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Marrubium (Lamiaceae) species are traditionally used for their expectorant and antipyretic effects. However, limited research has been conducted on the phytochemical and bioactivity of most species, except M. vulgare L. utilized in both pharmaceutical and food industries. In the present study, the phenolic profiles and marrubiin contents of eight Marrubium taxa, four of which are endemic to Türkiye, were investigated. Methanolic extracts were prepared using an ultrasonic bath, while acidic extractions were performed following the instructions outlined in the European Pharmacopoeia. The samples were also evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. The results indicated that all Marrubium taxa contained different amounts of forsythoside B (30–183 mg/100 g dw) and verbascoside (124–287 mg/100 g dw). Elevated levels of tiliroside were detected, particularly within endemic taxa. However, some species did not contain marrubiin, the marker compound of the genus. The highest AChE and BChE inhibitory activities were observed in M. peregrinum. Verbascoside and forsythoside B are candidate molecules as marker compounds for the genus Marrubium. This study provides a detailed chemical composition of one-fifth of the world's Marrubium taxa for the first time. M. anisodon and endemic taxa show potential for the pharmaceutical industry. All Marrubium taxa had forsythoside B and verbascoside in different ranges. Tiliroside was detected in high amounts in endemic taxa. However, marrubiin, the chemotaxonomic marker of the genus wasn't found in some species. The highest AChE and BChE inhibitory activities were observed in M. peregrinum. M. anisodon and endemic taxa M. bourgaei subsp. caricum and M. rotundifolium have potential for pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main sources of novel chemicals with possible medical use is medicinal plants. Multiple diseases have been treated with them in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to explore the phytochemical characteristics, antioxidant effects, and antibacterial activities of several extracts of Ziziphus lotus fruits (ZLF). Phytochemical analysis of ZLF extracts revealed the presence of several bioactive molecules such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Water, methanol 50%, methanol 80%, methanol, ethanol, and hexane are the 6 different solvents which were used in order to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as the biological activities of ZLF, and whose aqueous extract showed the best results. The aqueous extract had the highest yield, followed by methanol, ethanol, and lastly hexane (p < 0.05). The aqueous extract showed the highest total contents of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins (77.13 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DM, 33.36 ± 0.51 mg QE/g DM, and 03.72 ± 0.16 mg CE/g DM respectively), while the Hexane extract revealed the lowest contents (12.36 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g DM, 06.20 ± 0.23 mg QE/g DM, and 01.20 ± 0.10 mg CE/g DM respectively). By using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, and for the aqueous extract, ZLF extracts demonstrated considerable antioxidant capacities, with the values IC50 = 37 ± 0.27, IC50 = 67 ± 0.18 and IC0.5 = 31 ± 0.22 respectively. All of the ZLF extracts, with the exception of the hexanic extract on Staphylococcus aureus, showed antibacterial efficacy against the bacterial strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained reveal that ZLF exhibit significant biochemical composition and considerable biological activities encouraging its nutritional and therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural ingredients have been used in skincare products for thousands of years. The current focus is on novel natural bioactivities that shield the skin from UV rays and free radicals, among other damaging elements, while enhancing skin health. Free radicals significantly contribute to skin damage and hasten ageing by interfering with defence and restorative processes. Plants contain natural chemicals that can scavenge free radicals and have antioxidant capabilities. Plant materials are becoming increasingly popular as natural antioxidants related to the expanding interest in plant chemistry. This review focuses on the significance of medicinal plants in skin health and ageing and their potential as a source of antioxidant substances such as vitamins, polyphenols, stilbenes, flavonoids, and methylxanthines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) is a shrub that has been widely used in European folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the chemopreventive action of the plant's methanolic root extract (BVR) against colon cancer cells. Studies were conducted in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS180 and HT-29) and control colon epithelial CCD841 CoN cells. According to the MTT assay, after 48 h of cell exposure, the IC50 values were as follows: 4.3, 46.1, and 50.2 µg/mL for the LS180, HT-29, and CCD841 CoN cells, respectively, showing the greater sensitivity of the cancer cells to BVR. The Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit demonstrated that BVR induced programmed cell death only against HT-29 cells. Nuclear double staining revealed the great proapoptotic BVR properties in HT-29 cells and subtle effect in LS180 cells. RT-qPCR with the relative quantification method showed significant changes in the expression of genes related to apoptosis in both the LS180 and HT-29 cells. The genes BCL2L1 (126.86–421.43%), BCL2L2 (240–286.02%), CASP3 (177.19–247.83%), and CASP9 (157.99–243.75%) had a significantly elevated expression, while BCL2 (25–52.03%) had a reduced expression compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, in a panel of antioxidant tests, BVR showed positive effects (63.93 ± 0.01, 122.92 ± 0.01, and 220.29 ± 0.02 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and ORAC assays, respectively). In the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, BVR revealed 62.60 ± 0.87% of enzyme inhibition. The chemical composition of BVR was determined using a UHPLC-UV-CAD-MS/MS analysis and confirmed the presence of several known alkaloids, including berberine, as well as other alkaloids and two derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic and sinapic acid hexosides). The results are very promising and encourage the use of BVR as a comprehensive chemopreventive agent (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic) in colorectal cancer, and were widely discussed alongside data from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytoconstitution and antioxidant profiling of mixture of herbs used in the treatment of malaria has been carried out. Herbs used as alternative medicines in the local treatment of malaria were collected from a herbal vendor in Ibadan. The herbal materials were extracted using absolute ethanol and the crude extract, EEA subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) standard procedures. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpeniods, flavonoids and phenols were identified. EEA was found to exhibit antioxidant activity in the dose range of 25-400 µgml-1. The significant presence of major series of phytochemicals has justified the associated antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim. Thus, the present study has established the phytoconstitution and antioxidant activity of an antimalaria herbal mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea, or Camellia sinensis, is a type of unfermented tea that contains natural substances found in fresh leaves. It is considered the second most popular drink in the world after water. This review extensively examines the phytochemistry of green tea, as it exhibits antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antiviral and neuroprotective pharmacological activities. Consequently, green tea has demonstrated promising practical applications for healthcare and disease prevention. To accomplish this, a search was conducted using bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science to find articles related to the phytochemistry of green tea published between 2018 and 2023, in order to ascertain, with evidence, the properties of green tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The phytochemical evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the plant, Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. (Acanthaceae family) was carried out to evaluate its therapeutic potential. Despite being part of traditional medicine, not much research has been done on the plant. Materials and Methods: The study aimed to understand the plant's phytochemistry and evaluate its therapeutic potential. For