histopathological changes in liver and kidney proved the toxic effect of diclofenac. The ulcer score was significantly increased in the diclofenac treated rats. Spirulina fusiform is showed to reduce such changes and was able to restore normal antioxidant status in the rats. Conclusion Our study proves the hepato-renal and gastroprotective activity of Spirulina fusiformis in diclofenac-treated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different Spirulina concentrations used alone and in combination with citric acid on the oxidative stability of olive oil were assessed. The amounts of primary and secondary oxidation products produced in Spirulina samples were lower than that of the control. The improved oxidative stability indices of Spirulina samples with and without citric acid were in the range of 85.20-94.47% and 258.10-260.21%, respectively. In comparison with the control, Spirulina samples manifested significantly higher carotenoid and chlorophyll contents at the beginning and end of the storage period. The presence of these bioactive compounds results from the presence of Spirulina in the medium and can thus retard the oxidation of olive oil. A higher oxidative stability was reached using BHT in comparison with Spirulina samples. Furthermore, no synergistic action was observed in possible connections between citric acid and Spirulina. In conclusion, Spirulina can enhance oxidative stability and improve the shelf life of olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spirulina hydrolysate was loaded into liposomes composed of lecithin and γ-oryzanol. • Chitosomes were formed by coating the anionic liposomes with cationic chitosan. • The prepared vesicular systems had small particle size and narrow size distribution. • Bioactivity of the hydrolysates was preserved by encapsulation into vesicular systems. • Spirulina hydrolysate could inhibit lipid oxidation of vesicular systems. A Spirulina hydrolysate was encapsulated within anionic liposomes composed of soybean lecithin and γ-oryzanol at an encapsulation efficiency of 90 %. A combination of 10 mg/mL hydrolysate and 1.3 mg/mL γ-oryzanol exhibited a significant synergism in inhibition of the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and provided good protection of the liposomes against oxidation. The particle size of the liposomes increased significantly in the presence of the hydrolysate. Chitosomes were formed by coating the anionic liposomes with cationic chitosan. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate-loaded liposomes and chitosomes and free hydrolysate decreased under the highly acidic conditions in the stomach with the reduction in activity being greatest for the free hydrolysate. However, after exposure to small intestine conditions, the antioxidant activity of all formulations increased significantly (p < 0.05). This study highlights the potential of non-coated and coated liposomes to increase the stability and bioactivity of bioactive protein hydrolysates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina (SP) is an edible blue-green algae rich in bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and γ-linolenic acid. However, its impact on the oxidative status of ewes' organism and milk, as well as on milk's quality has not been extensively studied. Forty-eight dairy Chios ewes were divided into four homogenous groups (n = 12) and were fed individually. The concentrate of the control group (CON) had no SP, while in the concentrates of the treated groups, SP was added to obtain a daily supply of 5 (SP5), 10 (SP10), and 15 (SP15) g per animal. The milk yield and chemical composition were not affected by the addition of SP. Τhe proportion of short-chain fatty acids was increased in the milk of SP5 and SP10 ewes while those of medium-chain fatty acids were reduced in the milk of SP10 compared with the CON animals. The SP addition enhanced the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced the thrombogenicity index in milk, while its highest level tended to decrease the milk's atherogenicity index. A rise in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blood plasma of SP-fed ewes was found. The same was observed for the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione transferase in the blood plasma of SP10, SP15, and SP5 fed ewes respectively. On the contrary, the protein carbonyls content (PC) in ewes' s blood plasma declined by the dietary supplementation of SP. The oxidative stability of ewes' milk improved by the dietary addition of SP as indicated by the rise in the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and the total antioxidant capacity (measured by FRAP and ABTS assays) as well. Finally, the highest level of SP caused the sharpest drop in PC content of milk. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with 15 g SP/ewe/day showed the potential to improve the ewes' oxidative status of their organism and milk. • 15 g Spirulina /ewe/day showed the potential to improve ewes' productive performance. • 15 g Spirulina /ewe/day increase ewes' milk PUFA, and ω-3 content. • Spirulina improved ewes' organism and milk oxidative status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convective-air-dried Spirulina was investigated in terms of the resultant antioxidant properties, namely the phycocyanin content, total phenolic content, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. The loss of the antioxidant properties was apparently dependent on the drying conditions, especially on temperature. When the drying temperature was set lower than 50 °C, the antioxidant properties were retained to a larger extent, whereas lesser quantities could be retained at a drying temperature of 80 °C. A simple mathematical model was employed to simulate the temperature profiles during drying, and the resultant phycocyanin content was predicted using the temperature profiles and the experimentally obtained kinetic data of the degradation. These model equations were simple enough to be solved using commercial spreadsheet software, and the profiles of moisture content, mean temperature, and remaining phycocyanin content were predicted as a function of time. Based on the simulation results, an attempt was made to dry at two temperature steps, namely at 80 °C during the constant rate drying period, and at 50 °C during the falling rate drying period. This attempt, drying with two temperature steps, could successfully reduce the total drying time and retain greater amount of antioxidants in the resultant dried products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity has been reported to occur in 5%-25% of patients who were administered with it. Several natural antioxidants were found to be effective against