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The main aim of these studies was the characterisation and identification of lactic acid (LAB) bacteria isolated from untreated silage, and the effect of selected bacteria (inoculant was called Silko for maize) on ensiling of maize high-moisture grain. Four isolates of LAB (L1, L2, L3 and L4) were characterised by the use of phenotypic assays and identified by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA as L. plantarum. The fresh maize high-moisture grain was ensiled with a Silko for maize inoculant, inoculant available in the market (positive control) and no additive (untreated; negative control). After 60 days of ensiling, the results showed that the chemical composition and fermentation characteristics were better in treated silages with inoculants compared to the negative control. The contents of ash, fat and lactic acid (LA) were significantly higher in the silages treated with inoculants than in negative control. In comparison, the contents of cellulose, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), NH3-N/total nitrogen and butyric acids (BA) were considerably lower in silage treated with Silko for maize compared to the positive control. The Silko for maize improve nutritional value and fermentation of maize grain silage and is a competitive product on the market. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je karakterizacija i identifikacija bakterija mlečne kiseline (BMK) izolovanih iz netretirane silaže, kao i efekat odabranih bakterija (inokulant nazvan Silko za kukuruz) na siliranje vlažnog zrna kukuruza. Četiri izolata BMK (L1, L2, L3 i L4) su okarakterisani upotrebom fenotipskih testova i identifikovani filogenetskom analizom 16S rRNA kao L. plantarum. Vlažno zrno kukuruza silirano je sa Silkom za kukuruz, inokulantom koji je dostupan na tržištu (pozitivna kontrola) i bez primene inokulanta (netretirana; negativna kontrola). Nakon 60 dana od siliranja, rezultati su pokazali da su hemijski sastav i fermentacione karakteristike bolji u silažama tretiranim sa inokulantima u poređenju sa negativnom kontrolom. Sadržaj pepela, masti i mlečne kiseline bio je značajno veći u silažama tretiranim sa inokulantima nego u negativnoj kontroli. Sadržaj celuloze, kiselih (ADF) i neutralnih deterdžentskih vlakana (NDF), amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu i buterne kiseline (BA) bio je značajno niži u silaži tretiranoj sa Silkom za kukuruz nego u pozitivnoj kontroli. Silko za kukuruz poboljšava hranjivu vrednost i fermentaciju silaže od zrna kukuruza i predstavlja konkurentan proizvod na tržištu.

The purpose of this study was to investigate oestrus synchronization efficiency and ram maturity effect on fertility of ewes of MIS sheep population during summer season. Research was performed on the experimental sheep farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Belgrade, Serbia. The study included 70 crossbred ewes of MIS sheep population (Pirot Pramenka, Merinolandschaf and Ile de France breed) and 3 Ile de France rams (2 young, sexually unexperienced rams and 1 mature ram). Oestrus was synchronized in all 70 ewes using progestagen impregnated vaginal sponges (30 mg fluorogestone acetate) in combination with 500 IU PMSG. Ewes were mated with rams 48 h later. Obtained fertility and productivity results were as follows: lambing rate 57.14% (40/70), gestation length 147.11, litter size 1.82, stillborn rate 15.07%, birth weight of lambs 4.29 kg and body weight of lambs at 30 days of age 13.07 kg on average. Based on the results obtained in this study it was concluded that presented oestrus synchronization and mating protocol yielded lower than expected lambing rate. The effect of ram maturity on lambing rate was significant (P

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of adding flax seed to the cattle diet in the final stage of fattening. A total of 30 male Simmental cattle of uniform initial weight were selected for the trial, which were divided into 2 groups (KON (control) and LS (experimental)). Animals in the control group did not consume flax seed as a dietary supplement, and animals in the experimental group consumed flax seeds in the amount of 3.75% of the concentrated portion of the meal in the last 90 days of fattening, i.e 300 g per day. After slaughtering and cooling, the left carcass side was cut into basic parts according to the Regulation. The study included examination of the tissue fraction of parts of the carcass of the young, determined by dissection. The results of the study showed that the addition of flax seed in the diet had no statistically significant effect on the composition of the carcass parts of the young bulls at the end of the experiment.

The aim of this study was to establish the total fungal (mould) count in 79 commercial pig farm feed samples (42 samples for piglets, 29 samples for fattening pigs and 8 samples for sows) collected from the Serbian feed producers during the three-year period (2017-2019), as well as to evaluate the percentage of contamination samples by fungi, especially species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera. Using standard mycological methods, the total count and identification of fungi were determined. Total fungal count was ranging from 1 ? 102 to 1.41 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for piglets. Furthermore, in the feed samples for fattening pigs it ranged from1 ? 102 to 2.54 ? 105 cfu g-1, and from 1 ? 102 to 1.93 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for sows. It has established the impermissible limit of total fungal count in 3.45% and 4.76% of a feed for fattening pigs and feed for piglets, respectively. Statistical analysis of the total number of fungi did not establish significant differences between the examined feed groups. Fusarium species were present in the most feed samples for fattening pigs (65.52%), followed by the feed for sows (62.50%) and piglets (47.62%). Aspergillus species were determined in 59.52, 58.62 and 37.50% feed samples for piglets, fattening pigs and sows, respectively. Penicillium species contaminated the lowest percentage of feed samples for fattening pigs (27.59%) and the highest percentage of feed samples for sows (37.50%). In a small number of samples Alternaria, Mucor, and Rhizopus species were identified. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the investigation of fungal contamination is an important indicator of a hygienic condition of feed intended for the nutrition of farm pigs. In addition, the percentage of fungal contamination of the examined samples indicates a potentially high risk to animal health. Due to that, a regular mycological evaluation is necessary to assess nutritional quality as one of the fundamental criteria for feed safety.

In this paper, the influence of cut at two maturity stages (the beginning of the flowering stage and mid bloom stage and bacterial inoculant ?Silko za lucerku? (contains Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus spp.) on the quality of red clover silage were presented. The commercial cultivar Nada selected at the Bc Institute in Zagreb was used for investigation. The silage was examined in mini-silos (glass jars of 1.5 l volume with plastic fermentation valve) in the laboratory. The chemical composition, energy and fermentation characteristics of silages were analyzed 90 days after ensiling. The values of dry matter, acid (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lactic acid and pH were significantly lower, while the crude protein content, total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV), ammonia nitrogen in total nitrogen (NH3-N/TN), acetic and butyric acids were significantly higher in the first cutting stage. The inoculation with inoculant ?Silko za lucerku? improved the chemical, energy and fermentation parameters of silages. Inoculant-treated silage had lower contents of ADF, NDF, NH3-N/TN, acetic and butyric acids and pH, and higher contents of dry matter, crude protein, TDN, RFV and lactic acid than control. Accordingly, timely cutting stage and application of microbial inoculant can contribute to a lesser loss of nutritional value of the forage and promote silage quality.

In this study, a total of 30 poultry (chicken and laying hens) feed samples collected from different poultry farms in Serbia in 2016 were tested for fungal and aflatoxin contamination. Using the plate count and standard mycological methods, total fungal counts and potentially toxigenic fungal genera were determined. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected by ELISA (enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay) method. The total fungal count was in the range from 1 x 102 (2 log CFU g-1 ) to 1.83 x 105 CFU g-1 (5.26 logCFU g-1 ). The majority of the chicken feeds (78.57%) had the total fungal count in the ranged from 1 x 102 to 4.8 x 104 CFU g-1 , whereas in 68.75% of the laying hens feeds it was ranged from 5.3 x 104 to 1.83 x 105 CFU g -1 . In 21.43% of the chicken feeds fungal contamination reached the level above the regulation limits. Three potentially toxigenic fungal genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, have been identified. In the tested poultry feed samples, more samples contaminated with Aspergillus were determined compared to samples contaminated by Fusarium and Penicillium species. The AFB1 was detected in concentrations from 1.34 to 18.29 g kg-1 , with an average of 4.47 and 4.56 g kg-1 in the chicken and laying hens feed samples, respectively. In 14.29% of the chicken feeds, the level of AFB1 was above the regulation limits. The obtained results confirmed the importance of continuous mycological and mycotoxicological control of poultry feed, as well as need to improve risk assessments of such contaminants along the food chain. U ovom radu je 30 uzoraka hrane za živinu sakupljenih tokom 2016. godine iz različitih živinarskih farmi u Srbiji, ispitivano na prisustvo gljiva i aflatoksina u uzorku. Primenom metode razrešenja i standardnih mikoloških metoda utvrđeni su ukupan broj gljiva i identifikovani su potencijalno toksigeni rodovi gljiva. Prirodna pojava aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) utvrđena je primenom biohemijske imunoadsorpcione metode (ELISA). Ukupan broj gljiva bio je od 1 x 102 (2 logCFU g-1 ) do 1,83 x 105 CFU g-1 (5.26 log CFU g-1 ). Najveći broj uzoraka hrane za piliće (78,57%) imao je ukupan broj gljiva u rangu od 1 x 102 do 4,8 x 104 CFU g-1 , dok je 68,75% uzoraka hrane za nosilje imalo ukupan broj gljiva u rangu od 5,3 x 104 do 1,83 x 105 CFU g-1 . U 21,43% hrane za piliće ustanovljen je nedozvoljen ukupan broj gljiva. Identifikovana su tri potencijalno toksigena roda gljiva Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium. Najveći broj ispitivanih uzoraka hrane za živinu bio je kontaminiran Aspergillus vrstama, u odnosu na Fusarium i Penicillium vrste koje su kontaminirale manji broj uzoraka. Rang sadržaja AFB1 bio je od 1,34 do 18,29 µg kg-1 , sa prosečnim sadržajem od 4,47 µg kg-1 u uzorcima hrane za piliće, i 4,56 µg kg-1 u uzorcima hrane za nosilje. U 14,29% uzoraka hrane za piliće ustanovljen je nedozvoljen sadržaj AFB1. Dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju značaj stalne mikološke i mikotoksikološke kontrole hrane za živinu, kao i potrebu za usavršavanjem procene rizika od štetnih (gljivičnih) kontaminenata u lancu ishrane.

The trial was designed in order to examine the impact of flax seed in the nutrition of young cattle/bulls, in the final stage of the fattening. In the trial, 30 bulls of Simmental breed of uniform initial weight were selected, divided into 2 groups (control and experimental). The control animal group did not consume flax seed as a food supplement. Cattle of the experimental group consumed flax seed in an amount of 3.75% (300 g per day) of concentrated meal in the last 90 days of fattening, i.e. 300 g per day. The study included the examination of the fattening performance, slaughter traits and the composition of the bovine carcass. After slaughtering, warm carcass sides, with and without kidneys, were measured individually. Subsequent to period of cooling, the left carcass side it was cut into the main carcass parts according to the Rulebook. The results of the study showed that the addition of flax seed in the diet did not have a statistically significant effect on the body weight of bulls at the end of the trial. It was found that the addition of flax seed in the feed during the final stage of fattening did not have an impact on the differences in the average overall gain of bulls and the feed conversion ratio. Based on the data obtained by cutting of carcass sides to main parts, it was established that feeding with flax seeds had no significant effect on the share of carcass parts. Eksperiment je postavljen sa ciljem da se ispita efekat dodavanja semena lana, u ishranu junadi, u završnoj fazi tova. Za ogled je odabrano 30 muških junadi simentalske rase ujednačenih početnih telesnih masa, koja su podeljena u 2 grupe (KON (kontrolna) i FS (ogledna)). Kontrolna grupa junadi nije konzumirala seme lana kao dodatak ishrani. Junad ogledne grupe su konzumirala seme lana u količini od 3,75% (300 g dnevno) koncentrovanog dela obroka u poslednjih 90 dana tova, tj. 300 g dnevno. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo ispitivanje rezultata tova, klanične karakteristike i sastava trupa junadi. Nakon klanja izvršeno je pojedinačno merenje toplih polutki sa i bez bubrežnog loja. Posle hlađenja leva polutka je rasecana u osnovne delove prema Pravilniku. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da dodatak semena lana u ishrani nije imao statistički značajan uticaj na masu junadi na kraju ogleda. Utvrđeno je da dodatak semena lana u ishranu tokom završne faze tova nije imao uticaj na razlike u prosečnom ukupnom prirastu (PUP) junadi i konverziji hrane. Na osnovu podataka dobijenih rasecanjem poluki junadi na osnovne delove utvrđeno je da ishrana sa semenom lana nema značajan uticaj na udeo delova trupa.

Maize is the very important silage source in the world. Timely harvesting ensure high maize forage yield and quality. Therefore, the study focused on the effects of four harvesting times (starting at the 12 August every 7 days) on yield and qualitative parameters of forage green mass of maize hybrid ZP 677. The experiment was set in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, ear percentage, forage yield, dry matter content and crude protein content were higher, while stem percentage was lower in 2014 with favorable climatic condition. Forage yield, crude protein content, ADF and NDF decreased, while dry matter content significantly increased with delay in harvesting. The maize hybrid should be harvested when the milk line is three-quarter of the way down the grain that is in the third decade of August. Kukuruz je veoma važan izvor silaže u svetu. Pravovremenom žetvom kukuruza obezbeđuje se visok prinos i kvalitet krme za silažu. Stoga je istraživanje fokusirano na uticaj četiri datuma žetve (počev od 12. avgusta svakih sedam dana) na prinos i kvalitativne parametre silokrme hibrida kukuruza ZP 677. Eksperiment je postavljen u Vojvodini, u Srbiji, tokom 2013. i 2014. godine. Visina biljke, prečnik stabla, broj listova po biljci, udeo stabla, prinos krme, sadržaj suve materije i sadržaj sirovih proteina bili su veći, dok je udeo stabla bio manji u 2014. godini sa povoljnim klimatskim uslovima. Prinos krme, sadržaj sirovih proteina, ADF i NDF su se smanjivali, dok se sadržaj suve materije povećavao sa kašnjenjem u žetvi. Hibrid kukuruza za krmu treba sakupljati kada je mlečna linija tri četvrtine visine zrna što je u trećoj dekadi avgusta.

