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Highlights: [•] First aptasensor based on SAMs’ interfacial energy transfer was reported. [•] High quenching efficiency of GO and SAMs’ concentration lead to higher sensitivity. [•] SAMs is easily designed and reduces the labor for the labeling of aptamer to QDS. [•] This universal and simple platform has the potential for sensitive biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is a comprehensive review on biomodified MOFs for various applications. • Functionalization of MOFs with amino acids and nucleic acids are summarized. • Biofunctionalization of MOFs exhibits structure- and function-specific applications. • It will inspire and promote the engineering/bioengimeering applications of MOFs. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be well-designed and constructed for various applications in gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensing, and water remediation. To extend their applications in bio-related fields, the functionalization of MOFs with biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, peptides, enzymes, and others have been carried out, which improved the bioactivity and biocompatibility of MOF-biomolecule hybrid materials and enhanced the biomolecular recognition, targeting, and cell penetration of materials using the characteristics of bound biomolecules. In this review, we demonstrate the progress of MOF biofunctionalization with nucleic acid- (ssDNA, ds DNA, and aptamer) and amino acid-based biomolecules (single amino acid, peptide, and protein) for various structure- and function-specific applications. The methodologies on both covalent and noncovalent modifications of MOFs with nucleic acids and amino acids are introduced and summarized. More details on the conjugation of biomolecules onto MOFs for the function-specific applications in drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, cancer therapy, biosensors, biocatalysis, separation, and nanomotors are demonstrated and discussed. We believe this work will be helpful for readers to understand the biofunctionalization of various MOFs with specific biomolecules and inspire the design and fabrication of novel MOF-based materials and devices for the applications in materials science and nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convenient preparation and application of functionalized organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic materials have obtained substantial interest in the pretreatment of complex samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Compared to the in-tube solid-phase microextraction in fused-silica capillaries, micro SPE in plastic pipette tips have fascinating merits for the easily operated enrichment of trace target analytes from biological samples. However, the poor compatibility of organic-inorganic hybrid monoliths with plastics leads to the rare appearance of commercial hybrid monolithic pipette tips (HMPTs). Therefore, how to synthesize the organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic materials with better extraction performance in plastic pipette tips becomes a challenge. We develop a facile and cheap strategy to immobilize organic-inorganic hybrid monoliths in pipette tips. Melamine sponge was employed as the supporting skeleton to in situ assemble amine- and thiol-bifunctionalized hybrid monolithic material via "one pot" in a pipette tip, and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and thiol-modified aptamer against human α-thrombin were sequentially attached to the hybrid monolith within the HMPTs. The average coverage density of the aptamer with GNPs as an intermediary reached as high as 818.5 pmol μL−1. The enriched thrombin concentration was determined by a sensitive enzymatic chromogenic assay with the limit of detection of 2 nM. The extraction recovery of thrombin at 10 nM in human serum was 86.1 % with a relative standard deviation of 6.1 %. This proposed protocol has been applied to the enrichment and determination of thrombin in real serum sample with strong anti-interference ability, low limit of detection and high recovery. The amine- and thiol-bifunctionalized HMPTs prepared with sponge as the skeleton frame provided a novel substrate material to decorate aptamers for efficient enrichment of proteins. This enlightens us that we can take advantage of the tunability of sponge assisted HMPTs to produce and tailor a variety of micro SPE pipette tips for broader applications on the analysis of trace targets in complex biological, clinic and environmental samples. [Display omitted] • In-situ sol-gel synthesis of bi-functionalized hybrid monolith inside pipette tips. • Using flexible and porous melamine sponge as the supporting skeleton material. • The coverage density of the aptamer of thrombin reached as high as 818.5 pmol μL−1. • The thrombin concentration was determined with the limit of detection of 2 nM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]