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An overproducing date fruit with limited industrial utilization leads to significant waste and losses, especially in the early stage of date maturity known as bisr. This study aimed to investigate the potential use of bisr date powder (BDP) at different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%) as a natural sweetener instead of sugar and barley flour as a source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals instead of wheat flour (50%) in biscuit production over storage periods of 7, 14, and 21 days. The analysis revealed that the bisr Al-Khalas powder sample had a moisture content of 11.84%, ash content of 2.30%, and crude fiber content of 10.20%. Additionally, it had a low protein (2.50%) and fat (0.77%) content, with total carbohydrates at 82.59%. The gradual substitution of bisr Al-Khalas in biscuit production resulted in an increased moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, and iron content, as well as a decrease in total carbohydrate percentage. A chemical analysis of bisr Al-Khalas powder demonstrated high levels of antioxidants, with 248.49 mg gallic acid/g of phenolic compounds, 31.03 mg quercetin/g of flavonoids, and an antioxidant activity ranging from 42.30%, as shown by the DPPH test. The peroxide content was 0.009 mg equivalent/kg. Biscuit samples with different proportions of bisr Al-Khalas showed an improved resistance to oxidation compared to samples without bisr Al-Khalas, with increased resistance as the percentage of replacement increased during storage. Physical properties such as the diameter, height, and spread percentage, as well as organoleptic properties like color, flavor, aroma, and taste, were significantly enhanced with higher levels of bisr Al-Khalas in the mixture. Biscuit samples fortified with 100% pure bisr Al-Khalas powder were found to be less acceptable, while samples with a 25% substitution did not negatively impact sensory properties. In addition, acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were not detected in bisr powder and biscuit samples prepared at different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%). In conclusion, the study suggests that bisr Al-Khalas powder, an underutilized waste product, has the potential to add value to commercial biscuit production due to its high nutritional value and extended storage period resulting from its potent antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the impact of variety factor on the physiological characteristics and growth curve of date palm fruits in a private orchard in the Hartha district of Al-Masheeb, north of Basrah province. Two date palm varieties, Barhi and Zamli, were selected and antioxidants tocopherol and Glutathione were used at three concentrations (0, 75, 150 mg/L) for each. The interaction between these factors was studied in terms of physiological characteristics and growth curves. Results showed no significant differences between the varieties' physiological characteristics, but the spray treatments had a significant effect on the percentage of fruit set. The Glutathione spraying treatment had the highest rate of fruit set (86.60%), while the comparison treatment had the lowest drop rate (77.55%). The interaction treatments also had significant differences in drop rate and non-set fruit percentages. The Zamli variety showed the highest growth curve of physical traits (6 and 12 weeks after pollination), while antioxidant spray treatments had significant differences in the rate of physical characteristics. The interaction had a significant effect on the studied characteristics during the two growth periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruits (DFs) are lucrative fruits with both nutritional and medicinal benefits. Although DF byproducts have gained interest as potential functional food ingredients, the functional role of DF waxes remains unexplored. Most plant fruits, including DFs,had a lipophilic cuticular layer; and constitutes of epicuticular wax (EPW), which has an important role in respiration losses, mechanical support, fruit softening, and pathogen resistance. In this study, the compositional and antioxidant properties of EPW from Majdool, Khalas, and Fard DFs were investigated. Moreover, thermal transitions of EPW were examined. Results revealed the highest EPW yield in Majdool (16.62 ± 1.68 mg wax/cm²) and the lowest in Khalas (0.075 ± 0.008 mg wax/cm²). Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy showed maximum absorptivity at 250 and 290 nm across all varieties, corresponding to conjugated dienes and trienes, respectively. Fourier transform infrared peaks confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, methylene, and carbonyl groups, including specific domains of phenolic compounds. Khalas and Fard EPWs reported more total phenolic content and scavenging activity than Majdool EPW. The variations were observed in the melting temperatures of EPW, ranging from 60 °C to 85 °C. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for the potential application of DF EPW in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five types of dates imported from different countries, namely Iran, Medina, Tunisia, Jerusalem, and Baghdad, were selected to determine the antioxidant activity properties of dates. In addition, 10 pesticide residues used in date plants were analyzed and the effects of pesticide residues on recovery using were investigated. Antioxidant activities of the date extracts were determined by using DPPH and Folin- Ciocalteu phenol reagent assays. Pesticide residue studies were performed by using LC-MS-MS technique and recovery studies were carried out by using AOAC.2007.01 and 15662 Quechers methods Antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of date fruit were affected by location, genetic variability, environmental characteristics, maturation stages, and extraction methods. A lot of residual pesticides were determined in the extracts. It was determined that the Dioxacarb residue in the Medina date fruit was above the tolerance limit. According to AOAC 2007.01 Quechers method, the highest recovery of Chlorpyrifos Methylin was found as 57.069 in Medina date. In the study, it was determined that date extracts showed lower antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidants. Many pesticide residues were detected in the pesticide analyzes made on dates, and some of them were found to be above the specified limits. It is of great importance that the pesticide residue amounts in foodstuffs are determined beforehand and not exceed the tolerance limits, both in terms of consumer health and in terms of not returning the exported food products. Within the scope of the study, pesticide residues commonly used in Date fruit were analyzed and determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and other micronutrients, which impact human health due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics. In the present study, the effect of ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, hydromethanol, and aqueous extract from three date palm varieties (i.e., Ajwa, Siwi, and Sukkari) on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and anticancer activities was investigated. Fruit extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH· method. Phenolic constituents were quantified and identified using HPLC-DAD. Extracts (ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, and hydromethanol) were assessed for cytotoxicity on nine human cancer cell lines, i.e., MG-63, HCT116, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HEPG2, HUH7, A549, H460, and HFB4, using the sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Sukkari fruits has the greatest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 132.4 ± 0.3 μg·mL−1, while the aqueous extract of Ajwa date fruits exhibited the lowest antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 867.1 ± 0.3 μg·mL−1. The extracts exhibited potent to moderate anticancer activities against the investigated cancer cell line in a source-dependent manner. Methanol extract of Siwi fruits exhibited the most potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 99 ± 1.6 µg·mL−1), followed by the same extract of Sukkari fruits with an IC50 value of 119 ± 3.5 µg·mL−1 against the cell line of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated to determine the relationship among the investigated traits and treatments. Our findings reveal that date palm fruit-derived extracts are excellent sources of biologically active constituents and substantiate their potential use in new anticancer strategies from natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Dumping date fruit pomace (DFP) in landfills cause serious waste management issues. • Valorization of DFP is one of the