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Rationale: Nomophobia becoming widespread can have negative effects on the psychology of nursing students, who are the nurses of the future. Yet, the psychological well-being of the nursing group dealing with human health is essential for psychologically supporting the individuals they care for and reducing the potential for errors in nursing care. Therefore, it is necessary to determine nomophobia in nursing students and examine its relationship with psychological states., Aims: This research was conducted to determine the effect of nomophobia levels on depression, anxiety and stress levels of nursing students., Method: The descriptive and correlational research was completed with 544 nursing students. Data were collected using the Data Collection Form, Nomophobia Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and analysed using descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Spearman, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: The students' mean age was 21.10 ± 1.32. Their mean nomophobia score was 102.51 ± 27.06. 65.6% had depression, 66.2% had anxiety, and 35.8% had stress at different levels. A relationship was found between the students' nomophobia mean scores and their depression, anxiety and stress subscale scores (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The students' nomophobia levels were high. As students' nomophobia levels increased, their depression, anxiety and stress levels increased. Our recommendation is to inform nurses about nomophobia, support conscious phone use, and direct students affected by nomophobia to relevant units. Our recommendation is to inform nursing students about nomophobia, direct students affected by nomophobia to relevant units, and support their participation in activities that will raise awareness among students., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Nomophobia is a specific phobia characterized by the appearance of anxiety, nervousness, discomfort and distress when the mobile phone is not used and is considered an emerging public health problem because of the negative consequences on the physical and mental health of young people and adolescents, especially women. Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness Training Programs may prove beneficials for improving self-control abilities, a key ability in addressing addictive behaviors. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact, in a young population aged 18-35 years, of an intervention based on Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness Training Program (NAMTP) on disorders associated with problematic use of mobile phones. The effect of the intervention on the total score in the nomophobia test and habits of internet and social network use, as well as on signs of depression, anxiety and stress will be analyzed. As a secondary objective, the effect of the intervention on signs of insomnia will be analyzed., Methods and Design: Randomized, controlled clinical-trial with two-parallel groups. 40 young adults (18-35 years) will be included and randomly assigned to Intervention Group-NAMTP or Control Group (CG). The NAMTP will include a total of 25 sessions (2-3/week) during 3-months. Each session will have a duration of 10/15 min. The instrument to be used for the neurofeedback sessions is MUSE ® (InteraXon Inc.). Study variables will be collected at the baseline visit and at the final visit (3-months after randomization). During these visits, questionnaires will be administered to evaluate the main and secondary variables that will include the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, Nomophobia Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21-item (DASS-21) and Athens Insomnia Scale., Discussion: This trial will make an important contribution to the need for evidence of effective education programs and other primary care interventions through new non-invasive interventions in reducing the risk of developing addictions to new technologies and alleviating the symptoms of discomfort associated with this problem., Ethics and Dissemination: The project was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Salamanca Health Area (CEIm Code: PI 2023 071340)., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, http://www.Clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06188910., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Fernandez-Crespo, Recio-Rodriguez, Lee, Alonso-Dominguez, Montejo, Hernandez-Gonzalez, Iglesias Sierra and Rihuete-Galve.)

Excessive smartphone use and dependence on social media give rise to multiple issues that negatively affect the overall well-being of individuals. Nomophobia is characterized as a "digital disease" due to the unlimited use of smartphone devices. The aim of this study is to examine smartphone use and social media involvement in association with nomophobia and psychological traits (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem) of young adults. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 1408 Greek undergraduate students aged 18 to 25 years, using an anonymous self-reported questionnaire. Study data were collected through the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Participants' social media engagement was summarized through four variables: use of social media applications, number of friends, number of followers, and number of messages exchanged daily on social media. High levels of nomophobia were associated with high engagement in social media and, thereby, with a high number of friends. The same applies to participants with high/normal self-esteem compared to those with low. Regarding stress, anxiety and depression were not associated with digital network use, while elevated stress and anxiety seemed to play a negative role in the number of online followers. In addition, high levels of anxiety were correlated to an increased number of messages exchanged through social media applications.

Background: Nomophobia (NoMP) is the fear of being unable to interact with others via mobile phones and is a current topic in adolescents` mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between NoMP in adolescents and their mothers` level of NoMP., Methods: The levels of depression, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, NoMP, and perceived parental emotional availability were examined., Results: One hundred fifty-five adolescents (60% girls) were included in the study with their mothers. Ninetythree (60%) adolescents (67.7% girls) and 64 (41.3%) mothers were classified as nomophobic. There was a positive correlation between the NoMP levels of adolescents and their mothers. Nomophobic girls perceived less paternal support. All psychopathologic symptoms were higher in the nomophobic mothers. There was no difference between nomophobic and non-nomophobic adolescents in terms of maternal psychopathologies., Conclusions: We suggest that parental effects should be investigated during the assessment of NoMP, especially in adolescent girls. The phone usage habits of mothers and their relationship with their adolescent children were closely associated with adolescent NoMP.