drug-induced toxicity. We evaluated the possible protective effects of spirulina and pycnogenol alone or in combination on vancomycin-induced renal cortical oxidative stress. Forty-nine rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: group I, control; group II, received spirulina 1000 mg/kg per day; group III, received pycnogenol 200 mg/kg per day; group IV, received vancomycin 200 mg/kg per day every 12 h; group V, (spirulina + vancomycin); group VI, (pycnogenol + vancomycin); and group VII, (pycnogenol + spirulina + vancomycin). At the end of the experiment, kidney functions were estimated and then the kidneys were removed, weighed, and sampled for histopathological, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical studies. Administration of spirulina and pycnogenol alone or in combination decreased elevated serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, renal malondialdehyde, and immunoexpression of the proapoptotic protein (Bax), autophagic marker protein (LC3/B), and inducible nitric oxide synthase induced by vancomycin. They increased reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and immunoexpression of the antiapoptotic protein (Bcl2). They also ameliorated the morphological changes induced by vancomycin. The combination therapy of spirulina and pycnogenol showed better protective effects than the corresponding monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with neurological and cognitive problems in athletes. The Purpose of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effect of resistance training (RT) and spirulina supplementation (Sp) on the function of the antioxidant system with emphasis on mir125b, mir146a and cognitive function in Stanazolol (S)-induced neurotoxicity in rats. This experimental animal model study was performed with a post-test design with a control group. 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups of 9 animals including (Althobaiti et al., 2022) [1]: sham (Sh/normal saline intake) (Havnes et al., 2019) [2], 25 mg/kg/wk of stanazolol (S) (Albano et al., 2021) [3], S + 100 mg/kg of Sp + (S + Sp) (Bjørnebekk et al., 2021) [4], RT (six weeks with an intensity of 50–100% of body weight) + S (S + RT) (Kanayama et al., 2013) [5] S + Sp + RT. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), percentage of healthy cells in the C1 and C3 regions of hippocampus, miR125b , miR146a , step-through latency (STL), time spent in dark compartment (TDC), repeated entry in dark compartment (RDC) and percentage of alternation (PA%) were measured in the post-test. Results showed that the Sp, RT and SP + RT increased levels of SOD, GPx and percentage of healthy cells in C1 region, decreased MDA, mir125b, mir146a in hippocampal tissue and decreased TDC levels in S-exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05). Sp + RT decreased RDC and increased SOD levels; on the other hand, RT decreased RDC levels in S-exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05). Levels of TAC in the Sp groups were significantly higher than the S group (P ≤ 0.05). Also, the effect of Sp + RT in reducing miR125b , miR146a , and STL levels was much higher than the effect of Sp and RT alone (P ≤ 0.05). It seems that applying resistance training and spirulina supplementation both separately and interactively is effective in improving the antioxidant system as well as memory and learning in cognitive impairment caused by stanazolol. However, more studies on microRNAs are needed. [Display omitted] • Abuse of stanazolol leads to cognitive impairment by increasing oxidative stress. • Resistance training can improve antioxidants and cognitive function. • Spirulina progress cognitive function via antioxidant property. • Resistance training and Spirulina interact to improve antioxidants in stanazolol abusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing rabbits' (42 rabbits/group, 3 rabbits/cage, 14 cages/treatment) diet was supplemented with 5% Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and 3% thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) powder single (S or T) and in combination (ST) between 35 and 77 days of age. On day 0 (weaning at 35 days of age) 14 rabbits were vaccinated with 100 μg/animal ovalbumin to provoke immune response. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 of the experimental period. Sampling dates significantly influenced total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine concentration and enzyme (AST, ALT, GGT) activities, with a significant age × diet interaction in the case of TP and CREA. There was a significant increase in ALT (+45 and 74%) and GGT (+87 and 102%) activity after immunisation. While Spirulina and thyme significantly ameliorated the rise in AST activity, their effect was inefficient in the case of GGT. Spirulina, both single and in combination showed a tendency in higher IgG level as compared to control (P<0.05). No significant effect of sampling date or treatment on phagocytic activity or secretory IgA was demonstrable (P>0.05). Higher MDA concentration was measured in the red blood cells of S, T and ST animals, while no other significant diet effect on the antioxidant parameters was detected, however, significant sampling date × diet interaction was found in the case of GPx activity. Plasma GGT (increase by 19-66%) was inversely associated with GSH (decrease by 66-113%) between days 0 to 42 of the experimental period (r=-0.57, P<0.05). It can be concluded that Spirulina supplementation alone resulted in higher IgG production, but none of the phytobiotics, at the dose used, affected significantly the antioxidant status of blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several chronic transmissible (e.g. AIDS) and non transmissible diseases like cadiovascular disease, are associated with oxidative stress (EOX) and dyslipidemia. Has been reported that Spirulina can reduce them, this has been demonstrated in vitro and in animal models but scarcely in humans. Through a systematic review on last 5 years (keywords: Spirulina AND cholesterol, Spirulina AND oxidative stress) 8 intervention studies with humans were reported, finding that oral (1-10 g/d) subchronic (0.5-6 month) administration of Spirulina appears to have and hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect. However, no study was properly randomized and/or controlled and no biological mechanism was proposed to support these findings. The level of evidence and the absence of appropriate experimental designs do not allow validating Spirulina as a functional food for preventing dyslipidemic diseases and EOX, and hereby decrease the CVD. We do not found papers relating harmful effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]