strategies for sustainable waste management. • To implement valorization strategies, the composition of DFP is examined herein. • DFP is rich in total dietary fiber and soluble sugars. • DFP is also rich in nutritionally rich minerals and phenolic compounds. Date fruit pomace (DFP), an abundant byproduct of the date syrup industry, is currently underutilized. It is either fed to animals or landfilled where it ferments, causing serious environmental issues. Proper waste management through valorization strategies is required to reduce the environmental impact of date waste and foster the transition of the date processing industry towards sustainability. The implementation of valorization strategies requires characterizing the DFP composition. Herein, four DFP samples of Emirati varieties were characterized in terms of compositional and functional properties. The fresh DFPs contained moisture (∼60.0 g/100 g). On a dry matter basis, DFPs contained total dietary fiber (∼45.5 g/100 g), residual sugars (∼35.3 g/100 g), protein (∼10.6 g/100 g), ash (∼4.1 g/100 g), and fat (∼1.3 g/100 g). They were also rich in nutritionally important elements such as potassium (∼145.7 ppm), calcium (∼46 ppm), phosphorus (∼28.7 ppm), and magnesium (∼26.7 ppm). The total phenolic content varied from 170 to 260 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/100 g, making DFP a good source of antioxidants. Scanning electron microscopy measurements revealed the presence of fibrous bundle-like structures, whose thermal stability was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, showing the dominance of insoluble over soluble fiber. Higher water- and oil-holding capacities were found for dried desugared pomace. The high fiber, phenolic, and elemental content highlight the high nutritional value of DFP, which can be used as dietary supplement, while its sugar content can be used to produce value-added biochemicals via fermentation. Thus, DFP may represent a valuable bioresource for food and non-food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dates are vital sources of nutrients and bioactive components which are widely consumed throughout the world. Agro-industrial waste, such as date palm waste, has been recognized as a potential candidate of bioactive chemicals and essential oils for utilization in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Date fruit and seed are well-known for their nutritional worth, which includes high sugar, vitamins, and mineral content that includes potassium and magnesium. Presence of phenolic compounds diverges the attention of researchers towards efficient extraction processes. Various traditional e.g., soxhlet, maceration, infusion, and digesting and advanced extraction techniques, i.e., pressurised fluid extraction (PFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical CO 2 extraction (SC-CO 2) have been discussed briefly to extract bioactive components for instance flavonoids, tocopherols, tannins, carotenoids, tocotrienols and hydroxybenzoic acid from date palm fruit, seed, and leaves. The findings reveal that the higher total phenolic content in a shorter time can be obtained by combining ultrasonic with PLE or SFE extraction techniques. These bioactive components can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries for pre-treatment of certain ailments. Moreover, the natural bioactive components with potential therapeutic benefits, such as non-starch polysaccharides and selenium. The purpose of this study is to highlight the advances achieved in understanding bioactive components e.g., phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins hydroxycinnamic, hydroxybenzoic and bio-oil of date palm fruits, including their synthesis, probable functions, and health advantages, to find prospective uses for date-derived materials in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food sector. [Display omitted] • Chemicals, particularly phenolics, may be extracted from Phoenix dactylifera. • Extraction of phenolic compounds is difficult via conventional method. • Substitute methods PLE, EAE, MAE, and UAE may be employed for high phenolic content. • Efficiency is increased by combining ultrasonic with PLE/SFE extraction techniques. • Date palm products can be employed as natural components for novel health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Ever since the concept of functional foods was introduced and consumer awareness of the relationship between health and food consumption increased, there has been a rise in demand for super healthy foods. There is a considerable amount of dietary fiber in date seeds, which plays a key role in disease prevention. Iran is one of the top date producers in the world, and considering the nutritional value of this product, the application of date seed, as a byproduct of the date industry, in human and animal nutrition has attracted great interest. Materials and Methods: In this study, date seed germ was prepared and compared with date seed in terms of antioxidant properties (Scavenging activity to DPPH radical, Total phenol determination), fiber, proteins, fats, and mineral salts. Results: The results showed an increase in antioxidant properties (Scavenging activity to DPPH radical, Total phenol determination), amount of fiber, protein, fat and minerals in date seed germ compared to date seed powder. Conclusion: Therefore, both date seed powder and date seed germ can be used in food formulation as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethephon (ET) is an ethylene-based plant growth regulator (PGR) that has demonstrated greater efficacy in delaying bloom in deciduous fruit species. However, the underlying mechanisms by which ET modulates dormancy and flowering time remain obscure. This study aimed to delineate the ET-mediated modulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to chilling and heat requirements of "Redhaven" peach trees during dormancy. Peach trees were treated with ethephon (500ppm) in the fall (at 50% leaf fall), and floral buds were collected at regular intervals of chilling hours (CH) and growing degree hours (GDH). In the control trees, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels peaked at the endodormancy release and declined thereafter; a pattern that has been ascertained in other deciduous fruit trees. However, H2O2 levels were higher and sustained for a more extended period than control in the ET-treated trees. ET also increased the activity of ROS generating (e.g., NADPH-oxidase; superoxide dismutase) and scavenging (e.g., catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase) enzymes during endodormancy. However, CAT activity dropped significantly just before the bud burst in the ET-treated trees. In addition, ET affected the accumulation profiles of starch and soluble sugars (hexose and sucrose); significantly reducing the sucrose and glucose levels and increasing starch levels during endodormancy. However, our study concluded that variations in ROS levels and antioxidation pathways, rather than carbohydrate metabolism, could explain the differences in bloom time between ET-treated and -untreated trees. The present study also revealed several important bud dormancy controlling factors that are subject to modulation by ethephon. These factors can serve as potential targets for developing PGRs to manipulate bloom dates in stone fruits to avoid the ever-increasing threat of spring frosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is not only known for its nutritional properties but also its therapeutic virtues. The objective was to investigate the phenolic compounds and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of pulp, seed, and whole fruit of Algerian dates. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanolic pulp (EP), seed (ES), and whole fruit (EF) extracts were measured using colorimetric methods. Phenolic acids and flavonoid profiles were determined by RP-HPLC-UV. The examination of the antioxidant potential was established by Free radical scavenging DPPH and FRAP assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous pulp (AP), seed (AS), and whole fruit (AF) of dates at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW of each extract were carried out according to the experimental model of carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in mice, using diclofenac (50 mg/kg) as a reference product. Measurement of the percentage of inhibition of paw edema in mice as well as the histological study of the paw tissue, allowed us to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts investigated. Ethanolic pulp, seed, and whole fruit of date extracts contained total phenolic and flavonoids compounds at different concentrations as well as a diverse phenolic profile. The strongest antioxidant capacity was determined in ethanolic date seed extract. Concerning anti-inflammatory activity, the administration of aqueous pulp (100 and 200 mg/kg), seed (100mg/kg), and fruit (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) of date extract induced a higher anti-inflammatory response from the fourth hour after carrageenan injection compared to the standard group treated with diclofenac. It is concluded that pulp, seed, and whole fruit of Algerian date possess antioxidant activity with phenolic and flavonoid contents and anti-inflammatory activity and dates with pulp and seed parts could be used as a natural bioactive substance for supporting anti-inflammatory therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the polar phenolic content of dried dates from three varieties and to determine their polar phenol bioaccessibility, using a static model of in vitro digestion. Dried date total phenol content was 55–71 mg GAE/100 g; total flavanol content was 0.2–0.4 mg CE/100 g, total flavone/flavonol content was 8–14 mg RE/100 g. Dates from the Ajwa and Safawi varieties presented the higher total phenol and flavone/flavonol content as compared with dates from the Jomara variety. Flavonoids together with benzoic acids and cinnamic acids were present in all date varieties. Among the compounds identified, gallic acid predominated in Ajwa variety (4.56 ± 0.11 mg/100 g), caffeic acid in Safawi (3.59 ± 0.02 mg/100 g), and neochlorogenic acid in Jomara (1.05 ± 0.10 mg/100 g). Simulated gastrointestinal digestion revealed that date polar phenols were bioaccessible. A 37–70% release was observed post oral digestion, in terms of total phenolic content, that further increased post gastric (> 100%). Total phenols and total flavones/flavonols were found to enter the simulated epithelial cell wall. p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, and quercetin were identified and quantified in all simulated digestion phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yoghurt a fermented product is a wholesome, nutritious food product, liked by every segment of the population. There has been a continuous effort in increasing the quality of the product by fortification and technological interventions. Researchers have focused on the addition of vitamins and minerals to eradicate micronutrient deficiency as well as the addition of health-promoting bioactive functional ingredients such as Hibiscus sabdariffa (calyx) extract and natural antimicrobial agents such as essential oils to increase the shelf life and quality parameters of yoghurt. In the case of lowfat yoghurt, carbohydrate-based fat replacers like barley beta-glucan, guar gum and inulin were used and compared with milk fat. Present review focuses on the influence of antioxidant-rich fruits such as Rutub date, mulberry pekmez and concentrated grape juice on the fermentation and quality of fruit flavoured yoghurt. There has been an innovation in product design such as carbonated yoghurt prepared from sweetened low-fat yoghurt and yog-ice cream by addition of inulin. The present review signifies that enrichment of yoghurt with functional ingredients leads to enhancement in the quality, storage stability as well as health benefits making it a product suitable for maintaining good health and curing diseases of the population in a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the fruits frequently found with several terms referring to ripening of date fruits including Tamar. The Holy Qur‟an has stated Date fruits in several verses (20 times) indicating the valuable values of Date fruit (DF) both in terms of their uniqueness and usefulness. The nutritional values, phytochemical compositions, and biological activities are influenced by some factors. The aim of this review was to highlight the Quranic perspectives on date fruit and to describe nutritional values, phytochemical profiles, and antioxidant effects of DF. During this study, some databases of Scopus, American Chemical Society, Science direct, Springer, Google Scholar covering abstract and full texts are downloaded and evaluated to be used as references during this review. From Quranic perspective, dates are unique fruits because Allah mentions them 20 times in 16 different chapters in the Quran indicating something valuable both in terms of their uniqueness and usefulness. DF contained large numbers of phenolics and flavonoids compounds contributing to high antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. It is recommended to consume DF as a functional food to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases. These benefits prove that DF is a good source to improve the life quality of human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed on nutritional comparison of different four varieties of date fruit including (Ajwa, Hallawi, Madjool and Shamran), exploration of their functional ingredients i.e. antioxidant profile (total phenolic contents) and dietary fiber with special reference to the hypo-cholesterolemic capacity of the functional ingredients. Considering the aforementioned essentials, all the four date varieties were analyzed comparatively. The results showed significant difference in moisture content, ash contents, protein value, fat contents, fiber contents and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents of different date varieties (p<0.05). Maximum ash contents (3.23%), crude protein (2.89%) and crude fat (0.49%) contents were recorded in Ajwa while it showed a minimum content of NFE (91.36%) as compared to the other date varieties. Maximum moisture content (23.12%) was found in Hallawi. Hallawi showed minimum contents of Crude fiber (1.88%) while Madjool showed highest contents of crude fiber (2.41%). Mineral estimation showed that potassium was the predominant mineral and ranged from (480.3 to 852.15 mg/100g) in Ajwa and Hallawi, respectively. Total phenolic contents ranged from 238.89 mg/100 (Madjool) to 280.67 mg/100g (Hallawi) while the highest DPPH scavenging activity was observed in Madjool followed by Ajwa (72.15%), Hallawi (69.17) and the lowest was found in Shamran (61.18%).Total flavonoid contents ranged from 96.05 mg/100 (Shamran) to 172.07 mg/100g (Ajwa) while the highest total flavonoid activity was observed in Ajwa (172.07 mg/100g) followed by Hallawi (157.07 mg/100g) and the lowest was observed in Shamran (96.05 mg/100g). Maximum content of Total dietary fiber (11.02%) and soluble dietary fiber (3.0%) was observed in Hallawi while in Ajwa (7.25%), Hallawi (8.02%) and Shamran (7.92%) showed a significantly (p= 0.05) higher insoluble dietary fiber in comparison with Madjool (4.30%). In addition, the date variety was tested in the experimental mouse model to evaluate its maximum cholesterol lowering effect. It was observed that Ajwa and Hallawi could effectively inhibit cholesterol level, which was 110 mg / dl and 103 mg / dl, respectively. According to the above chemical characteristics and parameters, the results of Ajwa and Hallawi dates were almost the same, and the greatest potential of lowering cholesterol, LDL and TG in serum was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental stages can influence tissue structure, chemical composition, sweetness, and flavor of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit. Mozafati is one of the most important commercial cultivars of date in Iran. However, the effects of developmental stages on the nutritional value of this cultivar are not known. Thus, this study attempted to provide a comprehensive analysis of various nutritional and biochemical properties of Mozafati cultivar. Anthocyanin and reducing sugars were found to increase during development while other phenolic compounds followed a downward trend. Antioxidant capacity of the fruits decreased during development; sucrose was not observed in any developmental stages. Eight phenolic compounds including gallic, chlorogenic, trans-ferulic, sinapic and p-coumaric acids, vanillin, catechin, and hesperidin were identified and quantified during development. At the first and second stages of development, the number of fruit polyphenolic compounds was higher compared to the last three stages. The results represented a higher level of sinapic acid (4.73 ± 0.74 mg/100 g of fresh weight), an important anxiolytic agent, in the Rutab stage of Mozafati cultivar. Hesperidin was also detected for the first time in the fruit of a date cultivar. Nutritional analysis of components and minerals introduced Mozafati date as a rich source of these elements. Most importantly, our findings highlight the importance of Mozafati date as a potential alternative source of calcium supplementation. The results of this study revealed the richness of Mozafati cultivar fruits in terms of many nutrients during developmental stages and the possibility of their usages in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is