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Throughout the last decade, crustacean aquaculture has been developing rapidly worldwide and has given rise to a growing global trend demanding freshwater native species that share both, socio-economic importance and commercial interest such as subtropical and temperate palaemonids. Unfortunately, the reduction of native populations and the partial or complete absence of ovigerous females during the months of autumn and winter are serious obstacles towards a successful, responsible, and profitable cultivation of such palaemonid species. When reviewing the natural environment at the start of the reproductive season, an increase in both, water temperature and daylight is easily perceived, thus we decided to investigate their effects (temperature and photoperiod) on the ovarian maturation in a subtropical freshwater palaemonid of commercial interest (Cryphiops caementarius) with promising results for a strong and prosperous commercial cultivation. Adult females of C. caementarius were randomly distributed among four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4). The study was developed in two phases, an initial conditioning phase in which the four treatment groups were exposed to winter environmental conditions for 42 days (photoperiod 10 L:14D, temperature 13 °C) and a final test in which each group was exposed to a specific combination of photoperiod and temperature for a term of 105 days: G1-winter photoperiod and winter temperature (10 L:14D, 13 °C), G2-summer photoperiod and summer temperature (14 L:10D, 25 °C), G3-summer photoperiod and winter temperature (14 L:10D, 13 °C), G4- winter photoperiod and summer temperature (10 L:14D, 25 °C). All the females were individually marked and the events of maturity and spawning were monitored. Maturity events were not recorded in any of the treatment groups exposed to winter temperatures, while 39 % and 31 % of the females exposed to summer temperatures in G2 and G4 respectively, had at least one maturity event during the testing phase. The results obtained suggest that an increase in temperature could be the environmental cue responsible for triggering the process of ovarian maturity in C. caementarius and that an adequate thermal control would allow the production of ovigerous females during the winter months. Controlling crustacean reproduction in captivity using environmental variables instead of invasive techniques such as eyestalk ablation or hormone injection opens a feasible path towards recovering natural populations and/or consolidating commercial farming through friendly aquaculture procedures.

The prawn (Cryphiops caementarius) is the only resource in the Peruvian coastal rivers that supports a commercial fishery. Bioeconomic-fishing aspects are reported based on data (fishing, costs and income derived from fishing) acquired in situ monthly in four altitudinal strata (every 200 meters above sea level - masl) of the Majes-Camaná river during 2019. The catch per unit of effort (CPUE) was expressed in kg h-1, monthly income was estimated based on the average catch values, number of tasks and price of the resource. To evaluate the profitability of the activity of an average fisherman (by stratum), a cash flow based on income and expenses was executed under situations with a constant future, using economic profitability indicators such as the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost ratio (B/C) and Discounted Payback Period (DPB). There was a predominance of the diving method, the catches (kg) and the fishing yield increased throughout the fishing period (April-December) with a maximum value of 4.8 kg h-1 (December - high strata). Investment costs per fisherman were low, roughly 1,000 soles. The sale price increases with altitude, decreasing over the course of the year depending on the availability of the resource; the monthly income per fisherman varied from 964 soles (April - low stratum) to 6,760 soles (December - high stratum). The economic simulation model showed that the income exceeded the costs of the fishing activity from the first year of activity in all the altitudinal strata, the economic profitability indicators showed high profitability for the activity.

FONDEF: ID15I10353. CONICYT-National Academy Insertion Contest: 79170111. company Vard Aqua Chile S.A..

The variation in saline requirements during larval development of Cryphiops caementarius establishes a particular coexistence in the culture systems between the shrimp larvae, the microalgae and Artemia nauplii. Although the technology for the mass production of freshwater prawn juveniles has advanced positively, the non-commercial availability of an exclusive live feed for amphidromous crustaceans, such as C. caementarius , has created the need to optimize the management of organisms commonly used as feed in the larval culture of marine crustaceans. We investigated the effect of salinity on embryonic development dynamics and the hatching rate of commercial Artemia sp. cysts, including the effect of cooling decapsulated cysts on the hatching rate, and the effect of salinity on the behavior of marine microalgae used as live feed in the larviculture of C. caementarius . The results encourage a sustained and stable production of Artemia nauplii at different salinities, and at the same time, reduce by 80% the daily time used in feeding activities. Also, the information generated in this study adds critical information about activities and procedures for the larviculture of the northern river shrimp, which could be used to improve larval feeding strategies either in C. caementarius or in other amphidromous crustacean species.