Background: Nomophobia is a psychological condition caused by a fear of disconnecting from others through mobile phones., Aim: This study aims to determine the prevalence of and predictors of nomophobia and anxiety symptoms among the general population in Saudi Arabia and Jordan., Methods: This study was an observational cross-sectional study using a web-based online survey distributed in two middle eastern countries (Saudi Arabia and Jordan) between Jun 24 and Jul 20, 2021. A convenience sample was used to recruit the study participants. Categorical variables were identified as frequencies and percentages. In addition, a binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with nomophobia symptoms. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, version 27 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA), analyzed the data., Results: A total of 5,191 responded to the online survey. Around (26.5%) reported that they suffer from an anxiety problem or use a treatment for anxiety. The median daily time spent using a mobile phone (IQR) (minutes) was around 210 min per day. About half of the study sample (51.2%) are diagnosed with dependence syndrome. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that those within the age group of 30-49 years and 50 years and above) are less likely to have mobile phone dependence compared to those less than 30 years old. Females were 16% at lower risk of developing mobile phone dependence compared to males Married participants were less likely to have mobile phone dependence compared to single participants (OR: 0.62 (95% CI 0.56-0.70)), while divorced participants were at a 46% higher risk of developing mobile phone dependence., Conclusion: Nomophobia prevalence among Saudi Arabia and Jordon's population is 51.2%. Several factors may predict mobile phone dependence including age, gender, marital status, and previous history of anxiety., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: This descriptive study was conducted to determine the relationship between nomophobia level and anxiety severity among university students., Design and Methods: The study was completed with a total of 745 students. A descriptive questionnaire and the nomophobia questionnaire and measure of worry severity. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses were used., Finding: It was found positive correlation was determined between the nomophobia level and severity of anxiety., Practical Implications: İndividuals with nomophobia should be given the necessary assistance before the current situation worsens. Information about the correct use of the smartphone should be provided., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective. To determine the prevalence of nomophobia, the discomfort or anxiety experienced from being without a cellphone, among student pharmacists. Methods. A validated nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) was administered to two groups of student pharmacists at two different Doctor of Pharmacy programs (N=192). Demographic and other information was collected including identified gender, year of birth, type of smartphone, and use of messaging services. Scores on the NMP-Q were used to classify respondents as absent of nomophobia (<20), having mild nomophobia (21-59), having moderate nomophobia (60-99), or having severe nomophobia (>100 out of a maximum score of 140). Results. Of 224 eligible students, 192 (85.7%) responded to the survey. Mean nomophobia scores were statistically similar between programs. Most students' scores were within the moderate nomophobia range (56.8%), while 24.5% were in the mild range and 18.2% were in the severe range. Score classifications were similar between schools. Overall, the data showed good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of .95 for the combined group. Conclusion. Nomophobia is a relatively new psychological phenomenon, and little is known about its potential implications. The student pharmacists in our study all had NMP-Q scores consistent with some degree of nomophobia. Educators must continue to study smartphone use and help student pharmacists maximize the benefits of smartphones while avoiding the potential negative psychological consequences associated with their use., (© 2019 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.)

Nomophobia is the fear of leaving the house without a mobile and being out of mobile phone contact and affects different areas of a person's life, especially in terms of social, work and academic relationships due to a dependence on the use of smartphones. Discovering the prevalence of nomophobia among nursing students is very important, as the misuse of smartphones in clinical practice may cause distractions, affecting the quality of care and putting patient safety at risk. Furthermore, it can lead to poorer academic performance during class. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of nomophobia experienced by nursing students at the University of Almeria, Spain and the Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Portugal. A comparative descriptive observational study was carried out. A nomophobia questionnaire adapted to the Spanish and Portuguese sociolinguistic context was employed; 258 participants comprised the subjects of study. The main results showed both Spanish and Portuguese nursing students scored higher than average regarding levels of nomophobia. However, the scores gathered from items on the questionnaire were generally higher among the Portuguese population than the Spanish one. The Portuguese students (54.7%) felt more anxious than the Spanish students (35.4%) if their battery ran out. Similarly, the Portuguese population showed a greater need for instant communication with their family and friends. In conclusion, the dimensions explored indicate significant levels of nomophobia among both nursing student populations, with higher levels among the Portuguese population than the Spanish., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

For university students, shifts to online models of learning, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, have emphasized the importance of digital devices, such as smartphones, for university learning. Excessive smartphone use has been linked to symptoms of smartphone-related anxiety, or Nomophobia. The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of trait anxiety, nomophobia, and screen time of Canadian university students during the Winter 2021 semester (i.e. while COVID-19 was a prominent concern, and university courses across Canada were primarily online). An online survey was completed by 1,221 Canadian university students. Counter to what we hypothesized, both trait anxiety scores (STAI-T = 40.23 ± 11.04) and nomophobia sum scores (NMP-Q = 83.30 ± 23.17) were comparable to normative data pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Nomophobia, perceived screen time, non-binary gender, and weekday phone time significantly predicted greater trait anxiety (R2 = 0.178), while using social media apps less, using an iPhone or Android, being male, weekday laptop time, weekday tablet time, and enrollment at the host institution predicted lower nomophobia (R2 = 0.248). Overall, our findings suggest a relative stability in trait anxiety and nomophobia among Canadian university students during COVID-19, when compared with pre-pandemic work. Future work should seek to replicate these variables through longitudinal designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomophobia has been extensively assessed with the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). A shortened version of the NMP-Q has not been developed and longitudinal studies linking nomophobia to internalizing problems in adolescents have been limited. The aims are: (1) to reduce the NMP-Q and validate the short version (Nomophobia Questionnaire Short Form (NMPQ-SF) in a sample of Spanish adolescents; (2) to analyze the stability of NMPQ-SF scores; (3) to relate nomophobia to internalizing problems over time. A longitudinal study was conducted in two waves, with 2.066 Spanish adolescents. Results suggest that the NMPQ-SF is a valid and reliable instrument. Girls and the middle adolescence stage have significantly