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The most effective composite antioxidants for DHA algae oil were optimized by combining the selected gallic acid (GA) alkyl ester with other commonly used antioxidants. Results of Rancimat induction time, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and free radical generation indicated that octyl gallate (OG) was the best one in DHA algae oil among GA alkyl esters with various chain lengths. Therefore, OG was used to combine other antioxidants (antioxidant of bamboo leaves, rosemary extract, tea polyphenols, tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP), ascorbyl palmitate, vitamin E, phytic acid and phospholipid) for further improving the oxidative stability of DHA algae oil. The combination of OG + TPP showed the best antioxidant effect among the composite antioxidants of two and three components. Through optimization of mixture ratio, the combination of 53.20 mg/kg OG + 360 mg/kg TPP demonstrated the best antioxidant capacity, which prolonged the shelf life of DHA algae oil by 4.24 folds., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In a recent study, anthocyanins, which have a strong free radical-scavenging activity, were examined for their potential to effectively prevent cancer. However, clinical trials are limited by the purity of the anthocyanin. Multiple methods are used to extract and purify anthocyanins. Based on previous work on Solanum nigrum, which is a widely distributed plant, in this study, DM130 macroporous resin, Sephadex LH20, and a C18 column were used to separate cis-trans anthocyanin isomers. These anthocyanins constitute the majority of total S. nigrum anthocyanins. The results showed that this "DM130-LH20-C18 system" can be used to obtain a cinnamic acid-derived cis-trans anthocyanin, petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside, with a purity of 98.5%, for effective quantitation. In order to determine the antioxidant ability of the petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside cis-trans isomers, three ordinary methods were adopted. The maximum antioxidant ability of the cis-trans anthocyanin was dozens of times higher than that of vitamin C., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Based on various antioxidant mechanisms, four kinds of antioxidants including ascorbyl palmitate (AP), vitamin E (VE), phytic acid (PA) and one of the polyphenols (antioxidant of bamboo leaves, tea polyphenol palmitate or tea polyphenols (TP)) were used in combination to improve oxidative stability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil. To achieve the best effect, the formulations and mixture ratios of the antioxidant combinations were optimized. The effects were monitored by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, acid value, free radicals, Rancimat induction time and fatty acid composition of DHA algae oil undergoing accelerated storage. Finally, the DHA algae oil containing 80 mg/kg AP, 80 mg/kg VE, 40 mg/kg PA and 80 mg/kg TP had the highest oxidative stability. Furthermore, the shelf life of DHA algae oil containing the optimum composite antioxidant was predicted by using accelerated shelf life testing coupled with Arrhenius model, which was 3.80-fold longer than the control sample., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation occurred in Argopecten irradians adductor muscle during hot air drying. Using an in vivo imaging system, we found that antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) could diffuse into the adductor muscle upon marinating. Both tea polyphenols (TP) and AOB efficiently retarded lipid oxidation but had a slight effect on lipid hydrolysis during drying process. The in situ antioxidant mechanisms of AOB as well as TP were revealed, including quenching of free radicals detected by electron spin resonance, chelating metal ions determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy and inhibiting lipoxygenase. Less than 8% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in AOB and TP marinated adductor muscle were decreased compared to more than 28% decrease in control adductor muscle during the drying process. Overall, these natural antioxidants, TP and AOB, efficiently maintained high nutritive value of adductor muscle, especially, their lipid quality., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Previous in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that catechins from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) have a therapeutic effect on herpes simplex virus infections. The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate a topical proprietary formulation containing lipophilic catechins (AverTeaX, Camellix, LLC, Evans, GA, USA) on recurrent herpes labialis., Study Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 40 participants, initially in two groups., Results: Compared with the vehicle (100% glycerin USP, CVS Pharmacies, Inc., Woonsocket, RI, USA) group, AverTeaX applied topically six to eight times daily resulted in a significant reduction in clinical episode duration (median 4.5 days vs. 9 days; P = .003) and shortened blistering and ulceration stages within an episode from a median of 3 days to 1 day (P = .0003). Median quality-of-life scores, based on a multiquestion survey, showed significant differences between the groups with respect to duration of itching, from a median of 4 days to 1 day (P = .0021), and duration until symptom free, from a median of 8 days to 4 days (P = .0016). Significant differences were not found for median scores for itching, pain, burning, swelling, bleeding, and stress. Adverse effects were not reported., Conclusion: AverTeaX formulation containing lipophilic catechins effectively inhibited herpes simplex labialis infection with clinical significance., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the changes of antioxidative capacity and endothelial function among patients with high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)., Methods: The serum levels of SOD, MDA, GSH, NO, NOS and ET-1 were measured before and after treatment among 34 cases of patients with HAPE, and 20 local healthy volunteers served as control., Results: The serum levels of SOD, GSH, NO and NOS were lower in patient-group before treatment than after treatment and those in control-group significantly (P < 0.01), while the concentration of MDA and ET-1 were higher in patient-group before treatment than after treatment and those in the control-group significantly (P < 0.01). The serum levels of SOD, MDA, GSH, NO, NOS and ET-1 were not different between patient-group after treatment and the control-group (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The results indicated that changes of SOD, MDA, GSH, NO, NOS and ET-1 may participate in the course of HAPE.