Controlling the concentration of bioflocs is one of the main concerns in aquaculture systems with Biofloc Technology (BFT). Biofloc accumulation deteriorates the water quality and can negatively affect the production rates of the farmed river shrimp. This study describes and characterizes the settling velocity distribution of bioflocs generated with the addition of two carbon sources (molasses and chancaca) when applying the BFT for the rearing of the river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius. This study revealed that bioflocs generated with different carbon sources have different settling velocity curves. Regarding the mass fraction settling velocities, there were significant differences (P

The aim was to determine the growth and survival of males of the Cryphiops caementarius shrimp fed with diets supplemented with common salt. Three experimental diets supplemented with 1, 2 and 3% of common salt and a control diet without common salt were used, with three replicates, respectively. Twelve aquariums (55 L) were used and six individual culture containers (284 cm2) installed in two groups of three levels were introduced into each one. In each culture, the container stocked a shrimp, and in total six shrimp per aquarium was randomly stocked. Seventy-two male shrimps (3.87 g in weight) were used. The experiment lasted 90 days. Results indicated that the diet supplemented with 2% of common salt favored the growth in weight of shrimp males, and it was only different (P < 0.05) with the diet with 3% common salt that caused slow growth in weight. Diets with common salt did not affect shrimp survival (P > 0.05).

In Chile many experiments to artificially produce juvenile Cryphiops caementarius have been carried out in order to obtain enough stock for aquaculture or repopulation in natural habitats. The aquaculture production technology has been developed by the research staff of the Aquaculture Department of the Universidad Católica del Norte, with the aim of enhancing cultivation at commercial level, obtaining a sustainable production, and decreasing the fisheries pressure on natural populations. The latter is now based on the collection of ovigerous female obtained from their natural habitat. The research shows that it is possible to cultivate C. caementarius juveniles in 65 days through 18 zoeal stages.

The present study is a review of the main inland water malacostracan species of northern Chile: Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1782). This species sustains the local fisheries in northern and central Chilean hydrographical basins. Cryphiops caementarius, in Chile known as the northern river shrimp, is endemic to rivers west of the Andes Mountains in Peru, and south from Chancay-Lambayeque River and the rivers in the northern Chilean littoral up to 32°55′S. Research on this species in its natural habitat consigned between 1958 to 2008 was directed to population knowledge, including mainly the existing populations in rivers in the Regions of Atacama and Coquimbo. Important advances were also made with regards to the study of the embryonic development, biology, life cycle and reproduction that serve as a basis for the technological development of juvenile production in a controlled environment.

The northern Chilean (18-27°S) inland waters have been poorly studied, because of difficulties in accessing the area, and the aquatic fauna is sculpted by the high conductivity. The few studies that are available are based on fragmented information on shallow mountain ponds associated with saline deposits (“salares”), and shallow ponds and the Loa river. The aim of the present study is provide a review of the malacostracan ecology of northern Chilean inland waters. The information of shallow mountain ponds and lagoons reveals the presence of the amphipods Hyalella fossamanchini and H. kochi. They are only found at low salinity levels (Cryphiops caementarius and the amphipods H. fossamanchini and H. kochi. However the first species is scarce due excessive fisheries activities and habitat fragmentation, whereas there are no studies about amphipods populations. Nevertheless in Loa river these species can be an important prey for introduced salmonids (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta). Similar patterns were observed for other comparable ecosystems in the Andes mountains of Argentina and Peru.