higher scores of nomophobia. A direct effect of nomophobia on anxiety, stress, and depression at six months has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to: (a) explore differences in the prevalence of nomophobia and smartphone addiction (SA) from pre- to during COVID-19; (b) identify students' self-reported changes in smartphone reliance and screen time during COVID-19; and (c) examine whether self-perceived changes in smartphone usage predicted nomophobia and SA scores. Scores on the Nomophobia Questionnaire and Smartphone Addiction Scale between two surveys administered at two timepoints were compared: Sample 1 (September 2019–January 2020; N = 878) and Sample 2 (May-June 2020; N = 258). No significant differences were found between samples on nomophobia or SA. Nearly all of Sample 2 reported using some type of app more, using their smartphone a little more, and about the same perceived smartphone reliance during COVID-19. Increased screen time, smartphone reliance, and social media significantly predicted nomophobia and SA. COVID-19 does not appear to have exacerbated the prevalence of nomophobia or SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicología (Santiago) is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nomophobia, often known as a 21st-century disorder, is a recent condition that has received considerable attention, with numerous studies conducted to better understand it since it was first introduced in 2008. To better understand the present research status and prospects to assist practitioners, policymakers, and funding agencies in protecting the population from nomophobia-related harm, a bibliometric study of nomophobia-related publications was conducted. We used Scopus and dimensions.ai to perform a search between 2008 and 2022. The HistCite, R software, and VOSviewer were used to analyze the data and extract relevant keywords indexed in medical databases using mesh heading phrases. Between January 2008 and April 2022, 1,781 papers, 30 datasets, two grants, six patents, four clinical trials, and five policy documents were identified. The bulk of the articles included in this review were published after 2017 with the majority written in English. Most of the research focuses on determining the prevalence of nomophobia in various populational groups, such as students, clinical samples, and the general adult population. Several studies examined the possible association between nomophobia symptoms and other psychiatric or physical health issues, such as changes in sleep, learning and attention, academic performance, coping strategies, etc. The current body of research knowledge of nomophobia in the main includes epidemiologic and diagnostic effort that has provided mixed results regarding its assessment and prevalence rates, and appreciable data on its treatment and prevention are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone ownership and engagement are at an all-time high. Excessive smartphone use may impart smartphone-specific anxiety; specifically, the fear of being unable to access or use one's smartphone, or nomophobia. Young adults, in particular, are at higher risk for nomophobia, given higher ownership of and engagement with smartphones. Notably, little research has been done in a Canadian context. Objective: To conduct an environmental scan of nomophobia prevalence in a Canadian university. Participants: Full-time and part-time university students. Methods: The Nomophobia Questionnaire and demographics were collected via mass emailer of all students at the host institution (n = 1,002). Results: Findings indicate moderate-to-high levels of nomophobia among respondents, with nearly a quarter of respondents reporting severe nomophobia. Respondents who identified as women were an undergraduate, and/or owned an Apple device reported significantly higher nomophobia. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for comparable levels of nomophobia between Canadian post-secondary students and recent global research. Future research should explore nomophobia within a more nationally representative sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Online child sexual abuse (OCSA) affects considerable numbers of children globally and is associated with a variety of mental health problems. Existing practitioner studies suggest that young people are infrequently asked about online abuse and practitioners have a fragmented understanding of the problems experienced or how they might approach them. There are very few evidence-based interventions that guide clinical assessment or practice. Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) have the potential to be an effective option where children and young people's services are challenged, including accessibility and anonymity. The aim of this study was to explore mental health practitioners' views of how DHIs may play a role in supporting young people who have experienced OCSA, and the role they can play in healthcare delivery. Method: In-depth qualitative interviews and one focus group were conducted with 25 child mental health professionals across two sites (Manchester and Edinburgh). Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three overarching themes and 9 sub-themes were identified: (1) feeling a little bit lost; (2) seeing potential problems; and (3) knowing what works. Practitioners expressed interest in a DHI to support this client group and saw it as a way of managing waiting lists and complementing existing therapies. They felt that many young people would see this as a preferred medium to inperson therapy, would be empowering, and offers new ways of learning how to stay safe online. However, there were concerns about how much time would be needed by staff to deliver a DHI, anxieties about safety issues in relation to content and data protection, some of which may be unique to this population of young people, and concerns about the absence of a therapeutic relationship with vulnerable children. Discussion: Our findings indicated that practitioners were uncertain about working with children subjected to OCSA but were receptive to the possibility of using a DHI to support their practice and to reduce waiting lists. Concerns were expressed about the time needed for staff training and support as well as concerns over patient safety and the lack of evidence about the effectiveness of an unsupported DHI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones with their numerous applications have become essential daily equipment, prompting scientific research to deal with the impact of their use on psychosocial health. Under this spectrum, the aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the association between nomophobia and the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress, in relation to self-esteem and sociodemographic data, among the young adult population. The study sample consisted of 1408 young adults aged 18–25 years, participating on a voluntary basis with an online anonymous questionnaire. Data were collected through the “Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)”, “Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—short form (DASS-21)”, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The questionnaire also included socio-demographic characteristics and smartphone use variables. Data analysis showed that women were identified with severe depression and stress to a greater extent than men (63.3% vs. 55.1% for depression and 18.1% vs. 13.8% for stress scale). With respect to nomophobia, participants with severe levels of nomophobia also exhibited severe levels of negative emotional states in all DASS components, i.e., 40.6% in depression, 73.7% in anxiety, and 32.7% in stress (all p values < 0.001). Participants with severe levels of depression and anxiety were very often checking their phone and used it in all daily activities. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that self-esteem had a moderating effect on the relationship between nomophobia and DASS, a fact that modifies the association between the involved variables: stronger relationships appeared between nomophobia and DASS components in individuals with normal/high self-esteem than in individuals with low self-esteem.

