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BACKGROUND In situ extractive fermentation (ISEF) is an important technique for improving metabolite productivity. The different extractants can induce the synthesis of different bioactive metabolites of Antrodia camphorata during ISEF. However, a lack of research on the molecular genetics of A. camphorata during ISEF currently hinders such studies on metabolite biosynthetic mechanisms. RESULTS: To clarify the differentially expressed genes during ISEF, the gene transcriptional expression features of A. camphorata S‐29 were analysed. The addition of n‐tetradecane as an extractant during ISEF showed more pronounced up‐regulation of ubiquinone and other terpenoid‐quinone biosynthesis pathway genes (CoQ2, wrbA and ARO8). When oleic acid was used as an extractant, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and ubiquinone and other terpenoid‐quinone biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched, and genes (IDI, E2.3.3.10, HMGCR atoB, and CoQ2) related to these two pathways were also significantly up‐regulated. The CoQ2 genes encode puru‐hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyltransferase, playing an important role in antroquinonol synthesis. The IDI, E2.3.3.10, HMGCR and atoB genes of the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway might play an important role in the synthesis of the triquine‐type sesquiterpene antrodin C. CONCLUSION: This investigation advances our understanding of how two different extractants of n‐tetradecane and oleic acid affect the biosynthesis of metabolites in A. camphorata. It is beneficial to provide potential strategies for improving antrodin C and antroquinonol production by genetic means. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative that shows anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activities, is produced during solid‐state fermentation of Antrodia camphorata; however, it cannot be biosynthesized via conventional submerged fermentation. RESULTS: A method for enhancing the biosynthesis of antroquinonol by controlling pH and adding an oxygen vector in a 7 L bioreactor was studied. In shake‐flask experiments, a maximum antroquinonol production of 31.39 ± 0.78 mg L−1 was obtained by fermentation with adding 0.2 g L−1 coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0), at the 96th hour. Following kinetic analysis of the fermentation process, pH control strategies were investigated. A maximum antroquinonol production of 86.47 ± 3.65 mg L−1 was achieved when the pH was maintained at 5.0, which exhibited an increase of 348.03% higher than the batch without pH regulation (19.30 ± 0.88 mg L−1). The conversion rate of CoQ0 improved from 1.51% to 20.20%. Further research revealed that the addition of n‐tetradecane could increase the production of antroquinonol to 115.62 ± 4.87 mg L−1 by increasing the dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that pH played an important role in antroquinonol synthesis in the presence of the effective precursor CoQ0. It was a very effective strategy to increase the yield of antroquinonol by controlling pH and adding oxygen vector. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Antroquinonol have significantly anti-tumour effects on various cancer cells. There is still lack of reports on regulation of environmental factors on antroquinonol production by Antrodia camphorata. RESULTS An effective submerged fermentation method was employed to induce antroquinonol with adding H2O2. The production of antroquinonol was 57.81 mg L−1 after fermentation for 10 days when adding 25 mmol L−1 H2O2 at day 4 of the fermentation process. Then, antroquinonol was further increased to 80.10 mg L−1 with cell productivity of 14.94 mg g−1 dry mycelium when the feeding rate of H2O2 was adjusted to 0.2 mmol L−1 h−1 in the 7 L fermentation bioreactor. After inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species with the inhibitor diphenyleneiodoium, the synthesis of antroquinonol from A. camphorata was significantly reduced, and the yield was only 3.3 mg L−1. ConcluSION The results demonstrated that addition of H2O2 was a very effective strategy to induce and regulate the synthesis of antroquinonol in submerged fermentation. Reactive oxygen species generated by H2O2 during fermentation caused oxidative stress, which induced the synthesis of antroquinonol and other chemical compounds. Moreover, it is very beneficial process to improve production and diversity of the active compounds during liquid fermentation of A. camphorata mycelium. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antrodia camphorata is a medicinal fungus and antrodin C is one of the main bioactive components of A. camphorata in the submerged fermentation (SmF). To optimize the culture conditions, the factors influencing the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata under solid-state fermentation (SSF) were investigated in this study. Different solid substrates and external nitrogen sources were tested for their efficiency in producing antrodin C. The response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the influence of several variables, namely, the concentrations of soybean meal, initial moisture content, and inoculum density on antrodin C production in solid-state fermentation. The experimental results show that the optimum fermentation medium for antrodin C production by A. camphorata was composed of 0.578 g soybean meal, 0.05 g Na2HPO4, 0.05 g MgSO4 for 100 g rice, with 51.83% initial moisture content, 22 day culture time, 28 °C culture temperature, and 35.54% inoculum density. At optimized conditions, 6,617.36 ± 92.71 mg kg−1 yield of antrodin C was achieved. Solid-state fermentation is one good cultural method to improve the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]