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Genus Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 Type species Dysdera latreillii Blackwall, 1832, by original designation. Remarks. Harpactea hombergii is currently stated as the type species of the genus Harpactea (World Spider Catalog 2021). It is through synonymy of Aranea hombergii and Dysdera latreillii. Templeton (1835) described a new dysderid genus Harpactes for Dysdera latreillii. He was not sure whether his specimens were conspecific with Blackwall’s (1832) Dysdera latreillii, therefore he called it D. latreillii with question mark. Vigors (in Templeton 1835), the editor of the paper, emended the name to D. templetoni. Later, Bristowe (1939) noticed that the name Harpactes was already preoccupied, so he replaced it with Harpactea. In summary, the type species of the genus Harpactea is undoubtedly Dysdera latreillii, not Aranea hombergii (see also Thaler & Knoflach 2002, Řezáč et al. 2014). Diagnostic characters. Diagnostic characters of Harpactea include the body size, colour of prosoma, leg spination and the shape of male chelicerae and copulatory organs. Harpactea are usually small to medium size spiders (carapace length 1.3–2.3 mm, although members of the group rubicunda from the eastern Meditteranean are usuay larger), with a homogeneous body shape (Fig. 1), although some species have elongated body and appendages (e.g., Fig. 1C). The prosoma is brown or yellow, usually darker in the anterior part. The abdomen shows no color patterns, its cuticle is hardly pigmented, so that grey or brownish midgut is visible. The shape of the chelicerae and the arrangement of the cheliceral teeth are uniform and characteristic for the majority of species of the genus (see the fageli type below)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Bristowe, W. S. (1939) The Comity of Spiders. Ray Society, London, 228 pp.","Blackwall, J. (1832) Description of a species of Arachnida, hitherto uncharacterized, belonging to the family Araneidae. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, 1, 190 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443208647870","World Spider Catalog (2021) World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 2 February 2021)","Templeton, R. (1835) On the spiders of the genus Dysdera Latr. with the description of a new allied genus. The Zoological Journal, 5, 400 - 408.","Thaler, K. & Knoflach, B. (2002) Zur Faunistik der Spinnen (Araneae) von Osterreich: Atypidae, Haplogynae, Eresidae, Zodariidae, Mimetidae. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 34, 413 - 444.","Rezac, M., Gasparo, F., Kral, J. & Heneberg, P. (2014) Integrative taxonomy and evolutionary history of a newly revealed Dysdera ninnii complex (Araneae: Dysderidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 451 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12177"]}

Harpactea gaditana Pesarini, 1988 (Fig. 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 9) H. gaditana Pesarini 1988: 180, fig. 2 (description based on male); Le Peru 2011: 269, fig. 402 (♁, redrawn from Pesarini 1988). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Fundao, Alcongosta, 40.117, -7.484, inside house, 1 ♁, 3 June 2008, leg. S. Korenko, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea gaditana is very similar to H. henriquesi sp. nov. in thin body with relatively long legs and genitalic morphology. It differs from H. henriquesi sp. nov. by slightly larger body (Fig. 1B), less curved embolus (Fig. 4B—e), the base of embolus is not covered by the base of conductor. Ecology. Adults can be found in spring (March–June). Distribution. It occurs in southern Spain (near the town Vejer in Cadiz province, Pesarini 1988) and eastern Portugal. In western Portugal it is replaced by the sibling species H. henriquesi sp. nov., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988) Due nuove specie di Harpactea Bristowe appartenenti alla fauna Iberica. Atti della Societ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 179 - 184.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea tavirensis Wunderlich, 2020 (Figs 1M, 2M, 3M, 5E, 8E, 9) H. tavirensis Wunderlich 2020: 7, figs 4–6 (description based on ♁). Material. Type material. 1 ♁ paratype, 5 km WNW of Tavira, leg. et coll. J. Wunderlich, R178 /ARICJW. New material. S. Bras de Alportel, Fonte da Taipa, 37.203, -7.963, Quercus suber forest with Erica sp., 3 ♁♁, 13 ♀♀, 12 April 2005, 2 ♁♁, 9 November 2005, 3 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 31 March–1 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Santa Bárbara de Nexe, 37.111, -7.982, 3 ♁, April 1963, leg. leg. Henry Coiffait?, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague; Barranco do Velho, 37.238, -7.941, Quercus suber forest, 3 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀, December 1964, leg. Henry Coiffait?, coll. National Natural History Museum. Diagnosis. It can be distinguishged from any other Iberian Harpactea by cymbium with concave retrolateral side, unlike retrolateral side of cymbium being either convex or straight, in other species (only the prolateral side is concave in some species), and concave hairless dorso-apical side. It possesses the cheliceral type minoccii (see the Materials and Methods) characterised by only three cheliceral teeth. In contrast to other two representatives of this cheliceral type, H. minoccii and H. subiasi, it has slightly obtuse posterior distal tooth (in two mentioned species it is pointed) and thicker basal cheliceral segment (Fig. 2M). Vulva is similar to that of H. algarvensis, but it can be distinguished by sclerotization only present at the median rod of the anterior arc (Fig. 8E). A couple of bands of white delicate tissue run from the epigastric furrow towards the ovary and turn dorsally in the middle of the abdomen (Fig. 8E —wt, when the spider is in certain level of saturation, it can be observed by transparency, without dissecting). It co-occurs with H. algarvensis, from which it can be distinguished by smaller size (H. algarvensis 2.2 mm, H. tavirensis 1.4–2.0 mm), darker coloration and slightly annulated legs. Description. Male. Carapace red-brown, matting (Fig. 1M). Sternum brown-yellow, matting. Chelicerae red brown. Legs yellow-brown, anterior legs and pedipalps are darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium slightly elongated (Fig. 3M), distally widened, with concave retrolateral side. Tegulum wider than long (Fig. 5E). Conductor relatively short, slightly S-shaped. Embolus dark, extremely long, its base directs to the opposite side than the conductor but then it is bent in 180° angle, so its tip directs to the same side as conductor. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type algarvensis (Fig. 8E). The vulva is very small and weakly sclerotised, anterior arc, transversal bar and median rod are only tiny rudiments. Rudiment of posterior diverticle is tiny circular spot. Behind the epigastric furrow there is a paired mass of whitish tissue. Variability. Male carapace length 1.51–2.00 mm (1.77±0.14, N=9), female carapace length 1.38–2.00 mm (1.65±0.13, N=22). The twisting of embolus is variable. Moreover, its appearance depends on the angle of view. Ecology. The adults occur in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus suber and Erica forests on eastern slopes. Females lay 16– 21 eggs (N=2). Distribution. So far known only from mountains in Algarve, southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (2020) Description of four new and few rare spider species from the Western Palaearctic (Araneae: Dysderidae, Linyphiidae and Theridiidae). Beitrage zur Araneologie, 1, 4 - 18."]}

Harpactea dolanskyi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1L, 2L, 3L, 5D, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7386. Paratypes. Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 3 ♁♁, 30 March 2013, 2 ♁♁, 20 March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czech arachnologist Jan Dolanský, our friend who helped us to discover this species. Diagnosis. This species is characterised by long thin S-shaped conductor and embolus (Fig. 5D). Its bulbus is similar to that of H. tavirensis, but tegulum is longer than wide, and embolus is more detached from tegulum. It possesses the cheliceral type algarvensis (Fig. 2L). In contrast to the other two representatives of this cheliceral type, H. algarvensis and H. krejcii sp. nov., its posterior basal cheliceral tooth is shifted more basally (it is not next to the anterior basal tooth, Fig. 2L). The male pedipalpal tarsus is only slightly elongated, it exhibits, like in H. algarvensis, no special modifications (Fig. 3L). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting (Fig. 1L). Sternum yellow-brown, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs yellow-brown, anterior legs and pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with elongated distal part (Fig. 3L), and concave basal half of the prolateral side. Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 5D). Conductor thin, relatively long, S-shaped. Embolus dark, very long, thin, S-shaped, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female unknown. Variability. Male carapace length 1.9–2.5 mm (2.2±0.2, N=4). Ecology. It was found in relatively dry leaf litter under Eucalyptus trees on a northern slope in early spring. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, in the valley of Guadiana river, near Mértola, in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea crespoi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1N, 2N, 3N, 5F, 8C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera wood, 27 December 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7385. Paratypes. Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera wood, 1 ♁, 1 ♀, 7 November 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 1 ♀, 27 December 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 6 ♁♁, 13 ♀♀, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Portuguese arachnologist Luis Crespo, our friend, who helped to discover this species. Diagnosis. The species is characteristic by the cymbium bent around tegulum (Fig. 3N), tegulum wider than long and extremely long embolus (Fig. 5F). The embolus is very long also in H. dolanskyi sp. nov. and H. tavirensis, but these species possess conductor, in H. crespoi sp. nov. it is absent. The vulva is similar to that of H. algarvensis, but it lacks two pockets of whitish tissue in front of the anterior arc, and is less sclerotised, the only obviously sclerotised part of the anterior arc is the median rod (Fig. 8C). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace pale brown, matting (Fig. 1N). Sternum brown-yellow, matting. Chelicerae pale brown. Legs are pale yellow, pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium slightly bent around the bulbus, with elongated distal part (Fig. 3N), and slightly concave basal half of the prolateral side. Tegulum wider than long (Fig. 5F). Conductor absent. Embolus dark, extremely long, slightly undulated, directing to the side, the base is bent in 180° angle. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female (paratypes). All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type algarvensis (see Materials and Methods) (Fig. 8C).The vulva is relatively small and only slightly sclerotised. The median rod is very weak. The posterior diverticle is a rudimentary spherical sclerotised spot. Size range. Male carapace length 1.6–2.3 mm (1.9±0.18, N=8), female carapace length 1.53–1.86 mm (1.72±0.17, N=3). Ecology. Adults were found in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus coccifera forests on northeastern slopes. Distribution. So far known only from Serra da Adiça, a small mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea stalitoides Ribera, 1993 (Fig. 9) H. stalitoides Ribera 1993: 2, fig. 1–4 (description based on female); Reboleira et al. 2011: fig. 3a. Material. Type material was not examined. Ecology. It occurs in the afotic zone of caves. The adult females were collected in winter and early spring (Ribera 1993). Distribution. It is known from few caves in southern Portugal (Algar„o Menor do Paulino, Algar„o dos Mouros, Gruta do Vale Telheiro, Loulé and Gruta da Senhora, Moncarapacho) (Reboleira et al. 2011, Ribera 1993)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Ribera, C. (1993) Dysdera caeca n. sp. y Harpactea stalitoides n. sp. (Araneae), dos nuevas especies cavernicoles de Marruecos y Portugal. Revue Arachnologique, 10, 1 - 7.","Reboleira, A. S. P. S., Borges, P. A. V., Gonsalves, F., Serrano, A. R. M. & Oromi, P. (2011) The subterranean fauna of a biodiversity hotspot region - Portugal: an overview and its conservation. International Journal of Speleology, 40, 23 - 37."]}