this purpose, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Total Antioxidant Assay, MTT Assay, and HR-LCMS techniques were employed. Results: Major secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extract were flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and steroids. The free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanolic extract of the plant was evaluated using four different methods, proving the plant to possess high antioxidant properties. Hence, the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract was evaluated using an MTT assay on Hep G2 cells induced with hepatotoxicity using Acetaminophen. When treated with ethanolic extract, the cell viability was found to be 85.32% at 12.5 µg/mL concentration. IC50 for ethanolic extract was attained at 75.77 µg/mL. Also, chemical characterization of the extract was performed using the HR-LCMS technique. Around 64 compounds were obtained in chromatogram using positive ESI mode, of which 24 are unknown and 40 are known compounds. Out of 37 compounds obtained in the negative ESI mode, 27 were known, and 10 were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive and imbalance of free radicals within the body lead to inflammation. The objective of the current research work was to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the isolated compounds from Habenaria digitata. In this study, the isolated phenolic compounds were investigated for in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential along with the antioxidant enzyme. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the phenolic compounds was assayed via various enzymes like COX-1/2, 5-LOX and ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2 free radical enzyme inhibitory assay. These compounds were also explored for their in vivo antioxidant activity like examining SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA levels in the brain, heart, and liver. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model in mice. On the basis of initial screening of isolated compounds, the most potent compound was further evaluated for the anti-inflammatory mechanism. Furthermore, the molecular docking study was also performed for the potent compound. The phenolic compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS/NMR analysis by comparing its spectra to the library spectra. The isolated phenolic compounds from H. digitata were 5- methylpyrimidine-24,4-diol (1), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4- one (2), 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (3), 3-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4), and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol (5). In in vitro antioxidant assay, the most potent compound was compound 1 having IC50 values of 0.98, 0.90, and 5 μg/mL against ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2, respectively. Similarly, against COX1/2 and 5-LOX,compound 1 was again the potent compound with IC50 values of 42.76, 10.70, and 7.40 μg/mL. Based on the in vitro results, compound 1 was further evaluated for in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Findings of the study suggest that H. digitata contains active compounds with potential anti- inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds could be screened as drug candidates for pharmaceutical research, targeting conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions in medicinal chemistry and support their ethnomedicinal use for inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae family) is traditionally consumed to treat rheumatic pains, astringent, skin diseases, and diuretics. The present study aims to investigate the chemical composition of the flowers essential oil, as well as in vitro antioxidant activities of the leaves and fruits extracts of M. azedarach by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil identified oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.7%) as the major chemical class. The volatile oil was rich in trans-nerolidol (39.5%), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (11.6%), 2-phenylacetaldehyde (9.1%), and phenyl ethyl alcohol (7%). The leaves ethanolic extracts (LEE) indicating the IC50 values 149 ± 0.05 µg/mL and 20.31 ± 0.03 mmol of the FeSO4/g of the extract exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity assessed via DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of LEE was correlated with the higher total phenolic contents (42.86 ± 0.02 µg gallic acid/mg extract) compared to the fruits (26.8 ± 0.05 µg gallic acid/mg extract). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the essential oil compositions and the antioxidant activity of this species collected from the southeast of Iran. This study highlights that the M. azedarach essential oil can be a rich natural source of trans-nerolidol with diverse biological activities. Additionally, the ethanolic extract of leaves has significant antioxidant activities. Therefore, these findings might direct further complementary phytochemical and biological investigations of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirabilis jalapa L. has been used traditionally in herbal medicine for various purposes, including as a laxative, diuretic, and treatment of inflammations and fever, as it contains various phytochemical compounds. The present study aims to analyze the phytochemical and lipidic profiles of M. jalapa and characterize its methanol seed extract. It also investigates the antioxidant activity, total protein and phenol contents, and anti-inflammatory, antihemolytic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities using established methods. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined with LC-MS and FTIR. Results of the study revealed that the methanol seed extract showed high anti-inflammatory (92.7%) and antioxidant (59.97%) potentials, with moderate antihemolytic (29.3%) activity. Further analysis of the extract showed antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines, namely, Prostate DU-145 (49.3%), Lung cancer HCC95 (45.4%), Breast Cancers MDA-MB-231 (38.2%) and 600MPE (24.1%). The methanol seed extract of M. jalapa contains significant quantities of various phytochemicals that may have been responsible for its antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activity of Galium verum herba was exerted on various tumor cell lines with incredible results, but their potential effect on malignant melanoma has not been established yet. Therefore, the current study was structured in two directions: (i) the investigation of the phytochemical profile of diethyl ether (GvDEE) and butanol (GvBuOH) extracts of G. verum L. and (ii) the evaluation of their biological profile on A375 human malignant melanoma cell line. The GvDEE extract showed an FT-IR profile different from the butanol one, with high antioxidant capacity (EC50 of GvDEE = 0.12 ± 0.03 mg/mL > EC50 of GvBuOH = 0.18 ± 0.05 mg/mL). The GvDEE extract also showed antimicrobial potential, especially against Gram-positive bacteria strains, compared to the butanol extract, which has no antimicrobial activity against any bacterial strain tested. The results regarding the antitumor potential showed that both extracts decreased A375 cell viability largely (69% at a dose of 55 µg/mL of the GvDEE extract). Moreover, both extracts induce nuclear fragmentation by forming apoptotic bodies and slight chromatin condensation, which is more intense for GvDEE. Considering the results, one can state that the Galium verum herba possesses antitumor effects on the A375 human malignant melanoma cell line, a promising phytocompound for the antitumor approach to skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambucus nigra L. (elder) is one of the most common plant species in Europe, widely used for its health and healing properties and with a long botanical history. In the present study, elderberry flowers were subjected to different extraction methods (infusion, decoction, microwave- and ultrasound- assisted extraction) and their phytochemical content and antioxidant potential were evaluated. As a result, the total phenolic content in the extracts varied between 34.21 ± 0.42 and 47.46 ± 1.87 mg GAE/g dw and the total flavonoid content was found to be in the range of 11.69 ± 0.16 and 16.18 ± 0.23 mg QE/g dw. The highest values were reported for decoction. Organic acid, phenolic acid and sugar profiles of content were evaluated and compared. Extraction method had a profound effect on the content of sugars, phenolic and organic acids extractability from the plant matter, decoction being the most efficient extraction method. In addition, the correlation between the analyses was studied, outlining the contribution of the contained phytochemicals. In conclusion, aqueous extracts of elderflowers can be considered a promising source of natural antioxidants and should be further investigated for the specific profile of phytochemicals present and promoted for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Salacca wallichiana Mart. is a prominent fruit-bearing tree distributed in Southeast Asia and used in treating many diseases and folk remedies. Thus far, only phytochemical composition-related research has been carried out on this plant, while the other bioactivities retarding its applicability in orthodox medicine have been ignored. Screening for the various bioeffects is needed to verify the authenticity of the medicinal activities of plants. Materials and Methods: Following Ciulei separation, the phytochemical contents of the fruit peel extracts were determined. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by performing the free radical scavenging and potassium ferricyanide-reducing antioxidant power assays. Agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to ascertain the antibacterial capacity, and then the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) and MBCs were calculated. Results: The results illustrated a robust free radical scavenging but a weak reducing activity. The MIC against Gram-positive bacteria was <4 mg/mL. The phytochemical composition included tannins and flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, organic acids, and reducing sugars. Conclusion: The extracts of S. wallichiana peels demonstrated a potential antioxidant activity along with lethality against Grampositive bacteria, which was attributed to the diversity in the contents of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder, is characterized by polyarthralgia and joint dysfunction resulting from autoimmune responses that target self-neoepitopes. These attacks lead to the activation of macrophages and other defense cells. By identifying these self-epitopes as biomarkers in RA, researchers have gained valuable insights into the disease's pathogenesis. Over the years, research has focused on investigating the potential of medicinal plants as antiinflammatory agents. In this study, a hydroethanolic extract of Saraca asoca, Ficus benghalensis, Chenopodium album, and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. Various concentrations of extracts were utilized to assess phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, in-vitro anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest scavenging potential was exhibited by Chenopodium album, as assessed by the DPPH assay (90.32 ± 3.2 %) and H2O2 (86.00 ± 1.94 %). Similarly, the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed (92.23 ± 0.83 %) inhibition in membrane stabilization assay, and (91.49 ± 1.03 %) in protein denaturation inhibition capacity. GCMS analysis showed various phytoconstituents in extracts. In order to confirm its therapeutic potential for treating RA, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may be a better drug candidate that needs to be further researched for mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several plants of the genus Tragia L. have shown antibacterial, fungicidal, and antiproliferative activity, among other types of activities; however, most species of the genus have not been investigated. Tragia volubilis L. is native to tropical America and Africa, and although it has been reported as medicinal in the literature, it has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the phytochemical screening, isolation, and identification of compounds and the determination of the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of Tragia volubilis L. and its partitions were carried out. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol partitions of the extract present high antioxidant activity according to the Antioxidant Activity Index. Due to their activity, these partitions were tested on RKO cells as a representative model, both individually and in combination with Doxorubicin. It was found that the partitions significantly reduced the effect of Doxorubicin, as well as the expression of proteins involved in DNA damage and cell death. While the reduction of the chemotherapeutic effect of Doxorubicin on tumor cells may not be a desired outcome in therapeutic settings, the findings of the study are valuable in revealing the antioxidant potential of Tragia volubilis L. and its partitions. This highlights the importance of carefully regulating the application of antioxidants, especially in the context of cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is useful as an antioxidant, immunomodulator, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Eco-enzymes can enhance ginger growth and increase phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to identify the composition of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. The study was designed in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. This study consisted of 4 treatments: without eco-enzymes, 0.1% eco-enzymes, 0.3% eco-enzymes and 0.5% eco-enzymes. The phytochemical content of the ginger rhizome eight months after planting and its antioxidant activity were measured using various methods, such as the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the spectrophotometric method for measuring total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). The study showed that ginger rhizome contained flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid compounds in all treatments. Eco-enzymes significantly increased ginger rhizome's flavonoid and phenolic content (p<0.05). The results obtained are non-linear because the higher the concentration of eco-enzyme, both the flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant activity values are non-linear. The highest flavonoid content was obtained from ginger, with an eco-enzyme concentration of 0.3%, which was 0.11%, while the highest phenolic content was found at a concentration of 0.5%, 53.54%. In contrast, the percentage of inhibition in the DPPH test was 73.65%. Red ginger with 0.5% eco-enzyme has potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.238 ppm. With the help of eco-enzymes, red ginger can be transformed into antioxidant-rich food products that are environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of the stems, leaves, and hulls of peanuts (Arachis hypogea) is not as popular as the seeds. This study aimed to investigate the chemical contents and pharmacological activities of A. hypogaea stems in-vitro and in-silico. This study was also completed with bibliometric analysis. The methanol extract (ME) was reextracted by ethylacetate to get ethyl acetate extract (EAE). The chemical contents of EAE were analyzed by phytochemical screening, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), TPC (Total Phenolic Content), and TFC (Total Flavonoid Content). In-vitro and in-silico studies evaluated antioxidant potency, toxicity, and cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cell lines. The results showed that EAE contained terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics which were supported by LC-MS/MS data. The EAE was categorized as a very strong antioxidant and moderately active in both cytotoxicity and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this work, the photo components were investigated utilising GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, and the anthelmintic potential of methanolic extract of aerial parts of the Lagenaria siceraria (MEALS). By using the soxhlation method. Materials and Methods: MEALS were made from aerial components, and phytochemical analysis was carried out for a qualitative evaluation. The in vitro antioxidant activity was measured using the ABTS technique, and the current extract was utilised to analyse phytocomponents by GC-MS and study anthelmintic activity on Pheretima posthuma. The extract of Lagenaria siceraria included 59 components, according to the GC-MS study's phytochemical analysis. Results: Results from anthelmintic research reveal that MEALS had paralysis times between 4.76 and 2.17 min and death times between 6.18 and 2.34 min when compared to the medicine Albendazole, which is the gold standard (paralysis time 4.76 min to 2.17 min and death time 5.87 min to 1.96 min on Peritima posthuma in increasing order of concentration). The percentage of scavenging ranged from 33.31% to 82.33% (IC50 143) and by standard medicine (ascorbic acid) from 49.47% to 94.73% (IC50 103) using the ABTS technique in the evaluation of an antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Due to the presence of physiologically active phytocomponents, aerial sections of the Lagenaria siceraria (MEALS) were shown to be potent anthelmintic and antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot pepper is one of