generally consumed in form of dry fruits (Tamr stage); however, fresh date palm fruit in Khalal stage is currently of interest due to its high total phenolic contents (TPCs) and antioxidant activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the water based extraction conditions such as temperature (30-90°C), shaking time (0.5-6 hours) and solid-to-liquid ratio (100-500 mg/mL) of date palm fruit in Khalal stage. This will help to establish extraction protocol for future food applications. Under optimized extraction conditions, TPCs and antioxidant activities of cell culture originated (CO) and seed originated (SO) date palm fruit were compared to examine the effect of cultivar variation. The results suggest that optimization of extraction conditions was reached using the concentration of 100 mg/mL, extraction temperature of 50°C, and shaking time of one hour. Under these extraction conditions, CO exhibited TPCs of 3.47±0.33 mg GAE/g DW as well as antioxidant activities of 0.0025±0.00, 16.13±0.81 and 123.21±9.77 µmol TE/g DW measured by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP and ORAC assays, respectively. Interestingly, SO exhibited higher TPCs (3.87±0.23 mg GAE/g DW) and antioxidant activities (0.0021±0.00, 19.23±0.80 and 185.68±9.29 µmol TE/g DW by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP and ORAC assays, respectively). The findings from this study will promote consumption of date palm fruits in Khalal stage as healthy food and support its future development for food. Also, this will enhance the growth of date palm fruit with its attendant economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The effect of Gamma irradiation on extending the shelf life of date fruits was type cultivar, doses, and time storage-dependents. • The higher dose (5kG) of gamma was played a protective role to TPC decrease, moisture loss, pH and TSS decrease more than other doses during storage. • Gamma doses enhanced the ATC capacity, peroxidase activity and the score of sensory quality especially to Piarom cultivar at end storage. • The 5kG dose of Gamma displayed an effective dose for microbial decontamination and the maintenance of date fruit from fungal contamination. • Applying gamma irradiation in appropriate dose suggested for increasing the shelf life of mentioned three date cultivars. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties, microbial load and storage life of three date fruit cultivars. Gamma irradiation was directed at semi-dry date fruits of the 'Piarom' cultivar and also at the dry date fruits of the 'Zahedi' and 'Deiri' cultivars. The irradiation treatment was carried out at three doses, i.e. 1, 3 and 5 kG, in a 60Co chamber. Then, the date fruits were stored at 25 ± 2 °C for 4 months. At the end of the storage, the treated samples showed a higher total soluble solid compared to the control. Over time, the moisture content of the samples decreased. However, among all cultivars, the 'Zahedi' cultivar had a higher moisture content than the control. Through the storage time, the total phenolic content was reduced, but irradiation had a significant effect on maintaining the total phenolic content of the samples. Comparing the three cultivars, the highest flavonoid content was observed in 'Piarom' samples (26.82 mg CEQ/g FW). Furthermore, the 'Piarom' cultivar exhibited higher levels of antioxidant capacity, peroxidase enzyme, ascorbate peroxidase, sensory attributes (color, flavor, texture, smell and overall acceptability) and fungal load, compared to the other two cultivars. The irradiation treatment caused the retention of the total antioxidant content, fungal load, sensory attributes, pH value and peroxidase enzyme. In addition, the irradiation dose of 5 kG appeared to be an optimal dose for decontamination and the maintenance of date fruit quality. In general, the present study indicated that the efficiency of gamma irradiation can be substantial for the postharvest maintenance of quality among dates. The treatments can assist horticulturists in preventing the deterioration of nutritional contents and the hygienic condition of fruits. This opens opportunities for future methods of disinfection that can reduce the occurrence of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dates are known to have a wide range of biological properties due to their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. The majority of Moroccan varieties and clones are not characterised for their bioactive compounds and their contribution to the total antioxidant activity. The aim of this research was to investigate the biochemical properties and antioxidant activities of 17 dates varieties and clones from Drâa oasis (southern Morocco) which have not been characterised yet. The results indicated that the total phenolic content was found between 101.06 and 478.37 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of dry matter (DM), the total flavonoids levels are between 1.79 and 216.12 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of dry matter (DM), and condensed tannins values range is between 5.29 and 152.15 mg of catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g dry matter (DM), and the antioxidant activity ranged between 0.219 and 2.028 mg/ml for FRAP IC50, 2.411 and 9.738 mg/ml for DPPH IC50. This study showed that date fruit is a veritable source of functional nutrients and natural antioxidants. Therefore, Moroccan dates can be used as a food or functional ingredient in food products. • The Moroccan varieties and clones dates are rich in bioactive compounds. • The gallic acid is the most abundant phenolic acid in the studied dates. • The cultivars are characterised by an important antioxidant activity related to their phenolics compounds. • The antioxidant activity is correlated especially with caffeic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colour of fruits and vegetables represent a lot about their nutritional value. These nutritional values are due to presence of bioactive substances like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytochemicals. Among natural dietary supplements, fruits and vegetables, in spite of low in calorific value, play very important role in human diet as a major source of biologically active compounds. Now a days, fruits and vegetables are gaining popularity and new ways of using as nutraceutical, antioxidants and medicines for treating diabetes, atherosclerosis, mastitis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, foot and mouth disease, gastric disorders, night blindness, skin allergies, hypersensitivity reaction, food poisoning, retention of placenta etc. The medicinal benefits are suitable for both the human as well as animals, being cost economic without side effect. The North Eastern Terai region of Uttar Pradesh harbors green lush vegetation having coloured fruits and vegetables. Till date 25 fruits and 21 vegetables plants are reported, which have enormous biological power and potential of nutraceutically active biomolecules. Therefore, the present study has undertaken to ascertain the possibilities of nutraceutical potential of coloured fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of storage at 0 and 20°C for 30 days with and without a passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and the effect of a freezing storage at -20, -40 and -80°C for 10 months followed by 1 week at 5°C on overall quality of Deglet Nour dates were studied. After the storage time, the physicochemical properties and sensory quality, microbial development, and moth infestation (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) of dates were monitored. It was observed that the storage temperature greatly affected the overall quality of dates. The 0°C was recommended for a short-term storage of fresh dates of one month. The MAP technique (6 kPa O2+12 kPa CO2) showed a positive effect on keeping overall quality of dates at 20ºC. However, for a long-term storage (10 months in frozen conditions plus 1 week at 5ºC), all freezing temperatures assayed kept the overall quality of dates and no differences were observed among them. In order to minimize the global costs, -20°C was considered as the most adequate temperature for a long-term freezing storage period. In conclusion, these chilling and freezing techniques could be recommended for commercial use at industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dates are naturally rich in antioxidants and other bioactive molecules. To enhance the shelf life and market value of these bioactive molecules, free flow spray-dried date powder was produced in a pilot scale spray drier. To better understand the rheological properties of the spray-dried date powder produced by different carrier materials (maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA)), different drying temperatures (150 and 170°C) and different flow rates of the atomizer (25 and 40 mL/min), a microstructural characterization of the scanning electron microscopy images of the date powder was performed using the graphical user interface design environment and image analysis toolbox in MATLAB. Also, the fundamental rheological characteristics of deformation and flow of particulate solids (i.e., packing, permeability, and strength) were obtained using an advanced rheometer and helium pycnometer. The microstructural and rheological properties of the date powders were significantly affected by the processing conditions used in this study. The date powder produced with MD had smooth, regular-shaped spherical particles along with good agglomeration and packing characteristics. Date powder with GA had irregular-shaped relatively smaller particles with dented surfaces with poor agglomeration and packing properties. Moreover, the rheological quality of the date powders was inversely proportional to the temperature and flow rate. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model for sorption isotherms was a suitable fit for the date powder. The monolayer moisture content for gum Arabic was twice that of the maltodextrin carrier material, whereas the monolayer heat of sorption was higher for maltodextrins. Using maltodextrin as the carrier material and drying at 150°C with a flow rate of 25 mL/min produced a free flowing less caking product as depicted by the sorption isotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of date (Phoenix dactylifera) pits extract (DPE) against γ-irradiation-induced liver damage in the male albino rats. For this study, 30-day survival, dose reduction factor (DRF), antioxidant status and some biochemical changes in the serum and hepatic tissue were evaluated. Materials and methods: To calculate 30-day survival, median lethal dose of 30 days (LD50/30) and DRF, DPE was orally administered to rats for 21 days before irradiation with different doses (5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 Gy) of γ-rays and the rats were observed for 30 days post-irradiation. To evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of DPE against γ-irradiation induced-liver tissue damage, animals were divided into four groups (eight animals in each group). (i) Control: rats not subjected to any treatment; (ii) DPE: DPE was orally administrated (1000 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days; (iii) RAD: rats’ whole body exposed to 5 Gy of γ-rays; (iv) DPE + RAD: rats received DPE treatment for 21 days before γ-irradiation. Animals were sacrificed on the seventh day postexposure to radiation. Results: The results showed that pretreatment prior to irradiation with DPE resulted in a significantly higher 30-day survival rate of rats after exposure to different doses of γ-irradiation. Furthermore, DPE treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the hepatic redox state, manifested by a marked increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione content associated with a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In addition, DPE exhibited hepatoprotective effect evidenced by a marked increase in serum levels of insulin, testosterone, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and hepatic glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PHD) activity associated with a significant decrease in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and hepatic glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) activity, compared with irradiated group. Moreover, DPE showed positive modulation in the levels of hepatic metals [(iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn)]. Conclusions: DPE treatment prior to gamma irradiation produced biochemical changes that could lead to a reduction in radiation-induced oxidative stress. Hence, we suggest that DPE may be useful as a new natural radioprotective agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver-iron bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) were synthesized by using AgNO 3 and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 as an Ag/Fe source in presence of Palm dates fruit. Upon addition of extract to a solution of Ag + and Fe 3+ , a prefect transparent stable dark brown color appears with in a few minuets at room temperature. In order to conform the nature of resulting color, UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques were used. The absence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks in the entire UV–visible region suggests the formation of silver core -iron shell BMNPs. The obtained nanoparticles were used as a catalyst for the degradation of bromothymol blue (BTB) in absence and presence of sunlight. The degradation kinetics was studied in presence of electron acceptors and scavengers, such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonium oxalate, ammonium per sulphate, benzoquinone, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, potassium bromate and potassium iodide. Radical trapping experiments demonstrates that active holes (h + ) and generated hydroxy radical are primary species involved in H 2 O 2 assisted catalytic degradation process. The free-radical scavenging, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined for extract and BMNPs. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities were found to increase with increasing the amounts of extract. The silver-iron showed good invitro antibacterial activities against human pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity of date fruit using response surface methodology (RSM). Three factors including methanol concentration (40- 80%), sonication amplitude (50-100%) and extraction time (10-30 min) were investigated. The analysis of results with JMP software, using Box-Behnken model, indicated that 65% methanol, ultrasound amplitude of 84.50%, and of extraction time of 17.64 min were the optimal combination that maximized antioxidants extraction. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental values for both TPC and antioxidant activity were 246.46 mg EAG/100g and 26.48 mg EAG/100g, respectively. Predicted models were highly significant (P < 0.01) with high regression coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.97), while the lack of fit is insignificant. RSM was shown to be an adequate approach for modeling the total phenolic extraction and the antioxidant activity of date palm fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fruit of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., is one of the richest fruit-based in biologically functional phytochemicals. The efficient extraction of phenolic compounds in this fruit by means of rapid, low cost, environment-free methods would be a desirable achievement. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on lactic acid and sucrose was considered as extraction solvent. DES are green solvents composed of natural compounds and characterized by their negligible volatility, high solubilization ability and tunable selectivity. In this line, the present study was based on a step-by-step optimization of the extraction, taking into consideration basic parameters, including solvent composition (lactic acid/sucrose ratio), solvent concentration (0-100%) sample/solvent ratio (100/15 to 300/15 mg/ml) and extraction time (3-40 min). The total phenolic compound content (TPC) was used to evaluate antioxidant content of the extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to evaluate antioxidant potential. Experimental results showed that all extraction parameters investigated had significant effects (p < 0.05) on TPC and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The best antioxidant activity (948.1mgAAE)/100 g) and the highest TPC (1393.5mgGAE)/100 g) were obtained with double extraction using lactic acid/sucrose mixture with ratio of 3:1 at a concentration of 100%, with a sample/solvent ratio of 100mg/15ml, for 40 min. These results suggested that the mixture lactic acid/sucrose may be an ideal candidate for use in eco-friendly extraction processes. As a function of investigated extraction parameters, phenolic contents were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies proved the antioxidant properties of dates. However, studies on date byproducts especially date vinegar are still lacking. Hence, it is the aim of the present study to compare the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity between homemade and commercial date vinegar. Physicochemical properties such as total sugar content, pH, and total titratable acidity of homemade and commercial date vinegar were studied. Both homemade and commercial date vinegar showed significant difference in physicochemical properties including pH, sugar content and total titratable acidity (p<0.05). Total phenolic