Background: Smart phone use has become a part of people’s everyday life. However, when the lack of using the smart phone to establish and maintain electronic communication is related to psychological distress, such a behavior may be considered a modern-age phobia, or nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia). The aims of the present study were to investigate among a sample of young adults the associations between scores for nomophobia and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. Methods: A total of 537 students (mean age: 25.52 years; 42.3% females) participated in the study. They completed a booklet of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information and symptoms of nomophobia, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. Results: Higher scores for nomophobia were associated with higher scores for depression, anxiety, and stress, but not with scores for insomnia and obsessive–compulsive disorders. The regression model confirmed that symptoms of anxiety predicted nomophobia. Conclusions: The present results support the assumption that nomophobia appears to be a mood disturbance related to stronger associations with symptoms of anxiety and, to a lesser extent, with symptoms of depression and stress. By contrast, nomophobia appeared to be unrelated to insomnia and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorders.

Objective: Based on the idea that there may be a link between smartphone addiction and adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD), our aim was to examine the impacts of ASAD symptoms on nomophobia and whether they predict nomophobia among ASAD patients. Method: We randomly recruited 50 patients diagnosed with ASAD and 50 control subjects satisfying the inclusion criteria. We collected the data using a sociodemographic information form, the Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA-27), the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results: Fifty-four percent of the patients had moderate, and 46% showed mild nomophobia symptoms. The results revealed that, compared to healthy controls, the patients had significantly higher scores on the ASA-27, the BDI, the BAI, the NMP-Q (total), the NMP-Q not being able to access information, the NMP-Q giving up convenience, the NMPQ not being able to communicate, and the NMP-Q losing connectedness (p=0.006 for the NMP-Q giving up convenience; p<0.001 for others). Moreover, the results yielded significant positive relationships between ASAD and the participants' nomophobia total and subscale scores (except for losing connectedness) (p<0.05). Finally, ASAD scores significantly predicted nomophobia, not being able to access information, giving up convenience, and not being able to communicate. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report nomophobia levels among patients diagnosed with ASAD. The increased severity of separation anxiety symptoms contributed to the severity of nomophobia in the patients, which, in turn, significantly boosted the severity of their depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modern-day phobia is nomophobia or the irrational fear of losing mobile phone connectivity. Because nomophobia is a new study issue, there haven't been many investigations on its dynamic association with worsening mental health. The purpose of this study is to further research in this field by examining the association between nomophobia and poor mental health. The study used validated measures to examine the incidences of nomophobia and poor mental health, as well as the relationship between them, in a random sample of 100 persons chosen from various cities in India. The study found indications of nomophobia in young adults as well as moderately higher levels of depression and anxiety. The sample population exhibited normal stress levels. The empirical data concludes that nomophobia is positively correlated with poor mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones with their numerous applications have become essential daily equipment, prompting scientific research to deal with the impact of their use on psychosocial health. Under this spectrum, the aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the association between nomophobia and the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress, in relation to self-esteem and sociodemographic data, among the young adult population. The study sample consisted of 1408 young adults aged 18–25 years, participating on a voluntary basis with an online anonymous questionnaire. Data were collected through the "Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)", "Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—short form (DASS-21)", and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The questionnaire also included socio-demographic characteristics and smartphone use variables. Data analysis showed that women were identified with severe depression and stress to a greater extent than men (63.3% vs. 55.1% for depression and 18.1% vs. 13.8% for stress scale). With respect to nomophobia, participants with severe levels of nomophobia also exhibited severe levels of negative emotional states in all DASS components, i.e., 40.6% in depression, 73.7% in anxiety, and 32.7% in stress (all p values < 0.001). Participants with severe levels of depression and anxiety were very often checking their phone and used it in all daily activities. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that self-esteem had a moderating effect on the relationship between nomophobia and DASS, a fact that modifies the association between the involved variables: stronger relationships appeared between nomophobia and DASS components in individuals with normal/high self-esteem than in individuals with low self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to estimate the magnitude of nomophobia, prevalence and degree of depression, anxiety and stress; the relationship between nomophobia and different mental health status; and also finding the correlates of nomophobia among undergraduate medical students. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Murshidabad Medical College during September-November 2023, among a calculated sample of 222 undergraduate medical students selected through stratified random sampling. A self-reported English questionnaire comprising background characteristics, smartphone use related characteristics; and validated nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) and depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Among the study participants 13.1%, 72.1% and 14.8% had mild, moderate and severe nomophobia respectively. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were 54.5%, 69.4% and 37.4% respectively. Multivariable binary logistic regression revealed that students aged less than 21 years (AOR: 6.088; 95% CI: 2.053- 18.055), students belonging to joint family (AOR: 6.836; 95% CI: 2.392-19.537) and daily average time spent on smartphone more than 5 hours (AOR:5.314; 95% CI: 1.919-14.721) were at higher risk of developing severe nomophobia. Correlation analysis revealed depression was significantly correlated with Nomophobia (Spearman rho:0.200, p value:0.003). Conclusion: Nomophobia is quite prevalent among medical students with varying degree of severity. Mental health status specially depression is correlated with nomophobia. Findings suggests the need for supporting the holistic well-being of medical students through proper health education strategies and workshops on mental health.