Harpactea magnibulbi Machado & Ferrández, 1991 (Fig. 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 8A, 9) H. magnibulbi Machado & Ferrández 1991: 54, figs 1–7 (description based on both sexes); Le Peru 2011: 274, fig. 425 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Machado & Ferrández 1991). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Monchique, Fóia, 37.316, -8.597, mountainous forest, 4 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 7 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea magnibulbi is very similar to H. korenkoi sp. nov. Males differ from H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the distance between the anterior cheliceral teeth, that is the same as the distance between the teeth in the posterior row (Fig. 2G); the dorsal distal tooth is next to the posterior basal tooth (in H. korenkoi sp. nov. it is between the posterior teeth— Fig. 2H); the embolus is thicker (Fig. 4G—e). Females differ from H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the anterior arc without lobes bent backwards on its prolateral edges (Fig. 8A). Ecology. Adult males and females as well as juveniles were observed in leaf litter in early spring. Distribution. It occurs in Sierra de Monchique in southern Portugal (Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea fageli Brignoli, 1980 (Fig. 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 9) H. fageli Brignoli 1980: 1, figs 1–3 (description based on both sexes); Ferrández & Fernández 1990: 44, fig. 1E–F (♁); Le Peru 2011: 268, fig. 401 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Brignoli 1980). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Freixo de Espada a Cinta, Congida, 41.088, -6.793, forest, 1 ♁, 1 juv., 3 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Freixo de Espada a Cinta, Freixo de Espada a Cinta, 41.083, -6.817, Quercus forest, 6 ♀♀, 1 juv., 4 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Nisa, Nisa, 39.518, -7.651, Pinus plantation, 1 ♀, 1 May 2005, leg. C. Rufino, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Mata do Vidal, 38.487, -8.993, Quercus coccifera forest, 12 ♁♁, 4 ♀♀, 14 January 1998, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23946). Diagnosis. Harpactea fageli is similar to H. henriquesi sp. nov. and H. gaditana. The males differ from these two species by thick S-shaped conductor (Fig. 4A—c). The females differ from H. henriquesi sp. nov. and H. gaditana by more sclerotised anterior arc and median rod (Fig. 6A —aa, mr). The median rod lacks terminal globule, it possesses crest for attaching muscles (Fig. 6A —mr). Ecology. It inhabits humid leaf litter in Quercus forests as well as Pinus plantations. Distribution. It occurs in mountains in central Spain and northern Portugal (Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 345-346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1980) Araignees d'Espagne V. Une nouvelle Harpactea de la province de Salamanca (Araneae, Dysderidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 52 (20), 1 - 4.","Ferrandez, M. A. & Fernandez de Cespedes, H. (1990) Nuevos datos sobre las especies ibericas del genero Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 (Araneae, Dysderidae). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologica), 86, 39 - 53.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522."]}

Harpactea krejcii Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1K, 2K, 3K, 5C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 1 ♁, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7388. Paratype. Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 1 ♁, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czech arachnologist Tomáš Krejčí, our friend who helped us to discover this species. Diagnosis. It resembles H.algarvensis in tegulum longer than wide, and conductor and embolus of approximately the same length (Fig. 5C), but it can be distinguished from the last species by the longer conductor and embolus. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace yellow brown, matting (Fig. 1K). Sternum yellow, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs pale yellow, pedipalps brown. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium tapering, with elongated distal part (Fig. 3K, like in H. algarvensis). Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 5C). Conductor long, thin, S-shaped, pointed, directing distally. Embolus dark, very long, thin, flattened, its basal part directs distally, then it is bent proximally and distally, so its tip directs distally again. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female unknown. Ecology. It was found in early spring in humid leaf litter under Quercus suber on the bottom of the valley. Distribution. So far known only from Ameixial in the mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 348-349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea adicensis Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1I, 2I, 3I, 5A, 9) Material. Holotype. ♁, Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera bush, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7384. 1 ♁ Paratype. Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus coccifera bush, 27 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the mountain range Serra da Adiça, the type locality of this species. Diagnosis. Harpactea adicensis sp. nov. resembles H. magnibulbi and H. korenkoi sp. nov. by the shape of copulatory organs, in particular by almost straight dorsal side of cymbium (Fig. 3I), but it can be distinguished from these species by absence of conductor and the flattened embolus directing distally, growing from the middle of a collar on the terminal part of tegulum (Fig. 5A). Also, the morphology of male chelicerae is unique. The arrangement of teeth is of usual Harpactea type (two teeth in posterior row and two teeth between them in anterior row, but the fang is with tooth on its frontal side. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting (Fig. 1I). Sternum yellow-brown, matting. Chelicerae brown.Legs brown yellow, pedipalps brown. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with elongated distal part (Fig. 3I), and concave prolateral side. Tegulum large, longer than wide, terminated by collar surrounding the base of the embolus (Fig. 5A). Conductor atrophied. Embolus dark, regularly bent, flattened, the widest in the middle, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. Unknown Ecology. Adults were found in early spring in leaf litter of Quercus coccifera forests on northeastern slopes. Distribution. So far known only from Serra da Adiça, a mountain range in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea minoccii Ferrández, 1982 (Fig. 1E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 7A, 9) H. minoccii Ferrández 1982: 23, fig. 1a–e (description based on ♁); Ferrández 1990: 32, fig. 1g (♁); Le Peru 2011: 275, fig. 426 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1982). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera bush, 1 ♀, 15 April 2005, 1 juv., 8 November 2005, 1 ♀, 3 April 2008, 3 ♀♀, 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mertola, 37.643, -7.661, Eucalyptus trees, 5 ♀♀, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mertola (montado), 37.652, -7.66, Quercus suber, 31 ♁♁, 25 ♀♀, 15 May 2000, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23950); Mertola, Alcaria Ruiva, 37.7, -7.762, woody vegetation, 4 ♀♀, 6 juv., 2 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Corte da Velha, 37.687, -7.729, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 2 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Mertola, Mesquita, 37.543, -7.518, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 4 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Sines, 37.955, -8.867, woody vegetation, 1 ♁, 10 November 2005, leg. S. Henriques, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Loule, Santa Catarina, 37.746, -7.642, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 6 April 2008, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Nisa, Nisa, 39.518, -7.651, Eucalyptus grove, 1 ♀, 27 May 2005, leg. C. Rufino, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Moura, Serra da Adiça, 37.978, -7.294, Quercus ilex wood, 2 ♀♀, 20 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Evora, Herdade da Mitra, 38.532, -8.018, woody vegetation, 1 ♀, 5-7 November 2004, leg. S. Pekár, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 5 ♁♁, 17- 19 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; 2 ♁♁, 26 March 2009, leg. S. Pekár, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Campinho, 38.3752, -7.4236, Quercus ilex wood, 1 ♁, 22 March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished from the similar H. subiasi by very concave prolateral side of pedipalp tarsus, and by proportions of conductor and embolus. The embolus is thicker and relatively shorter, and the conductor is of similar width in its whole length, while in H. subiasi it is markedly tapering (Fig. 4E). The numbers in brackets indicate the number of spines on left legs. Measurements are in mm. ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page The vulva is of the type minoccii. It resembles H. subiasi but it can be distinguished from the later species by larger paired posterior diverticles, easy to overlook in H. subiasi (Fig. 7B —pd) and by more compact hooks of the anchor-shaped anterior arc (Fig. 7A ven.). Description. The female has not been known so far. The somatic characters correspond with those described for the holotype male. The vulva is well developed. The anterior arc is high in ventral view. The median rod carries large crest, it does not contain any spermatheca. The anterior arc with median rod strongly resemble anchor in the ventral/dorsal view. The transversal bar carries a couple of translucent membranous pockets (Fig. 7A). Ecology. In humid leaf litter under trees or bush on shaded slopes. Females lay eggs at the beginning of spring. The presence of independent juveniles at the same time suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. Relatively large area comprising southern Spain (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8) and southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 349-354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Ferrandez, M. A. (1982) Harpactea minoccii n. sp., nouvelle espece de Dysderidae (Araneae) de la Peninsule Iberique. Revue Arachnologique, 4, 23 - 26.","Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea algarvensis Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 1J, 2J, 3J, 5B, 8D, 9) H. algarvensis Ferrández 1990: 32, fig. 1A–B (description based on male); Le Peru 2011: 263, fig. 379 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. S. Bras de Alportel, Fonte da Taipa, 37.203, -7.963, Quercus suber forest and Pinus monoculture, 9 ♁♁, 19 ♀♀, 12 April 2005, 1 ♁, 9 November 2005, 25 ♁♁, 42 ♀♀, 31 March–1 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. The males are similar to H. minoccii, H. subiasi, H. magnibulbi sp. nov. and H. korenkoi sp. nov. They differ by relatively longer, markedly flattened embolus. The vulva is of the type algarvensis. In contrast to the vulva of H. minoccii and H. subiasi it is reduced, without paired posterior spermathecae, small and only slightly sclerotised (Fig. 8D). In contrast to vulvae of H. tavirensis and H. crespoi sp. nov. the anterior arc is sclerotised (slightly though), it constitutes two pockets on sides of the median rod (Fig. 8D fro.). Description. The female has not been known so far. The somatic characters are as in males. The vulva is relatively small, only slightly sclerotised. Posterior diverticle is absent. Anterior arc is of rectangular shape in dorsal view, the sclerotised median rod is short.Anteriorly there are two lobes of whitish tissue connected to the anterior arc. Ecology. It was found in humid leaf litter in shaded Quercus forests or Pinus monocultures. Females were found with eggs (Range = 12–68, mean = 27, SD = 15, N = 20) in April. The presence of independent juveniles in early spring suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. It occurs in southern Portugal (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 342-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea hombergii (Scopoli, 1763) (Fig. 9) Dysdera latreillii Blackwall, 1832: 190 (the first description of this species, based on ♁). Remarks. The name Harpactea hombergi has been erroneously used for this species (Řezáč et al. 2008a). Walckenaer (1830) first used the name D. hombergii for the Harpactea species. His wrong concept was adopted by the latter authors (see the above list of misidentifications). The species so far called Harpactea hombergii was first described as Dysdera Latreillii by Blackwall (1832). However, resurrecting a name that has not been used as valid for over 150 years would severely threaten nomenclatoric stability. Therefore, we propose to keep using the name hombergii for this species. Harpactea hombergii is usually incorrectly written with a single “i” (for example, World Spider Catalog 2021). It was named after Homberg, latinized in Hombergius; the genitive of Hombergi-us is then Hombergi-i. Therefore, the name “hombergii” does not fit into the cases of incorrect names that must be changed. Thus, the original spelling of the specific name should be maintained according to ICZN, articles 31–33. Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Alcos de Valdevez, Mezio, 41.886, -8.312, inside house, 2 ♁♁, 14 June 2005, leg. S. Henriques, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. Harpactea hombergii can be easily distinguished from other Portuguese Harpactea by dark brown carapace, especially in males elongated body, slightly annulated legs, remarkably shortened tarsus of male pedipalps, and by the shape of copulatory organs. Ecology. During the day this nocturnal species can be found in leaf litter, under stones and branches lying on the ground or under bark of trees. In the Iberian Peninsula it lives in humid forests, adults are usually found in May. In central Europe it usually lives in sparse dry forests on rocks, especially with predominating Quercus spp., less often Fagus sylvatica or Pinus spp.; it matures at the end of summer. Distribution. Harpactea species with the largest area of distribution comprising most of the western, central and southern Europe. It is absent in its southernmost (southern parts of Iberian, Appenine and Balkan peninsulas), northern (Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Russia) and eastern parts (Bielorussia, Ukraine). In Spain (Ferrandez & Ferrandez 1990: 49, fig. 4) and Portugal (Fig. 9) it lives only in the northern parts, with very few southern records that probably are misidentified (see Branco et al. 2019b)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Scopoli, I. A. (1763) Entomologica Carniolica, exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnaeana. Trattner, Vienna, 420 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Blackwall, J. (1832) Description of a species of Arachnida, hitherto uncharacterized, belonging to the family Araneidae. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, 1, 190 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443208647870","Walckenaer, C. A. (1830) Araneides. In: Faune francaise, ou histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des animaux qui se trouvent en France, constamment ou passagerement, a la surface du sol, dans les eaux qui le baignent et dans le littoral des mers qui le bornent par Viellot, Desmarrey, Ducrotoy, Audinet, Lepelletier et Walckenaer. Livr. 26 & 29. Chez Rapet, Paris, pp. 97 - 175 + 177 - 240.","World Spider Catalog (2021) World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 2 February 2021)","Branco, V. V., Morano, E. & Cardoso, P. (2019 b) An update to the Iberian spider checklist. Zootaxa, 4614 (2), 201 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4614.2.1"]}