the most important economic fruits with abundant of nutritional qualities. Thus, the consumption of foods of plant origin with high nutritional and bioactive compounds of high antioxidants capacity is a major concern nowadays. A study was conducted to determine and quantify concentrations of important bioactive compounds present in the nine selected hot pepper varieties cultivated in Tanzania. Hot peppers were grown in the field at Botany department research farm, University of Dar es Salaam from March to September, 2021. Then, ripe-fruit extracts were used to determine vitamin C, betacarotene, lycopene, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)among the varieties quantitatively. The results indicated that there were very high significant variations on the nutrients and bioactive compound concentrations (p<0.0001) among all varieties of hot pepper evaluated. The highest amount of vitamin C was 948.30 ± 22.6 mg/100g recorded from orange bird eye variety. The high concentration of beta-carotene was 0.62 ± 0.006mg/100 ml recorded from orange bird eye. The highest concentration of lycopene was 0.55 ± 0.0003 mg/100 ml from Big red cayenne. The highest concentration of TPC was 454.247 ± 20.9mg GAE/100g obtained from Big red cayenne. The highest concentration of TFC was 8.92 ± 0.15 mg RE/100g obtained from Big red cayenne. High variability was observed among the hot pepper varieties; Big red cayenne variety with the highest concentrations of TPC, TFC and lycopene, showed to have the highest radical scavenging capacity. Big red cayenne can be a cheap source of natural antioxidants, therefore recommended for future development of nutraceuticals or healthy food products and conveying great benefits for food and pharmaceutical industries, consumers, and producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for food products packed with antioxidants has greatly increased in recent years due to the alarming statistics on free radical diseases Therefore, antioxidant jelly was formulated in this study using mango (MJ1), passion fruit (PAJ2) and pineapple (PIJ3) juices as base ingredients. The formulated jellies were evaluated for their phytochemical, physicochemical, sensory and nutritional properties. Initially, a survey to 112 respondents was carried out to determine consumer acceptance on antioxidant jelly. Out of the respondents, 63.4% prefer antioxidant jelly products with multiple fruits. The formulated jellies showed significant difference (p<0.05) in moisture content and pH with the highest moisture content was recorded for PAJ2 at 86.03% while MJ1 recorded the highest pH at 3.86 have sour taste that may not be desirable for all consumers. Antioxidant analysis revealed high levels of DPPH, ABTS, and TPC in MJ1, with 82.78%, 76.95%, and 0.07 mg GAE/g, respectively. Color showed a positive value of L*, a*, b* scale, indicating yellowish red colors of MJ1, PAJ2 and PIJ3 due to the β-carotene pigment found in yellow mango, pineapple, and passion fruit. Sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale demonstrated that MJ1 jelly has the highest overall acceptance. Nutritionally, MJ1 contained 65 kcal/100g of energy, 15.47% carbohydrate, 0.57% protein, 1.40% total sugar, and 4.63 mg/100g vitamin C. Findings from this study indicates that tropical fruits can be used in the development of a low-calorie dessert with great nutritive value and consumer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasminum humile (Linn) is highly valued for its medicinal properties. The pulp and decoction made from its leaves are effective for skin diseases. Juice prepared from roots is used against ringworm illness. Our current study aims to illustrate the non-toxicity and protective potential of methanol extract of Jasminum humile (JHM) against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in the liver of rats. Qualitative phytochemical screening, total flavonoids (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) assays were performed with JHM. The toxicity of the plant was estimated by treating female rats at different JHM doses while to assess anti-inflammatory potential of plant nine groups of male rats (six rats/group) received different treatments such as: CCl4 only (1 ml/kg mixed with olive oil in a ratio of 3:7), silymarin (200 mg/kg) + CCl4, different doses of JHM alone at a ratio of 1:2:4, and JHM (at a ratio of 1:2:4) + CCl4, and were examined for different antioxidant enzymes, serum markers, and histological changes, while mRNA expression of stress, inflammatory and fibrosis markers were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Different phytochemicals were found in JHM. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found (89.71 ± 2.79 mg RE/g and 124.77 ± 2.41 mg GAE/g) in the methanolic extract of the plant. Non-toxicity of JHM was revealed even at higher doses of JHM. Normal levels of serum markers in blood serum and antioxidant enzymes in tissue homogenates were found after co-administration of JHM along with CCl4. However, CCl4 treatment caused oxidative stress in the liver by enhancing the levels of stress and inflammatory markers and reducing antioxidant enzyme levels, while JHM treatment showed significant (P < 0.05) downregulation was in mRNA expression of those markers. Investigation of mechanism of specific signaling pathways related to apoptosis and clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy of optimal dosage of Jasminum humile will be helpful to develop FDA-approved drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr) Pers. is a medicinal mushroom that has various health benefits and is a rich source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. In recent years, H. erinaceus has been considered for its many medicinal properties and is widely consumed in Asian countries. Remarkably, the effect of mushroom cultivation using substrates composed of soybean meal by-products on growth, as well as the enhancement of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, was evaluated. Our results confirmed that using soybean meal-produced H. erinaceus displayed a higher mycelial growth and biological efficiency than the control treatment. Bioactive compounds with triterpenoid content and total phenolic content of H. erinaceus grown on soybean meal contained the highest values at 56.78–69.15 mg Urs/g DW and 15.52–16.07 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, while H. erinaceus grown on the control treatment had the lowest value at 32.15 mg Urs/g DW and 7.75 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. In addition, H. erinaceus cultivated on soybean meal had higher DPPH activities than those grown on the control treatment, with IC50 values of 0.67–0.89 and 1.08 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, this study provided baseline information on the potential role of soybean meal by-product substrates in H. erinaceus growth and their effect on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Lentinus is one of the most studied and medicinally significant groups among mushrooms. Lentinus fasciatus is a considerably understudied species and a methanolic formulation was evaluated for its medicinal potential. Phytochemical analysis unveiled the presence of a high amount of phenolic substances in the methanolic extract of the basidiocarps of L. fasciatus. The extracted fraction showed notable scavenging properties in in-vitro antioxidant property estimation assays. In the ABTS and DPPH assay, respectively, the EC50 values were 332.12 and 180.78 μg/mL. The mushroom extract was also screened for cytotoxic activity against the human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7). The biocidal activity against cancer cells is further proven by the low LD50 value of 246 g/mL in the WST-1 experiment. The background mechanism behind the cytotoxicity was predicted to be mediated by the apoptotic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) kurz belongs to the family 'Lythraceae' has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating common ailments since ancient periods. It is conventionally employed against numerous diseases, including cold, toothache, blood infection, leprosy, dysentery, wounds, rheumatic pain, fever, urinary disorders, inflammation, antifertility and menstrual problem. The enormous potential and effects are extensively validated through in vitro and in vivo models. The recent updates on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa are absolutely essential to identify the bioactive components responsible for its therapeutic effect. Phytochemical investigations prove the presence of 61 compounds belonging to the class of glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenolics and essential oils isolated from the different parts of the plant. Pharmacological studies of the plant showed that it poses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, gastroprotective and wound healing properties. The pharmacological activities of crude extracts from this plant mostly have been reported. A very limited number of studies have reported the activities of isolated compounds of this plant. Hence, this review will help to explore many distinguished pharmacognostic characteristics of the plant as well as the therapeutic efficacy of the plant against several diseases and will recommend further requirements of additional investigations to explore its possible practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An efficient model seed germination protocol for Vanda. • Addition of KN in the growth medium enhanced the frequency of PLBs proliferation and in vitro seedling multiplication. • Genetic fidelity and phytochemical analysis between the mother and in vitro regenerated plants. • A GC–MS method for simultaneous analysis of bioactive compounds. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to study in vitro propagation of Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl., an endangered and medicinally important epiphytic orchid, using seed germination which may reduce the pressures on its heedless collections from natural habitats. In vitro cultures were raised via asymbiotic seed germination technique on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium with and without growth additives. When medium was supplemented with Kinetin, 99.75±0.25% seeds successfully germinated in 5.50±0.28 days followed by early protocorm formation (32.25±0.47 days) and complete seedling development (99.25±0.47 days). Indole-3-acetic acid+6-benzyl aminopurine in the medium showed synergistic effect during initial stages of seed germination and seedling development. Comparative phytochemical analysis, however, revealed that mother plant had a higher yield of secondary metabolites than in vitro regenerated plants. GC–MS analysis of the leaf methanolic extracts revealed 54 different phytochemicals. The outcome of the present study may be highly beneficial for the germplasm conservation and commercial cultivation of V. cristata for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interesting photobiological properties have been demonstrated for some Cachrys species, including C. libanotis L., C. sicula L., and C. pungens Jan. The present study was designed to assess the photocytotoxic activity of Prangos ferulacea Lindl. (synonym of C. ferulacea (L.) Calest.). This plant was previously considered a Cachrys species but, at present, it is part of the Prangos genus. P. ferulacea is an orophilous plant present in the eastern Mediterranean and in western Asia. Three different extraction techniques were utilized. Obtained extracts were compared both for their phytochemical content and for their photobiological properties on human melanoma cells irradiated with UVA light. The apoptotic responses, together with the antioxidant activity, were also assessed. P. ferulacea extracts were able to affect cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with the sample obtained through supercritical CO2 extraction showing the highest activity (IC50 = 4.91 μg/mL). This research points out the interesting content in the photoactive compounds of this species, namely furanocoumarins, and could provide a starting point for further studies aimed at finding new photosensitizing agents useful in cancer photochemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs, known for their naturally active chemicals, are currently being reconsidered as a safer alternative medication. The natural substances that are known to have lots of bioactivities, such as antioxidant properties, are mangosteen (Garcinia mangosatana L.) (GM) and kodavan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) (CA). However, the antioxidant activities of the GM-CA combination have not been previously reported. It is essential to investigate the properties of the active fractions to determine which fraction possesses the best antioxidant activities. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antioxidant activities (IC50) and total phenolic content (TPC) of GM, CA, and their combination. The combination is expected to exhibit a synergistic effect and an increase in antioxidant activities. GM and CA were percolated using ethanol and successively partitioned by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activities and TPC were evaluated using DPPH and Folin Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Chemical components were determined through LC-MS/MS analysis and phytochemical screening. The combination of ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) of GM-CA in a 1:3 ratio indicates synergistic interaction, strong antioxidant activities IC50 = 62.00 ppm, and 132.38 mgGAE/g of TPC. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols. LCMS/MS identified several compounds in GM, such as (+/-) gomisin M2, archangelicin, biodinin A, α-mangosteen, samarcandin acetate, and achilin. In CA, 5,7,2',5'-tetrahydroxy-flavon, 5-hydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxy-flavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranose, asiaticoside, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, madecassoside, 3ß,6ß,23-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside, and mahuannin F, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to conduct preliminary phytochemical screening, pharmacognostical and physicochemical investigation of Chrysochamela noeana. The fresh and dried herbs were studied by morphology, microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening and florescence analysis of powdered drug. In addition, physicochemical parameters were studied according to WHO guidelines. Physicochemical parameters and florescence analysis were also performed. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carbohydrates. Total phenol contents were 245 ± 3.67, 179.06 ± 4.52, and 15.98 ± 3.32 (GAE mg/g extract) and total flavonoid content were 180.85 ± 8.21, 146.41 ± 2.56, and 13.46 ± 0.23 (QUE mg/g extract) for ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts, respectively. The IC50 value for extracts in ABTS radical scavenging activity were calculated in order of 51.47, 122.26 and 1146.91 ^g/mL, and in DPPH for 1.55, 1.13 and 27.16 mg/mL for ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts, respectively. The results of these studies could be useful for correct identification and detection of adulterants from this plant material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornus mas L. is a rich source of valuable compounds with pro-health properties and, therefore, may be attractive for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. This paper attempts to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effect of an extract from C. mas fruit on skin cells in vitro. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out using UPLC-MS and the content of the main components was determined. The biological activity of the extract was assessed by in vitro analysis using two human cell lines: keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (BJ). Additionally, the ability of this extract to regulate gene expression (SOD-1, Nox-4) in skin cells was evaluated. Moreover, the impact of the extract and its main components, including loganic acid and cornuside, on the level of inflammatory cytokines in H2O2-treated cells was assessed. The tests showed that the extract has strong antioxidant properties and stimulates the proliferation of both types of cells. The results evidence that the Cornus mas L. fruit extract significantly reduces the level of reactive oxygen species in the cells tested and can modulate the expression of genes closely related to oxidative stress. Moreover, it suppresses the production of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and the effect was related to loganic acid and cornuside. The present research indicates that the analyzed dogwood extract can be an effective means of prevention of cell damage caused by free radicals and have a positive effect on the condition of skin cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root of Millettia speciosa Champ. (MSCP) is used in folk medicine and is popular as a soup ingredient. The root is composed of the rhizome and radix, but only the radix has been used as a food. Thus, it is very important to compare the chemical components and antioxidant activities between the rhizome and radix. The extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and multivariate analysis, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Ninety-one compounds were detected simultaneously and temporarily identified. Ten compounds were identified as chemical markers to distinguish the