Managing N, P and K inputs in semi-natural meadow production systems is important for achieving maximum yields in livestock farming. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of different NPK levels (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1 ) on the yield, quality and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) in a grassland community of Agrostietum capillaris (semi-natural meadow) in western Serbia. The study was conducted during the seasons of 2005-2008. The values of the investigated parameters, except for the unit N uptake, were the highest in 2004/2005 due to favorable climate conditions. The levels of nitrogen significantly increased all of the studied parameters compared to the control treatment, except for unit N uptake. Mineral fertilizers at N200P150K150 provided the highest green forage yield (25.12 t ha-1 ), dry matter yield (8.12 t ha-1 ), crude protein yield (876.3 kg ha-1 ), nitrogen uptake (140.2 kg ha-1 ) and nitrogen nutrition index (70.2%), and the lowest unit N uptake (0.0022 kg N kg DMY-1 ). The use of mineral fertilizers increased green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield, increasing fertilizer from lowest to highest rate increased fresh and dry matter yield, as well as protein yield. Based on the results of the study, monitoring of nutrition indices would be necessary in order to increase productivity and economic benefits. Unošenje N, P i K inputa u poluprirodnim livadama je vaţno za postizanje maksimalnih prinosa na stoĉarskim farmama. Cilj ove studije bio je procena uticaja razliĉitih nivoa N, P i K (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1 ) na prinos, kvalitet i indeks ishrane azotom (NNI) u livadskoj zajednici Agrostietum capillaris (poluprirodna livada) u zapadnoj Srbiji. Studija je sprovedena tokom perioda 2005-2008. Vrednosti ispitivanih parametara, izuzev usvajanja azota po jedinici mase, bile su najviše u 2004/2005 zbog povoljnih klimatskih uslova. Nivoi azota su znaĉajno povećali sve ispitivane parametre u poreĊenju sa kontrolnim tretmanom, osim usvajanja azota po jedinici mase. Đubrenje sa N200P150K150 obezbedilo je najveći prinos zelene krme (25.12 t ha-1 ), prinos suve materije (8.12 t ha-1 ), prinos sirovih proteina (876.3 kg ha-1 ), usvajanje azota (140,2 kg ha-1 ) i indeks ishrane azotom(70,2%), kao i najmanji (0,0022 kg N kg PSM-1 ). Upotreba mineralnih Ċubriva povećala je prinos zelene krme, prinos suve materije i prinos sirovih proteina, povećavanjem Ċubriva od najmanje do najveće koliĉine je povećalo prinos sveţe i suve mase, kao i prinos proteina. Na osnovu rezultata studije, praćenje indeksa ishrane azotom bi bilo neophodna mera u cilju porasta produktivnosti i ekonomske efikasnosti.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of maize hybrids to the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungal species, in particular toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species, and mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs)). Grain samples of six commercial maize hybrids (MAS 34.B - FAO 300, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, KWS Konfites and ZP 427 - FAO 400, and MAS 56.A - FAO 500) were collected at harvest in 2018. A total of seven fungal genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium and Rhizopus, were identified of which only species from the genus Fusarium were present on maize grains of all hybrids tested. The incidence of Fusarium spp. was higher in the hybrids MAS 48.L (54.6%), and MAS 56.A (53.3%), compared to MAS 40.F (37.3%), KWS Konfites (28%), MAS 34.B (22.6%) and ZP 427 (12%) hybrids. Among the identified Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides), F. proliferatum was present in all hybrids, ranging from 9.3% (ZP 427) to 30.7% (MAS 48.L ), whereas F. subglutinans was present in two hybrids, MAS 40.F (16%) and MAS 56.A (9.3%). The incidence of F. graminearum ranged from 0% (KWS Konfites) to 9.3% (MAS 34.B), while the incidence of F. verticillioides ranged from 0% (MAS 34.B and ZP 427) to 21.3% (MAS 48.L). In the samples, Aspergillus species were not identified. The effect of maize hybrids was significant on the level of mycotoxins. MAS 34.B hybrid had a statistically significantly higher levels of AFB1 and DON than other hybrids. The FBs level was the highest in the hybrid MAS 34.B (1202 mg kg-1 ) and the lowest in the hybrid KWS Konfites (88.33 mg kg-1 ). However, the FBs level did not differ between hybrids MAS 34.B, MAS 40.F, and MAS 56.L, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, and MAS 56.A, and KWS Konfites and ZP 427. In all hybrids, AFB1, DON, and FBs levels were below the maximum permissible levels stipulated by the legislation of the European Union and the Republic of Serbia in unprocessed maize. The agro-ecological conditions in 2018 favored the development of Fusarium species on maize grains of the hybrids tested, especially fumonisin producing species. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita osetljivost razliĉitih hibrida kukuruza na prirodnu pojavu toksigenih vrsta gljiva, posebno toksigenih Aspergillus i Fusarium vrsta, i mikotoksina (aflatoksina B1 (AFB1), deoksinivalenola (DON) i ukupnih fumonizina B1, B2 i B3 (FBs)). Uzorci zrna šest komercijalnih hibrida kukuruza (MAS 34.B - FAO 300, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, KWS Konfites i ZP 427 - FAO 400 i i MAS 56.A - FAO 500) sakupljeni su u vreme berbe 2018. godine. Analizom mikobiota identifikovane su vrste iz sedam rodova, Acremonium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium i Rhizopus, od kojih su samo vrste iz roda Fusarium bile prisutne na zrnu kukuruza svih ispitivanih hibrida. Veća uĉestalost Fusarium spp. na zrnu kukuruza bila je kod hibrida MAS 48.L (54,6%) i MAS 56.A (53,3%) u poreĊenju sa hibridima MAS 40.F (37,3%), KWS Konfites (28%), MAS 34.B (22,6%) i ZP 427 (12%). MeĊu identifikovanim Fusarium vrstama (F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans i F. verticillioides), vrsta F. proliferatum bila je prisutna kod svih ispitivanih hibrida u rangu od 9,3% (ZP 427) do 30,7% (MAS 48.L), dok je vrsta F. subglutinans bila prisutna kod dva hibrida MAS 40.F (16%) i MAS 56.A (9,3%). Uĉestalost F. graminearum je bila od 0% (KWS Konfites) do 9,3% (MAS 34.B), dok je uĉestalost F. verticillioides bila od 0% (MAS 34.B i ZP427) do 21,3% (MAS 48.L). U uzorcima zrna, Aspergillus vrste nisu bile identifikovane. Hibridi kukuruza statistiĉki su znaĉajno uticali na sadrţaj ispitivanih mikotoksina. Hibrid MAS 34.B imao je statistiĉki znaĉajno viši sadrţaj AFB1 i DON u odnosu na druge hibride. Sadrţaj FBs bio je najviši kod hibrida MAS 34.B (1202 mg kg-1 ), a najmanji kod hibrida KWS Konfites (88,33 mg kg-1 ). MeĊutim, sadrţaj FBs nije se razlikovao izmeĊu hibrida MAS 34.B, MAS 40.F i MAS 56.A, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L i MAS 56.A i KWS Konfites i ZP 427. Kod svih ispitivanih hibrida, sadrţaji AFB1, DON i FBs bili su ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih koliĉina propisanih zakonskom regulativom Evropske Unije i Republike Srbije u nepreraĊenom kukuruzu. Agroekološki uslovi u 2018. godini pogodovali su razvoju Fusarium vrsta na zrnu kukuruza ispitivanih hibrida, i to posebno fumonizin producenata.

In the winter time in Serbia, maize silage is the main ruminant feed. Therefore, managing maize silage is an important contributor to maintain the silage quality for livestock feed. In the study were evaluated the chemical composition, energetic and fermentation characteristics in whole-crop maize silage inoculated with different bacterial inoculants under field conditions in the commercial dairy farm, during the 2015. Three treatments were tested: negative control (untreated silage), a positive control (competitor inoculant) and Silko treatment (contains a mixture of 4 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP1, LP2, LP3 and LP4). Maize is ensiled in the milk-wax grain maturity. After 90 days of ensiling, the maize silages were analyzed. The application of bacterial inoculants improved the chemical composition and energetic characteristics of silage. The inoculant Silko was more effective at improving the fermentation characteristics than competitor inoculant. Ash, cellulose, soluble N/TN, NH3-N/TN, ADF, NDF, acetic acid and pH were significantly lower in Silko treatment than positive control. There were no differences in crude fat, crude protein, ME, NEL, lactic acid and butyric acid between the treated silages. Generally, the new product bacterial inoculant Silko proved in field trials its ability to support the ensiling process in maize. The main action of the bacterial inoculant Silko is performed in two ways: the reduced degradation of protein in silage and the improvement of the aerobic stability due to the lower pH, higher content of acetic acid than negative control. U zimskom periodu u Srbiji, silaža kukuruza je glavna hrana za preživare. Zbog toga je postupak proizvodnje silaže važan faktor u očuvanju kvaliteta silaže za ishranu zivotinja. U studiji su ocenjeni hemijski sastav, energetske i fermentacione karakteristike silaža od celih biljaka kukuruza inokulisanih različitim bakterijskim inokulantima u terenskim uslovima na komercijalnoj farmi goveda u 2015. godini. Tri tretmana su testirana: negativna kontrola (netretirana silaža), pozitivna kontrola (konkurentski proizvod) i Silko tretman (sadrži mešavinu 4 soja Lactobacillus plantarum (LP1 LP2, LP3 i LP4)). Kukuruz je siliran u fazi mlečno-voštane zrelosti zrna. Silaža je analizirana 90 dana nakon siliranja. Bakterijski inokulanti su poboljšali hemijski sastav i energetske karakteristike silaže. Inokulant Silko bio je efikasniji u poboljšanju fermentacionih karakteristika u odnosu na konkurentski proizvod. Sadržaj pepela, celuloze, rastvorljivog i amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu, ADF, NDF, sirćetne kiseline i pH značajno su niži u Silko tretmanu nego u pozitivnoj kontroli. Nije bilo razlike u sadržaju sirove masti, sirovih proteina, ME, NEL, mlečne i buterne kiseline između tretiranih silaža. Generalno, novi proizvod bakterijski inokulant Silko pokazao je da u poljskim ogledima ima sposobnost da podrži proces siliranja kukuruza. Delovanje bakterijskog inokulanta Silka vrši se na dva načina: smanjena degradacija proteina u silaži i poboljšana aerobna stabilnost zbog nižeg pH i većeg sadržaja sirćetne kiseline u poređenju sa negativnom kontrolom.

The paper presents the results of a comparative examination of the beef quality obtained from females of two genotype groups: domestic Simmental breed (A) and its crosses with Charolais breed. The sample included a total of 20 heads, 10 in each group. Cattle were slaughtered at the same age with uniform body weights. After slaughtering, warm carcass sides were individually weighed, with and without kidney fat. After cooling, the left carcass sides were cut into the basic parts according to the Rulebook and the three-rib cut was cut off from the back part (9-10-11 rib). The content of tissues in the three-rib cut was statistically different among the groups, the content of muscle tissue was significantly higher (p

Vojvodina Province is a major alfalfa producer in Serbia with approximately 35.7% of total area and total production share of approximately 43.1%. In this paper, the data on area, production and yield of alfalfa observations from 1947 to 2018 and their variation and trends are analysed. The data indicate wide differences in the harvested area, total production and yield of alfalfa. The analysis of data indicates that harvested area and total production of alfalfa have declined over the past decades. Yield trend shows strong yield increase during 1950-1980 followed by periods of declined growth rates to 1990. After 1990s, dry matter yield has been stagnant. However, the increase, decrease and stagnation in yield are not strictly linear. Vojvodina je glavni proizvođač lucerke u Srbiji sa oko 35,7% ukupne površine i udelom proizvodnje od 43,1%. U radu analiziramo podatke o površini, ukupnoj proizvodnji i prinosu lucerke u periodu od 1947. do 2018. godine i njihovim varijacijama i trendovima. Takođe, procenjujemo da li je rast prinosa zastao tokom poslednjih godina. Podaci ukazuju na velike razlike u žetvenoj površini, ukupnoj proizvodnji i prinosu lucerke. Analiza podataka pokazuje da su žetvene površine i ukupna proizvodnja lucerke opali tokom poslednjih decenija. Trend prinosa pokazuje snažan porast prinosa od 1950. do 1980. godine, a zatim sledi period opadanja prinosa do 1990. godine. Nakon 1990. godine, prinos suve materije lucerke stagnira. Međutim, porast, smanjenje i stagnacija u prinosu nisu strogo linearni.