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on the growth performance, slaughter performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of meat rabbits. One hundred and sixty healthy weaned meat rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (forty replicates per group and one rabbit per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet and the test groups (T1, T2 and T3) were fed diets supplemented with 50, 100 and 150 g/t curcumin in the basal diet, respectively. The study lasted for 28 days, including a pre-feeding period of 7 days and a formal trial period of 21 days. The results showed that diets supplemented with curcumin significantly increased rabbits' body weight gain and average daily feed intake; Apparent digestibility of energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, NDF and ADF; Jejunal villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth; The activities of amylase and lipase in jejunal and caecal digesta and cellulase in caecal digesta; Caecal mucosal thickness, eviscerated dressing percentage, and dorsal and abdominal hair thickness (p <.05). Diets supplemented with curcumin significantly decreased rabbits' feed to gain ratio, jejunal crypt depth and thickness of the intestinal wall (p <.05). In conclusion, curcumin is a kind of valuable feed additive, which can improve the nutrient digestibility, growth performance, slaughter ratio and fur development of meat rabbits by improving digestive tract development and digestive enzyme activity. The appropriate dosage in the meat rabbit diet is 100 g/t. Dietary supplementation of curcumin improved the growth performance, gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities and slaughter performance of meat rabbits. Dietary supplementation of curcumin increased the antioxidant capacity of meat rabbits. Curcumin could be used as a new kind of feed additive for meat rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The antioxidant effects of gallic acid (GA) and its alkyl esters including methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, propyl gallate, butyl gallate (GA‐C4), octyl gallate, lauryl gallate, hexadecyl gallate and octadecyl gallate in frying oil (soybean oil) and oyster during frying were investigated. Rancimat induction period (RIP) assay indicated GA and its alkyl esters effectively improved the oxidative stability of soybean oil according to the 'polar paradox'; that is, the antioxidant effects of the polyphenols decreased in lipid system with the increasing of hydrophobicity. Results also indicated that GA and its alkyl esters all effectively retarded lipid oxidation in oyster tissue according to parameters including RIP, peroxide value and electron spin resonance assays. Moreover, the antioxidant efficiency in oyster increased with the alkyl chain length until GA‐C4, and thereafter, the antioxidant effects decreased, similar to the 'cut‐off effect'. This study provides basic data for improving the oxidative stability of seafood during frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new compounds, namely massonside C (1), massonianoside F (2), and 3, 8-dimethyl- herbacetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), together with five known compounds (4–8), were isolated from the fresh needles of Pinus massoniana. Their structures were established by 1D, 2D NMR, HRMS and comparison with the literature data. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by a combination of X-ray single crystal analysis. All isolated compounds were evaluated for the protective effect of human umbilical vein endothelial cells against oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the commercialization of transgenic cotton that expresses Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis ) insecticidal proteins, mirid bugs have become key pests in cotton and maize fields in China. Genetically engineered (GE) crops for controlling mirids are unavailable owing to a lack of suitable insecticidal genes. In this study, we developed and validated a dietary exposure assay for screening insecticidal compounds and for assessing the potential effects of insecticidal proteins produced by GE plants on Apolygus lucorum , one of the main mirid pests of Bt cotton and Bt maize. Diets containing potassium arsenate (PA) or the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 were used as positive controls for validating the efficacy of the dietary exposure assay. The results showed that with increasing concentrations of PA or E-64, A. lucorum larval development time was prolonged and adult weight and fecundity were decreased, suggesting that the dietary exposure assay was useful for detecting the toxicity of insecticidal compounds to A. lucorum . This assay was then used to assess the toxicity of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Aa, and Cry2Ab proteins, which have been transformed into several crops, against A. lucorum . The results showed that A. lucorum did not show a negative effect by feeding on an artificial diet containing any of the purified Cry proteins. No significant changes in the activities of digestive, detoxifying, or antioxidant enzymes were detected in A. lucorum that fed on a diet containing Cry proteins, but A. lucorum fitness was reduced when the insect fed on a diet containing E-64 or PA. These results demonstrate that A. lucorum is not sensitive to the tested Cry proteins and that the dietary exposure assay is useful for evaluating the toxicity of insecticidal compounds to this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) pulp oil (SPO) is enriched in natural bioactive components with high pharmacological activities. However, the presence of polysaccharides affects oil quality. Herein, the effects of different polysaccharide-adsorption treatments on the bioactive components and the in vitro antioxidant activities of SPO were investigated. The results demonstrated that the microwave-assisted activated clay (MAE-ACL) adsorption was more effective than the ultrasound-assisted activated clay adsorption for removing polysaccharides. Although the bioactive component levels and antioxidant activities of the SPO were reduced during the adsorption, the squalene content showed no significant difference. By performing principal component and correlation analyses that further evaluated the connection between the bioactive components and the free radical scavenging activities of SPO, MAE-ACL was determined to be the more suitable polysaccharide-adsorption treatment. Image 1 • Polysaccharide in sea buckthorn pulp oil was comparative removed. • Physicochemical properties, bioactive components and antioxidant activity was evaluated. • Microwave assisted adsorption was effective in the removal of polysaccharides. • Resulted pulp oils showed higher phytosterols, carotenoids, tocopherols and squalene contents. • Correlations between antioxidant activity and different factors were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids (PLs), the main lipid component in marine shellfish, consist mainly of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE). This work compared the oxidative susceptibility of GPC and GPE in dried shellfish during storage and also investigated the effects of natural phenolic antioxidant on such oxidative susceptibility. The content of four representative polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3 n-3, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, and C22:6 n-3) esterified onto GPC or GPE in dried scallop adductor muscle during storage at two temperatures were matched with first-order kinetic models, in order to ascertain the oxidation reaction rate constant (k). The results showed that GPE possessed greater oxidation rate than GPC during storage, and GPC could be more effectively protected by the antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB, polar polyphenolic antioxidants) compared with GPE. This study provides a practical method for accurate evaluation of oxidative susceptibility of different PL classes in complex food systems. • Differences in oxidative susceptibility between GPC and GPE was studied. • GPE had a greater oxidation rate than GPC in dried scallop during storage. • Polar polyphenolic antioxidant more effectively limited oxidation of GPC than GPE. • A method to evaluate oxidative susceptibilities of different PL classes was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]