Copyright of Ḥawliyyaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb: Ǧāmiʿaẗ Binī Sūwaīf is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to investigate how university students experience nomophobia in daily life (state nomophobia), and how their trait-based characteristics and temporal characteristics impact nomophobia. The initial aim was to investigate whether state)based psychological constructs (anxiety and loneliness) and trait-based psychological constructs (nomophobia, anxiety, loneliness) predict state nomophobia. The second aim was to investigate whether state nomophobia scores were higher on weekdays than on weekends, and to investigate the effect of being nomophobic on this relationship. In this study, two groups were created (non-nomophobic/nomophobic) (N= 40) and the experience sampling method was used. Data were collected with standard measurement tools and momentary assessments via the PIEL Survey smartphone application. For the analysis, hierarchical linear modelling was performed. The findings showed that state anxiety, trait anxiety, and trait loneliness significantly predicted state nomophobia. However, state loneliness failed to predict state nomophobia. The difference between weekend state nomophobia scores and weekday scores was not statistically significant. However, the effect of being nomophobic was significant, indicating that nomophobic individuals experience more intense state nomophobia symptoms at weekends than non-nomophobic individuals. The findings suggest that momentary assessments should be used to make inferences about the causes of state nomophobia experienced in daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smart phone use has become a part of people's everyday life. However, when the lack of using the smart phone to establish and maintain electronic communication is related to psychological distress, such a behavior may be considered a modern-age phobia, or nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia). The aims of the present study were to investigate among a sample of young adults the associations between scores for nomophobia and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. Methods: A total of 537 students (mean age: 25.52 years; 42.3% females) participated in the study. They completed a booklet of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information and symptoms of nomophobia, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. Results: Higher scores for nomophobia were associated with higher scores for depression, anxiety, and stress, but not with scores for insomnia and obsessive–compulsive disorders. The regression model confirmed that symptoms of anxiety predicted nomophobia. Conclusions: The present results support the assumption that nomophobia appears to be a mood disturbance related to stronger associations with symptoms of anxiety and, to a lesser extent, with symptoms of depression and stress. By contrast, nomophobia appeared to be unrelated to insomnia and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nomophobia is an emerging phenomenon in the 21st century. Consequently, it results in various health problems, both physical and psychological. The following systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to establish the relationship between nomophobia with anxiety, smartphone addiction, and insomnia. To identify the relevant studies, we searched through several databases. Out of the 1523 studies identified, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. After conducting the statistical analysis, the results revealed that anxiety r = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.38), smartphone addiction r = 0.39 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.75), and insomnia r = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.75) are positively associated with nomophobia. Mobile phone usage has become inevitable, even for individuals who use it to a lesser degree than others, to perform simple tasks, such as communicating with others or for educational purposes. It is crucial to raise awareness about the consequences of overusing these devices, including the physical and psychological complications in both the short and long terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of studies have shown that loneliness is a positive predictor of nomophobia (no mobile phobia), but little research has examined the mechanism of this association. Drawing on attachment theory, the present study constructs a moderated mediation model to examine whether smartphone attachment mediates the relation between loneliness and nomophobia and whether this mediating process is moderated by attachment anxiety. A total of 598 college students in China were recruited to complete a questionnaire to measure loneliness, smartphone attachment, attachment anxiety, and nomophobia. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. Our findings revealed that after controlling for gender, loneliness is positively associated with nomophobia. Meanwhile, smartphone attachment plays a mediating role in the relationship between loneliness and nomophobia. Furthermore, attachment anxiety moderates the mediated path through smartphone attachment, such that an indirect effect is much stronger for individuals with higher attachment anxiety relative to those with low attachment anxiety. The present study provides new insight into the complex processes in the association between loneliness and nomophobia, and the results have important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the immediate impact of a social media outage on nomophobia and associated symptoms using a longitudinal cohort design. Data were collected at two timepoints, baseline (T1) and during the social media outage of 4 October 2021 (T2). T1 was collected in August–September 2021 as part of the baseline of an ongoing study. The nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7), and Athens insomnia scale (AIS) were administered to 2706 healthy participants from the general Bahraini population (56% females, mean age 33.57 ± 11.65 years). Approximately one month later, during the social media outage, 306 of the study participants were opportunistically assessed using the NMP-Q. At baseline, we found that nomophobia levels strongly correlated positively with both insomnia (p = 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (p = 0.001). This is the first report to examine the impact of a social media outage on nomophobia. Our findings indicate that symptoms of nomophobia increased significantly during a social media outage. Baseline insomnia scores predicted a surge in the global scores of nomophobia symptoms during a social media outage.