Using of silage and haylage of forage legumes in ruminant nutrition and promotion of promoting proper forage conservation techniques should be an important strategy in livestock production in our country. Forage legumes are difficult to ensile, so it is necessary to apply the starter culture of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria that support the ensiling process and prevent bacterial butyric fermentation and thus contribute to the preservation and improvement of silage and haylage quality. In this paper, the influence of bacterial inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ on the quality of silage and haylage of alfalfa in two separate trials is presented. The inoculant is a combination of homofermentative lactic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus spp. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year was used for silage and haylage. The silage was examined in mini-silos in the laboratory, and the haylage at the cattle farm where the plant material was cuts were collected in experimental silo bags. The treatments were control (untreated silage, i.e. haylage) and silage, i.e. haylage treated with inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ (rate of 5 ml/t fresh material). The silages were analyzed after 90 days, and haylage after 40. The inoculant ‘Silko for alfalfa’ has been found to maintain the nutritive value of silage and haylage and to improve their chemical, energy and fermentation parameters relative to the control. Since ‘Silko for alfalfa’ positively affects the correct lactic acid fermentation of silage and haylage and contributes to a lesser loss of nutritional value and energy it is expected that it can promote a high level of productivity of ruminants, and thus contribute to the growth of profit in livestock production. Važna strategija u stočarstvu treba da bude uvođenje silaža i senaža krmnih leguminoza u ishranu preživara i promovisanje pravilnih tehnika siliranja i senažiranja. Krmne leguminoze se teško siliraju pa je neophodno primeniti starter kulture odabranih sojeva bakterija mlečne kiseline koje podržavaju proces siliranja i sprečavaju buternu fermentaciju i time doprinose očuvanju i unapređenju kvaliteta silaža. U radu je prikazan uticaj primene bakterijskog inokulnata ‘Silko za lucerku’ na kvalitet silaže i senaže u dva odvojena eksperimenta. Inokulant predstavlja kombinaciju homofermentativnih mlečnih bakterija Lactobacillus plantarum i Pediococcus spp. Za siliranje su korišćeni prvi otkosi lucerke u drugoj godini eksploatacije. Silaža je ispitivana u mini-silosima u laboratoriji, a senaža u silo vrećama na govedarskoj farmi. Tretmani su bili kontrola (netretirana silaža, odnosno senaža) i silaža, odnosno senaža tretirana sa inokulantom ‘Silko za lucerku’ (doza 5 ml/t krme). Silaže pripremljene u eksperimentalnim uslovima su analizirane nakon 90 dana, a senaže dobijene u proizvodnim uslovima nakon 40 dana. Ustanovljeno je da korišćeni inokulant čuva nutritivnu vrednost silaže i senaže i da poboljšava njihove hemijske, energetske i fermentacione parametre u odnosu na kontrolu. S obzirom da ispitivani inokulant pozitivno utiče na pravilnu mlečno-kiselinsku fermentacju silaže i senaže lucerke i doprinosi manjem gubitku hranljive vrednosti i energije za očekivati je da može promovisati visok nivo produktivnosti preživara, a samim tim i doprineti rastu profita u stočarstvu.

The experiment included 30 lambs-crosses F1 generation: Pirot Pramenka (50%) x W?rttemberg (50%) and 30 crossbred F1 generations: Pirot Pramenka (12.5%) x W?rttemberg(37.5) x Ille de France (50%), weaned at 60 days of age, the average body weight of 18.0 kg. The mixtures varied in protein source: I - sunflower meal, II - soybean meal and III - fish meal. The share of undegradable protein was 43 : 51 : 58 %. The average diameter of the fibres in lambs on treatments I:II:III was 26.14 : 24.96 : 25.20 ?m, and of two-breed (PxW) and threebreed (PxWxIDF) crosses: 25.38 and 25.49 ?m. The average height of the wool fibre in lambs on treatments I:II:III was: 2.97 : 3.06 : 3.17 cm, and in two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 2.98 : 3.15 cm. The average length of the fibre in lambs on protein sources I:II:III was 4.62 : 5.08 : 5.11 cm and in twobreed (PXW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 4.77 : 5.11 cm. Protein source in feed mixtures, and genotype of lambs significantly influenced the quality of wool expressed through diameter, height and length of the fibres.

In the present study, the frequency of toxigenic fungi and occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins (FBs) in the kernels of six maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups (ZP 341, ZP 427, ZP 434, ZP 560, ZP 606, ZP 666) in three localities (Belosavci, Lađevci and Divci) in Serbia, during the harvest in 2013, was investigated. Using standard mycological tests of maize kernels, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi species from the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium was found. In the studied localities, species Fusarium verticillioides was the most frequently isolated from the most hybrids, with a maximum frequency of 30%, while the presence of Aspergillus spp. ranged from 0 to 16%, and Penicillium spp. from 0 to 20%. By applying Immunoadsorbent enzymatic assay (ELISA) the concentrations of AFB1, DON and FBs were determined in maize. The differences between tested hybrids in the level of mycotoxins in kernels were statistically significant (P≤0.01) for DON and FBs, but not for the content of AFB1. Also, the interaction between the hybrid and location was significant (P≤0.01) for the level of DON and FBs, while there was no statistical significance for the level of AFB1. Maximum values of AFB1, DON and FBs level were 1.02 μg kg-1 (ZP 427), 12 μg kg-1 (ZP 341) and 1528.56 μg kg-1 (ZP 427). The concentrations of the tested mycotoxins in kernels did not exceed the maximum allowed limits stipulated by Serbian regulations (Službeni glasnik RS, 2014). Given that agro-ecological conditions in Serbia are favourable for the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins, it is necessary to exert the control of maize kernels annually, in harvest and postharvest periods. U radu je ispitivana učestalost potencijalno toksigenih vrsta gljiva i prirodna pojava aflatoksina B1 (AFB1), deoksinivalenola (DON) i ukupnih fumonizina (FBs) u zrnu šest hibrida kukuruza iz različitih FAO grupa zrenja (ZP 341, ZP 427, ZP 434, ZP 560, ZP 606, ZP 666) u tri lokaliteta (Belosavci, Lađevci i Divci) u Srbiji, tokom berbe u 2013. godini. Primenom standardnih mikoloških ispitivanja zrna kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih vrsta gljiva iz tri roda: Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium. U ispitivanim lokalitetima, vrsta Fusarium verticillioides je bila najčešće izolovana kod većine hibrida, sa maksimalnom učestalošću od 30%, dok je prisustvo Aspergillus spp. bilo od 0 do 16%, a Penicillium spp. od 0 do 20%. Primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA) određen je sadržaj AFB1, DON i FBs u zrnu kukuruza. Razlike između ispitivanih hibrida u sadržaju mikotoksina u zrnu bile su statistički značajne (P≤0,01) za DON i FBs, ali ne i za sadržaj AFB1. Isto tako, interakcija između hibrida i lokaliteta je bila značajna (P≤0,01) za sadržaj DON i FBs, dok nije bilo statističke značajnosti za sadržaj AFB1. Maksimalne koncentracije AFB1, DON i FBs bile su 1,02 μg kg-1 (ZP 427), 12 μg kg-1 (ZP 341) i 1528,56 μg kg-1 (ZP 427). U zrnu kukuruza sadržaj ispitivanih mikotoksina nije premašio maksimalno dozvoljene vrednosti propisane Pravilnikom o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama ostataka sredstava za zaštitu bilja u hrani i hrani za životinje i o hrani i hrani za životinje za koju se utvrđuju maksimalno dozvoljene količine ostataka sredstava za zaštitu bilja (Službeni glasnik RS, 2014). S obzirom da su agroekološki uslovi u Srbiji povoljni za pojavu toksigenih gljiva i njihovih mikotoksina, neophodno je svake godine vršiti kontrolu zrna kukuruza, kako u žetvenom, tako i u postžetvenom periodu.

Grass-legume mixtures represent complex communities of grasses and legumes that make better use of resources and have a number of positive traits in comparison to monoculture. The aim of our research was to examine competitive ability of perennial ryegrass in mixtures with lucerne and red clover (50/50, 70/30) in condition of fertilization with three different nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 kg ha-1). Dry matter yield of perennial ryegrass in mixtures with red clover was higher compared to mixtures with lucerne. Nitrogen had a very significant impact on perennial ryegrass production. Added N significantly increase DM production of grass treatment with 100 kgN ha-1. The values, of relative yield above 1 (RY >1), aggressivity index and competitive balance index, above 0 (Ag > Cbg > 0) indicated higher competitive ability of perennial ryegrass in relation to legumes. Competitive ability of ryegrass was higher in 70/30 mixtures and mixtures with lucerne. N fertilization increases competitive ability of ryegrass and decreases competitive ability of legumes. Travno-leguminozne smeše predstavljaju složene zajednice trava i leguminoza koje bolje koriste prirodne resurse i imaju niz pozitivnih osobina u odnosu na monokulturu. Cilj našeg istraživanja je bio da se ispita konkurentna sposobnost engleskog ljulja u smešama sa lucerkom i crvenom detelinom (50/50, 70/30) u uslovima đubrenja sa tri različita nivoa azota (0, 50, 100 kg ha-1). Prinos suve materije engleskog ljulja u smeši sa crvenom detelinom bio je veći u poređenju sa smešom sa lucerkom. Azot je imao značajan uticaj na prinos engleskog ljulja. Dodati azot je značajno povećao prinos engleskog ljulja, naročito doze od 100 kgN ha-1. Vrednosti relativnog prinosa iznad 1 (RI> 1), indeksa agresivnosti i indeksa konkurentske ravnoteže iznad 0 (Ag> Cbg> 0) ukazuju na veću konkurentsku sposobnost engleskog ljulja u odnosu na mahunarke. Кonkurentna sposobnost engleskog ljulja bila je veća kod 70/30 smeša i smeša sa lucerkom. N djubrenje povećava konkurentsku sposobnost ljulja i smanjuje konkurentsku sposobnost leguminoza.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and levels of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the maize stored immediately after harvesting in 2016 and used for animal feed in Serbia. A total of 22 maize samples were collected from four different districts across the country: City of Belgrade (nine samples), Šumadija (eight samples), Podunavlje (four samples) and Kolubara (one sample). Toxigenic fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics whereas the mycotoxins contamination were detected using biochemistry enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay. The tested samples were mostly infected with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp., except that one sample originated from Kolubara was not contaminated with Aspergillus species. Fusarium graminearum was the most common species in the maize sample from Kolubara district (60%), F. verticillioides in the maize samples from Podunavlje (43.75%) and City of Belgrade (22.4%) districts, and Penicillium spp. in the maize samples from Šumadija district (26.38%). In the analysed maize samples the presence of Aspergillus species was low (0-1.78%). Mycotoxicological analysis revealed the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in all the investigated samples, except that DON and AFB1 were not recorded in the samples from Podunavlje and Kolubara districts, respectively. The investigated samples were highly contaminated with ZEA, with incidence of 100% for the samples from Šumadija, Podunavlje and Kolubara districts and 88.89% for the samples from City of Belgrade district. In addition, the samples contamination with DON was 100% and 22.2% for the samples from Šumadija, Kolubara and City of Belgrade, districts, respectively. The highest number of AFB1 positive samples was found in Šumadija district (87.5%), while in the City of Belgrade and Podunavlje districts, 55.56% and 50% AFB1 positive samples were established, respectively. Generally, remarkable infection of all the tested samples with toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera were recorded. In addition, high contamination with mycotoxins ZEA, DON and AFB1 were also recorded; nevertheless, only in one sample the level of DON exceeded the allowed legal limit (1750 μg kg-1 ) according to Regulation for unprocessed maize. Therefore, permanent mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of maize grain are necessary for risk assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain. Ispitivanja u ovom radu izvedena su s ciljem da se odredi prirodna pojava potencijalno toksigenih gljiva iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium i sadržaj mikotoksina zearalenona (ZEA), deoksinivalenola (DON) i aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) u kukuruzu uskladištenom neposredno posle berbe u 2016. godini i korišćenom za ishranu životinja. Ukupno 22 uzoraka zrna kukuruza sakupljeni su iz četiri regiona u Srbiji: Beogradski (devet uzoraka), Šumadijski (osam uzoraka), Podunavski (četiri uzorka) i Kolubarski (jedan uzorak). Toksigene vrste gljiva su identifikovane na osnovu morfoloških osobina, a sadržaj mikotoksina određen je pomoću biohemijske, imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Ispitivani uzorci kukuruza većinom su bili inficirani sa Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium spp., izuzev što u uzorku iz Kolubarskog regiona nisu bile identifikovane Aspergillus vrste. Fusarium graminearum bila je najučestalija vrsta u uzorku kukuruza iz Kolubarskog regiona (60%), F. verticillioides u uzorcima iz Podunavskog (43,75%) i Beogradskog regiona (22,4%) i Penicillium spp. u uzorcima iz Šumadijskog regiona (26,38%). U ispitivanim uzorcima kukuruza zastupljenost Aspergillus vrsta bila je niska (0-1,78%). Mikotoksikološkim analizama ustanovljeno je prisustvo zearalenona (ZEA), deoksinivalenola (DON) i aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) u svim ispitivanim uzorcima kukuruza, izuzev što DON nije detektovan u uzorcima iz Podunavskog a AFB1 u uzorku iz Kolubarskog regiona. Ispitivani uzorci su visoko kontaminirani sa ZEA, 100% uzoraka iz Šumadijskog, Podunavskog i Kolubarskog regiona i 88,89% uzoraka iz Beogradskog regiona. Isto tako, sa DON bilo je kontaminirano 100% uzoraka iz Šumadijskog i Kolubarskog regiona i 22,2% iz Beogradskog regiona. Najveći broj AFB1 pozitivnih uzoraka ustanovljen je u Šumadijskom regionu (87,5%), dok je u Beogradskom i Podunavskom regionu ustanovljeno 55,56% i 50% AFB1 pozitivnih uzoraka, respektivno. Uopšteno razmatrajući, u ovim analizama ustanovljena je visoka zastupljenost toksigenih vrsta u svim ispitivanim uzorcima kukuruza. Isto tako, ustanovljena je visoka kontaminiranost uzoraka sa mikotoksinima ZEA, DON i AFB1, iako je samo u jednom uzorku sadržaj DON premašio dozvoljeni limit (1750 μg kg-1 ) prema zakonskoj regulativi za neprerađeni kukuruz. Zbog toga, stalne mikološke i mikotoksikološke analize zrna kukuruza neophodne su radi ocene rizika od gljivične i mikotoksin kontaminacije u lancu ishrane.