Harpactea subiasi Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 1F, 2F, 3F, 4F, 7B, 9) H. subiasi Ferrández 1990: 35, fig. 1e, 2 (description based on both sexes); Le Peru 2011: 282, fig. 455 (♁ ♀, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. New material. Loule, Ameixial, 37.357, -7.965, litter under Quercus suber, 2 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 30 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Mata do Solitario, 38.462, -9.002, Quercus coccifera forest, 6 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 17 November 1997, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus. fi/KN.24633); 10 ♁♁, 15 ♀♀, 4 April 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Setúbal, Portinho da Arrabida, 38.476, -8.985, Quercus coccifera forest, 1 ♀, 1 juv., 7 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Santiago do Cacem, 38.0000, -8.7356, Quercus ilex wood, 1 ♁, 1 ♀, 20. March 2022, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Diagnosis. It closely resembles H. minoccii from which it can be distinguished by the remarkably tapering tarsi of male pedipalp in dorsal view (not visible in Fig. 3F as it is a lateral view) For the other differences from H. minoccii see the diagnosis in H. minoccii. Ecology. It lives in humid leaf litter in Quercus forests in shaded places. The females lay eggs (Range = 11–39, mean = 19, SD = 11, N = 5) in spring. The presence of independent juveniles in spring suggests a two-year life cycle. Distribution. It occurs in southern Portugal (maps in Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3 and Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Harpactea pekari Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, 6C, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex wood, 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. National Natural History Museum, Prague, code P6A 7389. Paratypes. Mertola, Corredoura, 37.746, -7.642, Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex wood, 9 ♁♁, 1 ♀, 1999, 13 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀, 2000, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23951); 1 ♀, 1 juv., 8 November 2005, 1 ♀, 3 April 2008, 3 ♀♀, 3 juv., 29 March 2013, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Czechoslovak arachnologist Stano Pekár, our friend who helped us to collect material for this study. Diagnosis. The smallest and more gracile Portuguese Harpactea species. It resembles H. gaditana, H. fageli and H. henriquesi sp. nov. by slightly elongated unmodified cymbium (Fig. 3D). It can be distinguished from the former species by spherical tegulum, no conductor and long regularly curved embolus, transversal in respect to tegulum (Fig. 4D). The reduced (small, only slightly sclerotised and without spermathecae) vulva resembles H. algarvensis, H. tavirensis and H. crespoi sp. nov. but it can be distinguished from these species by narrow posterior transversal bar bearing two furrows (Fig. 6C). It co-occurs with H. minoccii, from which it differs by smaller and lighter body. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace yellow-orange, head region darker, matting (Fig. 1D). Sternum yellow, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs yellow, femora I and pedipalps darker. For measurements and leg spination see the Table 1. Relative leg length: IV>I>II>III. Cymbium with only slightly elongated distal part (Fig. 3D). Tegulum large, longer than wide (Fig. 4D). Conductor atrophied. Embolus dark, long, regularly bent, directing to the side. Opisthosoma cylindrical, whitish. Female. All somatic characters as described for the male. The vulva is of the type pekari (see the Material and Methods). It is very reduced and does not possess any posterior diverticle (Fig. 6C). Variability. Male carapace length 1.33–1.84 mm (1.58±0.14, N=21), female carapace length 1.51–1.60 mm (1.54±0.04, N=4). Ecology. Adults are found in early spring in leaf litter and under stones on humid northern slopes with Quercus ilex and Juniperus turbinata bush. Distribution. Known only from the valley of the river Guadiana near Mertola in southern Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268

Harpactea henriquesi Řezáč sp. nov. (Figs 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 6B, 9) Type material. Holotype. ♁, Torres Novas, Paul do Boquilobo, 39.39, -8.541, Quercus suber, 24 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, coll. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23947). Paratypes. Coimbra, Botanical Garden of Coimbra, 40.21, -8.42, woody vegetation, 1 ♁, 6 June 2005, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Lisboa, Monsanto, 38.734, -9.19, woody vegetation, 2 ♁♁, 11 March 2006, leg. L. Crespo, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Lisboa, 38.7418, -9.1606, wasteland, 1 ♁, 10 March 2022, leg. G. Ramos, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Golega, Golega, 39.412, -8.478, woody vegetation, 1 juv., 2 October 2007, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague; Torres Novas, Paul do Boquilobo, 39.39, -8.541, Quercus suber, 9 ♁♁, 7 ♀♀, 24 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23948); Torres Novas, Vale Garcia, 39.55, -8.588, Scrubland, 27 ♁♁, 18 ♀♀, 23 April 2002, leg. P. Cardoso, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki (http://id.luomus.fi/KN.23949); Porto de Mos, Serro Ventoso, 39.556, -8.838, Quercus faginea wood, 2 ♁♁, 6 ♀♀, 16-17 April 2005, leg. M. Řezáč, coll. Crop Research Institute, Prague. Etymology. Named after the Portuguese arachnologist Sergio Henriques, our friend who helped us to collect material for this study. Diagnosis. Harpactea henriquesi differs from the majority of Portuguese Harpactea species by the shape of copulatory organs, in particular by slender tegulum and thin embolus and conductor of approximately the same length (Fig. 4C). Males are also characteristic by markedly slender and elongated abdomen and elongated prosoma (Fig. 1C). It resembles H. gaditana and H. fageli in that the first leg is longer than the fourth. Concerning bulbus shape, it is most similar to H. gaditana, from which it differs by base of embolus covered by the base of conductor (in H. gaditana it is not covered). Embolus is uniformly curved (Fig. 4C, in H. gaditana the distal part of embolus is less curved than the basal one). Concerning size and body proportions H. henriquesi sp. nov. is more similar to H. sciakyi Pesarini, 1988 from Spain, from which it differs by uniformly curved embolus (in H. sciakyi it is strongly bent in the middle), straight conductor with only slightly dilated apex (in H. sciakyi conductor is bent at base, its apex is strongly and suddenly spatulated), and femora I with a single, relatively weak subapical prolateral spine (in H. sciakyi femora I with a pair of strong prolateral spines). The vulva is similar to that of H. fageli, but it is relatively smaller and less sclerotised, the anterior part is terminated by a globule, it does not carry any crest for attaching muscles. Also the members of Harpactea hombergii group possess similar vulva morphology. In the only representative of this group in Portugal, Harpactea hombergii, the lateral parts of the anterior arc are bent like in anchor (Fig. 6B). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace olive brown, matting, in comparison with other Harpactea species elongated (Fig. 1C). Sternum ferruginous, matting. Chelicerae brown. Legs brown-yellow, anterior legs and pedipalps darker. Measurements and spination are shown in Table 1. Relative leg length: I>IV>II>III. Cymbium with only slightly elongated distal part (Fig. 3C, like in H. gaditana). Tegulum thin, much longer than wide (Fig. 4C). Conductor straight, directing distally. Embolus dark, parallel to conductor, but regularly bent, of the same length as conductor, directing distally. Opisthosoma cylindrical, markedly elongated and slender (Fig. 1C). Female. In females the carapace is less elongated (especially the posterior part) than in males: the ratio length / maximum width of carapace in females is 1.36–1.40, in males 1.44–1.50. Opisthosoma less elongated than in males. The vulva is of the type fageli (see the chapter Diagnostic characters) (Fig. 6B). Variability. Male carapace length 1.17–2.07 mm (1.56±0.23 (mean± SD), N=39), female carapace length 1.18– 1.79 mm (1.50±0.16, N=32). Ecology. Found in leaf litter in sparse Quercus forests. Distribution. The species was found in several sites in central-western Portugal., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on pages 346-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988) Due nuove specie di Harpactea Bristowe appartenenti alla fauna Iberica. Atti della Societ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 179 - 184."]}