Copyright of Ḥawliyyaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb: Ǧāmiʿaẗ Binī Sūwaīf is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multiple effects are derived from the problematic use of smartphones in young people, among which nomophobia (anxiety about not being able to use the mobile phone) and FoMO (anxiety about being disconnected from social networks) stand out, manifesting comorbidity with psychological disorders, such as anxiety. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the manifestations of nomophobia and FoMO and symptoms of anxiety, as well as the possible differential profiles in these uses based on variables such as sex and time of use of the mobile phone. Method: A non-probabilistic convenience sampling was carried out, obtaining a total sample of 225 young people between 18 and 25 years old (M = 20.8; SD = 1.878). Results: The existence of a positive relationship between the three main variables under study has been confirmed, so that the greater the anxiety, the more fear of losing or being without the mobile phone is experienced, as well as anxiety with manifestations of FoMO. Increased use of mobile phones has been found to lead to higher levels of nomophobia and FoMO. Likewise, it has been found that women have greater nomophobia, FoMo and anxiety compared to men. Conclusions: More research is needed on this topic in young people, given the interrelation of the analyzed variables and their multiple implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOMOPHOBIA, or NO MObile PHone Phobia, refers to a psychological condition in which people fear being disconnected from their mobile phones. The purpose of this review was to establish the prevalence of nomophobia symptoms in youth and young adults according to severity, country, culture, population, measurement tool, and year of data collection. An electronic search of fourteen databases, two digital preservation services, and three content aggregator services was conducted from the inception of each database until 15 September 2021. A total of 52 studies involving 47,399 participants from 20 countries were included in the analyses. The prevalence of nomophobia was defined as the proportion of individuals scoring at or above established cut-offs on validated measures. Based on a random-effects meta-analysis, approximately 20% of individuals showed mild symptoms of nomophobia, 50% showed moderate symptoms, and 20% showed severe symptoms. Our results showed that university students from non-Western cultures are the most likely to suffer severe symptoms. In the year 2021, the prevalence rate of nomophobia increased. The instrument that was best able to detect nomophobia was the nomophobia questionnaire. Most individuals who own mobile phones experience mild or moderate symptoms of nomophobia. Severe symptoms deserve attention from clinicians and research scientists. A valid method of identifying individuals with a severe addiction to their mobile phones will help with timely and effective therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Health Academics / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Health Academics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examined the immediate impact of a social media outage on nomophobia and associated symptoms using a longitudinal cohort design. Data were collected at two timepoints, baseline (T1) and during the social media outage of 4 October 2021 (T2). T1 was collected in August–September 2021 as part of the baseline of an ongoing study. The nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7), and Athens insomnia scale (AIS) were administered to 2706 healthy participants from the general Bahraini population (56% females, mean age 33.57 ± 11.65 years). Approximately one month later, during the social media outage, 306 of the study participants were opportunistically assessed using the NMP-Q. At baseline, we found that nomophobia levels strongly correlated positively with both insomnia (p = 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (p = 0.001). This is the first report to examine the impact of a social media outage on nomophobia. Our findings indicate that symptoms of nomophobia increased significantly during a social media outage. Baseline insomnia scores predicted a surge in the global scores of nomophobia symptoms during a social media outage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile phones are important for people, especially for young adults and adolescents. As people tend to form attachments to not only social partners, but inanimate targets as well, mobile devices can become important objects that provide safety and security. This could lead to separation anxiety, also known as "nomophobia". Constant need for mobile use may result in problematic behaviors in schools, cause distraction in class, it is important to explore the students' relationship to devices. Our study compares state anxiety level of high school students on a regular school day and on an experimental "mobile-free day", when participants do not carry their mobile phones during classes. We hypothesized that separation from the mobiles would increase anxiety and decrease class engagement, especially in students with higher mobile attachment scores. The sample consisted of 235 secondary school students. Results of Repeated Measures ANCOVA showed that anxiety levels increased on the mobile-free school day, but class engagement was not affected by the experiment. Linear regression analysis revealed 'Safe Haven' mobile attachment to be a significant predictor of state anxiety on the mobile free school day. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that mobile use habits linked to social media and instant message services were associated with higher anxiety scores on the mobile-free school day. Our results provide more insights on both use of mobile phones in learning environment and regarding school regulations of students' device use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Assess the association between nomophobia and temperaments in the Lebanese population. Methods: The cross‐sectional study was conducted between January and July 2019 (N = 2260). Results: A total of 1089 of the participants (48.3%) appeared to have moderate nomophobia while 349 (15.5%) were found to exhibit severe nomophobia. Multivariable analysis showed that higher hyperthymic temperament (β = −0.34) was associated with less nomophobia, whereas higher irritable temperament (β = 0.43) was associated with more nomophobia. Practical implications: The findings obtained from our study showed that a more irritable temperament was significantly associated with a more severe nomophobia, while hyperthymic temperament was associated with less nomophobia. They open up new perspectives for the evaluation of the temperaments among nomophobics with a better focus on the personality model and how they can predict nomophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted among 970 high school students, aimed to examine the effects of smartphone use on nomophobia, anxiety, and self-control on high school students. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Nomophobia Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Brief Self-Control Scale. It was determined that the students' smartphone addiction was above a moderate level and that smartphone addiction was found to bear an effect on nomophobia, self-control, and anxiety. Evidence-based interventions to minimize smartphone use should be planned and implemented, especially in adolescents, who are reported to be the group at highest risk in terms of addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and nomophobia in university students. A total of 300 university student volunteers aged 17-25 years were included. Measurements were applied online via Google Forms. The nomophobia scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form were used. The number of vigorous physical activity days in the last week, daily vigorous physical activity levels, and metabolic equivalent of task values spent for vigorous activity were higher in male than in female participants (p < .01). No significant difference was found between the participants' moderate-intensity physical activity, walking, and sitting times (p > .05). A negative correlation was found between the physical activity of the female participants and their nomophobia levels (r = -.217, p = .001). The university students had insufficient physical activity and high levels of nomophobia. A negative correlation was found between physical activity and nomophobia levels. Approaches to increase physical activity may reduce anxiety and depression levels caused by nomophobia in young individuals with high nomophobia levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been performed to examine the global prevalence of nomophobia by population, by instrument. Thus, this review was performed to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia by severity. Methods: American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception of each respective database to second week of January 2021 were used. There was no language restriction. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology was used for computation. Results: Twenty papers, involving 12,462 participants from ten countries, were evaluated for meta-analysis. The prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia is 70.76% [95% CI 62.62%; 77.75%]. The prevalence of severe nomophobia is 20.81% [95% CI 15.45%; 27.43%]. University students appeared to be the highest group affected with a prevalence of severe nomophobia 25.46% [95% CI 18.49%; 33.98%]. Meta-regressions of severe nomophobia showed that age and sex were not a successful predictor of severe nomophobia β = −0.9732, p = 0.2672 and β = −0.9732, p = 0.4986. Conclusions: The prevalence of severe nomophobia is approximately 21% in the general adult population. University students appeared to be the most impacted by the disorder.