The incidence of mycobiota and mycotoxin levels were investigated in the freshly harvested maize kernel samples from October 2014 and in the samples of stored maize kernels from February 2015. Toxigenic fungal species (moulds) were isolated, cultivated and identified on agar plates according to standard mycological methods, while mycotoxins were detected by enzymelinked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Mycological analyses of kernels showed the presence of toxigenic species from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Among the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus flavus was identified with higher incidence in the stored kernels (10.25%), than in freshly harvested kernels (3.67%) whereas A. parasiticus was the predominant species in the freshly harvested kernels (4.17%) compared to the stored kernels (0%). From the genus Fusarium three species were identified: F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, with the incidence of 1.08%, 8% and 25.75%, respectively in freshly harvested kernels and the incidence of 2.50%, 7.10% and 29.75%, respectively in the stored kernels. Species from genus Penicillium had higher incidence in freshly harvested kernels (14.25%) than in the stored kernels (9%). In addition, tested samples of harvested and stored maize kernels were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs). The mean levels of AFB1, DON and FBs were 2.77 μg kg-1, 117.83 μg kg-1, and 3700.84 μg kg-1, respectively in the freshly harvested kernels and a mean levels of 2.16 μg kg-1, 2034.40 μg kg-1, and 5976.50 μg kg-1, respectively in the stored maize kernels. In the freshly harvested maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlations of kernel moisture content with the incidence of Penicillium spp. (r = 0.47), and levels of AFB1 (r = 0.46) and FBs (r = 0.47), and between the incidence of Penicillium spp. and level of AFB1 (r = 0.53) were established. In the stored maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlations were found between the incidence of F. subglutinans and level of FBs (r = 0.50) and between levels AFB1 and FBs (r = 0.52). A highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive correlation was established between the incidence of F. verticillioides and level of FBs (r = 0.64) in freshly harvested maize kernel samples. These results indicate that the incidence of toxigenic fungi and levels of mycotoxins, in particular DON and FBs, were higher in the stored maize kernel samples than in freshly harvested maize kernels. Therefore, to prevent the development of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins accumulation in post-harvest period it is necessary to thoroughly dry maize and keep it in hygienic food storages. U radu je proučavana učestalost mikobiota i sadržaj mikotoksina u uzorcima zrna kukuruza sakupljenih tokom berbe u oktobru 2014. godine i u uzorcima uskladištenog zrna sakupljenih u februaru 2015. godine. Toksigene vrste gljiva (plesni) su izolovane, odgajene i identifikovane na hranljivoj podlozi prema standardnim mikološkim metodama, dok je sadržaj mikotoksina detektovan primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Mikološkim analizama zrna kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Među Aspergillus vrstama, Aspergillus flavus je identifikovana u većem procentu u uzorcima uskladištenog zrna (10,25%) nego u uzorcima sveže požnjevenog zrna (3,67%), a A. parasiticus bila je predominantna vrsta (4,17%) u uzorcima sveže požnjevenog u odnosu na uskladišteno zrno kukuruza (0%). Tri vrste roda Fusarium su identifikovane sa učestalošću od 1,08% (F. graminearum), 8% (F. subglutinans) i 25,75% (F. verticillioides) u požnjevenom zrnu, i sa učestalošću od 2,50% (F. graminearum), 7,10% (F. subglutinans) i 29,75% (F. verticillioides) u uskladištenom zrnu kukuruza. Vrste iz roda Penicillium imale su veću učestalost u uzorcima požnjevenog (14,25%) nego u uzorcima uskladištenog zrna (9%). Ispitivani uzorci sveže požnjevenog i uskladištenog zrna bili su 100% pozitivni sa aflatoksinom B1 (AFB1), deoksinivalenolom (DON) i ukupnim fumonizinima FB1, FB2 i FB3 (FBs). Prosečne koncentracije ovih toksina su iznosile 2,77 μg kg-1 (AFB1), 117,83 μg kg-1 (DON) i 3700,84 μg kg-1 (FBs) u uzorcima sveže požnjevenog zrna i 2,16 μg kg-1 (AFB1), 2034,40 μg kg-1 (DON), i 5976,50 μg kg-1(FBs) u uzorcima uskladištenog zrna. Statistički značajne (P ≤ 0.05) pozitivne korelacije ustanovljene su između sadržaja vlage zrna sa učestalošću Penicillium spp. (r = 0,47) i koncentracijama AFB1 (r = 0,46) i FBs (r = 0,47), kao i između učestalosti Penicillium spp. i koncentracije AFB1 (r = 0,53). U uzorcima uskladištenog zrna, statistički značajne (P ≤ 0.05) pozitivne korelacije ustanovljene su između učestalosti F. subglutinans i koncentracije FBs (r = 0,50) i između koncentracija AFB1 i FBs (r = 0,52). Statistički veoma značajna (P ≤ 0.01) pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena je između učestalosti F. verticillioides i koncentracije FBs (r = 0,64) u uzorcima sveže požnjevenog zrna kukruza. Rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju da su učestalosti toksigenih vrsta gljiva i koncentracije mikotoksina, posebno DON i FBs, bile više u uzorcima uskladištenog zrna nego u uzorcima sveže požnjevenog zrna. Zbog toga, da bi se sprečio razvoj toksigenih gljiva i akumulacija mikotoksina u postžetvenom periodu neophodno je kukuruz dobro osušiti i čuvati u higijensko ispravnim skladištima.

The objective of our study was to investigate the diversity of individual parameters of quality of grass-legume mixture silages harvested in two stages of crop utilization and the impact of the interaction of studied factors on the quality. Legumes as an important source of protein are very difficult to ensilage. However, in mixture with grasses their fermentable characteristics are improved. During the growth and development of plants, their chemical composition changes, hence their ability and suitability for ensiling also changes. In regard to the studied factors, the phase of exploitation had a highly significant impact on almost all quality parameters in both years. By delaying the harvest period, dry matter content in silage has significantly increased and the level of crude protein and NH3-N decreased. In regard to the content of lactic acid, the studied silages fall into category of good quality silages. Its content in the first year ranged from 24.3-31.5 in the early harvest stage and from 27.9-36.2 g kg-1 DM at the late harvest stage, and in the second year from 27.4 to 31.4 in the early harvest stage and from 28.2- 31.9 g kg-1 DM at the stage of late harvest. According to the content of acetic and butyric acids, studied silages can also be considered as silages of good quality. Cilj naših istraživanja je bio da ispitamo uticaj faze zrelosti useva u vreme kosidbe različitih travno-leguminoznih smeša, kao i interakciju faktora faza-vrsta smeše na pojedine parametre kvaliteta silaža od tih smeša. Leguminoze kao važni izvori proteina se vrlo teško siliraju. U smeši sa travama njihove fermentabilne karakteristike se popravljaju. U toku rasta i razvića biljaka menja se njihov hemijski sastav, pa i sposobnost za siliranje. Od ispitivanih faktora, faza iskorišćavanja imala je visoko značajnog uticaja na gotovo sve parametre kvaliteta u obe ispitivane godine. Odlaganjem vremena kosidbe značajno je povećan sadržaj suve materije u silaži i smanjen sadržaj sirovih proteina i NH3-N. Ispitivane silaže po sadržaju mlečne kiseline spadaju u silaže dobrog kvaliteta. Njen sadržaj u prvoj godini kretao se od 24,3-31,5 u ranoj kosidbi i od 27,9-36,2 g kg-1 SM u kasnoj kosidbi i u drugoj godini od 27,4-31,4 u ranoj fazi i od 28,2-31,9 g kg-1 SM u kasnoj fazi košenja. Po sadržaju sirćetne i buterne kiseline, ispitivane silaže se takođe mogu okarakterisati kao dobrog kvaliteta.

Success of crossing depends on the breeds used and the genetic distance among them, as well the combining ability of maternal and individual heterosis to make the proper choice of breeds employed in a crossing system. The aim of this study is to find the effect of genotype and crossing system on early weights and daily gain of lambs. The lambs of purebred Pirot Pramenka ( P) got the lowest body weight at birth, at 30 days, at 60 days and 90 days with a value of 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14.99 kg and 21.96 kg while purebred Wurttemberg attained the highest body weight at birth of 4.48 kg. The lambs of three bred crossing (PxWxF) highest on BW30, BW60 and BW90 days. The results showed a highly significant difference on average daily gain (ADG) among genotypes (P (lt) 0.01) except on the difference between W - PxW of which belongs to the lower border of significant level (P (lt) 0.05). The highest difference on ADG was between P - PxWxF (105.950 g), wherein the lowest difference was between W-PxW (9.290 g). It can close that the attained value between pure bred Wurttemberg (W) and two-bred crossing (PxW) was almost equal. Genotype and crossing system have significant effect on body weight and average daily gain of lambs. Based on the results obtained, it shows an advantage effect of crossing system (PxWxF) when it comes on growth and daily gain of lambs. Uspeh ukrštanja zavisi od rasa koje se koriste i genetičke distance između njih. Takođe, efekti majke i individualnog heterozisa u kombinaciji sa izborom rasa odlučujući su faktori ukrštanja. Jagnjad Pirotske pramenke (P) imala su najnižu telesnu masu na rođenju, sa 30, 60 i 90 dana u vrednosti od 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14,99 kg i 21.96 kg, dok rasa Virtemberg ima najveću telesnu masu na rođenju čija vrednost iznosi 4.48 kg. U jagnjadi trorasnog porekla (PxWxF) masa je bila najveća tokom kontrola- BV30, BV60 i BV90 dana. Rezultati su pokazali izuzetno značajnu razliku u prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (ADG ) kod ispitivanih genotipova (P (lt) 0,01) osim razlike između W-PxW koja je na nivou granice značajnosti (P (lt) 0,05). Najveća razlika prosečnog dnevnog prirasta ADG bila je između P - PxWxF (105,950 g), dok je najmanja razlika bila između W- PXW (9,290 g). Može se zaključiti da je dostignuta vrednost između jagnjadi Virtemberške rase (-W) i dvorasnih meleza (PxW) skoro jednaka. Genotip i sistem ukrštanja imaju značajan uticaj na telesne mase i prosečan dnevni prirast jagnjadi. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazali su prednost trorasnog ukrštanja kada su u pitanju masa tela i dnevni prirast jagnjadi, što je i najvažnije iz ugla ekonomike proizvodnje. Takođe je važno poređenje između dvorasnih meleza i čiste virtemberške rase, gde su razlike male.

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of foliar fertilization on quantitative traits (plant height, first pod height, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, grain yield per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield) in two soybean cultivars (Balkan and Bečejka). Studied cultivars belong to different maturity groups (Balkan - I and Bečejka - 0). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: control (no fertilization), Urea (46 kg N ha-1), Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Wuxal super (5 l ha-1) and Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Ferticare I (5 kg ha-1). Wuxal super and Ferticare I were foliar applied two times at the R2-R3 growth stage. The field experiments were carried out in dry land farming in the region of Vojvodina province at location Putinci (45° 00' N Lat., 19° 58' E Long.), during the years 2007 and 2008. In both research years, Balkan had higher values for all investigated traits than Bečejka. Results showed that foliar fertilizers significantly increased the values for all quantitative traits. Ferticare I is more effective than Wuxal super in soybean because this fertilizer has higher concentration of macronutrients. Foliar fertilization of soybean reduced the negative impact of small amounts of rainfall during the summer months on grain yield. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se oceni efekat folijarne ishrane na kvantitativne osobine (visina biljke, visine prve mahune, broj nodusa po biljci, broj mahuna po biljci, broj zrna po biljci, prinos zrna po biljci, masa 1000 zrna i prinos zrna) dve sorte soje (Balkan i Bečejka). Ispitivane sorte pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (Balkan - I, Bečejka - 0). Upoređivane su četiri tretmana ishrane biljaka: kontrola, Urea (46 kg N ha-1), Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Wuxal super (5 l ha-1) i Urea (100 kg ha- 1) + Ferticare I (5 kg ha-1). Wuxal super i Ferticare I primenjeni su folijarno u R2- R3 fazi rastenja i razvića soje. Ogledi su izvedeni u suvom ratarenju u Vojvodini na lokaciji Putinci (45° 00' SGŠ, 19° 58' IGD) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. U obe godine istraživanja sorta Balkan je imala veće vrednosti za sve ispitivane osobine nego Bečejka. Rezultati su pokazali da je folijarna ishrana značajno povećala vrednosti svih ispitivanih kvantitativnih osobina. Viši prinosi postignuti su primenom Ferticare I nego primenom Wuxal super jer sadrži veću koncentraciju makroelemenata. Folijarno prihranjivanje soje umanjilo je negativan uticaj malih količina padavina tokom letnjih meseci na prinos zrna.