Harpactea proxima Ferrández, 1990 (Fig. 9) H. proxima Ferrández 1990: 33, fig. 1c–d (description based on ♁); Le Peru 2011: 277, fig. 436 (♁, redrawn from Ferrández 1990). Material. Type material was not examined. Diagnosis. Harpactea proxima is very similar to H. minoccii. According to Ferrández (1990) H. minoccii differs from H. proxima by absence of femoral spines. However, all our H. minoccii specimens possess femoral spines. Their absence is very unusual in the genus Harpactea in general, which lead us to conclude that the holotype of H. minoccii is just an individual with aberrant spination. Further, H. proxima possesses conductor (not embolus as stated in Ferrández (1990)) that is uniformly curved (in H. minoccii it is sinuous— Fig. 4E). Because we found only Harpactea with bulbus morphology of H. minoccii in the region from where H. proxima was described, we can not exclude the possibility that these two morphotypes are in fact the same species. Ecology. So far unknown (cf. Ferrández 1990). Distribution. It is recorded from southern Portugal (Ferrandez 1990: 37, fig. 3; Machado & Ferrandez 1991: 58, fig. 8)., Published as part of Řezáč, Milan, Cardoso, Pedro & Řezáčová, Veronika, 2023, Review of Harpactea ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) of Portugal, pp. 335-364 in Zootaxa 5263 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7804268, {"references":["Le Peru, B. (2011) The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 2, 1 - 522.","Machado, A. de B. & Ferrandez, M. A. (1991) Harpactea magnibulbi n. sp. un nuevo disderido (Araneae, Dysderidae), del sur de Portugal. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 87, 53 - 60."]}

Aim: Much research has focused on the separate and combined effects of habitat and geography on species communities, both in mainland and island ecosystems. However, few studies have looked into the differences among communities inhabiting different island habitats. Here we aim to determine the contributions of habitat filtering and dispersal to the differences in taxonomic structure of island communities across geographic scales. Location: Sixty plots in two habitats (forest and dry habitat) across eight islands of the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde. Taxon: Spiders (Araneae). Methods: We generated community data by using the optimised and standardised COBRA sampling protocols. We tested the differences in three beta diversity metrics ( βTotal, βReplacement and βRichness) for each habitat and dispersal category separately, across geographic scales through nested non-parametric PerMANOVA. We tested if dispersal and habitat influenced differences between the communities of the same area by applying a PERMDISP to βreplacement, and using the distances in linear mixed models. We tested the effects of habitat and dispersal on species relative abundances (SADs) and rarity by building Gambin models for each community and dispersal group separately. Results: Communities grouped according to archipelago and habitat, in terms of taxonomic similarity. In general, β diversity increased with geographic scale, and was greater in dry habitats. βReplacement among communities of the same region was greater in dry habitats than in forests, and this difference was stronger for rare ballooners. Dry habitat communities showed more species with low abundances (rare species) at different spatial scales. Main conclusions: Our findings reveal that habitat type does not only condition the processes behind community assembly but also the scale at which they occur. Indeed, our findings are highly relevant for theories on across and within island community assembly as well as for biodiversity conservation., Field work was supported by two projects: 1) the ERA-Net Net-Biome research framework, Canary Islands Government ACIISI grants SE-12/02 (PO), SE-12/03 (JCC), SE-12/04 (BE), co-financed by FEDER, Portuguese FCT-NETBIOME grant 0003/2011 (PB); and 2) FCT MACDIV – FCT PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014. Open Access was financed by the project UID/BIA/00329/2020. The National Parks of Terceira and Pico (Azores), the Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza (Madeira), the Cabildos of Tenerife and La Gomera, Garajonay National Park (La Gomera) as well as the Cabo Verde Government provided permits for specimen collection in protected areas. IRA was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003.

Despite their ecological importance and diversity, spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are underrepresented in conservation policies in comparison to other groups. We review all extant conservation tools focusing on spiders in Europe, highlighting general patterns, limitations, gaps, and future directions. We assembled a comprehensive online database reporting all available information concerning the legal protection and conservation status of 4,154 spider species. Existing international legislation has limited coverage, with only one species listed in the Bern Convention and EU Habitats Directive. At the national and subnational levels, 178 species are formally mentioned in the legislation of 19 European countries. Moreover, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) includes assessments for 301 species worldwide, 164 of these threatened and eight native to Europe. In addition, spiders are mentioned in Regional Red Lists and Red Books in 28 out of 42 European countries considered in this review. Northern and Central European countries have the highest percentage of species assessed at the regional level in Red Lists and Red Books. The Mediterranean basin has the highest spider diversities in Europe but conservation efforts are lacking, both in terms of assessments and national or subnational legislation. Among European species, Dolomedes plantarius, Argyroneta aquatica and Eresus kollari are the most frequently mentioned in European conservation measures, possibly due to their ecological traits and their strict association with declining habitats. Considering the current threats to spiders in Europe, the protection of large areas of suitable habitat should be considered as the most effective approach to spider conservation.

Background A large scale semi-quantitative biodiversity assessment was conducted in white oak woodlands in areas included in the Spanish Network of National Parks, as part of a project aimed at revealing biogeographic patterns and identify biodiversity drivers. The semi-quantitative COBRA sampling protocol was conducted in sixteen 1-ha plots across six national parks using a nested design. All adult specimens were identified to species level based on morphology. Uncertain delimitations and identifications due to either limited information of diagnostic characters or conflicting taxonomy were further investigated using DNA barcode information. New information We identified 376 species belonging to 190 genera in 39 families, from the 8,521 adults found amongst the 20,539 collected specimens. Faunistic results include the discovery of 7 new species to the Iberian Peninsula, 3 new species to Spain and 11 putative new species to science. As largely expected by environmental features, the southern parks showed a higher proportion of Iberian and Mediterranean species than the northern parks, where the Palearctic elements were largely dominant. The analysis of approximately 3,200 DNA barcodes generated in the present study, corroborated and provided finer resolution to the morphologically based delimitation and identification of specimens in some taxonomically challenging families. Specifically, molecular data confirmed putative new species with diagnosable morphology, identified overlooked lineages that may constitute new species, confirmed assignment of specimens of unknown sexes to species and identified cases of misidentifications and phenotypic polymorphisms.

session 01 - Diversity and faunistics; World experts of different disciplines, from molecular biology to macroecology, recognize the value of cave ecosystems as ideal ecological and evolutionary laboratories. Among other subterranean taxa, spiders stand out as intriguing model organisms for their ecological role of top-predators, their unique adaptations to the hypogean medium and their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we provide a general overview of the spider families recorded in hypogean habitats in Europe–20 families including nearly 500 species, most of them with restricted distributions. We also review the different adaptations of hypogean spiders to subterranean life and summarize the information gathered so far about their origin, population structure, ecology and conservation status. Taxonomic knowledge on subterranean spiders in Europe appears to be well, but not exhaustively documented. The origin of the European assemblages is mostly explained by past climate dynamics, although other factors are likely to be involved. Most of the macroecological issues related to spiders in European caves are based on qualitative assessments or have been quantified only at a sub-regional scale. In order to shed light on cave spiders’ biogeography and the macroecological patterns driving the diversity of European subterranean spiders we created the CAWEB network, a spontaneous collaboration between subterranean arachnologists from 30 different European countries. We here present the team and provide some preliminary results, which highlight Southern Europe as an important hot-spot for the European subterranean spider diversity.

session 01 - Diversity and faunistics; World experts of different disciplines, from molecular biology to macroecology, recognize the value of cave ecosystems as ideal ecological and evolutionary laboratories. Among other subterranean taxa, spiders stand out as intriguing model organisms for their ecological role of top-predators, their unique adaptations to the hypogean medium and their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we provide a general overview of the spider families recorded in hypogean habitats in Europe–20 families including nearly 500 species, most of them with restricted distributions. We also review the different adaptations of hypogean spiders to subterranean life and summarize the information gathered so far about their origin, population structure, ecology and conservation status. Taxonomic knowledge on subterranean spiders in Europe appears to be well, but not exhaustively documented. The origin of the European assemblages is mostly explained by past climate dynamics, although other factors are likely to be involved. Most of the macroecological issues related to spiders in European caves are based on qualitative assessments or have been quantified only at a sub-regional scale. In order to shed light on cave spiders’ biogeography and the macroecological patterns driving the diversity of European subterranean spiders we created the CAWEB network, a spontaneous collaboration between subterranean arachnologists from 30 different European countries. We here present the team and provide some preliminary results, which highlight Southern Europe as an important hot-spot for the European subterranean spider diversity.