Se estudia el desarrollo larvario del camarón de río del norte de Chile, Cryphiops caementarius, desde el estado de zoea 1 hasta el primer juvenil, caracterizando y analizando criterios que verificaron la aplicación de indicadores de tipo morfológico y de comportamiento para la evaluación de la condición larvaria de la especie, en condiciones de cultivo. Las larvas, se mantuvieron en cultivo, en un tanque de 250 L con agua a 20 psu y temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, controlada con termostato y con un recambio del 100% diariamente. La alimentación consistió en microalgas (Nannochloris sp. e Isochrysis sp.), rotíferos (Brachionus plicatilis), nauplios de Artemia franciscana y alimento formulado. Se utilizaron cinco indicadores de carácter morfológico y de comportamiento aplicados a las larvas de C. caementarius: llenado intestinal, estado de la glándula digestiva, desarrollo branquial, comportamiento natatorio y respuesta fototáctica. Estos indicadores, permitieron determinar el estado de condición y calidad de las larvas de C. caementarius, logrando un efectivo seguimiento y asociación de cada uno de ellos, con cada estado de desarrollo larvario, estandarizando características deseables en las larvas y evidenciando resultados verificables, que permitan establecer un adecuado plan de seguimiento del cultivo, optimizar los protocolos de manejo y de alimentación de las larvas. Además de cada indicador, fue posible desglosar una amplia gama de potenciales estudios a realizar, basados en las relaciones que la morfología y el comportamiento larvario mantienen con las capacidades fisiológicas de las larvas en desarrollo.

Freshwater organisms with an amphidromous life cycle are generally thought to disperse widely through marine planktonic larval stages, but only few studies on genetic population structure of amphidromous shrimp exist. We used a 640-basepair region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (Cox1) from the amphidromous river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius from five rivers in northern-central Chile to test whether large distances between estuaries (up to 700 km) limit gene flow between populations and result in genetic differentiation among populations. The results revealed high haplotype diversity with no significant geographical structuring, suggesting that gene flow occurs regularly over several hundreds of kilometres, also connecting populations north and south of the Atacama Desert. Seemingly, the terrestrial barrier is overcome by planktonic larval dispersal through the sea, suggesting wide dispersal rather than “stepping-stone” dispersal between estuaries. The population from the southe...

Reductions of its natural populations have led to recent efforts in small-scale aquaculture of the freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius, either for conservation or commercial purposes. However, the lack of knowledge about its nutritional requirements has been one of the major obstacles for its successful culture. Given its importance, this study determines and compares the chemical composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids and nitrogen free extract) of whole animals and main storage tissues (gonad, hepatopancreas and muscle), of C. caementarius adult prawns from two natural populations. Moreover, the relation of this composition with reproductive and environmental parameters (sex, maturation and habitat) is discussed. The specimens were collected in Limarí and Choapa rivers (Coquimbo, Chile) during reproductive season, and divided into six categories according to capture location, gonad maturation stage, and gender. The chemical composition of whole animals and storage tissues was compared among categories. Significant differences were observed between tissues, sexes, maturity stages and locations. Regarding tissues, the muscle and the gonads were rich in protein, whereas the hepatopancreas had high lipid content. According to results, factors such as sex, habitat and stage of gonad maturation can modify the biochemistry of C. caementarius. Nonetheless, the main chemical variations were observed in tissues involved in regulatory processes (hepatopancreas and gonads), and to a lesser extent in structural tissues (muscle). This is the first study known that reports information about the biochemistry of C. caementarius and its findings may be useful to improve feeding practices in aquaculture.

Research has been in progress for several years on various aspects of the biology and ecology of the freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius, an inhabitant of rivers in northern Chile. The commercial value of this prawn fomented the accomplishment of studies on its reproduction and development with the aim of producing juveniles under controlled conditions, to be followed by growout to commercial size in managed culture systems. The present study describes larval culture of this species from eggs of gravid females obtained in the field, from the first developmental stage (Zoea I) through the first juvenile stage. The larvae were cultured at 25 °C in UV sterilized water at variable salinities based on the requirements of the developmental stages. Larvae were fed with Nannochloris, Isochrysis and Artemia nauplii as required. This report describes in detail the 18 larval stages of this prawn, as well as its first juvenile form.