rhizome from the radix. The antioxidant activities of the radix were higher than the rhizome. Correlation analysis showed that uvaol-3-caffeate, 3-O-caffeoyloleanolic acid, and khrinone E were the main active markers for antioxidant activity, which allowed for the rapid differentiation of rhizomes and the radix. Therefore, it could be helpful for future exploration of its material base and bioactive mechanism. In addition, it would be considered to be used as a new method for the quality control of M. speciosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Burseraceae family consists of 18 genera and 540 species. Boswellia dalzielii is a medicinal plant used in tropical and subtropical areas for the treatment and management of various ailments. Despite the medicinal value of B. dalzielii, there is no comprehensive documentation. The study aimed to review the ethnopharmacology, biological evaluation and chemical composition of B. dalzielii. Scopus, Web of Science, BioMed Central, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar were searched to find published articles. The results showed that the leaves, stem bark, and root of B. dalzielii have been traditionally used in Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Benin, Sudan, and Guinee for the treatment and management of antirheumatic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic, hypotensive, malarial mental illness, ulcer, pain, and fever. It is also found that leaves, stem bark, and root have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial properties with stembark having the highest activity. Chemically, it was revealed the leaf has high contents of monoterpenes hydrocarbons with alpha-pinene as the major compound. The species were largely studied in vitro, according to the literature survey. A well-designed clinical experiment is required to obtain conclusive evidence on the efficacy of stembark. The standard dose and safety of the stembark should be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-level ozone (O3) is well recognized as a secondary air pollutant with detrimental effects on plant growth and biochemistry. In a field study, Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitter) was exposed to ambient O3 and elevated O3 (AO + 20 ppb) at three growth stages [45, 90, and 135 days after treatment, (DAT)] using open-top chambers. Elevated O3 stress negatively impacted plant growth, increased cell damage, and induced foliar injuries. However, elevated O3 also boosted antioxidant production such as proline, phenol, and enzymatic antioxidants, as well as certain secondary metabolites such as tannins, phytosterols, saponins, and alkaloids. This may enhance the plant's medicinal properties, including compounds limonene dioxide, phytol, palmitic acid, and androstadiene. While, certain metabolites like Citronellol, Khusenol, and tocopherol displayed an adverse reaction under elevated O3 exposure. The novel detection of acrodiene, squalene, and neophytadiene under O3 stress emphasizes their medicinal significance. Notably, an important bioactive compound andrographolide in A. paniculata showed increased synthesis under elevated O3 at 45 and 90 DAT, suggesting that O3 exposure could enhance the plant's pharmaceutical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae) is a hemiparasitic shrub that grows on dicotyledonous trees; the plant is used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to review the ethnomedicinal uses, scientific and pharmacological studies as well as phytochemistry of G. braunii. Information related to the ethnomedicinal uses, scientific and pharmacological studies as well as phytochemistry of the G. braunii was obtained by searching using the keyword G. braunii in the following databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The literature search revealed that G. braunii is widely distributed in tropical countries like Malaysia, Cameroun, Ghana and Nigeria, and is used traditionally to treat pulmonary diseases, hypertension, ulcer, cancer, epilepsy and pain. Scientific studies have shown that G. braunii possessed anticonvulsant, central nervous depressant, oxytocic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, laxative, antihypertensive, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial activities. Approximately, thirty-two (32) compounds were isolated from the plant. Some of these compounds include; 7a,15a-epoxy-lup-20(29)-ene-30-hydroxyl-3ß-O-tetracosanoate, Lupeol, quercetin, (+)-catechin, quercitrin, rutin, avicularin, and 6-methoxy-2H-inden-5-ol. G. braunii should be used in the development of new plant-derived drugs and used as herbal supplements for the management of various diseases. In addition, studies on the clinical safety and efficacy of the plant should also be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Embelia ribes Burm. (E. ribes, Myrsinaceae), also known as Vidanga in Ayurveda, has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits on several disorders, and its main chemical bioactive constituent, embelin, has the therapeutic potential to be converted into innovative drugs, which is why it has recently received considerable interest. In the present work, we provide a higher level of comprehension, awareness, and extensive knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics of E. ribes throughout the last several decades (February 1965 to June 2021), emphasizing the importance of the study of essential oils extracted from E. ribes, which show a major potential for exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scifinder, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to conduct a thorough literature search. Results: E. ribes is high in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics, all of which have medicinal benefits. The essential oils/extracts and isolated chemical constituents exhibited antioxidant activity, wound healing, antidiabetic, central nervous system (CNS)-related disease, antiviral, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, and antifertility activity, among other promising pharmacological effects. Conclusion: The translation between traditional applications and modern medicine may make E. ribes a promising target for the implementation of innovative medication. To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of E. ribes, further high-quality preclinical studies using advanced methodologies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies, diagnostic signs of Trifolii pratense grass collected in the phenophase of active flowering in the area of southern Ukraine were revealed. We have proposed the adoption of an appendix to the existing monograph of the State Service of Ukraine on Medicines and Drugs Control “Trifolii inflorescences”, with raw material of grass Trifolii pratense, with appropriate microscopic identification of diagnostic signs of leaves and stems of the plant. According to our previously found optimal conditions for extraction of medicinal plant raw materials (ratio of solvent-plant material, time and temperature of extraction), selected aqueous extract (1: 5) of clover grass with yields of maximum active substances to the extract from 60 min to 24 hours, which showed lower values of TBARS (0.541 ± 0.0291 μM / g, mean ± SD), which gives grounds to recommend the use of raw materials as an antioxidant, compared with the action of ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has been determined that Onosma species exhibit interesting biological/pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol (MeOH), water and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the aerials parts of Onosma rascheyana (Boiss.). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Biological activities of the extracts were determined using antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory test systems. The MeOH extract was found to be rich in both phenolics and flavonoids (31.55 mg GAEs/g and 15.20 mg REs/g, respectively). The MeOH extract also contained higher amounts of 4-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acids compared to other phytochemicals. The MeOH extract exhibited remarkable activity in all antioxidant test systems. However, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS) scavenging assay resulted in superiority of water extract (88.90 mg TEs/g). The relative antioxidant capacity indices (RACI) of the extracts and the correlations between these values and antioxidant activities confirmed the high activity of the MeOH extract. In the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity tests, the ethyl acetate extract showed high activity, while the tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay resulted in the superiority of the MeOH extract (59.72 mg KAEs/g). It was concluded that the extracts of O. rascheyana could be used as alternative agents in the food, cosmetic and medical industries due to their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus tripartitum (Ucria) Grande leaves and fruits were investigated for their contents in phenolic compounds, essential oils, and fatty acids. Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of these secondary metabolites were investigated using chromatographic tools and different antioxidant tests. Results displayed high amounts of phenolic compounds in leaves, concomitant with important antioxidant potentialities, probably due to their richness in phenolic acids and flavonoids as identified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Amounts of essential oils were higher in leaves. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes are exclusively synthesized by the fruits, expressing better antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum spp. are the widely studied herbal plants because of their diverse biological activities. The present study aimed at comparative extraction of secondary metabolites and evaluation of their biological activities in different solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water. Three Ocimum species, namely Ocimum basilicum L. (Green tulsi), Ocimum gratissimum L. (Jungli tulsi), and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Black tulsi), were selected for this study. Leaf extracts from dried powder of these species were prepared in different solvents. The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and total condensed tannins were estimated using standard assays. Fingerprint analysis using UV, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and fluorescent spectroscopy was also conducted. Total antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated. Fingerprint analysis indicated the presence of a sufficient level of polyphenolics in all the solvent extracts. Among all the solvents, acetone provided a higher yield of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in all Ocimum species. Black Ocimum showed the maximum level of antioxidants. All Ocimum extracts exhibited a sufficient level of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. The results indicated that by using appropriate solvents, bioactive compounds from Ocimum species can be extracted and used as therapeutic agents with potential biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a high interest in creating medicines, dietary supplements, cosmetics including plant extract with antioxidant activity. For understanding whether plant extract has a maximum level of antioxidant activity it is important to know the total antioxidant activity of raw material. Objective: The main goal of study was to find out the green tea leaves total antioxidant activity. Methods: The antioxidant activity was measured by potentiometric method. Total phenolic, flavonoids, catechins and hydrocinnamic acids derivatives were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin and sodium molibdate methods, respectively. Results: The green tea leaves total antioxidant activity was 660.75 mmol-eqv./mres. dry weight. A significant correlation was observed between the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity, which indicated its main role in antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The research showed that the green rea leaves possess a high value of antioxidant activity and it is a good source of phenolic constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phytomedicine is becoming more acceptable as an alternative medicinal approach in the modern era. Objectives: The current study examined the antioxidant capacity and in vitro response of phytochemical constituents of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on standard parameters of healthy volunteer semen. Methods: The phytochemicals and their pharmacological response in a hydroethanolic (30:70 v/v) extract of W. somnifera roots were determined using standard protocols. Results: The constituents included flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenoids were reported. High-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy determined a diverse array of biologically active chemical constituents in the extract. The extract of W. somnifera exhibits substantial antioxidant properties, including total antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition, H2O2 scavenging, and Fe3+ reducing potential (P < .05). The analysis of essential natural minerals explored adequate levels determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Cytotoxic studies revealed significant thrombolytic, RBC membrane stabilization, and DNA damage protection activity (P < .05) while remaining non-mutagenic against Salmonella typhi TA98 and TA100. The best protective response of W. somnifera extract on human semen parameters (n = 30), such as total motility, progressive motility, and viability, demonstrated a significant (P < .05) improvement, particularly at the dose of 25 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL. Conclusion: The study concludes that W. somnifera possesses favorable in vitro characteristics that could aid in the preservation of sperm during intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chemical composition and biological activity of two Onosma species were studied. • Rosmarinic acid, hesperidin and hyperoside were found as the major compounds. • The samples exhibited remarkable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. • Hyperoside was a potent inhibitor on the ezymes. In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) extracts isolated from Onosma gracilis (Trautv.) and O. oreodoxa (Boiss. & Heldr.). O. oreodoxa was found to be richer in both phenolics and flavonoids than O. gracilis. The amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids in O. oreodoxa were 53.76 mg GAEs/g and 25.29 mg QEs/g, respectively. In addition to spectrophometric analysis, in chromatographic analyzes, twenty-four and twenty-six compounds were identified in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa , respectively. High amounts of hesperidin (6647.2 and 5260.75 µg/g extract, respectively), hyperoside (7153.26 and 10216.74 µg/g extract, respectively) and rosmarinic acid (21824.33 and 87493.19 µg/g extract, respectively) were found in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa. While O. oreodoxa showed higher activity in cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdenum, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating assays (324.22, 175.41, 719.50, 125.60 mg TEs/g extract and 25.11 mg EDTAEs/g extract, respectively), ABTS radical scavenging activity of O. gracilis (164.55 mg TEs/g extract) was higher than that of O. oreodoxa. O. gracilis also exhibited higher inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (2.57 mg GALAEs/g extract) and α-glucosidase (1674.24 mg ACEs/g extract). On the other hand, the sample showing the most effective inhibition on α-amylase and tyrosinase was O. oreodoxa (417.34 mg ACEs/g extract and 136.18 mg KAEs/g extract, respectively). As a result of the molecular docking analysis performed to determine the contribution of hesperidin, hyperoside and rosmarinic acid to the enzyme inhibitory activity, the binding affinity and inhibition constant of hyperoside to all enzymes were quite high and therefore it was concluded that it may be the compound that contribute to the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combinative method using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection for fingerprinting and quantitative analysis was developed and successfully applied for the quality evaluation of Lophatherum gracile Brongn leaves collected from 21 geographical locations in China. In the fingerprint analysis, 18 common peaks were observed among the 21 samples, and 10 peaks were identified. Simultaneous quantification of the 10 components was conducted to interpret the variations in these compounds among the L. gracile Brongn leaves originating from different geographical locations. The correlation between the chromatograms and the antioxidant activities of the samples was further studied. The results indicated a linear correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total common peak areas of the fingerprints obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection. Importantly, it was found that high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection fingerprinting can not only determine the quantities of individual components present in such samples but also evaluate the antioxidant activities of the samples. The developed method is a valuable reference for the further study and development of L. gracile Brongn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The long history of using plant species as medicines worldwide provides clues for the search for bioactive phytochemicals. One of the important traditional medicinal plant species of Pakistan is Dryopteris ramosa (Dryopteridaceae). The fronds of Dryopteris ramosa are traditionally used for the treatment of gastric ulcer and constipation. The crude methanol extract and aqueous fraction of Dryopteris ramosa exhibited strong free radical scavenging potential. Two xanthonoid compounds, mangiferin and isomangiferin, were isolated from the aqueous fraction of Dryopteris ramosa by chromatographic techniques (CC Sephadex LH20, followed by MPLC and purified by preparative TLC). Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis MS, NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC and HMBC). This is the first report on isolation of mangiferin and isomangiferin from Dryopteris genus though previously reported in other fern genera, e.g., Cystopteris, Acystopteris, Gymnocarpium and Asplenium. The antioxidant potential of mangiferin (60.34 ± 0.14 μg/mL) and isomangiferin (55.98 ± 0.39 μg/mL) was comparable to ascorbic acid (57.97 ± 0.93 μg/mL), thus representing promising antioxidant agents against oxidative stress. The investigation of the mechanism of free radical scavenging by mangiferin and isomangiferin showed that the catechol moiety was involved in quenching of free radicals. This study justified the traditional use of Dryopteris ramosa confirming the pharmacological properties of isolated compounds. Further phytochemical studies on Dryopteris ramosa are needed for identification of new bioactive phytochemicals in this plant of ethnobotanical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumae Radix is an efficacious ingredient with various medicinal properties empirically used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for the treatment of cancer, depression, chest pain, dysmenorrhea, epilepsy, and jaundice. However, either phytochemical or pharmacological information of Curcumae Radix underlying its traditionally medicinal uses is rarely summarized and systematically analyzed. To provide evidence for clinical trials, a comprehensive literature review has been prepared of the phytochemicals, and ethnopharmacological and pharmacological mechanisms of this herb. The review approach consisted of searching several web-based scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsevier. The keywords included "Curcumae Radix," "Curcuma wenyujin," "Curcuma longa," "Curcuma kwangsiensis," and "Curcuma phaeocaulis." Based on the proposed criteria, 57 articles were evaluated in detail. The accumulated data indicate that Curcumae Radix contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals, mainly sesquiterpenes, diarylheptanoids, and diarylpentanoids, which account for a variety of medicinal values, such as anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hepatic fibrosis, and antioxidant. A wide range of apoptotic proteins, cell adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants could be modulated by either Curcumae Radix or its bioactive compounds, thus underpinning a fundamental understanding for the pharmacological effects of this herb. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of Curcumae Radix to progress the development of versatile adjuvants or therapeutic agents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since ancient times medicinal plants have been used as medicine in many parts of the world to promote human health and longevity. In recent years many novel secondary metabolites of plants have been isolated and reported to provide lead compounds for new drug discoveries. Solanum mauritianum Scopoli is native to South America. It is reported to be used by native South Americans during famine as a vegetable and as medicine to cure various diseases. In South Africa the plant is viewed as weed and is facing eradication, however, this plant is a valuable subject for research into its potential pharmaceutical and chemical uses. This study elucidated the metabolic profile of fungal endophytes that have promising bioactive secondary metabolites against pathogenic microorganisms, including mycobacterium species. Material and methods: Fungal endophytes from a weed Solanum mauritianum Scop. were used to synthesize secondary metabolites. Gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) was used to analyse volatile compounds to prove that potentially fungal endophytes could be extracted from this weed. Extracts obtained with ethyl acetate were screened for phytochemicals and analyzed using a gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. Principal component analysis was used to compare the gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry data for differences/similarities in their clustering. Phytochemical screening was conducted on the crude extracts of fungal endophytes obtained from different parts of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (leaves, ripe fruit, unripe fruit and stems). Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presents of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, quinones and saponins. Quinones were not present in the crude extracts of Fusarium sp. A total of 991 compounds were observed in the fungal endophytes, and Cladosporium sp. (23.8%) had the highest number of compounds, compared to Paracamarosporium leucadendri (1.7%) and Talaromyces sp. (1.5%). Some volatile compounds such as eicosane, 2-pentadecanone, 2-methyloctacosane, hexacosane and tridecanoic acid methyl ester with antibacterial activity were also observed. Conclusion: Compositional variations between the plant and fungal endophyte phytochemicals were observed. The results of this study indicate that fungal endophytes from Solanum mauritianum Scop. contain compounds that can be exploited for numerous pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-life and free radical molecule. • NO modulates protein functions throughout posttranslational modifications (S -nitrosation and tyrosine nitration). • NO applied exogenously can mediate beneficial effects during ripening and postharvest storage. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-life and free radical molecule involved in a wide range of cellular, physiological and stressful processes in higher plants. In recent years it has been observed that exogenous NO application can palliate adverse damages against abiotic and biotic stresses. Conversely, there is accumulating information indicating that endogenous NO participates significantly in the mechanism of modulation of the ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Even more, when NO is exogenously applied, it can mediate beneficial effects during ripening and postharvest storage being one of the main effects the increase of antioxidant systems. Consequently, NO could be a promising biotechnological tool to improve crops through ameliorating nutritional indexes and to alleviate damages during fruit ripening and postharvest management. Thus, this approach should be complementary to previous strategies to allow preserving the quality and healthiness of fruits with a view of enhancing their added value. The present mini-review aims to provide an overview of NO biochemistry in plants and updated information on the relevance of NO in fruit ripening and postharvest stages with a view to its biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image, graphical abstract Sida L. is one of the most diverse genera in the Malvaceae family and its species are used in different countries of the world for the treatment of various diseases, with such ethnomedicinal use supported by pharmacological assays. The main objective of this study is to update the knowledge on the biological and pharmacological activities and phytochemistry of Sida since the last revision of the genus published in 2015. Ethnobotanical, pharmacological and phytochemical information on the genus Sida was collected through various scientific research platforms. Our findings showed that the best studied species are S. acuta, S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia, while few works have been dedicated to other species such as S. galheirensis. Sida species are traditionally used for the treatment of various conditions, especially ulcers, asthma, fever, pain, rheumatism and diarrhea. A total of 121 chemical constituents were listed, of which 89 were discovered in the last five years. • In this review was update the knowledge on the ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of the genus sida. • Sida species are used worldwide for the treatment of ulcers, asthma, fever, pain, rheumatism and diarrhea. • A total of 121 chemical constituents were listed, 89 of which were discovered in the last five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]