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The aim of this paper is to present the methodology used to study the megalithic architecture of Menjez's monuments (Akkar, Lebanon), as part of the MEG-A Project - "First megalith builders in the northern Levant" (2022–2025). Twenty-four monuments have been investigated since 2018. The primary objective is to pioneer a comprehensive understanding of the unique Levantine megalithic building techniques and re-establish the "chaînes opératoires," by determining the builders' sequence of actions. This groundbreaking methodology originally developed for Western European megalithic monuments, notably in Brittany, France, has been innovatively applied and customized to suit the Levantine context, specifically focusing on the distinctive basaltic monuments of Menjez and its surrounding areas. By using photogrammetry as a tool, the researchers are able to de-construct the megalithic architecture by analyzing the different components of these monuments. Moreover, it is then possible to describe monoliths according to their place within the monument and their geological and geomorphological features. Our work has led us to consider the symbolic aspect expressed in the megalithic architecture of Menjez. Employing this groundbreaking methodology not only yields concrete answers regarding the typology of these monuments but also dramatically reshapes our perception of their construction. It establishes a precise relative chronology for the various architectural phases and, most significantly, reveals the hidden details of the raw material supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian cities are full of public inscriptions and monuments that praise not only fascism but also its brutal expansionist wars. This situation is especially true in Bolzano, the capital of a formerly contested border region in the north of the country, where such symbols were crucial to claim political and cultural domination over conquered territories – not only in the Mediterranean and Africa, but also within Italy's own national borders. This essay examines monuments, street names and other material legacies of fascist imperialism in Bolzano and reflects on the meaning given to them by the fascist regime at the time of their erection. It reveals why these symbols were placed at specific points in the city as imperial landmarks and questions the regime's representative intentions behind it. This essay intends to provide a historical starting point for an overall examination of imperial monuments in Bolzano and, based on this, to enable research on their reception history in further studies. To this end, it examines articles from fascist South Tyrolean newspapers reporting on the inauguration ceremonies of the monuments. In addition, fascist laws and city government protocols provide information about the political ethos under which the regime erected them. Finally, the imperial remnant's symbolic content will be analysed and compared with the research literature on Italian colonialism and its wars of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alessandro Pierattini The Origins of Greek Temple Architecture Cambridge University Press, 2022

The subject of the research presented in this paper are examples of Lviv villas in the years 1918–1939. Reflecting the characteristic stylistic features of European architecture and urbanism of the interwar period, these buildings have undergone various transformations between the end of the Second World War and the present. The beauty of this aspect of Lviv’s historical heritage has been threatened by the consequences of the city’s development policy, while war had become a direct threat to their very survival. This research constitutes a synthetic characterisation of the types of villa developments built in Lviv in the interwar period, emphasizing their features on an architectural and urban scale. At present the villas’ condition, ownership and use vary. Systemic protective measures covered by consistent legislation and conservation supervision are needed as is the continuation of multifaceted research to expand the archival database which forms the basis of projects planned for their renovation, modernisation or transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of University of Sharjah Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of University of Sharjah - Scientific Publishing Unit and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in the Levant region and particularly in Mount Lebanon, we witnessed a sort of unification of the Christian religious architecture in the region, particularly for the typology of single-naved churches. This unified model, apart from a few variants, is based on a plan most often with two bays and a supporting structure formed by pilasters supporting edge vaults. The Saint George Church of Mazraaet el-Chouf, dating from the 18th century, forms a typical example of this architecture. With its apse covered by a multitude of layers of painted coatings, it forms one of the rare examples in Lebanon where several specimens of wall paintings, characteristic of this period, overlap and are still preserved while, in dozens of similar churches, these coatings have completely disappeared following the stripping of the monuments' walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The diversification of the cultural context of monuments did not lead to distinct visual reactions among observers of different nationalities. • The scope of applying eye-tracking technology for research on cultural tourism may be limited, emphasizing the need for further investigations in this area. • Eye-trackers demonstrate a significant potential for facilitating public consultations concerning architectural and urban changes. Sustainable management of architectural heritage requires conducting an inclusive diagnosis of users' opinions, considering both residents and tourists as the recipients of urban space. Given the cultural diversity within these groups, proposing the use of eye-trackers (ET) as an alternative to traditional public consultation prompts the need to assess the method's advantages and disadvantages. It remains uncertain whether individuals from different countries look at historical architecture and its transformations similarly. The uniqueness of this subject matter prevents drawing parallels from experiences in other domains. Moreover, prior research provides conflicting conclusions and may include methodological errors. This uncertainty impedes the adoption of ET as an administrative and legal tool. To address this gap, 320 volunteers, encompassing both Poles and foreigners, were invited. Qualification involved optometric tests and questionnaires. Subsequently, a portion of the participants underwent the experiment using ET while viewing visual stimuli on a monitor. The experiment featured twelve monuments, with six originating from Wrocław and six from another major European city (Paris, Rome, London, Berlin, Dresden, Dortmund). The study focused on the nature and pattern of fixations made on original photographs and their modified versions. Analyzing the collected ET data for 24 stimuli, two primary aspects were explored. First, whether both groups, irrespective of their familiarity with the object or the city of residence, looked at the original photographs in the same manner. Second, it was investigated whether participants cultural background significantly influenced observers' reactions to visual changes in the buildings. Only 8 out of 160 comparisons demonstrated statistically significant deviations. Other results, including visitor numbers, fixation counts, average fixation duration, total visit duration, and time to first fixation, exhibited similarity across the board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