La extraccion indiscriminada y alteraciones del medio natural, han puesto en peligro de extincion al unico Palaemonido dulceacuicola de interes comercial, presente en aguas continentales chilenas. Aun cuando esta situacion, ha despertado el interes en estudios que permitan su reproduccion controlada en cautiverio, actualmente es escaso el conocimiento acerca de aspectos reproductivos basicos de esta especie. Dada su importancia, este trabajo describe y caracteriza el proceso completo de maduracion gonadal en hembras de Cryphiops caementarius , en base a cambios en la morfologia externa e interna del ovario. Hembras adultas extraidas del rio Limari, fueron disectadas y sus ovarios removidos y preparados para analisis histologicos. Tejido fibromuscular divide el tejido gonadal de cada lobulo en sacos ovaricos de forma semiconica (conos de maduracion), al interior del los cuales se encuentran ovocitos en diferentes estados de desarrollo de acuerdo a observaciones microscopicas de tamano, morfologia y tincion con H-E, las celulas reproductoras femeninas se clasificaron en seis tipos, ovogonias (Ov), ovocitos previtelogenicos tempranos (O1), ovocitos previtelogenicos tardios (O2), ovocitos vitelogenicos tempranos (O3), ovocitos vitelogenicos tardios (O4) y ovocitos Maduros (OM). El ciclo de madurez gonadal se dividio en cinco estados segun la cantidad y tipo de ovocitos presentes. Los estados 0 y I, corresponden a desovado y previtelogenesis. Los estados II y III a vitelogenesis temprana y vitelogenesis intermedia, mientras el estado IV corresponde a madurez avanzada. La presencia de ovogonias y ovocitos previtelogenicos junto a ovocitos completamente maduros en el estado de madurez avanzada, refleja la capacidad de esta especie de realizar ciclos consecutivos de madurez en intervalos cortos de tiempo.

Con larvas obtenidas de hembras gravidas de Cryphiops caementarius (Molina 1782), se realizo dos experiencias de cultivo entre 1995 y 1997. Estas experiencias fueron disenadas con el proposito de definir una metodologia que permitiera producir juveniles de la especie, utilizando condiciones controladas de temperatura, salinidad y alimentacion. Durante este estudio se determino el desarrollo larval, su duracion y la tasa de supervivencia. La disminucion en la tasa de supervivencia en ambos cultivos fue coincidente con los cambios morfologicos en cada estado de desarrollo. Durante el primer cultivo, el estado de primer juvenil fue alcanzado a los 98 dias. Durante la segunda experiencia, el tiempo empleado en la obtencion del primer estado de juvenil fue de 62 dias. Durante esta, se utilizo un suplemento alimenticio consistente en pescado y huevos de gallina. Otro de los resultados importantes logrados fue el aumento en los valores de sincronia en la metamorfosis, lo cual permitio obtener una importante cantidad de animales metamorfoseados (juveniles) durante el tiempo involucrado en el estudio.

Cryphiops caementarius (Molina 1782) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), denominado camaron de rio del norte (Fig. 1), es la unica especie de la familia representada en Chile y su distribucion geografica esta restringida a los rios de la costa occidental de Peru y Chile desde los 10oS hasta los 32o 55´S. En Chile, esta especie habita principalmente los rios y quebradas que drenan las aguas de los contrafuertes cordilleranos y estuvo protegida durante un largo tiempo por una veda total. Sin embargo, la explotacion clandestina con extraccion desmedida se mantuvo por anos, llevando a la reduccion del tamano de las poblaciones de este decapodo y a la disminucion de la talla de los ejemplares extraidos. El deterioro de este recurso renovable motivo a la autoridad a revisar la normativa vigente y decretar el ano 1986 una nueva disposicion que impide la extraccion del recurso desde el 1 de diciembre y hasta el 30 de abril de cada ano. Estas normativa aumento el interes por conocer las etapas del ciclo biologico de esta especie. Desde los primeros trabajos sinopticos, numerosos han sido los intentos que se sucedieron en Peru y Chile y que han tenido como objeto estudiar su biologia, reproduccion, condiciones bioecologicas, habitat, composicion poblacional, migraciones, desarrollo larval y algunos realizados para intentar su cultivo artificial. Todos los estudios realizados, tanto en Peru como en Chile, son conducentes a conocer y comprender aspectos basicos y tecnologicos destinados a aportar para el establecimiento de sistemas artificiales de cultivo, que permitan reducir la presion extractiva que se realiza sobre el recurso intentando reemplazarla por una produccion artificial de juveniles. Esta revision pretende incluir la mayor cantidad de informacion disponible, con el proposito de reunir en una sola publicacion aquellos aspectos que permitan sentar bases solidas para comprender su comportamiento y poder reproducir artificialmente a la especie con fines de conservacion y acuicultura.