Turinyphia cavernicola Wunderlich, 2008 is one of the two endemic cavernicolous spiders known from the Azorean archipelago (Portugal). In spite of relatively intensive searches, this species is known from only three caves, but with a single sustainable subpopulation restricted to the Algar do Carvão show cave. With an observed extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) around 0,75 km², it presents a restricted range, severe fragmentation, and continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threat from pasture intensification and tourist activities in the cave systems.

Trabajo presentado en el II International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation, celebrado en Angra do Heroísmo, Islas Azores (Portugal) del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., Current island native forest habitats are particularly important repositories of threatened endemic arthropods that are frequently restricted to higher elevations. As a consequence of the ongoing deleterious impacts of invasive species, land-use changes and climatic changes, the long-term conservation of island forest mountain invertebrates is considered a priority. During the project NETBIOME –ISLANDBIODIV a modified version of COBRA protocol was used to inventory alpha diversity of spiders and beetles on pristine native forest of three islands, Terceira (Azores), Tenerife (Canaries) and La Réunion (Mascarenes). The modified COBRA protocol incorporated the following standardized methods that totaled 28 samples: AAS - active aerial searching during the night (4 hours); BLM - searching under bark, lichens and mosses during the day (2 hours); TWS - searching in decaying trunks, dead wood on the ground, and under stones during the day (2 hours); FBD - foliage beating during the day (2 hours); FBN - foliage beating during the night (2 hours); FSD - foliage sweeping during the day (2 hours); FSN - Foliage sweeping during the night (2 hours); PIT- Pitfall traps (12 samples). Monitoring is essentially different from inventorying, that was the main objective of the original COBRA protocol. Here we will describe a new optimized and standardized COBRA protocol designed to respond to long-term changes of spider and beetle diversity, i.e., designed to measure beta diversity. Using data collected in the above mentioned islands and using simulation methods the new COBRA protocol was optimized to only six samples using: AAS - active aerial searching during the night (four hours); FBN - foliage beating during the night (two hours). With this new solution it is possible to quantify and monitor long-term changes in communities with minimal effort and using a method that proved to be suitable, efficient, feasible, flexible, transparent and accountable.

Canariphantes junipericola Crespo & Bosmans new species (Figs. 9���15; 25���26) Lepthyphantes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992: 378, figs. 399���402 (descr. ♀, not ♂, misidentification). Type material. Holotype ♂, Flores���Caldeira Funda e Rasa Nature Reserve (UTM 25 S 136738 4370215), 28.VI- 14.VII. 2010, pitfall trapping, deposited at EDTP. Paratype ♀, same site and date as holotype, deposited at EDTP (most legs torn apart). Paratype ♂ (with a separated embolic division), same site and date as holotype, deposited at the SNM. Additional material examined. Paratype ♀ of Lepthyphantes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (misidentification), Flores, Lago do Seco (this should probably refer to Lagoa Seca, as there is no lagoon in Flores with that name), SNM 60150 ��� 124, epigynum missing. Etymology. The species name refers to the local dominant endemic tree, Juniperus brevifolia combined with the Latin verb colo (to live in). Diagnosis. Males of Canariphantes junipericola n. sp. can be diagnosed from all other congeners by the combination of the following palp characters: absence of Fickert���s gland, massive lamella characteristica, and paracymbium bearing a keel, resultant from the merged apical and anterior pockets (Fig. 9). Females are diagnosed by the protruding lateral lobes of scape (Fig. 13) and coiled entrance grooves (Figs. 14, 15). Description. Male holotype (from Flores). Total length 2.7. Prosoma 1.3 long, 1.1 wide. All eyes except AME equal in size, large, AME small, posterior row slightly recurved, anterior row recurved. PME separated by less than half their diameter, separated from PLE by half their diameter. PLE touching ALE. ALE separated from AME by half the diameter of the former. AME separated by half their diameter. AME separated from PME by the diameter of the latter. Clypeus height ca. 2.5 times an AME diameter. Chelicerae with 40 to 50 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 6 retromarginal denticles. Prosoma yellow. Sternum anteriorly truncated, roughly triangular, darkened. Opisthosoma whitish with a black longitudinal band in the cardiac area and with posterior black chevrons (Fig. 25), ventrally black. Legs with a prolateral spine in femur I; all patellae with 1 dorsal spine; 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine in tibia I, 2 dorsal and 1 retrolateral spine in tibia II and 2 dorsal spines in tibiae III and IV; 1 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine in all metatarsi. TmI 0.2. TmIV absent. L Sp Ti I 2.7, L Sp Ti IV 3.8. Overall color yellow, with black annulations in femora and tibiae near the joints. Palp (Figs. 9���12). Patella with 1 dorsal spine, roughly as long as diameter of patella. Tibia as long as wide, with 1 dorsal spine, twice the diameter of tibia. Tibial spine roughly twice the length of patellar spine. Cymbium with a retrolateral keel. Paracymbium simple, with a distal keel, resultant from the merged anterior and apical pockets, with 4 to 6 hairs in its basal part. Suprategular apophysis a wide tooth, with a sclerotized dorsal arch above the large opening of the column. Lamella characteristica wide, terminally pointed. Terminal apophysis with a small ventral branch and a large dorsal branch, terminally pointed. Radix base widely rounded, without a pointed tail. Median membrane laminar. Embolus with a lobed thumb extending retrolaterally, anteriorly and dorsally. Fickert���s gland absent. Female (from Flores). Total length 4.0. Prosoma 1.8 long, 1.4 wide. Eyes same as in males except the distance of PME, separated by half their diameter. Clypeus height ca. 3.5 times an AME diameter. Chelicerae with 30 to 40 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 7 retromarginal denticles. Prosoma yellowish to brown. Sternum as in male. Opisthosoma with a dorsal reticulate pattern of black patches interspersed with whitish areas, ventrally black (Fig. 26). Leg spination same as in male. TmI 0.2. TmIV absent. Overall color yellowish to brown, with black annulations in femora and tibiae near the joints. Epigynum (13���15). Scape sigmoid, with short proximal part, as long as wide, somewhat angular, with a total reduction or merging of the median part of the scape, distal part ending into rounded sclerotized lateral lobes on each side. Stretcher wide, with a large pit. Posterior median plate protruding in ventral view, heart-shaped in dorsal view. Entrance grooves coiled, ascending from the distal part of scape to the proximal part of scape into a coil, then proceeding in posterior direction to the oval receptacula. Variation. Total body size in male varies from 2.6 to 2.8, in female from 3.5 to 4.0. Prosoma length from 1.1 to 1.2 in male, from 1.3 to 1.6 in female. Prosoma width in male varies from 0.9 to 1.0, in female from 1.1 to 1.4. Distribution. Endemic to the island of Flores (Fig. 8). Natural history. This species is yet to be collected by direct hand sampling, having appeared solely through the use of pitfall trapping. Although several sites in Flores Island were sampled covering a wide area in the two main native forest areas and other habitat types spread through the island, the site where this species occurs is a small native forest fragment and the only one sampled in this island devoid of abundant Sphagnum mosses covering the ground. In this small patch of Juniperus brevifolia dominated forest, the ground has few or little herbaceous cover, due to a closed canopy. We can safely assume that C. junipericola builds its webs on the ground layer of the shady J. brevifolia forest. In other sites with J. brevifolia cover but no extensive shade or with abundant moss cover, C. junipericola is yet to be found. Adults were collected solely in June and July., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2014, On three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Azores archipelago, pp. 403-417 in Zootaxa 3841 (3) on pages 408-410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228724, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1992) Die Spinnen-Fauna der Makaronesischen Inseln. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 1, 1 - 619."]}

