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1. Comorbidity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in children and adolescents.

Author

Melegari MG, Bruni O, Sacco R, Barni D, Sette S, and Donfrancesco R

Subjects
Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders diagnosis, Anxiety Disorders genetics, Anxiety Disorders psychology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity genetics, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity psychology, Bipolar Disorder diagnosis, Bipolar Disorder epidemiology, Bipolar Disorder genetics, Bipolar Disorder psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder diagnosis, Depressive Disorder epidemiology, Depressive Disorder genetics, Depressive Disorder psychology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Anxiety Disorders epidemiology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity epidemiology
Abstract

The aim of the study is to explore the impact of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) comorbidity in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Six hundred children with ADHD (mean age = 9.12 years), recruited from 2013 to 2017, participated in the study. A total of 96 (16%) children with ADHD displayed a comorbidity with GAD. ADHD + GAD were compared to 504 ADHD children without GAD in terms of cognitive and psychiatric profile, ADHD subtype and family psychiatric history. The ADHD + GAD, predominantly represented from ADHD combined (72.6%), displayed higher psychiatry comorbidity, in particular with depressive disorders, and were associated with higher rates of maternal depression, of ADHD in fathers, and bipolar disorders in second degree relatives. Moreover, younger preschool-primary school age children with ADHD + GAD showed significant higher frequency of depressive disorders versus younger preschool-primary children with ADHD without GAD. ADHD + GAD comorbidity represents a more complex clinical condition compared to ADHD without GAD, characterized by the higher frequency of multiple comorbidities and by a psychiatric family with higher rates of mood and disruptive disorders., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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2. Temperamental and character profiles of preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and anxiety disorders.

Author

Melegari MG, Nanni V, Lucidi F, Russo PM, Donfrancesco R, and Cloninger CR

Subjects
Anxiety Disorders complications, Anxiety Disorders diagnosis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity complications, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders complications, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders diagnosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reproducibility of Results, Anxiety Disorders psychology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity psychology, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders psychology, Temperament
Abstract

Background: The aim of the present research was to identify profiles of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions associated with anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention- deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in preschoolers., Method: The parents of 120 children (mean age=4.65 years; S.D.=.88) completed the Preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (PsTCI). The sample consisted of 4 groups (n=30 per group): ADHD, anxious, ODD and control children. To diagnose the different disorders, the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 was administered to the parents., Results: The discriminant analysis showed that three temperamental dimensions (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking and Persistence) enabled the correct classification of 75% of cases within their own group, which demonstrated an adequate accuracy rate. The ADHD children showed a temperamental profile that was characterized by high Novelty Seeking, low Reward Dependence and low Persistence, while the anxious children obtained high scores in Harm Avoidance. The profiles of the ODD children shared some common features (high Novelty Seeking) with the ADHD children, but the ODD children were characterized by higher Persistence and Harm Avoidance compared with ADHD children., Conclusions: The present results indicate that Cloninger's temperamental dimensions allow to differentiate the three most frequent psychiatric disorders in preschoolers., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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