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Malvidin (MV) and its derivatives, such as malvidin-3-O-guaiacol (Mv3C) and malvidin-3-O-6-(acrylic acid-(2-hydroxy,4-carboxy-cyclohexanol)ester)-guaiacol (Mv3ACEC), are natural compounds with antioxidant properties. However, the basic mechanisms underlying their functional activities are unclear. In this study, we show that MV, Mv3C, and Mv3ACEC inhibit reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde content, promote glutathione peroxidase activity, and increase superoxide dismutase levels in ARPE-19 cells treated with H 2 O 2 . Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that MV, Mv3C, and Mv3ACEC regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways related to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Interestingly, Mv3C and Mv3ACEC showed greater beneficial properties than MV. Our results show that MV and its derivatives have potential as therapeutic compounds for ocular diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as age-related macular degeneration.

Many types of anthocyanins are present in Vitis amurensis Rupr of 'Beibinghong', which is grown in North-east China and has high antioxidant activity. However, the anthocyanin with the highest content in V. amurensis Rupr has not yet been identified. In this study, pulsed electric field extraction and semi-preparative liquid phase separation were used to isolate the anthocyanin monomer from 'Beibinghong'. UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to identify the anthocyanin monomer. The antioxidant activities of the anthocyanin monomer were also analysed. Malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside was identified as the main anthocyanin in V. amurensis Rupr, which could be used as a raw material for its extraction. Furthermore, malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside can be potentially used as a functional food, and a novel therapeutic and preventive agent for oxidative stress-related diseases. This study provides technical information for the future purification and structural identification of anthocyanins.

The purpose of the research was to discuss the Vitis amurensis rich in anthocyanins in wide plantation and low prices. Beibinghong, Gongniangyihao, Shuanghong, Shuangyou and Zuoyouhong were selected as raw materials. The ultrahigh-pressure method was applied in extraction, pH differential method - in total content determination, HPLC - in component analysis, light-heat treatment - in stability analysis, DPPH and ABTS methods - in antioxidation analysis. The total content of anthocyanin in the five varieties of grapes was 166.65 ± 4.63, 67.80 ± 2.87, 398.77 ± 7.45, 100.19 ± 4.04 and 147.62 ± 4.23 mg/100 g, respectively. Besides, there were five kinds of anthocyanosides in hydrolysate, including delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, paeonidin and malvidin, with high stability to antioxidation. There are differences between varieties. Vitis amurensis can be used as a new kind of raw material for anthocyanin extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]