The concept of nomophobia is a relatively new and is defined as the fear of not being able to use all the features and benefits provided by smartphones. The main goal of this research was to examine the relationship between nomophobia and various emotional difficulties and distress factors. The following measuring instruments were used on a sample of 257 Croatian students whose average age was 22 years: Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q); Scales of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DASS); Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (SELSA); and Emotional Skills and Competences Questionnaire (ESCQ-15). Significant correlations between nomophobia and all examined variables were determined. It was found that nomophobia and emotional skills and competence act as significant predictors in expression of distress factors: 30% of the variance in the severity of depression symptoms, 24% of the variance in the severity of anxiety symptoms, and 26% of the variance in the severity of stress symptoms were explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that new technologies are the hallmark of modern times. For young people, the digital world is a natural environment for their functioning in everyday life. Smartphones and social media accompany them almost everywhere. Many of them, following their idols, not only like and comment on what others do, but also create their own image online. This often leads them to lose themselves in what they are doing, and when, for some reason, there is no access to a device or SNS, it results in their anxiety and stress. The ongoing pandemic has, in a way, "forced" many of us to have more contact with new technologies. Sitting in front of a computer/smartphone for hours, while studying/working remotely is not without its consequences on physical as well as mental health. There are two increasingly common fears, among the results of the excessive use of smartphones and e.g. social media (mainly used by young people), related to the use of new technologies: nomophobia and FoMO. The former is a kind of separation anxiety related to not having access to a mobile phone. The second one is characterised by people who use social media without restraint, when they cannot check what is happening on their favourite platforms. The aim of this article is to present the characteristics of both phenomena, the means of diagnosis and the results of national and international research showing their scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of technology and the introduction of smart phones into our lives, the new phobia of the age has been Nomophobia, which is expressed as the fear of being deprived of a smart phone. Along with the COVID 19, which has taken the world under its influence, the restrictions brought to control the epidemic and the changes in daily life have made individuals dependent on phones used in all areas of life for reasons such as communicating with their relatives and shopping over the internet. The research was conducted with the online survey method on a voluntary basis to individuals aged 18 and over, who were selected by convenience sampling method throughout Turkey and using smart phones. In the study, the Nomophobia Scale (NMP-Q) consisting of 20 items and four sub-dimensions and the epidemic anxiety scale consisting of 18 items and four sub-dimensions were used.The aim of the study is to examine the level of nomophobia and anxiety of the society during the COVID 19 epidemic period we are in. As a result of the research, while there was no significant difference between the socio-demographic variables such as age, marital status, educational status and place of residence and the participants' nomophobia and anxiety levels, it was concluded that there was a significant difference between gender and nomophobia and anxiety levels. In addition, it was found that there was a significant difference between the state of having COVID-19 and the level of anxiety and the fear of contracting COVID-19 and the level of nomophobia and anxiety. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between the nomophobia scale and the epidemic anxiety scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Nomophobia is a psychological condition associated with fear of being detached from mobile phone connectivity.The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in lockdowns and closure of educational institutions. The study’s objective is to find the severity of nomophobia and its association with stress, anxiety and depression in medical students in a tertiary care medical college hospital. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional analytical study. 307 students were included in the study by simple random sampling. A questionnaire as a google form was administered, which contained four parts. This included socio-demographic details, details related to mobile phone use, a pre-validated questionnaire called Nomophobia questionnaire and the DASS-21 scale. Results In our study, we found most students (45.0%) spent 3-6 hours daily on an average on mobile phone use. The most common use was online streaming of movies (24.8%) followed by social networking (23.1%). Statistical analysis revealed that 100 % of students had some degree of nomophobia. Severe nomophobia was present in 19.2% of the students. The severity of nomophobia was associated with the daily duration of mobile phone use, the amount spent on mobile recharge and self-perception of having a mobile phone dependence. There was a strong association between the severity of nomophobia and the severity of stress, anxiety, and depression. conclusion: This study has found that a significant percentage of students suffer from nomophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies to explore the associations and other causative factors for nomophobia would help in devising intervention methods to decrease the impact of this neglected social health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of nomophobia or no mobile phone phobia, and to find out its relationship with anxiety and depression among university students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a largest university in Southern Thailand, between July 2020 and October 2020. Data were collected using an online self-questionnaire, including personal and educational data, smartphone usage characteristics, the Thai version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and the Thai Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (Thai-HADS). Results: Six hundred thirty-eight university students completed the online self-questionnaires. The median age was 20 years (IQR 19 to 21 years), 77% were female, and 81.8% were undergraduate student. The prevalence of nomophobia was 76.1%, with the highest prevalence of severity level was moderate nomophobia (59.6%). Prevalence of anxiety and depression were 14.3% and 6.