Total fungal count, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied in 30 poultry feed samples (14 samples of feed for chickens and 16 samples of feed for laying hens), which were collected from different farms in Serbia at the beginning of year 2014. The total number of fungi was determined by the method of dilution and OTA was detected using the imunoadsorption enzymatic assay (ELISA). In most of the samples of chickens feed (50%) the total number of fungi was 1 - 3 x 102 CFU g-1, and in feed for laying hens the highest number of samples (37.50%) had the total fungal count from 1.4 to 4.8 x 104 CFU g -1. The species of genera Aspergillus and Pénicillium were identified as producers of OTA in 21.43% and 42.86% of chickens feed samples and in 68.75% and 25% of samples of feed for laying hens. The presence of OTA was detected in 100% of samples of feed for chickens and laying hens, with average concentrations of 34.40 μg kg-1 (feed for chickens) and 43.89 μg kg-1 (feed for laying hens). The total fungal count and content of OTA were not above the maximum allowed quantities, even though the presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species was found in a large number of samples (up to 68.75%). These results indicate that the tested samples of poultry feed were mycologically and mycotoxicologically correct. Ukupan broj gljiva, prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva i prirodna pojava ohratoksina A (OTA) proučavani su u 30 uzoraka hrane za živinu (14 uzoraka hrane za piliće i 16 uzoraka hrane za nosilje), koji su sakupljeni iz različitih farmi u Srbiji početkom 2014. godine. Ukupan broj gljiva određen je primenom metode razređenja a OTA je detektovan primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). U najvećem broju uzoraka hrane za piliće (50%) ukupan broj gljiva je bio od 1 - 3 x 102 CFU g-1, a u hrani za nosilje najveći broj uzoraka (37,50%) imao je ukupan broj gljiva od 1,4 do 4,8 x 104 CFU g-1. Kao producenti OTA identifikovane su vrste iz rodova Aspergillus and Penicillium u 21,43% and 42,86% uzoraka hrane za piliće i u 68,75% and 25% uzoraka hrane za nosilje. Prisustvo OTA je detektovano u 100% uzoraka hrane za piliće i nosilje, sa prosečnim koncentracijama od 34,40 μg kg-1 (hrana za piliće) i 43,89 μg kg-1 (hrana za nosilje). Vrednosti za ukupan broj gljiva i sadržaj OTA nisu bile iznad maksimalno dozvoljenih količina, iako je ustanovljeno prisustvo Aspergillus i Penicillium vrsta u velikom broju uzoraka (do 68,75%). Ovi rezultati ukazuju da su ispitivani uzorci hrane za živinu mikološki i mikotoksikološki ispravni.

The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical properties of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from healthy and deceased pigs. For this research we tested 34 S. suis strains isolated from deceased pigs that had clinical signs of septicemia and meningitis, as well as from clinically healthy pigs. The strains that have been already confirmed with specific antisera were tested using commercial battery of biochemical tests (API 20 Strep and ID 32 Strep) to determine the dominant biochemical characteristics that can be used in diagnosis of bacterial infection if specific S. suis antisera are not available. The main results showed that all S. suis strains were postive in esculine, trehalose, glycogen, lactose, sacharose, starch, leucine aminopeptidase, alanine-phenyl-alanine-proline arylamidase tests, while negative in Voges-Proskauer, hipurate, ribose, arabinose and sorbitol tests. S. suis strains were in high percentage positive in arginine dihydrolase, β-glucoronidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, methyl-β-d- glucopyranoside, glycyl-tryptophan arylamidase and inulin tests. Athough S. suis is in highly positive in some tests, it can be concluded that Voges-Proskauer, hipurate, trehalose, esculine tests, along with β-glucoronidase (βGUR) and α-galactosidase (αGAL), were significant in differentiation of this bacteria from other similar streptococci, along with some other crucial features (a hemolysis on blood sheep agar, absence of growth in 6,5% NaCl broth). Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrde biohemijske osobine sojeva S. suis. U ovom istraživanju biohemijski smo testirali 34 soja S. suis koji su izolovani kod uginulih svinja koje su prethodno pokazivale kliničke znake septikemije i meningitisa kao i od klinički zdravih svinja. Sojevi koji su potvrđeni specifičnim antiserumima su testirani komercijalnim nizom testova (API 20 Strep and ID 32 Strep) da bi se definisale njihove biohemijske osobine koje se mogu koristiti pri dijagnozi ukoliko specifični antiserumi nisu na raspolaganju. Svi sojevi S. suis u ovom istraživanju su bili pozitivni u testovima razlaganja eskulina, trehaloze, glikogena, laktoze, saharoze, skroba, u leucin aminopeptidaza, alanin-fenil-alanin prolin arilamidaza testovima, i negativni u Voges-Proskauer, hipurat, riboza, arabinoza i sorbitol testovima. Takođe, S. suis je u visokom procentu pozitivan u arginin dihidrolaza, β-glukoronidaza, α-galaktozidaza, β-galaktozidaza, methil- β-d-glukopiranozid, glicil-triptofan arilamidaza i inulin testovima. Iako je S. suis često pozitivan u nekim testovima može se zaključiti da su osim već poznatih karakteristika ove bakterije (α hemoliza na krvnom agaru sa ovčijom krvi, odsustvo rasta u bujonu sa 6,5% NaCl) Voges-Proskauer, hipurat , trehaloza i eskulin testovi zajedno sa β-glukoronidaza i α-galaktozidaza testovima najznačajniji u diferencijaciji ove od drugih sličnih streptokoka.

Red clover is highly salt-sensitive plant, especially during germination and early seedling growth stages. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of different saline conditions (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200mM NaCl) on germination and early seedling growth in four red clover varieties (Kolubara, K-32, K-17 and K-39). Germination test was conducted in the laboratory conditions using sterile plastic vessels on filter paper moistened with 10ml of the appropriate salt test solutions. It was observed that the germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected seeds (DIS), normal seedlings (NS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight of seedling (DW) and seedling vigor index (SVI) were significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of NaCl in the growing medium. The tested varieties of red clover showed different NaCl tolerance at the seedling stage. Generally, studied red clover varieties are very sensitive to salt, especially K-32 which has the lowest values for GE, G, NS and SVI and highest for DIS. Variety K-17 proved to be a variety that the best tolerates conditions of salt stress because the values for GE, G, NS, RL and SVI were highest. Testing of varieties of red clover in the early seedling growth at different concentrations of NaCl in the growing medium could be helpful in the identification and selection of varieties for cultivation on saline soils. Crvena detelina je vrlo osetljiva biljka na veću koncentarciju soli, posebno tokom klijanja i rane faze porasta klijanaca. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se proceni uticaj različite zaslanjenosti (0, 50, 100, 150 i 200mM NaCl) na klijanje i rani porast klijanaca četiri sorte crvene deteline (Kolubara, K-32, K-17 i K-39). Test klijavosti sproveden je u laboratorijskim uslovima u sterilnim plastičnim posudama na filter papiru natopljenom sa 10 ml odgovarajuće koncentracije soli. Uočeno je da energija klijanja (EK), klijavost (K), neklijala i bolesna semena (NB), normalni klijanci (NK), dužina korena (DK), dužina hipokotila (DH), sveža (SvMK) i suva masa klijanaca (SuMK) i vigor indeks klijanaca (VIK) se značajno smanjuju sa povećanjem koncentracije NaCl u podlogama za naklijavanje. Ispitivane sorte imale su različitu toleranciju na soni stres u fazi klijanaca. Generalno, proučavane sorte su veoma osetljive na veću koncentraciju soli, posebno K-32 koja je imala najniže vrednosti za EK, K, NK i VIK, kao i najveći broj NB. Sorta K-17 se pokazala kao sorta koja najbolje toleriše soni stres jer su vrednosti za EK, K, NK, DK i VIK bile najviše. Testiranje sorti crvene deteline u ranom porastu klijanaca na podlogama za naklijavanje sa različitom koncentracijom NaCl može pomoći u indentifikaciji i izboru sorti za gajenje na zaslanjenim zemljištima.

The rapid increase in human population leads to increased demand for animal protein. On the other hand, the deficit of protein feeds in the market and rising costs are the most significant obstacles facing animal production. Therefore, most researches have focused on improving the status and utilization of different protein sources in order to reduce costs and maintain optimum performance of animals. The results of our study showed that lambs of MIS population, of average body weight of 18.0 kg, fed diets with different protein sources: sunflower meal, soybean meal, fish meal, realized average daily gain: 0.169, 0.205 and 0.227 kg, respectively. Conversion of dry matter in analogue treatments was: 4.54, 3.71 and 3.30 (kg/kg of gain) and total protein (g/kg): 732, 596 and 549, respectively. It is evident that the fish meal as a protein source improves the growth and utilization of food in lambs. However, given that the European Commission has banned the use of fish meal in diets for animal nutrition, nutritionists? imperative is to investigate the possibility of using "unconventional" sources of protein (peas, beans, lupins) in diets for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different sources of protein in diets on production performance of ruminants.

Perennial ryegrass is a very important and widespread grass species used for livestock nutrition, in particularly ruminants. As a species that is most commonly used on grasslands, it is grown in mixtures with other types of grasses and legumes. The objective of the research was to investigate the performance of perennial ryegrass at various proportions in the mixtures with red clover and lucerne, and how different levels of N fertilization affect its competitiveness. Ryegrass achieved the highest yield with lucerne at seeding rate 50:50 and with red clover at seeding rate 70:30. Relative grass yield (RYg) of mixtures ranged from 1.01 to 1.55 respectively, which means that ryegrass in mixtures achieved 0.1-55% greater yield than pure ryegrass crop. N fertilization increased DMY and RYg, leaf : steam ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf area index (LAI) in both years thus increasing the competitive capability of perennial ryegrass. Višegodišnji ljulj je veoma važna i rasprostranjena vrsta trava koja se koristi za ishranu stoke, naročito preživara. Kao vrsta koja se najčešće koristi na travnjacima, ona se uzgaja u mešavinama sa drugim vrstama trava i mahunarki. Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti proizvodne rezultate višegodišnjeg ljulja u različitim proporcijama u smešama sa crvenom detelinom i lucerkom, kao i kako različiti nivoi N đubrenja utiču na njegovu konkurentnost. Ljulj je postigao najveći prinos sa lucerkom pri razmerisetvenoj of 50:50 i sa crvenom detelinom, 70:30. Relativni prinos trava (RYg) smeša se kretao od 1,01 do 1,55, što znači da je ljulj u smešama postigao 0.1-55% veći prinos od čistog useva. N đubrenje povećalo je DMY i RYIg, odnos lista i stabljike, specifičnu lisnu površinu (SLA), odnos lisnih površina (LAR) i indeks lisnih površina (LAI) u obe godine, čime se povećava konkurentna sposobnost višegodišnjeg ljulja.

In this study, the total fungal count and contamination with toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera of 127 maize grain samples collected from animal farms in subrbs of Belgrade area during 2012-2015, were determined. The total fungal count was determined using a dilution method, and standard mycological procedures were used to identify potential toxigenic fungi genera. In the tested samples of maize grains, the total fungal count was from 1 x 101 to 3 x 106 cfu g-1. No statistically significant differences between investigated years in regard to the mean total fungal count were determined. According to the Regulation on the quality of animal feed of the Republic of Serbia, the total fungal count above permitted limit (2 x 105 cfu g-1) was established in 9.52, 7.89, 20.69 and 55.56% tested samples in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Potentially toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillim genera have been identified as the most common in all the samples. In most of the samples, based on the average value for the four-year period (2012-2015), Fusarium species (92.22%) have been identified, followed by the species of the genera Aspergillus (80.83%) and Penicillium (48.68%). A weak positive correlation was established between the moisture content of the samples and the total fungal count in 2012 (r=0.41), in 2013 (r=0.27) and in 2014 (r=0.36) and the medium positive correlation (r=0.61) in 2015. Based on the results of mycological analysis of grain maize it can be concluded that the test samples in a relatively large number did not meet the criteria of hygienic quality. Therefore, regular and continuous control of the mycological quality of maize grain as the most important nutrient in animal nutrition is necessary as a preventive measure to reduce and control contamination of grain with mycotoxigenic fungi. Ukupan broj gljiva i kontaminacija s potencijalno toksigenim vrstama iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium određivani su u 127 uzoraka zrna kukuruza koji su sakupljeni na farmama u okolini Beograda tokom četvorogodišnjeg perioda (2012-2015). Primenom metode razređenja određen je ukupan broj gljiva, dok su standardne mikološke metode korišćene za identifikaciju potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva. U ispitivanim uzorcima zrna kukuruza ukupan broj gljiva je bio od 1 x 101 do 3 x 106 cfu g-1. Između ispitivanih godina nisu ustanovljene statističke značajne razlike u prosečnim vrednostima ukupnog broja gljiva. Prema Pravilniku Republike Srbije o kvalitetu hrane za životinje, u hranivima biljnog porekla, ukupan broj gljiva iznad dozvoljenog limita (2 x 105 cfu g-1) ustanovljen je u 9,52, 7,89, 20,69 i 55,56% ispitivanih uzoraka u 2012., 2013., 2014. i 2015. godini, respektivno. Od potencijalno toksigenih gljiva identifikovane su Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillim vrste kao najučestalije u svim ispitivanim uzorcima. U najvećem broju uzoraka, na osnovu prosečnih vrednosti u četvorogodišnjem periodu (2012-2015), identifikovane su Fusarium vrste (92.22%), zatim vrste iz rodova Aspergillus (80.83%) i Penicillium (48.68%). Između sadržaja vlage ispitivanih uzoraka i ukupnog broja gljiva ustanovljena je slaba pozitivna korelacija u 2012. (r=0.41), 2013. (r=0.27) i 2014. godini (r=0.36) i srednje pozitivna korelacija (r=0.61) u 2015. godini. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata mikološke analize zrna kukuruza može se zaključiti da ispitivani uzorci u relativno velikom broju ne zadovoljavaju kriterijume higijenskog kvaliteta. Zbog toga, redovna i stalna kontrola mikološkog kvaliteta zrna kukuruza kao najvažnijeg hraniva u ishrani životinja je neophodna preventivna mera za smanjenje i kontrolu kontaminacije zrna s mikotoksigenim gljivama.

