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Phenolic compound even at low concentrations, are considered to be priority pollutants due to their significant toxicity. Electrospinning was used to create a polyacrylonitril (PAN) nanofiber, which was then impregnated with graphene oxide (GO). After a preliminary investigation into the electrospinning parameters (e.g., using various voltages and polymer concentrations), the electrospun nanofibres were tuned, this study evaluated the effectiveness of these materials in removing phenolic compounds from wastewater through adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the synthesized nanofiber mats. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the structure of nanofiber mats was altered by the addition of graphene oxide (GO) in different ratios. Specifically, the surface of the fibres exhibited increased roughness, and the diameter of the fibres also experienced an increase. The average diameter of the fibres was measured to be (134.9 ± 21.43 nm) for the PAN/2.5% GO composite and (198 ± 33.94 nm) for the PAN/5% GO composite. FTIR spectra of the PAN/GO nanocomposites nanofiber displayed distinct peaks associated with graphene oxide (GO). These included a wide peak at 3400 cm−1, related to the presence of hydroxyl (O–H) groups, as well as peaks on 1600 as well as 1000 cm−1, which indicated the existence of epoxy groups. In this study response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented. To enhance the efficiency of removing substances, it is necessary to optimise parameters such as pH, contact time, and dosage of the adsorbent. The optimum pH for removing phenol via all nanofiber mats was determined to be 7, while at a dose of 2 mg dose adsorbents maximum removals for pure PAN, PAN/2.5 GO, and PAN/5 GO were 61.3941, 77.2118, and 92.76139%, respectively. All the adsorbents obey Langmuir isotherm model, and the empirical adsorption findings were fitted with the second-order model kinetically, also non-linear Elovich model. The maximal monolayer adsorption capacities for PAN, PAN/2.5 GO, and PAN/5 GO were found to be 57.4, 66.18, and 69.7 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic studies discovered that the adsorption of phenol on all adsorbents nanofiber mats was exothermic, the adsorption of phenol on nanofiber mats decreases as the temperature increases. All the adsorbents exhibit negative enthalpy and entropy. The PAN/GO composite's superior phenol removal suggested that it could be used as a latent adsorbent for efficient phenol removal from water and wastewater streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]