content ranged from 281.17 mg GAE/L to 641.17 mg GAE/L with significant differences (p<0.05) noted between homemade and commercial date vinegar. Homemade semisoft date vinegar possessed significantly higher (p<0.05) hydrogen peroxide inhibition capacity (310.20 μg AAeq/mL) as compared to soft date vinegar (200.06 μg AAeq/mL) and commercial date vinegar (190.81 μg AAeq/mL). Pearson's correlation statistical test showed no significant correlation (p>0.05) between hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and total phenolic content of date vinegar. Only the homemade date vinegar showed metal chelating property with values of 0.34 ± 0.10 and 2.90 ± 0.03 for semisoft and soft date cultivars respectively. Pearson's correlation statistical test showed significant correlation between metal chelating rate and total phenolic content (r=0.50; p<0.01) of the two samples. Homemade date vinegar showed generally higher antioxidant activity than commercial date vinegar and both samples were significantly different in terms of their physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Palm dates are an important source of natural bioactive compounds and their application in the food industry could valorize secondary cultivars at risk of disappearing. Secondary palm date varieties were thermally treated by direct steam at two temperatures (140 and 160 °C) during 30 min. The liquid was extracted by organic solvent, obtaining two extracts, PE140 and PE160, with high concentrations of sugar degradation products, mainly hydroxymethylfurfural and phenolic compounds like tyrosol or gallic and protocatechuic acids. The use of the higher temperature produced 22 g of extract/Kg of fresh dates with antioxidant activities in the aqueous matrix (EC 50 value of 2.72 mg/L for DPPH and TEAC value of 0.05 mmol Trolox ® /g of extract) and remarkable protection against lipid oxidation in oils, increasing the stability of sunflower oil by the Rancimat method by four-fold. Promising values of inhibition against plant pathogens were found with values of MIC of 3.13 mg/mL. Therefore, thermal treatment of dates was effective for obtaining bioactive phenolic extracts suitable for food formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are well known as both a food and economic crop for many years worldwide due to its substantial nutritional, health, and economic benefits besides its appeal and environmental value. However, although Date pits are rich in phenolic and antioxidant contents, they are generally neglected and treated as a waste product. Ethnobotanical records indicate the potential of Ajwa dates pits and flesh having phenolics, antioxidants, and some other nutrients. Objective: The purpose of the study was to extract the phenolic contents and to determine the antioxidant scavenging activity of Ajwa date flesh and pits in comparison to local date varieties in three different solvents with three different concentrations, and to observe their effect on the high lipo-protein profile of albino mice. Materials and Methods: Three solvents viz. Methanol, Ethanol, and Acetone were used at concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90% to make nutraceutical extracts. These extracts were characterized for numerous nutritional parameters. Correlation of flavonoid with phenolic, DPPH, ABTS, and other parameters were studied. The above extracted Ajwa flesh and pits extracts were then administrated to high cholesterol induced albino mice under three different treatments (10%, 20% and 30%) in four different groups where one group was studied as control. Results: Pits appeared to be the richest source for total phenols and total flavonoid contents. Such extracts from pits were high in DPPH and ABTS activity compared to that of the flesh in all date cultivars, which were the highest in Ajwa pits (3932.3 mg GAE/100g, 2956.2 mg QEC/100g, 96.3% and 86.2% respectively). In the comparative analysis of solvents, 80% ethanol extracted the highest antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS assay in all date varieties and their parts. Behaviour of solvent for polyphenol (Total phenols and total flavonoids) extraction was highly variable so that a single solvent cannot be recommended for extraction. Highly significant correlation of flavonoids with DPPH was observed in pits part. Phenolic contents positively correlated with flavonoids, DPPH, and ABTS. DPPH and ABTS also revealed a strongly positive correlation. In PCA analysis phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity showed a strong relation among pits, while demonstrating a weak relation in flesh parts. Furthermore, results also depicted that 30% extracts of Ajwa pits have a higher effect on the percent reduction of total protein, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels, in addition to a significant percent increase in HDL-C levels in treated albino mice. Conclusion: The work identifies variability among the flesh and pits of Ajwa date and local date varieties for their polyphenols contents, antioxidant activity, and their health beneficial effect against a high Lipo-protein profile that can be used as an active ingredient against different maladies in food products and supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L) contains many macronutrients, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants which has been related to beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of date fruit extract (DFE) against Al-induced toxicity in rat model. Male albino rats were divided into four groups of 8 rats : A control group, did not receive any treatment, the DFE group received date water extract (DFE) (500 mg kg-1 b. w) orally per day, the Al group: rats were supplemented with aluminum chloride (AlCl3) added to the drinking water at a concentration of 53.5 mg/ l and the DFE-Al group, rats received DFE along with AlCl3. The experimental duration lasted for six weeks. The data obtained indicate that Al administration results in inducing hematological alterations decline in the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), RBC, Hct%, PCV, MCH, MCV and MCHC accompanied by a significant increase in WBC counts. Significant elevations in the serum inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB) were observed in AlCl3-treated rats. The results demonstrated, also, that Al promotes lipid peroxidation and decreases the level of antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in serum. However, treatment of AlCl3 group with DFE resulted in significant amelioration in the mentioned parameters as compared with AlCl3 group. According to the results obtained in the present study, it could be concluded that date fruits have beneficial health properties through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L) contains many macronutrients, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants which has been related to beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of date fruit extract (DFE) against Al-induced toxicity in rat model. Male albino rats were divided into four groups of 8 rats : A control group, did not receive any treatment, the DFE group received date water extract (DFE) (500 mg kg-1 b. w) orally per day, the Al group: rats were supplemented with aluminum chloride (AlCl3) added to the drinking water at a concentration of 53.5 mg/ l and the DFE-Al group, rats received DFE along with AlCl3. The experimental duration lasted for six weeks. The data obtained indicate that Al administration results in inducing hematological alterations decline in the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), RBC, Hct%, PCV, MCH, MCV and MCHC accompanied by a significant increase in WBC counts. Significant elevations in the serum inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB) were observed in AlCl3-treated rats. The results demonstrated, also, that Al promotes lipid peroxidation and decreases the level of antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in serum. However, treatment of AlCl3 group with DFE resulted in significant amelioration in the mentioned parameters as compared with AlCl3 group. According to the results obtained in the present study, it could be concluded that date fruits have beneficial health properties through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of suitable strategies for the management and valorization of agri-food products is one of the most important challenges worldwide. In this context, the current research study aimed to explore a valorization strategy for different varieties (Khalas , Jabri , Lulu , Booman, and Sayer) of low-grade date fruit by extracting polyphenolic compounds and investigating their health-promoting bioactive properties. The generated extracts were comparatively analyzed for their phenolic contents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic, and enzyme inhibitory activities upon in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID). The total phenolic contents (TPC) ranged from 217.3 to 1846.9 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight. After complete SGID, the TPC remarkably increased from 570.8 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight (undigested), reaching the highest value of 1606.3 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight with the Khalas cultivar. Overall, gastric and complete-SGID-treated extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activities, compared to the undigested extracts for the five selected date varieties. Similarly, the gastric and complete SGID promoted the release of bioactive components endowed with significantly higher inhibition levels towards digestive enzymes related to diabetes. Moreover, extracts from all varieties revealed an increase in the inhibition of lipidemic-related enzymatic markers and anti-inflammatory activities when subjected to the gastric digestion phase, which decreased after complete SGID. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that higher bioactive properties were influenced by the TPC present in the samples. Overall, low-quality dates could be considered as a potential source of bioactive polyphenols with interesting nutraceutical properties, released upon their transit through the gastrointestinal tract. [Display omitted] • Five low-quality date varieties (Sayer , Jabri , Khalas , Lulu , and Booman) were investigated. • Bioavailability of phenolics was effectively enhanced after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. • Gastrointestinal digestion enhanced phenolics antioxidant activity and diabetes and lipidemic-related enzymes inhibition. • Low-quality date fruit exhibited interesting nutritional, health-promoting properties in the in-vitro model system. • Low-quality date fruit can be a valuable source of bioactive compounds for food and nutraceutical-related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce sucrose consumption in biscuits, Date Syrup (DS) and Date Liquid Sugar (DLS) were replaced with sucrose at different levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and physicochemical properties of dough and the resultant biscuits were compared. Dough pH and cohesiveness decreased while softness and adhesiveness increased with addition of DS and DLS. The pH, softness and adhesiveness of the DS dough were higher than the DLS samples. The DS and DLS biscuits had lower pH, higher ash and moisture contents than the sucrose biscuits. The DS biscuits had more ash content than the DLS sample. Addition of DS and DLS resulted in biscuits with higher density, spread ratio, harder texture, and darker color. These changes were more pronounced when DS was used. Sucrose replacement with less than 40% DS or 60% DLS resulted in biscuits with sensory characteristics similar to the control, and higher antioxidant and mineral contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm is a popular and high-revenue crop, and the consumption of date fruits is no longer limited to the Middle Eastern countries. Date fruit has gained interest due to its nutritional value and taste, and date seeds have recently been identified as sources of valuable bioactive ingredients. Australia has excellent agronomic conditions for cultivating date palm, and the value of this crop has been identified by the Australian government and private sectors. However, more work needs to be done to raise awareness of this industry among potential investors and researchers in order to develop a sustainable date palm industry in Australia. Several date varieties have been successfully grown at a small scale in Central and Southern Australia. Medjool and Barhee have been among the most recommended varieties due to their high market potential in domestic and international markets. Date seeds have also been recognized as a source of valuable functional ingredients including dietary fiber and natural antioxidants. Date seed extracts have shown very good bioactive properties potentially useful in treating some neurodegenerative diseases, and possibly cancer. The utilization of date seeds, which is an abundant by-product of date processing, could improve profitability and financial security of this industry. This review discusses the emergence of the date fruit and seed industry in Australia and its associated benefits to farmers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl bromide (MB) was used for years to treat infested stored date fruits; however, MB is due to be phased out by 2015. In this study ozone is used for disinfestations of Kabkab date against Indian meal moth in three life stage. They were exposed to four ozone concentrations (300 ± 10, 1050 ± 40, 2000 ± 40, and 4000 ± 50 ppm) during four periods (2, 4, 6, and 8 h). The findings show 2000 ppm of ozone concentration within 8 h resulted in complete mortality of larvae and adult insects and over 90% mortality of eggs. The proposed ozone treatment is a promising approach replacing application of MB for disinfestations of examined date fruits, as no remarkable changes were observed on pH of the date fruits and its chemical compositions (total phenolic content, anti-oxidant activity and free radicals). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Date fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess high antioxidant activities due to their high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The objective of this work was to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of date seeds. Methods Two UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analyses were performed on the seed of the Khalas variety as follows: (1) an analysis of simple phenolic compounds [phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols (monomers, dimers and trimers)]; and (2) an analysis of all flavan-3-ols (monomers, and proanthocyanidin oligomers and polymers) after depolymerisation. Results The amount of total phenolic compounds before depolymerisation was found to be 2.194 ± 0.040 g kg−1 date seed. The analysis of flavan-3-ol monomers and constitutive units of proanthocyanidins after depolymerisation revealed 50.180 ± 1.360 g kg−1 flavan-3-ols with 46.800 ± 1.012 g kg−1 epicatechin and 3.380 ± 0.349 g kg−1 catechin. Conclusion The results indicate that date seeds are a very rich source of bioactive compounds, thus constituting strong candidates for functional food additives and nutraceuticals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date seeds are a major waste product of the date industry that could offer potentially valuable material for the production of useful food ingredients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seeds of three date varieties of the UK market (Deglet Nour, Khouat Allig, and Zahidi) for their proximate composition, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) contents and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with a view to their eventual industrial application. Carbohydrates were present in the highest concentrations varying between 74.13 and 76.54 g 100 g-1 of date seed powder (DSP) on dry weight (DW) basis, followed in descending order by fats (7.64-8.84 g 100 g-1) and proteins (4.35-5.51 g 100 g-1). Potassium was found in high amounts with values ranging between 280.55 and 293.13 mg 100 g 1. The majority of the total phenolic content (2058-2984 mg GAE 100 g-1) was assumed to be composed of flavonoids (1271-1932 mg CAE 100 g-1). These families of dietary phenolics may be the major ones responsible for the high antioxidant capacity reported in date seeds, which varied from 12540 and 27699 µmol TE 100 g-1. These results suggest that date seeds can be considered a potential raw material for natural, active ingredients for food applications as well as an unexplored source of novel nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Growth regulators (PGR) delayed ‘Barhee’ dates maturation/ripening compared to control. [•] Bunch and fruit weight increased at high rate of GA3 and low rate of BA. [•] PGR regulated both antioxidant compounds and activities at harvest and during storage. [•] PGR affected oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes activities at harvest and during storage. [•] Possible relations of biochemical changes with fruit ripening were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Treatment with DCA at 0.5 and 2g/L as drinking water induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. [•] DCA modified antioxidant defense enzymes and induced damage to cortical and medullary regions of kidney. [•] DCA at 2g/L was found more nephrotoxic than 0.5g/L. [•] ADE treatment ameliorated antioxidant defense enzymes, attenuated lipid peroxidation and restored kidney histoarchitecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the concentration temperature on the antioxidant activity, carotenoid and phenolic compounds of date syrup was investigated. Date juice was concentrated at 100 ℃ and at “60 ℃ in vacuum”. After concentration, total phenolic, tannin, non-tannin, flavonoid and carotenoid content were determined spectrophotometrically and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for determination of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde content. The antioxidant activity of date syrup was evaluated by various antioxidant methods including total antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging test, ferric reducing antioxidant power and β-carotene bleaching. All date syrups showed strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total phenolic contents. Results showed that concentration at 100 ℃ significantly enhanced the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of date syrups compared to vacuum concentration at 60 ℃. A good correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and flavonoid was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Commercial hydrolytic enzymes (pectinase and cellulase) were investigated for their influence on phenolics and antioxidant activities of date syrup. Content of total phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Polyphenols composition was examined using HPLC. Seven phenolic compounds (catechin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid) were detected in all date syrup extracts. p-Coumaric acid was the major compound of all date syrup extracts, representing 49.223–63.397%. The antioxidant activity of date syrup was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including total antioxidant, DPPH scavenging test, FRAP, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. Results showed that the date syrup prepared after extraction with pectinase and cellulase mixture gave the lowest phenolic and flavonoid contents. For same variety, date syrup prepared after extraction with pectinase and cellulase mixture gave the highest carotenoids amounts. The antioxidant activity, determined by several methods, was significantly affected by the extraction method as well as date varieties. In fact, the date syrup prepared after extraction with pectinase and cellulase mixture gave the lowest antioxidant activity. A good correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and flavonoid was observed. The discovery of our research is very important to scientists as well as to the fruit-processing industry to produce juice and syrup with high antioxidant activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of boiling on in vitro bioactivities potency of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (desert date) aqueous extract, a juice used traditionally for cooking ready-to-eat millet flour paste. Methods: Desert date fruits (1.5 kg) were soaked in water (1:2, fruit: water) for 24 h and sieved. The extract was divided into two parts - fresh extract (Fext) and boiled extract (Bext) which was obtained by boiling a portion of Fext for 10 min. The extracts were tested against the stomach cancer cell line SGC7901 and for antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-icrylhydrazyl DPPH, hydroxyl radical and ferric reducing power methods. Results: Both fresh extract (Fext) and boiled extract (Bext) exhibited pronounced antioxidant activity with DPPH values of 88.2 and 97.0 %, respectively, at hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 mg/ml. The extract contained a significant amount of vitamin C (42.3 and 38.9 mg/100 g for Fext and Bext, respectively). Boiling had significant effect (p < 0.01) on its antioxidant activity and also on its cytotoxic effect (56 % and 44 % dead cells respectively for Bext and Fext at respectively, at a concentration of 200 &mgr;g/ml). Conclusion: It is concluded that B. aegyptiaca aqueous extracts have remarkable cytotoxic activity against stomach cancer cell SGC7901. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Effect of several thermal treatments and freezing on the antioxidant properties of fresh dates of two cultivars (namely Khalas and Khunaizi) was investigated. Levels of phenolics, total flavonoids and anthocyanins were estimated. Antioxidant activity was measured by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and deoxyribose assays. Results indicate differential effects of the treatments on the phenolic constituents. Generally, mild treatments and freezing significantly increased the level of total phenolics in both cultivars by 80-180%. All treatments increased in the level of free phenolics in Khalas (between 10% and 540%). In khunaizi, the level of bound phenolic increased in all treatments (9-250%). The level of total flavonoids increased by almost all treatments in both cultivars (33-500%). Most treatments increased the FRAP value in khalas (up to 80%). Significant differences were noticed among the various treatments with regard to DPPH and OH radicals quenching capacities. Results may find applications in food science, food technology and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fresh date processing (picking, storage or conditioning) may lead to date losses. Such by-products from fresh dates (Medjoul variety) can be processed to prepare date paste. Chemical composition, physicochemical and technological properties of this date paste were determined regarding its potential application as an ingredient in the elaboration of meat products. The date paste had a high content of sugars (53.00g/100g) especially reducing sugars (fructose and glucose), total and insoluble dietary fiber (7.00g/100g and 4.04g/100g, respectively) and natural antioxidants (polyphenol content; 225mg GAE/100g). Its emulsion capacity was 57.00mL/100mL and it showed also a high emulsion stability (98.59mL/100mL). The addition of up to 15% date paste in the formulation of bologna-type products leads to the enhancement of the nutritional (lower fat content and higher fiber content than control) and technological quality (redder-colored and less hard, chewy and cohesive product than the control) together with a satisfactory sensory quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Antioxidant capacity, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in dates of five cultivars during development and ripening were studied in the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Fruit growth followed a smooth sigmoid curve with maximum weight at the bisir stage. Both the antioxidant capacity measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the antioxidant compound (phenols, tannins and vitamin C) concentrations decreased from young stages through to the maturation and the ripening stages. The antioxidant capacity was highly positively correlated with the concentration of antioxidant compounds in most cultivars. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) increased from the hababouk through to the kimri and/or the bisir stage, upon cultivar, and thereafter, declined at the ripening stages. The possible relation of these biochemical changes with fruit maturation and ripening was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Date fruits are widely consumed in the Arab world and considered as strong antioxidants and free radical scavengers. The present study aimed at testing the therapeutic effect of Ajwa date aqueous extract (ADE) against the hepatotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in rats. Rats were divided into four groups orally treated as follow: Control group (0.5M NaHCO3); OTA group (289 μg/kg/day); ADE group (1mg/kg/day) and ADE plus OTA group. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood samples were used for estimation of serum levels of the total bilirubin and the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), while liver samples were used for histological studies. The results showed that serum levels of bilirubin and ALT enzyme activity were significantly increased due to OTA treatment. In addition, light microscopy observations showed histological changes in liver tissues of OTA-treated rats, included global congestion and dilatation of the central veins and sinusoidal spaces, enlargement of periportal areas, lymphocytic infiltration, swelling and degeneration of the hepatocytes, focal necrosis. However, the severity of the histological lesions as well as the serum levels of total bilirubin and ALT enzyme activity were greatly reduced in rats pretreated with ADE before OTA, compared with OTA-treated rats. In conclusion, the results indicated that pretreatment with ADE considerably decreased the hepatotoxicity induced by OTA. Thus Ajwa date could be considered as a functional protective food for liver toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]