Rainfall is one of the most important environmental factors influencing crop production under dry land farming conditions. In the Republic of Serbia, the soybean is produced under rainfed conditions, and therefore online monitoring of the rainfall use efficiency (RUE) is essential for efficient management of production. The research aim was to estimate the effects of amount rainfall during the growing season (RGS) and average monthly rainfall on soybean grain yield (GY) in the Vojvodina during the sixteen year period (2000-2015). Distributions of RGS were not satisfactory and negatively influenced the expression genetic yield potential of cultivars. Rainfall deficits during the growing season limited the soybean plant reproductive growth stages leading to GY loss. The coefficient of variation indicated that RGS and monthly rainfall changed moderately from year to year. Regression equations showed that GY tended to increase with the amount of rainfall. GY had strong positive relationship with RGS and rainfall in May, July and August. Since the amount and distribution of rainfall during growing season are critical determinants of GY, soybean cultivars of shorter vegetation periods should be developed and cultivated so that maximum utilization of rainfall is ensured. Padavine su jedan od najvažnijih faktora spoljašnje sredine koji utiče na produkciju useva u uslovima suvog ratarenja. U Republici Srbiji, soja se proizvodi u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima, pa je praćenje efikasnosti korišćenja padavina (RUE) neophodno za efikasno upravljanje proizvodnjom. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se proceni efekat količine padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda i prosečnih mesečnih padavina na prinos zrna soje u Vojvodini tokom šestnaestogodišnjeg perioda (2000-2015). Distribucija padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda nije bila zadovoljavajuća i nepovoljno je uticala na ekspresiju genetičkog potencijala rodnosti sorti. Deficit padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda soje ograničile su faze reproduktivnog razvoja i dovele do redukcije prinosa. Koeficijenti varijacije pokazuju da se količina padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda i srednja mesečna količina padavina umereno menjaju iz godine u godinu. Regresijske jednačine su pokazale da se prinos zrna povećavao sa količinom padavina. Prinos zrna je u jakoj pozitivnoj korelaciji sa količinom padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda, u maju, julu i avgustu. S obzirom da su količina i raspored padavina u toku vegetacionog perioda kritična determinanta za prinos zrna, treba razvijati i gajiti sorte soje sa kraćim vegetacionim periodom da bi se obezbedila maksimalna iskorišćenost padavina.

Grass-leguminous mixtures and pure crops are important for ensuring of sufficient quantities of high quality roughage, especially in conditions of low land livestock production, in conditions of farm housing system as well as in the system of free grazing of animals. Studies were carried out on pure crops of three grass species and their mixtures with different component ratios. Fertilization using different doses of nitrogen led to considerable increase of yield of pure crops and their mixtures. The highest yields were recorded in treatment with 100 kgN ha- 1, and the lowest yield in treatment without fertilization. Fertilization led to decrease of share of alfalfa, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass in dry matter, and increased the content of cocksfoot. The highest protein yield of pure crops was recorded for perennial ryegrass - 495.5, and in mixtures, the highest protein yield was recorded for four component mixture of alfalfa, cocksfoot, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass of 568.0 kg ha-1. Fertilization with N increased protein yield considerably in pure crops as well as in their mixtures. Travno-leguminozne smeše kao i usevi čistih kultura su od značaja za obezbeđenje kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane, naročito u uslovima nizijskog stočarstva, u uslovima farmskog držanja kao i pri slobodnom sistemu ispaše životinja. Istraživanja su obavljena na čistim usevima tri vrste trava i lucerke, najzastupljenije leguminoze kod nas, kao i njihovih smeša u različitom odnosu učešća pojedinih komponenti. Đubrenje različitim količinama azota dovelo je do značajnog povećanja prinosa kako čistih useva tako i njihovih smeša. Najvećim prinosima odlikuju se tretmani sa 100 kgN ha-1, a najmanjim tretmani bez đubrenja. Đubrenje je smanjilo sadržaj lucerke, livadskog vijuka i engleskog ljulja u suvoj materiji travnjaka, a povećalo sadržaj ježevice. Najvećim prinosom proteina od čistih useva odlikuje se engleski ljulj (495,5 kg ha-1), a od smeša četvorokomponentna smeša lucerke, ježevice, livadskog vijuka i engleskog ljulja (568,0 kg ha-1). Đubrenje N je značajno povećalo prinos proteina kako kod čistih useva tako i kod njihovih smeša.

The presence of pathogenic fungi species on seed of six alfalfa cultivars (K-22, K-23, K-28, NS Banat, NS Mediana and Zajecarska 83) of different seed age (24 months and 108 months) was analyzed in this study. In studied cultivars, except in K-28, on older seeds, less fungi genera were identified compared to younger seed. Seven fungi genera were identified: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium and sterile mycelia present in percentage from 0 to 6.5%. Alternaria species were identified on younger seed with 0.5% in cultivars K-28 and NS Mediana, 0.75% in K-22, 1% in Zajecarska 83 and 1.25% in cultivar NS Banat. In cultivar K-28, Alternaria species were identified in percentage of 0.25% on older seed. Aspergillus species in percentage of 0.25% were identified only in younger seed of cultivar NS Mediana. Cladosporium species were identified on younger seed in the percentage of 0.25% (NS Mediana), 1% (K-23 and NS Banat) and 6.5% (K-22), and on older seed in percentage of 0.5% (K-23, K-28 and NS Banat). Genus Fusarium was identified in percentage of 0.25% on younger seed of cultivar K-22. Genus Penicillium was identified in the range from 0.25% (K-22) to 0.5% (K-28) on younger seed and from 0.25% (K-22) to 1.75% (NS Banat) on older seed. Genus Rhizopus was identified in cultivar K-28, on younger (0.5%) and older seed (0.25%), and in cultivar Zajecarska 83, only in younger seed with 0.5%. Sterile mycelia was identified on younger seed of cultivars K-22 (4.5%), NS Banat (1.75%), K-23 (1.0%) and Zajecarska 83 (0.5%), and on older seed of cultivars K- 23 and K-28 with 0.25% and K-22 with 0.5%. Genus Stemphylium was identified in percentage of 0.25% only on younger seed of cultivars K-22, K-23, NS Banat and NS Mediana. Results of these analysis indicated favourable health condition of seeds of different age of analyzed alfalfa cultivars, especially in relation to economically important fungi genera Fusarium and Stemphylium.

For comparative testing of the total productivity of mixtures (intercrops) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), a trial was carried out during the 2007-2009 growing seasons at experimental fields of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Intercrops included two red clover varieties (K-17 and Una) and tetraploid Italian ryegrass (K-29t) in different proportional ratios (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75% and 0:100%). Italian ryegrass sown alone was top-dressed with nitrogen rates of 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Herbage yields and botanical composition were influenced by different sowing times in the first production year. Spring seeded red clover was more persistent and cumulatively yielded, autumn seeded Italian ryegrass produced more dry matter in the mixture than red clover. The trial demonstrates the potential of two red clover cultivars grown either alone or with a suitable Italian ryegrass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality in the first production year, with different time of stand establishment. The practical agricultural implications of using ryegrass/clover are discussed. U toku vegetacione sezone 2007-2009 izveden je ogled na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za stočarstvo, Zemun-Beograd, sa crvenom detelinom i italijanskim ljuljem radi uporednog ispitivanja ukupne proizvodnje biomase smeša. Smeše su uključivale dve sorte crvene deteline (K-17 i Una) i tetraploidnog italijanskog ljulja (K-29t) sa različitim proporcionalnim odnosima (100:0%, 50:50%, 75:25%, 25:75% i 0:100%). Italijanski ljulj sejan u čistom usevu prihranjivan je sa 100 i 200 kg N ha-1. Različito vreme setve uticalo je na prinos krme i botaničku kompoziciju u prvoj proizvodnoj godini. Crvena detelina sejana u proleće bila je otpornija i kumulativno prinosnija, kao i italijanski ljulj sejan u jesen koji je proizveo više suve materije u smeši u odnosu na detelinu. Ogled pokazuje potencijal dve sorte crvene deteline sejane u čistom usevu ili sa italijanskim ljuljem radi dobijanja i održavanja visoke proizvodnje biomase dobrog kvaliteta u prvoj proizvodnoj godini, pri različitom vremenu zasnivanja. Razmatrane su praktične agronomske implikacije korišćenja smeše italijanskog ljulja i crvene deteline.

Alfalfa silage is a useful source of protein for feeding ruminants. Therefore, managing alfalfa silage in livestock production systems is an important issue in order to maintain the silage quality and achieve maximum profitable production of milk and meat. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of bacterial inoculant Silko, containing Lactobacillus plantarum (strains: LP1, LP2, LP3 and LP4) on chemical composition, energetic characteristics and fermentation alfalfa silage under field conditions in the commercial dairy farm, during the 2016. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year has been conserved in silage form. The silage mass was subdivided into two equal parts (control (silage without inoculant) and silages treated with bacterial inoculant Silko) and ensiled in trench silo. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed. Dry matter, ash, crude protein, lactic acid, acetic acid, total digestible nutrients value and relative feed value were significantly higher in silage treated with bacterial inoculant Silko compared to control. Contrary, alfalfa silage treated with a bacterial inoculant Silko had lower values of cellulose, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nonnitro extractive matter, pH, butyric acid, soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen and NH3- N/total nitrogen than untreated silage. Results showed that bacterial inoculant Silko increases silage quality compared to control so that research should be directed toward the use of such prepared silage in ruminant diets and its impact on milk and meat production on farms. Silaža lucerke je koristan izvor proteina za ishranu preživara. Stoga, proizvodnja silaže lucerke u stočarstvu predstavlja važno pitanje kako bi se održao kvalitet silaže i postigla maksimalna profitabilna proizvodnja mleka i mesa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se proceni efekat bakterijskog inokulanta Silka koji sadrži Lactobacillus plantarum (sojevi: LP1 LP2, LP3 i LP4) na hemijski sastav i fermentaciju silaže lucerke u terenskim uslovima na komercijalnoj farmi goveda u 2016. godini. Prvi otkos lucerke u drugoj godini je konzerviran u obliku silaže. Silažna masa je podeljena na dva jednaka dela (kontrola (silaža bez inokulanta) i silaža tretiranih bakterijskim inokulantom Silko) i silirana u rovu silosu. Silaža je analizirana 60 dana nakon siliranja. Sadržaj suve materije, pepela, sirovih proteina, mlečne i sirćetne kiseline, ukupna svarljiva hranljiva materija i relativna hranljiva vrednost značajno su veći u silaži tretiranoj bakterijskim inokulantom Silko nego u kontroli. Suprotno, silaža lucerke tretirana sa bakterijskom inokulantom Silko imala je niže vrednosti za celulozu, ADF, NDF, bezazotne ekstraktivne materije, pH, buternu kiselinu i udeo rastvorljivog i amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu nego kontrola. Rezultati su pokazali da bakterijski inokulant Silko povećava kvalitet silaže u odnosu na kontrolu, tako da bi dalja istraživanja trebalo da budu usmerena ka korišćenju ovako pripremljene silaže u ishrani preživara i njen uticaj na proizvodnju mleka i mesa na farmama.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of an application of different rates of composite mineral fertilizers and their combination with bacterial inoculants (N-fixing Klebsiella planticola and Enterobacter spp.) on chemical composition and yield of the maize green biomass (without spikes) on acid Eutric Cambisol during the two growing seasons: 2006 and 2008. Unfertilized soil was used as a control. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and crude proteins in biomass samples were determined three times during the maize vegetation season, as follows: stage of intensive growth, milk-waxy maturity stage and full maturity stage. Measuring of the green biomass yield was carried out at the end of the vegetation. The results of the study showed that the use of high rates of composite mineral fertilizers and their combination with bacterial inoculants resulted in increased contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and crude proteins in the maize biomass during the both study years, which was noticeably observed in the stage of intensive growth. The highest increase in the biomass yield was obtained by the same mentioned treatments, although the combination of bacterial inoculants and lower rates of mineral fertilizers resulted in higher yields comparing to the application of lower rates of the pure mineral nutrients. The data suggest that the studied bacterial inoculants can be used in further investigations as the potential agents of new biofertilizers for improved maize production and other agriculture crops in animal nutrition. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se proceni uticaj primene različitih doza kompleksnih mineralnih đubriva i njihovih kombinacija sa bakterijskim inokulantima (azotofiksirajuće bakterije Klebsiella planticola i Enterobacter spp.) na hemijski sastav i prinos zelene biomase kukuruza na kiselom eutričnom kambisolu tokom dve vegetacione sezone: 2006 i 2008. Neđubreno zemljište je služilo kao kontrola. Sadržaj azota, fosfora, kalijuma i sirovih proteina u uzorcima biomase su određivani tri puta tokom vegetativne sezone kukuruze, i to: u fazi intenzivnog porasta, fazi mlečno-voštane zrelosti i fazi pune zrelosti. Merenje prinosa zelene biomase obavljeno je krajem vegetacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je primena visokih doza kompleksnih mineralnih đubriva i njihova kombinacija sa bakterijskim inokulantima uticala na povećanje sadržaja azota, fosfora, kalijuma i sirovih proteina u biomasi kukuruza tokom obe godine istraživanja, što je naročito izraženo u fazi njegovog intenzivnog porasta. Najveći porast prinosa biomase je dobijen na istim navedenim varijantama, a isto tako je i primena kombinacije bakterijskih inokulanata i manjih doza mineralnih đubriva rezultirala većim prinosima u odnosu na primenu manjih doza čistih mineralnih hraniva. Dobijeni podaci ukazuju da se ispitivani bakterijski inokulanti mogu koristiti u daljim istraživanjima kao potencijalni agenti novih biofertilizatora u cilju poboljšanja proizvodnje kukuruza i drugih poljoprivrednih kultura u ishrani životinja.