Canariphantes relictus Crespo & Bosmans new species (Figs. 16–21; 27–28) Type material. Holotype ♂, Santa Maria, Pico Alto Nature Reserve (UTM 26 S 670284 4094208, datum WGS 84), 10.VIII. 2011, collected by hand, deposited at EDTP. 1 Paratype ♂ (in the course of the analyses, some of the genitalic structures of this specimen were lost or destroyed. Only the left embolic division, without the lamella characteristica, and the right pedipalp, with its components torn apart and without the embolus, remain) and 5 paratype ♀, same site and date as holotype, deposited at EDTP. 2 Paratype ♂ and 6 paratype ♀, same site and date as holotype, deposited at SNM. Additional material examined. Santa Maria—Pico Alto Nature Reserve (UTM 26 S 670284 4094208), VI.1997, 1 ♂ and 11 ♀; VI.2004, 2 ♂; 27.VII- 10. VIII.2010, 20 ♂, collected by pitfall trapping, deposited at EDTP. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin relictum and refers to the highly reduced area of native forest where this species lives, the disappearance of which threatens it with extinction. Diagnosis. Males of Canariphantes relictus n. sp. can be diagnosed from all other congeners by the combination of the following palp characters: absence of the Fickert’s gland and long and sharp tail of the radix (Figs. 18–19). Females are diagnosed by the shape of the scape (Fig. 20–22) and the highly coiled entrance grooves (Fig. 21–22). Description. Male holotype (from Santa Maria). Total length 2.3. Prosoma 1.1 long, 0.9 wide. All eyes except AME equal in size, large, AME small, posterior row straight, anterior row recurved. PME separated by less than half their diameter, separated from PLE by less than half their diameter. PLE touching ALE. ALE separated from AME by less than half their diameter. AME separated by half their diameter. AME separated from PME by the diameter of the latter. Clypeus heicht ca. 2.5 times an AME diameter. Chelicerae with 30 to 40 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal denticles. Prosoma yellow, with a black band along the border of carapace. Sternum anteriorly truncated, roughly triangular, black. Opisthosoma with a dorsal pattern of black chevrons on a whitish background (Fig. 27), ventrally black. Legs with 1 dorsal and 1 prolateral, sometimes 2 prolateral spines, in femur I; all patellae with 1 dorsal spine; 2 dorsal, 2 prolateral and 2 retrolateral spines in tibia I; 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 2 retrolateral spines in tibia II; tibia III and IV with 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine, occasionally tibia III with 2 retrolateral spines. All metatarsi with 1 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine. TmI 0.2. TmIV absent. L Sp Ti I 4.2, L Sp Ti IV 5.3. Legs generally the same colour as prosoma, but with darker annulations in femora and tibiae near the joints. Palp (Figs. 16–19). Patella with 1 dorsal spine, slightly longer than the diameter of patella. Tibia roughly as long as wide, with 1 dorsal spine, twice the diameter of tibia. Tibial spine twice the length of patellar spine. Three tibial trichobothria present, 2 retrolateral, 1 dorsal. Cymbium with a retrolateral keel. Paracymbium with a broad base with two basal hairs, gradually narrowing, distal part with a prolateral terminal lobe. Suprategular apophysis a tooth pointing dorsally in retrolateral view, with a small sclerotized dorsal arch encircling the opening of the column. Lamella characteristica long and thin. In ventral view, two teeth, the apical slightly sclerotized, and the basal, unsclerotized, separate the lamella characteristica and the long, thin and dorsolaterally folded lanceolate terminal apophysis. Radix unsclerotized, with a very long and thin tailpiece. Median membrane leaf-shaped, in close association with the embolus. Embolus with a thumb extending retrolaterally and dorsally. Fickert’s gland absent. Female (from Santa Maria). Total length 4.6. Prosoma 1.9 long, 1.6 wide. Eyes as in males. Clypeus height ca. three times an AME diameter. Chelicerae with 30 to 40 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal denticles. Colour of prosoma dark yellow to brown. Sternum as in males. Opisthosoma with a dorsal reticulate pattern of black patches interspersed with non-pigmented areas (Fig. 28). Legs with 1 dorsal and 1 prolateral spine in femur I; 1 dorsal spine in all patellae; 2 dorsal, 2 prolateral and 2 retrolateral spines in tibia I; 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 2 retrolateral spines in tibia II; tibiae III and IV with 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine. All metatarsi with 1 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine. TmI 0.23. TmIV absent. Coloration as in males. Epigynum (Figs. 20–22). Scape sigmoid, with proximal part wider than long, distal part of scape not visible ventrally, except for the small stretcher. Posterior median plate much wider than scape. Entrance grooves coiled, ascending from distal part of scape along the median part into proximal part coiling anteriorly and then posteriorly into the oval receptacula. Distribution. Endemic to the island of Santa Maria (Fig. 8). Natural history. This species builds typical sheet-webs at ground level. The site where the majority of these spiders were caught is a marginal forest patch on Pico Alto Nature Reserve, and it was mainly composed of the exotic Cryptomeria japonica and the invasive species Acacia sp. and Pittosporum undulatum, with a residual presence of native trees. Adults were collected from June to August, but the absence of sampling outside this period might obscure the complete phenology of this species.

Canariphantes acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) new combination (Figs. 1���7; 23���24) Lepthyphantes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992: 378, figs. 399���402 (description of male, not female, misidentified). Type material. Holotype ♂ (right pedipalp missing) from Mist��rios Negros, Terceira, 28.VII. 1987, ULT; paratype ♀ from Mist��rios Negros, Terceira, 30.VIII. 1987, ULT; 1 paratype ♂ from Caldeira, Pico, VIII. 1987, SNM 37603 - 124; 1 paratype ♀ from Mist��rios Negros, Terceira, SNM 37610 - 124; 5 paratype ♂ and 3 paratype ♀ from Fonte da Faneca, Terceira, SNM 60151 - 124; 2 paratype ♂ from Fonte da Faneca, Terceira, SNM 60162 - 124. Additional material examined. Terceira���Biscoito da Ferraria Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 479370 4289985), VI.1999, 1 ♀; VII.2003, 1 ♂; VI.2011, 1 ♀. Terceira���Pico Galhardo Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 479664 4287554), VII.2002, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; VI.2003, 3 ♂; VII.2003, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; IX.2003, 3 ♂, 2 ♀; VIII.2003, 1 ♀; V.2007, 1 ♂; VI.2010, 1 ♀. Terceira���Serra de Santa B��rbara Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 472028 4288949), VII.2001, 2 ♂; VI.2003, 1 ♂; VII.2003, 3 ♂; VIII.2003, 5 ♂; IX.2003, 1 ♂; VII.2008, 1 ♂; IX.2010, 1 ♂, 5 ♀. Terceira���Terra Brava Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 482438 4287412), V.1999, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; VIII.1999, 3 ♂, 1 ♀; VI.2002, 4 ♂, 1 ♀; VII.2002, 3 ♀; VI.2003, 1 ♂; IX.2003, 5 ♂, 2 ♀; VII.2007, 1 ♀; VII.2008, 3 ♂, 2 ♀; VIII.2010, 3 ♂, 1 ♀. Terceira���Caldeira Guilherme Moniz Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 482285 4284477), IX.2003, 2 ♀. S��o Jorge���Pico Pinheiro Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 408602 4277888), VII.2000, 4 ♂, 3 ♀; VII.2004, 2 ♂, 2 ♀; IX.2010, 2 ♂, 2 ♀. S��o Jorge���Topo Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 421857 4272031), VIII.2000, 1 ♀; IX.2010, 2 ♀. Pico���Mist��rio da Prainha Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 388683 4257957), IX.1999, 3 ♂, 3 ♀; VII.2000, 4 ♂, 1 ♀; VII.2010, 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Pico���Caveiro Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 395274 4255409), VII.2000, 1 ♂, 1 ♀. Pico���Lagoa do Caiado Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 390826 4257032), VII.2000, 1 ♂, 2 ♀. All specimens collected by pitfall trapping and deposited at EDTP. Diagnosis. Males of Canariphantes acoreensis can be diagnosed from all other congeners by the combination of the following palpal characters: absence of Fickert���s gland, paracymbium with a bifurcated tip (Fig. 1) and terminal apophysis with several apical digitiform processes (Figs. 3���4). Females are more difficult to diagnose because the epigynum is very similar to that of C. zonatus (see Bosmans 2006), but it can be distinguished from it (and all other congeners) by the short and rounded proximal part of scape (Figs. 5���7). Description. Male (from Terceira). Total length 2.4. Prosoma 1.0 long, 0.8 wide. All eyes except AME equal in size, large, AME small, posterior row slightly recurved, anterior row recurved. PME separated by half their diameter, separated from PLE by less than half their diameter. PLE touching ALE. ALE separated from AME by half the diameter of the former. AME separated by less than half their diameter. AME separated from PME by the diameter of the latter. Clypeus height ca. two AME diameters. Chelicerae with roughly 20 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal denticles. Prosoma yellow. Sternum anteriorly truncated, roughly triangular, black. Opisthosoma whitish with a dorsal pattern of black chevrons (Fig. 23). Legs with a prolateral spine in femur I; all patellae with 1 dorsal spine; tibiae I and IV with 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral spine, tibiae II and III with 2 dorsal and 1 prolateral spine. Metatarsi with 1 dorsal spine. TmI 0.16. TmIV absent. L Sp Ti I 5, L Sp Ti IV 5.8. Legs uniformly dark yellow. Palp (Figs. 1���4). Patella with 1 dorsal spine, 3 times longer than diameter of patella. Tibia slightly longer than wide, with 1 dorsal spine, as long as diameter of tibia. Tibial spine roughly half the length of patellar spine. Three tibial trichobotria present, 2 retrolateral, 1 dorsal. Cymbium with a retrolateral keel. Paracymbium simple, with an incised tip, the inner tooth larger than the outer, with 6 to 7 hairs scattered from the basal to the median section. Suprategular apophysis hookshaped in ventral view, directed anteriorly in retrolateral view, with a small sclerotized dorsal arch close to the column opening. Lamella characteristica simple, with an incised distal part. Embolic division with a terminal apophysis with several apical, small, digitiform processes. Lamella characteristica and terminal apophysis separated by a membranous area bearing two small teeth, which can be variable in size. Radix unsclerotized, with a short, pointed tailpiece. Median membrane laminar. Embolus with a lobed thumb extending retrolaterally and dorsally. Fickert���s gland absent (contra Wunderlich 1992). Female (from Terceira). Total length 2.8. Prosoma 1.3 long, 1.0 wide. Eyes same as in male. Clypeus height ca. three AME diameters. Chelicerae with roughly 20 stridulatory striae, 3 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal denticles. Prosoma same color as in male. Sternum as in male. Opisthosoma with a dorsal pattern of black chevrons, these are more diffuse than those of males and sometimes only interspersed white patches appear in a black opisthosoma (Fig. 24). Leg spination and coloration as in male. L Sp Ti I 3.6, L Sp Ti IV 4.7. Epigynum (Figs. 5���7). Proximal part of scape short, wide and rounded, directly passing into distal part, with a total reduction or merging of the median part of scape; distal part of scape reduced, lateral lobes and stretcher very short (Figs. 5���7). Posterior median plate not visible in ventral view, heart-shaped in dorsal view. Entrance grooves not coiled, proceeding from the distal part of scape into the proximal part of scape and almost directly into the oval receptacula. Variation. Total body size in male varies from 1.9 to 2.5, in female from 2.8 to 3.1. Prosoma length from 0.9 to 1.1 in male, from 1.2 to 1.4 in female. Prosoma width in female varies from 0.9 to 1.1. Some female specimens present 2 prolateral spines in Femur I. Comments. In the original description of C. acoreensis by Wunderlich (1992: 567, Fig. 407) illustrated an epigynum with coiled entrance grooves and a wide stretcher. This morphology was not consistent with the genital structure of recently collected females together with males of C. acoreensis from nearly all the Azorean islands of the central group (Terceira, S��o Jorge and Pico). All collected females appeared to have an epigynum differing from Wunderlich���s description, except for one single female from Flores. The first author studied the type material deposited by Wunderlich at ULT and SNM. All males and females of the central group of islands appeared to be identical to our specimens, but this could not be confirmed for a female from Flores islands with the missing epigynum. Since none of the females of the type series of C. acoreensis has an epigynum resembling Wunderlich���s figures, the female with the missing excised epigynum must be the one used by Wunderlich to describe the female of C. acoreensis. Both females from Flores belong in fact to a new species described below. Distribution. The central group of islands with native forest patches (Terceira, S��o Jorge, Pico and Faial) (Fig. 8). Although C. acoreensis was cited from Faial (Wunderlich 1992), the referred material was not found at ULT, thus rendering the presence of C. acoreensis unconfirmed. Natural history. This species builds small sheet-webs at ground level, exclusively in patches of native laurel forest. Adults were collected from May to September, but sampling outside this period was not performed., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2014, On three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Azores archipelago, pp. 403-417 in Zootaxa 3841 (3) on pages 405-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228724, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1992) Die Spinnen-Fauna der Makaronesischen Inseln. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 1, 1 - 619.","Bosmans, R. (2006) Contribution to the knowledge of the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb. Part X. New data on Lepthyphantes Menge (sensu lato) species (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136, 173 - 191."]}

Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 Type species: Canariphantes alpicola Wunderlich, 1992 Composition. C. alpicola Wunderlich, 1992, C. atlassahariensis (Bosmans, 1991), C. epigynatus Tanasevitch, 2013, C. homonymus (Denis, 1934), C. naili (Bosmans & Bouragba, 1992), C. nanus (Kulczynski, 1898), C. palmaensis Wunderlich, 2011 and C. zonatus (Simon, 1884). Distribution. C. alpicola and C. palmaensis from Canary Islands, C. nanus from Central, Eastern Europe to Israel, the remaining species from the Mediterranean., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2014, On three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Azores archipelago, pp. 403-417 in Zootaxa 3841 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228724, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1992) Die Spinnen-Fauna der Makaronesischen Inseln. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 1, 1 - 619.","Bosmans, R. (1991) Two new Lepthyphantes species from the Saharian Atlas (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Biol. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 58, 63 - 70.","Tanasevitch, A. (2013) On linyphiid spiders (Araneae) from Israel. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 120, 101 - 124.","Denis, J. (1934) Sur quelques araignees des Pyrenees-Orientales. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 39, 72 - 77.","Bosmans, R. & Bouragba, N. (1992) Trois nouvelles Linyphiidae de l'Atlas Algerien, avec la description du male de Lepthyphantes djazairi Bosmans, et la redescription de Lepthyphantes homonymus Denis (Araneae). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royal d'Entomologie de Belgique, 128, 245 - 262.","Kulczynski, W. (1898) Symbola ad faunam aranearum Austriae inferioris cognoscendam. Rozprawa i sprawodzanie wydziat matematyczno-pzyrodniczy Academia umiejetnosi Cracov, 36, 1 - 114.","Wunderlich, J. (2011) Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beitrage zur Araneologie, 6, 1 - 40.","Simon, E. (1884) Les arachnides de France. Paris, 5, 180 - 885."]}

Genus Savigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 Type species: Savigniorrhipis acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992. Diagnosis. Leg spination 2 / 2 / 1 / 1; tmIV present; abdominal pattern present; male pedipalpal tibial apophysis large and unciform, projecting dorsally to the cymbium; radix with a wide base and with two apical processes, the posterior one in close contact with the embolus; distal suprategular apophysis a hook-shaped lobe and a small bifid marginal process; dorsal plate of the epigynum undivided through most of its length; receptacula U-shaped. Savigniorrhipis can be separated from other genera of the Savignia -group by comparison of several characters: it differs from Araeoncus in the males by the presence of the protegulum and shared absence of the tegular sac (see Hormiga, 2000, fig. 1), in the females by the undivided epigynum and somatically by the presence of tmIV; it differs from Dicymbium in the males by the very wide non-spiral radical base and in the females by the undivided epigynum; it differs from Savignia in males by the absence of an AME-lobe, in females by the undivided epigynum and somatically by the presence of tmIV; it differs from Diplocephalus and Erigonella in the females by the undivided epigynum and somatically by the presence of tmIV; it differs from Glyphesis in the males by the absence of lateral sulci, in the females by the undivided epigynum and somatically by the presence of tmIV; it differs from Saloca in the males by the presence of a marginal suprategular apophysis, in the females by U-shaped spermathecae and somatically by the presence of tmIV; it differs from Alioranus in the males by the presence of a marginal suprategular apophysis and somatically by the presence of tmIV. Composition. S. acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992; S. topographicus Crespo, n. sp. Distribution. The archipelago of Azores. Phylogenetics. See Systematics in Discussion., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2013, On the endemic spider species of the genus Savigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the Azores (Portugal), with description of a new species, pp. 330-342 in Zootaxa 3745 (3) on pages 332-333, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/221824

Savigniorrhipis topographicus Crespo new species (figs. 9���16; 19���20) Type material. Holotype male, S��o Jorge: Topo Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 421857 4272031, datum WGS 84), VIII. 2000 (P.A.V. Borges et al. leg.), deposited at EDTP; Paratypes: from same locality and date as holotype: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ (P.A.V. Borges et al. leg.), deposited at EDTP; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ (P.A.V. Borges et al. leg.), deposited at SNM. Additional material. 1 ♂, same locality and date as holotype (without opisthosoma). S��o Jorge: Topo Natural Reserve (UTM 26 S 422089 4271756, datum WGS 84) 13.IX- 1.X. 2010: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ (P.A.V. Borges et al. leg.), deposited at EDTP. Diagnosis. The males of this species differ from S. acoreensis by the shape of the anterior radical process, the posterior radical process, the coiled embolus and the tibial apophysis. Females can be diagnosed by the epigynal folds that divide the dorsal plate only slightly and converge anteriorly, and by the shape of the copulatory ducts. Etymology. The species name ��� topographicus ��� is an adjective, showing its affinity with the soil stratum (in contrast to S. acoreensis, dwelling in canopies). The species epithet, composed of two segments ��� topo ��� and ��� graphicus ���, also relates to the fact that topo is the site of the discovery, the Topo Natural Reserve, and that graphicus could also refer to the presence of an abdominal pattern. Description. Male. Total length 1.45 (1.37���1.50). Prosoma 0.67 (0.58���0.72) long, 0.52 (0.50���0.55) wide. Male cephalic area slightly elevated, without tubercles or sulci but with distinct concavity behind the eyes (fig. 14). Clypeus not protruding. Eye region of prosoma with few small hairs. Eyes in a compact group. Anterior row of eyes recurved. Posterior row procurved. AME separated from ALE by the diameter of the former. AME separated by half their diameter. PME separated from AME roughly two times the diameter of the former. PLE touching ALE. PME separated by their diameter. PME separated from PLE by 1.5 times the diameter of the former. Coloration of prosoma and legs yellowish to brown. Sternum slightly darker. Chelicerae with 10 to 15 imbricated stridulatory striae, with 5 promarginal and 4 smaller retromarginal denticles. Opisthosoma generally black with a dorsal pattern of non-pigmented patches along its dorsal side (specimens were captured with pitfall traps and the conservation of the abdominal marks might differ from living specimens). Legs with basal and apical spines on tibiae I and II, and one basal in tibiae III and IV (2211). L Sp Ti I-II = 1.4; L Sp Ti III���IV = 2.2. Patelar apical spine present on all legs. Measurements of legs in Table 3. Male palp (Figs. 9���13). Tibia with stiff setae, with a large unciform prolateral apophysis, curving retrolaterally. Paracymbium simple without apophyses or hairs, with a narrow base. Cymbium with a dorsal depression that accommodates the terminal section of the tibial apophysis. Suprategular apophysis with a bifid marginal apophysis, and a curved widened terminal lobe. Anterior radical process a sharpened process that points out frontally, posterior radical process a filiform ventral process, in close contact with the embolus. Embolus coiling backwards while descending in front of tegulum. Female. Total length 1.63 (1.50���1.75). Prosoma 0.72 (0.70���0.75) long, 0.51 (0.47���0.53) wide. Clypeus not protruding. Anterior row of eyes recurved. Posterior row procurved. AME separated from ALE by the diameter of the former. AME separated by their diameter. PME separated from AME by the diameter of the former. PLE touching ALE. PME separated by half their diameter. PME separated from PLE by half their diameter. Coloration of prosoma and legs yellowish to brown. Sternum slightly darker. Chelicerae with 5 to 7 small stridulatory striae, with four promarginal teeth and five smaller retromarginal denticles. Opisthosoma as in the male (see above). Leg spination as in the male. Tm IV present. Tm I values (for 5 females): 0.51 (0.49���0.57). Measurements of legs in Table 4. Epigynum (Figs. 15, 16). Ventral plate wide, unsclerotized, divided slightly by epigynal folds, which converge anteriorly. Dorsal plate nearly triangular, in ventral view visible for its greater part by reduction of the ventral plate. Receptacula U-shaped, with coiled slender copulatory ducts. Ecology. This species dwells only at the soil stratum of the largest Natural Reserve of S��o Jorge (Topo). Specimens were solely collected by the use of pitfall traps and never by direct hand sampling. The dominant habitat in Topo is the Juniperus brevifolia high altitude cloud forest. Endemic trees, such as Juniperus brevifolia or Ilex perado subsp. azorica are present but do not form large forested areas, the trees being spread in patches with some open spaces with natural hyper-humid grassland. Several small streams cross the area. Phenology. Adults of both sexes were collected in August and September. This might not represent its phenology. No sampling was made in the island of S��o Jorge in other months. Distribution. The island of S��o Jorge, and most precisely, the Topo Natural Reserve., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2013, On the endemic spider species of the genus Savigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the Azores (Portugal), with description of a new species, pp. 330-342 in Zootaxa 3745 (3) on pages 336-338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/221824