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the significant factors associated with nomophobia were being female (ORadj 1.64; 95% CI 1.072 to 2.521), having anxiety (ORadj 3.47; 95% CI 1.604 to 7.510), using smartphones to access social media (ORadj 2.84; 95% CI 1.333 to 6.067), and smartphone checking less than every 30 minutes (ORadj, 4.32; 95% CI 2.344 to 7.961) and every 30 to 60 minutes (ORadj 1.97; 95% CI 1.089 to 3.556). Conclusion: The present study provided evidence that nomophobia is an emerging mental health problem in the university students. The COVID-19 situation may further exacerbate this issue. University students with nomophobia should be carefully monitored for anxiety, especially in female. The present study information is important to reduce smartphone usage and access to social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone needs a smartphone during the pandemic, which makes people use online communication more. However, inappropriate and excessive use can cause problems, such as nomophobia. This study aimed to determine the effect of expressive writing therapy in reducing the level of nomophobia. The research method uses a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with 23 male and female subjects aged 19-21 years who had moderate to high levels of nomophobia--collecting data through observation, interviews, and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Expressive writing therapy was given to the experimental group for five sessions through online and offline media. Data analysis using a quantitative approach with the Mann-Whitney statistical test obtained a significance of p = 0.0425 (P <0.05), so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in nomophobia scores between the control and experimental groups after being given expressive writing therapy. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the subject experienced nomophobia due to unpleasant past experiences, parenting and environmental demands, loneliness, and work needs. The decrease in nomophobia scores was influenced by various new understandings gained after receiving expressive writing therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology (CTJPP) / Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi is the property of Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology (CTJPP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Education is the property of Sakarya University, Institute of Education Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The No Mobile Phone Phobia or Nomophobia notion is referred to the psychological condition once humans have a fear of being disconnected from mobile phone connectivity. Hence, it is considered as a recent age phobia that emerged nowadays as a consequence of high engagement between people, mobile data, and communication inventions, especially the smart phones. This review is based on earlier observations and current debate such as commonly used techniques that modeling and analyzing this phenomenon like statistical studies. All that in order to possess preferable comprehension concerning human reactions to the speedy technological ubiquitous. Accordingly, humans ought to restrict their utilization of mobile phones instead of prohibiting it, due to the fact that they could not evade the power of technological progression. In that matter, future perspectives would be employing data mining techniques to explore deep knowledge, which represents correlated relationship between the human and the mobile phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nomophobia is a portmanteau for “no mobile phone” and phobia or mobile phone addiction. Nomophobia refers to discomfort, anxiety, nervousness, or anguish caused by being out of contact with a mobile phone. There is a paucity of literature from India on this emerging mental health condition. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life among adolescent students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1386 high school students aged between 14 and 17 years. The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) was used to assess nomophobia. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to measure depression, anxiety, and quality of life, respectively. Results: Out of 1386 adolescents, 569 (41.05%), 303 (21.86%), and 82 (5.1%) have mild, moderate, and severe nomophobia, respectively. There were significantly more males with nomophobia. There was a statistically significant relationship between NMP-Q score and BDI, BAI, and SF-36 scores. A significant positive correlation was observed between NMP-Q score and scores on BDI and BAI and a significant negative correlation between SF-36 score. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that nomophobia is an emerging mental health condition, especially in male adolescents. Nomophobia is significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life. Multicentric studies are needed to better understand this disorder.

This study aims to investigate the multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety in the relationship between adolescents' duration of daily smartphone usage and their nomophobia levels, based on social cognitive theory. The data were collected from 274 adolescent smartphone users and analysed through ordinary least-squares regression analysis and bootstrap methods, as well as descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation. The findings primarily indicated that there is a significant correlation between the duration of daily smartphone usage, loneliness, anxiety, and nomophobia. Additionally, both the single and multiple mediation effects of loneliness and anxiety in the relationship between duration of daily smartphone usage and nomophobia are significant. The findings further indicated that the single mediation effect of anxiety is more powerful compared with other models in which the pair of loneliness and anxiety, and loneliness as a single variable, significantly mediated the relationship. Based on our findings, it was concluded, as consistent with the relevant literature, that as adolescents' daily smartphone usage increases, they feel more lonely and anxious, and consequently demonstrate more nomophobic behaviours. The current study contributed to the relevant literature by modelling the relationships among duration of daily smartphone usage, loneliness, anxiety, and nomophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]