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of crop density on the plant height (PH), ear height (EH), leaf number per plant (LN), ear length (EL), number of rows per ear (NRE), number of grain per row (NGR), number of grain per ear (NGE), grain weight per ear (GWE), cob weight (CW), 1000-grain weight (1000-GW), ear diameter (ED) and grain yield (GY) in staygreen maize hybrid Dijamant 6 (FAO maturity group 600). Three crop densities (51020 plants ha-1, 59524 plants ha-1 and 71429 plants ha-1) were tested. The field experiment was carried out during 2006 and 2007 at Srem region (Putinci: latitude 44° 59' 19' N; longitude 19° 58' 11' E). Plots were organized as completely randomized block system design in four replications. PH (284.3 cm), EH (119.9 cm), LN (13.9), EL (20.8 cm), GWE (232.5 g), CW (56.4 g), 1000-GW (378.4 g) and GY (13.56 t ha-1) were significantly higher in 2006 (favorable climatic conditions) than in 2007 (258.5 cm, 112.8 cm, 13.2, 17.9 cm, 192.9 g, 46.9 g, 232.7 g and 11.50 t ha-1, respectively). Increasing crop density significantly increased the PH, EH and GY, and significantly decreases the EL, NGR, NGE, GWE, CW and 100-GW. The crop density of 71429 plants ha-1 is the optimal for growing this hybrid in Srem region. On that crop density hybrid more efficiently used available resources and achieved the highest grain yield. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj gustine biljaka na visinu biljke (VB), visinu klipa (VK), broj listova po biljci (BL), dužinu klipa (DK), broj redova zrna na klipu (BRZ), broj zrna u redu (BZR), broj zrna po klipu (BZK), prinos zrna po klipu (PZK), masu kočanke (MK), masu 1000 zrna (MHZ), prečnik klipa (PK) i prinos zrna (PZ) u hibrida Dijamant 6 (FAO 600 grupa zrenja). Tretmani su bili: 51020 biljaka ha-1, 59524 biljaka ha-1 i 71429 biljaka ha-1. Poljski ogledi izvedeni su 2006. i 2007. godine u regionu Srema (Putinci 44° 59' 19' SGŠ, 19° 58' 11' IGD). Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. VB (284.3 cm), VK (119.9 cm), BL (13.9), DK (20.8 cm), PZK (232.5 g), MK (56.4 g), MHZ (378.4 g) i PZ (13.56 t ha-1) bili su značajno veći u 2006 godini (povoljni klimatsku uslovi) nego u 2007. (258.5 cm, 112.8 cm, 13.2, 17.9 cm, 192.9 g, 46.9 g, 232.7 g i 11.50 t ha-1). Povećanje gustine useva značajno je povećalo VB, VK i PZ, i značajno smanjilo DK, BZR, BZK, PZK, MK i MHZ. Gustina useva 71429 biljaka ha-1 je optimalna za gajenje ovog hibrida u regionu Srema. Na toj gustini hibrid najefikasnije koristi raspoložive resurse i postiže najveći prinos zrna.

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of crop density on the plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves per plant (NL), forage yield hectare-1 (FY), dry matter yield hectare-1 (DMY), stem percentage (SP), leaf percentage (LP) and ear percentage (EP) in two maize hybrids of FAO maturity group 600 (ZP 684 and NS 6010). Field trials were carried out in rainfed farming in the Srem region (location Putinci: 44° 59' 19' North and 19° 58' 11' East) during years 2007 and 2008. Three crop densities were compared: G1 - 51,020 plants ha-1, G2 - 59,524 plants ha-1 and G3 - 71,429 plants ha-1 (corresponding to spacing of 70 × 28, 70 × 24, and 70 × 20 cm). Plots were organized as completely randomized block system design in four replications. PH (265.45 cm), SD (2.40 cm), FY (68.63 t ha-1) and DMY (24.63 t ha-1) were significantly higher in 2007 than in 2008 (261.78 cm, 2.32 cm, 61.17 t ha-1 and 21.04 t ha-1, respectively). Hybrid NS 6010 had significantly higher PH (266.23 cm), SD (2.39 cm) and NL (14.75) than hybrid ZP 684 (261.0 cm, 2.33 cm and 13.99, respectively). Increasing crop density significantly increased the PH, FY, DMY and SP, and significantly decreases the SD and EP. Therefore, crop density of 71,429 plants ha-1 (70 x 20 cm) can be recommended for growing hybrids of FAO 600 maturity group in climatic conditions of Srem in order to achieve high yields of forage and dry matter. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj gustine useva na visinu biljke (VB), prečnik stabla (PS), broj listova po biljci (BL), prinos krme po hektaru (PK), prinos suve materije po hektaru (PSM), udeo stabla (US), udeo lista (UL) i udeo klipa (UK) dva hibrida kukuruza FAO 600 grupe zrenja (ZP 684 and NS 6010). Ogledi su izvedeni u suvom ratarenju u regionu Srema (lokacija Putinci 45° 00' SGŠ, 19° 58' IGD) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. Upoređivane su tri gustine biljaka: G1 - 51,020 biljaka ha-1, G2 - 5,9524 biljaka ha-1 i G3 - 71,429 biljaka ha- 1 (odgovara razmaku 70 × 28, 70 × 24 i 70 × 20 cm). Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u četiri ponavljanja. VB (265.45 cm), PS (2.40 cm), PK (68.63 t ha-1) i PSM (24.63 t ha-1) bili su značajno veći u 2007. godini nego u 2008. (261.78 cm, 2.32 cm, 61.17 t ha-1 and 21.04 t ha-1). Hibrid NS 6010 imao je značajno veću VB (266.23 cm), PS (2.39 cm) i BL (14.75) nego hibrid ZP 684 (261.0 cm, 2.33 cm and 13.99). Povećanje gustine biljaka značajno je povećalo VB, PK, PSM i US, i značajno smanjilo PS i UK. Gustina biljaka 71,429 biljaka ha-1 (70 x 20 cm) može se preporučiti za gajenje hibrida FAO 600 grupe zrenja u klimatskim uslovima Srema u cilju postizanja visokih prinosa krme i suve materije.

The paper presents the results of comparative testing of slaughter traits and meat quality of male (A) and female (B) young cattle of domestic Simmental breed. The sample included a total of 30 heads, 15 in each group. Cattle were slaughtered at the same age with an average mass of about 660 kg in the group (A), and about 500 kg in the group (B). The study results show that cattle of group (A) achieved statistically (p (lt) 0.001) significantly higher share of pre slaughter mass and mass of warm carcass sides while female cattle achieved statistically (p (lt) 0.01) significantly higher share of kidney fat. The share of tissues in the three rib cut showed statistical differences between the groups, in the share of the M. longissimus dorsi that was statistically (p (lt) 0.05) significantly higher in male cattle and the share of fat was statistically (p (lt) 0.01) significantly higher in group (B). The chemical composition of M. longissimus dorsi statistically (p (lt) 0.05) differed significantly in the share of water which was higher in male cattle while the cattle of group (B) had statistically (p (lt) 0.01) significantly higher share of lipids. As for the technological quality, cooking loss of M. longissimus dorsi was statistically (p (lt) 0.01) significantly higher in young cattle of group (A), while the tenderness/softness of M. longissimus dorsi (p (lt) 0.01) was significantly better in young cattle of group (B). Sensory characteristics of M. longissimus dorsi differed statistically (p (lt) 0.001) significantly in the tenderness of the meat that was better in young cattle of group (B). Male Simmental cattle had better slaughter performance and meat quality characteristics, except tenderness of meat which was better in female cattle. U radu su prikazani rezultati uporednog ispitivanja klaničnih osobina i kvaliteta mesa muške (A) i ženske (B) junadi domaće simentalske rase. Uzorkom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 30 grla, po 15 u svakoj grupi. Junad su zaklana u istom uzrastu sa prosečnom težinom u grupi (A) oko 660 kg i grupi (B) oko 500 kg. Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su junad grupe (A) ostvarila statistički (p (lt) 0.001) značajno veći udeo mase pred klanje i mase toplih polutki dok su junadi grupe (B) ostvarila statistički (p (lt) 0.001) značajno veći udeo bubrežnog loja. Udeo tkiva u trorebarnom isečku se statistički razlikovao među grupama i to u udelu M. longissimus dorsi koji je bio statistički (p (lt) 0.05) značajno veći kod junadi grupe (A) i udelu masnog tkiva koji je bio statistički (p (lt) 0.01) značajno veći u grupi (B). Hemijski sastav M. longissimus dorsi se statistički (p (lt) 0.05) značajno razlikovao u udelu vode koji je bio veći kod junadi grupe (A) dok su junad grupe (B) imala statistički (p (lt) 0.01) značajno veći udeo masti. Što se tiče tehnološkog kvaliteta, kalo kuvanja M. longissimus dorsi je statistički (p (lt) 0.01) značajno bio veći kod junadi grupe (A) dok je mekoća M. longissimus dorsi (p (lt) 0.01) značajno bila bolja kod junadi grupe (B). Senzorne karakteristike M. longissimus dorsi su se statistički (p (lt) 0.001) značajno razlikovale u mekoći mesa koja je bila bolja kod junadi grupe (B). Muška junad domaće simentalske rase imala su bolje klanične osibine i karakteristike kvaliteta mesa sem mekoće mesa koja je bolja kod ženske junadi.

In this study, a total of 41 poultry (chicken and laying hens) feed samples collected from different farms in Serbia in the beginning of 2014 were investigated for total fungal count, presence of potential toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of T-2 toxin. The number of total fungi was determined using the plate count method whereas T-2 toxin was detected by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Relative high percent of investigated poultry feed samples (43.90%) had the total fungal count 1 - 7 x 102 CFU g-1, while in 29.27% of the samples that number was 1.4 - 14 x 104 CFU g-1. In regard to potentially toxigenic fungi, species of Fusarium genus were isolated in most of poultry feed samples (58.54%), while species from genus Alternaria were isolated in least of samples (9.76%). The presence of T-2 toxin was detected in 75.61% of the samples, with concentration of 25.07 - 426.08 μg kg-1 (in average, 55.34 μg kg-1). The statistical insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.05) was obtained between total fungal count and concentrations of T-2 toxin. In addition, a total fungal count and content of T-2 toxin in the samples were not above the maximum allowed levels, although the presence of species from genus Fusarium was found in 58.54% samples. These results indicated that the sanitary and hygienic conditions during the production of poultry feed in Serbia have been at satisfactory level. U radu su proučavani ukupan broj gljiva, prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva i prirodna pojava T-2 toksina u 41 uzoraka hrane za živinu (piliće i nosilje) koji su sakupljeni iz različitih farmi u Srbiji početkom 2014. godine. Ukupan broj gljiva određen je primenom metode razređenja a T-2 toksin je detektovan primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Relativno visok procenat proučavanih uzoraka hrane za živinu (43,90%) imao je ukupan broj gljiva 1 - 7 x 102 CFU g-1, dok je u 29,27% uzoraka ukupan broj bio 1,4 - 14 x 104 CFU g-1. Od potencijalno toksigenih gljiva u ispitivanim uzorcima hrane za živinu u najvećem broju uzoraka (58.54%) izolovane su vrste iz roda Fusarium, dok su vrste iz roda Alternaria bile izolovane u najmanjem broju uzoraka (9.76%). Prisustvo T-2 toksina detektovano je u 75,61% ispitivanih uzoraka sa koncentracijom od 25,07 - 426,08 μg kg-1 (prosek 55.34 μg kg-1). Statistički neznačajna korelacija (r = - 0.05) utvrđena je između ukupnog broja gljiva i koncentracija T-2 toksina. Ukupan broj gljiva i sadržaj T-2 toksina u ispitivanim uzorcima nisu bili iznad maksimalno dozvoljenih količina iako je ustanovljeno prisustvo vrsta iz roda Fusarium u 58.54% uzoraka. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da su u Srbiji sanitarnohigijenski uslovi za proizvodnju hrane za živinu na zadovoljavajućem nivou.

The aim of this study was to investigate fodder quality and nutritive value of different grass-legumes mixtures influenced by various level of N fertilization. Studied factors had an impact only on the content of crude protein (CP), crude protein yield (CPY) and nitrate content in the forage. The level of N fertilizer showed a highly significant and positive impact on the CP and nitrate content. Treatment with 210 kg N ha-1 is characterized by the highest content of CP and nitrate of 189.7 g kg-1 DM and 2524 ppm, respectively, and the highest protein yield of 1.95 t ha-1. The value of nitrate in the forage does not exceed the limit that is considered hazardous to the health of animals. Energy value of forage obtained from the grasslands of ME ≈ 7.75 and NEL≈ 4.32 MJ kg-1 DM is lower than values obtained in other studies. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita kvalitet stočne hrane i hranljiva vrednost različitih travno-leguminoznih smeša pod uticajem različitih nivoa N đubrenja. Ispitivani faktori imali su utisaja samo na sadržaj sirovih proteina (CP), prinos proteina (CPY) i sadržaj nitrata u krmi. Nivo N đubriva ispoljio je visoko značajan i pozitivan uticaj na promunu sadržaja CP i nitrata. Tretman sa 210 kgN ha-1 karakteriše se najvećim sadržajem CP i nitrata od 189,7 g kg-1 DM odnosno 2524 ppm kao i najvećim prinosom proteina od 1,95 t ha-1. Vrednost nitrata u krmi ne prelazi limit koji se smatra opasnim za zdravstveno stanje zivotinja. Energetska vrednost krme dobijene sa travnjaka je niži u odnosu na druga istraživanja i iznosi za ME ≈ 7,75 i NEL ≈ 4,32 MJ kg-1 DM.