Savigniorrhipis acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (figs. 1���8; 15���16) Material examined: Portugal, Azores, Santa Maria���Pico Alto Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 669927 4094384, datum WGS 84), VII.2002, 22 ♂, 14 ♀; VI.2004, 3 ♂, 1 ♀; V.2009, 6 ♂; VIII.2010, 54 ♂, 37 ♀. S��o Miguel��� Atalhada Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 656878 4188871, datum WGS 84), VIII.1999, 2 ♂, 4 ♀; VII.2000, 1 ♀; VI.2004, 10 ♂, 11 ♀. S��o Miguel���Graminhais Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 654838 4185138, datum WGS 84), VIII.1999, 29 ♂, 65 ♀; VII.2000, 14 ♂, 16 ♀; VII.2004, 9 ♂, 9 ♀; VI.2010, 19 ♂, 27 ♀. S��o Miguel���Pico da Vara Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 659806 4184815, datum WGS 84), VII.1999, 1 ♂; VIII.1999, 8 ♂, 12 ♀; VII.2000, 6 ♀; VI.2010, 9 ♂, 9 ♀. Terceira���Biscoito da Ferraria Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 479370 4289985, datum WGS 84), VI.1999, 6 ♂, 38 ♀; IX.2000, 7 ♂, 16 ♀; VII.2003, 2 ♂, 34 ♀; VII.2003, 31 ♂, 39 ♀; VIII.2003, 9 ♂, 10 ♀; VI.2011, 3 ♂, 19 ♀. Terceira���Caldeira Guilherme Moniz Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 482285 4284477, datum WGS 84), VII.2002, 17 ♂, 10 ♀; IX.2002, 16 ♂, 8 ♀; IX.2003, 2 ♂, 1 ♀. Terceira���Pico Galhardo Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 479664 4287554, datum WGS 84), VII.2002, 31 ♂, 20 ♀; IX.2002, 24 ♂, 76 ♀; VI.2003, 16 ♂, 22 ♀; VII.2003, 27 ♂, 6 ♀; VIII.2003, 14 ♂, 5 ♀; IX.2003, 6 ♂, 16 ♀; VI.2010, 9 ♂, 36 ♀. Terceira���Serra de Santa B��rbara Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 472028 4288949, datum WGS 84), VI.1999, 2 ♂, 41 ♀; VIII.1999, 58 ♂, 33 ♀; VII.2001, 8 ♂, 26 ♀; VI.2003, 3 ♂, 81 ♀; VII.2003, 25 ♂, 32 ♀; VIII. 2003, 217 ♂, 238 ♀; IX.2003, 8 ♂, 50 ♀; VIII.2010, 42 ♂, 30 ♀; IX.2010, 48 ♂, 4 ♀. Terceira���Terra Brava Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 482438 4287412, datum WGS 84), VII.2001, 8 ♂, 23 ♀; IX.2001, 15 ♂, 28 ♀; VII.2002, 6 ♂, 17 ♀; VI.2003, 2 ♂, 6 ♀; VIII.2003, 93 ♂, 58 ♀; IX.2003, 72 ♂, 167 ♀; IX.2004, 38 ♂, 64 ♀; VI.2010, 2 ♂, 6 ♀; VII.2010, 3 ♂, 3 ♀; VIII.2010, 82 ♂, 55 ♀. S��o Jorge���Pico Pinheiro Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 408602 4277888, datum WGS 84), VII.1999, 15 ♂, 14 ♀; VII.2000, 63 ♂, 52 ♀; VII.2004, 3 ♂, 4 ♀; IX. 2010, 123 ♂, 142 ♀. S��o Jorge���Topo Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 421857 4272031, datum WGS 84), VII.2004, 10 ♀; IX.2010, 10 ♂, 1 ♀. Faial���Caldeira do Faial Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 351110 4271917, datum WGS 84), VII.2004, 1 ♂, 21 ♀; IX.2010, 11 ♂, 8 ♀. Pico���Caveiro Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 395274 4255409, datum WGS 84), VII.1999, 1 ♀; IX.1999, 7 ♂, 10 ♀; VII.2000, 53 ♀; VII.2010, 1 ♂, 19 ♀. Pico���Lagoa do Caiado Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 390826 4257032, datum WGS 84), IX.1999, 7 ♂, 15 ♀; VII.2000, 24 ♀. Pico���Mist��rio da Prainha Natural Reserve, (UTM 26 S 388683 4257957, datum WGS 84), IX.1999, 21 ♂, 4 ♀; VII.2000, 4 ♂, 8 ♀; VII.2010, 1 ♂, 7 ♀. Flores���Caldeira Funda e Rasa Natural Reserve, (UTM 25 S 136817 4370019, datum WGS 84), VII.1999, 31 ♂, 65 ♀; IX.2000, 24 ♂, 53 ♀; VII.2010, 41 ♂, 50 ♀. Flores���Morro Alto e Pico da S�� Natural Reserve, (UTM 25 S 137809 4376293, datum WGS 84), VII.1999, 14 ♂, 38 ♀; IX.2000, 94 ♂, 204 ♀; VII.2007, 4 ♂, 7 ♀; VII.2010, 61 ♂, 109 ♀ (P.A.V. Borges et al. leg.). All cited material is deposited at EDTP. Diagnosis. The males of this species differ from S. topographicus n. sp. by the anterior radical process sensu Hormiga (2000), which is long, thin, pointing out in a roughly 45 �� angle from the base of the radix, by the straight embolus with a slightly curved tip and by the tibial apophysis, which shows a dorsal widening process hump in its prolateral side. The females can be diagnosed by the wide undivided dorsal plate of the epigynum, and by the shape of the copulatory ducts. The apical position of the metatarsal trichobotria appears to be unique in the Savignia - group (Tm I 0.81 (0.74���0.85)). Redescription. Male. Total length 1.70 (1.60���1.75). Prosoma 0.85 (0.83���0.87) long, 0.59 (0.57���0.60) wide. Male cephalic area slightly elevated, without tubercles or sulci (Fig. 6). Clypeus protruding. Anterior side of prosoma with small hairs. Anterior row of eyes recurved. Posterior row procurved. AME separated from ALE twice the diameter of the former. AME separated by half their diameter. PME separated by four times their diameter. PLE touching ALE. PME separated from AME roughly four times the diameter of the former. PME separated from PLE 1.5 times the diameter of the former. Coloration of prosoma and legs yellowish to brown. Sternum slightly darker. Chelicerae with 15 to 20 imbricated stridulatory striae, with four promarginal teeth and five smaller retromarginal denticles. Opisthosoma with a dorsal pattern of black patches along its dorsal side in a whitish background and black areas along the sides reaching the spinnerets, this pattern being variable to an extent where some specimens present one single large black patch with non-pigmented areas in its center. Legs with a basal and apical spine on tibiae I and II, and one basal on tibiae III and IV (2211). L Sp Ti I���II = 0.4; L Sp Ti III���IV = 1.6. Patellar apical spine present on all legs. Tm IV present. Measurements of legs in Table 1. Male palp (Figs. 1���5). Tibia with three trichobothria, and a large unciform apophysis extending prolaterally, curving retrolaterally. Halfway its length with a flag-like extension. Paracymbium simple without apophyses or hairs, with a wide base. Cymbium with a smooth dorsal depression accommodating the terminal section of the tibial apophysis. Suprategular apophysis with a bifid marginal apophysis and a curved sharpened terminal lobe. Radix with two apophyses, the anterior radical process a thin, long process pointing ventrally in a 45 �� angle direction in regard to the radix���s base, the posterior radical process a stout, short ventral process, in close contact with embolus. Embolus short, descending straight in front of tegulum. Female. Total length 1.89 (1.75 ���2.00). Prosoma 0.83 (0.83 ��� 0.83) long, 0.59 (0.57���0.60) wide. Clypeus not protruding. Anterior row of eyes recurved. Posterior row procurved. AME separated from ALE by the diameter of the former. AME separated by half their diameter. PME separated from AME roughly 1.5 times the diameter of the former. PLE touching ALE. PME separated by their diameter. PME separated from PLE by their diameter. Coloration of prosoma and legs yellowish to brown. Sternum slightly darker. Chelicerae with about five to seven small stridulatory striae, with five promarginal teeth and five smaller retromarginal denticles. Opisthosoma same as in male (see above). Leg spination same as in male. Tm IV present. Tm I values (for 10 females): 0.81 (0.74���0.85). Measurements of legs in Table 2. Epigynum (Figs. 7, 8). Dorsal plate wide and rectangular, in ventral view visible for its greater part by the reduction of the ventral plate. Receptacula J-shaped, with short thick copulatory ducts. Ecology. This species dwells in the canopy of endemic bushes and trees such as Ilex perado subsp. azorica, Vaccinium cylindraceum, Laurus azorica, Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia. In the latter species, it is the most abundant endemic spider species. Juniperus brevifolia has numerous short leaves, which provide refuge for the spiders. Using the Lloyd Index (see Ribeiro et al. 2005) this species could be considered as specialist of the endemic tree Juniperus brevifolia. The related gymnosperm exotic tree Cryptomeria japonica is also an important habitat for this spider, particularly at high altitudes when C. japonica is planted as a monoculture near native forests. Phenology. Adults of both sexes are continually found from June to September. This might not represent its phenology as no sampling was carried out in other months. Distribution. Azorean islands with patches of native forest and possible extinct in the remaining islands (Corvo and Graciosa)., Published as part of Crespo, Lu��s Carlos, Bosmans, Robert, Cardoso, Pedro & Borges, Paulo A. V., 2013, On the endemic spider species of the genus Savigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the Azores (Portugal), with description of a new species, pp. 330-342 in Zootaxa 3745 (3) on pages 333-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/221824