Italian ryegrass seed crop was established in 2007 with two sowing densities (D1 = 60 cm row spacing and 5 kg ha-1 seeding rate; D2 = 20 cm row spacing and 20 kg ha-1 seeding rate) and using two spring nitrogen rates (0 and 150 kg N ha-1). Seed germination and thousand seed weight (TSW) of Italian ryegrass was observed in first production year. After harvest in June, seeds were stored under standard storage conditions and sampled 90 days after harvest (DAH), and then 2000 DAH. At 90 DAH, seeds were tested for TSW, as well as germination energy and total germination percentage at incubation temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. Ryegrass seeds had the best germination energy 90 DAH at 20°C and maximum total germination at 15°C, which implies that early autumn (September-October) is proper sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass seeds could maintain satisfactory germination energy (59.3%) and total germination (77.3%) up to 2000 DAH. High seed quality was obtained and applied treatments did not change seed quality significantly unlike storage period which had considerable influence on seed quality. The data can serve for the determination of a proper storage duration management between harvest and sowing of the tested species under ambient conditions of Serbia. Setva semenskog useva italijanskog ljulja obavljena je u 2007 godini u dve gustine setve (D1=60 cm međuredno i 5 kg ha-1 setvena norma; D2=20 cm međuredno i 20 kg ha-1 setvena norma) i primenom dve količine azota u prihrani (0 and 150 kg ha-1). Posmatran je klijavost i masa 1000 semena italijanskog ljulja u prvoj proizvodnoj godini. Posle junske žetve, seme je skladišteno u standardnim skladišnim uslovima i uzorkovano 90 dana posle žetve (DPŽ), a potom 2000 DPŽ. Posle 90 DPŽ seme je ispitivano na masu 1000 semena, energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost na temperaturama klijanja od 10, 15, 20 i 25°C. Seme ljulja je imalo najbolju životnu sposobnost 90 DPŽ na 20°C i maksimalnu ukupnu klijavost na 15°C, što sugeriše da je rana jesen (septembar-oktobar) odgovarajući period za setvu sveže požnjevenog semena italijanskog ljulja. Seme italijanskog ljulja može zadržati zadovoljavajuću energiju klijanja (59,3%) i klijavost (77,3%) i 2000 DPŽ. Dobijeno je kvalitetno seme i primenjeni tretmani pri gajenju semenskog useva nisu menjali značajno kvalitet semena, za razliku od dužine perioda skladištenja, koje je imalo značajan uticaj na kvalitet semena. Podaci mogu poslužiti za određivanje dužine perioda skladištenja semena između žetve i setve italijanskog ljulja u uslovima Srbije.

The aim of this research was to estimate the influence of different NaCl osmotic solutions (0, -0.3 MPa, -0.6 MPa, -0.9 MPa, -1.2 MPa, -1.5 MPa) on seed germination, and early seedling growth in two maize hybrid different maturity groups (ZP 560 - FAO 500 and ZP 666 - FAO 600). Germination was tested in sterile plastic vessels on filter paper moistened with different NaCl solutions, in the dark at 20 ± 1°C, in laboratory. Results of ANOVA indicated that hybrid ZP 666 had significantly higher root length (RL) (6.37 cm), shoot length (ShL) (2.06 cm), shoot fresh weight (ShFW) (43.86 mg), root dry weight (RDW) (7.56 mg), shoot dry weight (ShDW) (5.97 mg), seedling vigor index (SVI) (706.55) and dry matter stress tolerance index (DMSI) (55.85%) than hybrid ZP 560 (4.18 cm, 1.14 cm, 32.50 mg, 6.54 mg, 4.15 mg, 457.61 and 48.86%, respectively). Contrary, hybrid ZP 560 had significantly higher relative seedling water content (RSWC) (83.83%) and phytotoxicity of shoot (PhSh) (69.77%) than hybrid ZP 666 (81.16% and 62.51%, respectively). Generally, hybrid ZP 666 had better tolerance to salt stress than hybrid ZP 560. Germination energy (GE), germination (G), RL, ShL, root fresh weight (RFW), ShFW, RDW, ShDW, rate germination index (RGI), SVI, RSWC and DMSI were significantly decreased with the increase in osmotic stress induced by NaCl. Contrary, phytotoxicity of root (PhR) and PhSh significantly increased with the increase in osmotic stress. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različitog NaCl osmotskog rastvora (0, -0.3 MPa, -0.6 MPa, -0.9 MPa, -1.2 MPa, -1.5 MPa) na klijavost semena i rani porast klijanaca dva hibrida kukuruza različite grupe zrenja (ZP 560 - FAO 500 and ZP 666 - FAO 600). Klijavost je testirana u laboratorijskim uslovima u sterilnim plastičnim kutijama na filter papiru natopljenom sa različitim NaCl osmotskim rastvorom, u mraku na 20 ± 1°C. Rezultati ANOVA pokazali su da je hibrid ZP 666 imao značajno veću dužinu korena (DK) (6.37 cm), dužinu stabla (DS) (2.06 cm), masu svežeg stabla (MSvS) (43.86 mg), masu suvog korena (MSuK) (7.56 mg), masu suvog stabla (MSuS) (5.97 mg), vigor indeks klijanca (VI) (706.55) i indeks tolerancije suve materije na stres (ITSM) (55.85%) nego hibrid ZP 560 (4.18 cm, 1.14 cm, 32.50 mg, 6.54 mg, 4.15 mg, 457.61 i 48.86%). Suprotno, hibrid ZP 560 imao je značajno veći relativni sadržaj vode u klijancima (RSVK) (83.83%) i fitotoksičnost stabla (FS) (69.77%) nego hibrid ZP 666 (81.16% and 62.51%, respectively). Generalno hibrid hibrid ZP 666 imao je bolju toleranciju na stres soli nego hibrid ZP 560. Energija klijanja (EK), klijavost (K), DK, DS, masa svežeg korena (MSvK), MSvS, MSuK, MSuS, indeks klijanja (IK), VI, RSVK i ITSM su signifikantno smanjeni sa povećanjem osmotskog stresa indukovanog sa NaCl. Suprotno, fitotoksičnost stabla i fitotoksičnost korena su se značajno povećali sa povećanjem osmotskog stresa.

The study was performed at the Institute for Animal Husbandry in the three year period, in field and laboratory conditions. The experiment involved two mixtures of grasses and legumes: mixture A ( alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 50% and cocksfoot (cv. K-40 ), 50% ) and mixture B (alfalfa (cv. K -28 ), 33.3 % , cocksfoot (cv. K -40) , 33.3 %, and tall fescue (cv. K -20) , 33.3 % ), and pure stand of alfalfa (M). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Fertilization was carried out using the split method, in quantities of 0, 70 and 140 kg N ha -1. The aim of this study was to determine the phytocoenological stability of mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), the yield and quality of fodder obtained from the grassland, depending on the mixture composition and nitrogen fertilization. Studied factors had a statistically significant impact on dry matter yield and protein yield. Alfalfa has achieved significantly higher yields compared to its mixtures. Dry matter yield increased with the addition of N fertilizers. Protein yield was highest in pure alfalfa crop, followed by its mixture cocksfoot. Fertilization has also increased protein yield. Ispitivanja su rađena u Institutu za stočarstvo u trogodišnjem periodu ispitivanja u poljskim i laboratorijskim uslovima. U eksperiment su uključene dve smeše trava i leguminoza: Smeša A (lucerka (K-28), 50% i ježevica (cv. K-40), 50%) i Smeša B (lucerka (K-28), 33,3%, ježevica (cv. K-40), 33,3% i visoki vijuk (cv.K-20), 33,3%), kao i čist usev lucerke (M). Ogled je izveden po metodu slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja, Đubrenje travnjaka je obavljeno split metodom, količinama od 0, 70 i 140 kgN ha-1. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da odredi fitocenološku postojanost smeša lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) sa ježevicom (Dactylis glomerata L.) i visokim vijukom (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), prinos i kvalitet dobijene stočne hrane sa travnjaka u zavisnosti od sastava smeše i đubrenja azotnim đubrivima. Ispitivani faktori imali su statistički značajnog uticaja na prinos suve materije i prinos proteina. Lucerka je ostvarila značajno veće prinose u odnosu na njene smeše. Prinosi suve materijeSM su se povećavali dodatkom N mineralnih đubriva. Prinos proteina bio je najveći u čistom usevu lucerke, a zatim u smeši lucerke i ježevice. Đubrenje je takođe povećalo prinos proteina.

In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 μg kg-1, 71.79 μg kg-1, 128.17 μg kg-1, and 1610.83 μg kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58). U radu je ispitivano prisustvo plesni i mikotoksina u uzorcima zrna uskladištenog kukuruza u periodu od oktobra 2011. do septembra 2012. godine. Mikološkim analizama celog i slomljenog zrna kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo vrsta iz rodova Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus i drugih. Od potencijalno toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium, identifikovane su u najvećem procentu A. flavus na slomljenom (20,38%) i F. verticillioides na celom zrnu kukuruza (34,04%). Ispitivani uzorci uskladištenog kukuruza bili su 100% pozitivni sa aflatoksinom B1 (AFB1), zearalenonom (ZON), deoksinivalenolom (DON) i fumonizinom B1 (FB1) sa prosečnim koncentracijama 1,39 μg kg-1, 71,79 μg kg-1, 128,17 μg kg-1 i 1610,83 μg kg-1, respektivno. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i prisustva Fusarium spp. na slomljenom zrnu kukuruza (r = 0,44), kao i između sadržaja vlage i koncentracije DON (r = 0,61). Statistički značajna negativna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i FB1 (r = -0,34), kao i između koncentracija ZON i DON mikotoksina (r = -0,58).

Grain samples of two maize hybrids, medium early (ZP434) and late maturity (ZP704), collected during harvest in 2008 were investigated for contamination by fungi. Grains were plated on agar media and grown fungi were identified by morphological macroscopic and microscopic characteristics on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and synthetic nutrient agar (SNA). Species of the genus Fusarium were the most common in both hybrids, and their presence amounted to 33.89% (ZP434) and 42% (ZP704). Other fungi of genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichotecium, were isolated from 0 to 41%. Four species belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified, of which the species F. verticillioides was the most common with 28.63% in ZP434 and 30.5% in ZP704 hybrids. The presence of F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans ranged from 3% (ZP704) to 5% (ZP434), 0.13% (ZP434) to 7% (ZP704) and 0.13% (ZP434) to 7% (ZP704), respectively. Generally, the incidence of every particular fungus was higher in the late maize hybrid with a higher moisture content than in the medium-early hybrid with a lower moisture content. Uzorci zrna dva hibrida kukuruza, srednje rani (ZP434) i kasni (ZP704), sakupljeni su u vreme berbe 2008. godine i analizirani na kontaminiranost gljivama. Zrna kukuruza zasejana su na hranljivu podlogu i razvijene gljive identifikovane su na osnovu morfoloških, makroskopskih i mikroskopskih osobina na krompirdekstroznoj (PDA) i sintetičkoj hranljivoj podlozi (SNA). Kod oba ispitivana hibrida vrste roda Fusarium su bile najzastupljenije sa prisustvom od 33,89% (ZP434) do 42% (ZP704). Ostali rodovi gljiva, Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Mucor, Nigrospora, Penicillium, and Trichotecium, izolovani su od 0 do 41%. U rodu Fusarium identifikovane su četiri vrste, od kojih je vrsta F. verticillioides bila najzastupljenija sa 28,63% kod hibrida ZP434 i 30,5% kod hibrida ZP704. Vrsta F. graminearum bila je prisutna od 3% (ZP704) do 5% (ZP434), F. proliferatum od 0,13% (ZP434) do 7% (ZP704) i F. Subglutinans od 0,13% (ZP434) do 1,5% (ZP704). Uopšteno, ustanovljena je značajnija pojava svake pojedinačne vrste gljive kod kasnog hibrida sa višim sadržajem vlage u zrnu, nego kod srednje ranih hibrida sa nižim sadržajem vlage u zrnu.

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effect of four pH levels of germination media (4, 5, 6 and 7) on seed germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected seeds (DIS), percentage of hard seed (HS), normal (NS) and abnormal seedlings (AS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), seedling length (SeL), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of seedling, and seedling vigor index (SVI) in two red clover genotypes (cv. K-17 and cv. Kolubara). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory conditions of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Belgrade in January 2011. The pH levels of germination media had significant effect on the NS (P (lt) 0.01), AS (P (lt) 0.01), RL (P (lt) 0.05), ShL (P (lt) 0.01), SeL (P (lt) 0.01), FW (P (lt) 0.01) and SVI (P (lt) 0.05). The lowest GE, G, NS, ShL, SeL, FW and SVI were found at pH 4. Also, the highest DIS, HS and AS were found at pH 4. The genotype had significant effect on HS (P (lt) 0.01), RL (P (lt) 0.01), ShL (P (lt) 0.01), SeL (P (lt) 0.01), FW (P (lt) 0.01) and SVI (P (lt) 0.01). Genotype and pH levels of germination media did not affect on GE, G, DIS and DW significantly. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različitih nivoa pH vrednosti (4, 5, 6 i 7) na energiju klijanja (EK), klijavost (K), neklijala i bolesna semena (NB), tvrda semena (TS), normalne klijance (NK), abnormalne klijance (AK), dužinu korena (DK), dužinu hipokotila (DH), ukupnu dužinu klijanca (UDK), svežu masu klijanaca (SvMK), suvu masu klijanaca (SuMK) i vigor indeks klijanaca (VIK) kod dva genotipa crvene deteline (cv. K-17 i cv. Kolubara). Ogledi su izvedeni u laboratorijskim uslovima u Institutu za stočarstvo u Beogradu, u januaru 2011. godine. pH vrednost imala je značajan uticaj na NK (P (lt) 0.01), NB (P (lt) 0.01), DK (P (lt) 0.05), DH (P (lt) 0.01), UDK (P (lt) 0.01), SvMK (P (lt) 0.01) i VIK (P (lt) 0.05). Najmanje vrednosti za EK, K, NK, DH, UDK, SvMK i VIK zabeležene su na pH 4. Takođe, najveća učestalost NB, TS i AK registrovana je na pH 4. Genotipovi su se značajno razlikovali za sledeće osobine: TS (P (lt) 0.01), DK (P (lt) 0.01), DH (P (lt) 0.01), UDK (P (lt) 0.01), SvMK (P (lt) 0.01) i VIK (P (lt) 0.01). Utvrđeno je da genotipovi i pH nemaju značajan uticaj na EK, K, NB i SuMK.