War always results in civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure, architectural monuments and historic buildings. Systematic analysis of the current situation of historic sites in the occupied territories reveals fundamental problems and unresolved issues in preserving the heritage of areas that are not under the control of the Kyiv government. There are shortcomings in the regulatory framework of legal status, protection and preservation, as well as violations in the occupied territories. The activities ofvarious countries in determining the status of historical monuments are reviewed. Positive and negative aspects of the policy of protection and restoration of cultural heritage objects are outlined, and practical recommendations are made for improving the protection of historical monuments in the occupied territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Archaeologica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper deals with the preliminary identification of mason’s marks found in some of the historicalstructures of the Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Unlike other historical and archaeological research fields, mason’smarks represent a less known field in Indian academia. In very general terms, one can define a mason’s mark asany signs ranging from short inscriptions to any form of alpha-numeric values inscribed on architectural elements.In this paper, the authors discuss a series of such marks recorded at isolated historical buildings of the district,trying to explain why inquiry into mason’s marks can be deemed an integral part of architectural studies. A briefdescription of the study area and adapted methodologies is followed by the detailed accounts of the monumentsand the related finds in tabular format.

Architectural reuse was common in ancient Egypt. Modern interpretations of this practice, particularly in royal contexts, usually ascribe it either a practical or ideological function, only rarely considering it possible that different motivations were involved. This type of approach is particularly true for the reuse of Old Kingdom blocks by the Middle Kingdom king Amenemhat I in his pyramid at Lisht, a case often classified as solely utilitarian. However, an approach that prioritizes not only the ancient Egyptian worldview and royal ideology, but also how this case of reuse fits into cross-cultural considerations of monumentality, demonstrates the necessity to look at this practice more holistically. This study focuses in particular on the possibility that the transportation of reused materials by Amenemhat I was a spectacle of construction used to showcase the king's legitimacy and authority at the start of a new dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1945, Opole experienced a disruption in its history—a formerly German city had been incorporated into southwestern Poland during the change of European borders. In this new geopolitical situation Opole, along with other pre-war Eastern outskirts of Germany, became a part of so-called Recovered Territories. The name itself implied that those lands were perceived as not only incorporated into the country but brought back as undeniably Polish. The process of establishing (or “regaining”) the Polish identity of those cities, among them Opole, was intended to omit some elements of the recent German past and emphasize others deemed inherently Polish at that time. This occurrence was also tied to the issue of rewriting and reinventing the city’s history, during which architecture and urban planning were used as one of the most powerful tools. The article presents how architecture and urban planning were used in the process of establishing Opole’s new, Polish identity since 1945. The attempts to rewrite and reinvent Opole’s history are exemplified by the restoration of the historic city centre, as well as by new, post-war architecture and urban development. The legacy of that process still lingers in the city’s urban fabric. The strive to emphasise “Polish” elements of the city while omitting or repurposing the German ones makes one pose questions about the role of architecture (both historic and new), urban planning, and the narratives created around them in the process of rewriting and reinventing a city’s past and identity.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a national disaster by the Indonesian government since March 2020. The high speed of the virus' spread has caused an enormous multidimensional crisis in terms of health, social, and economic aspects all over the world, including Indonesia. As of May 8, 2023, Covid-19 has infected 6,787,354 people, with 161,459 of them having died. Among the many victims, there are also many volunteers who have fallen while serving the community in dealing with the pandemic. To commemorate the fallen volunteers, the Indonesian Red Cross of Tangerang Regency plans to immortalize them through a monument in the Solear area, Tangerang Regency, Banten. This monument is intended as a place to remember the fallen volunteers for their families, colleagues, and the public. The Architecture Student Association (Gamatara) of UPH had the opportunity to contribute their design ideas in the framework of community service. The approach used in developing the design of this monument is biomimetic. Biomimetic architecture is defined as the science and art of designing buildings by imitating aspects of nature as examples, models, references, and guidelines for solving problems in architecture. In the design of this monument, biomimetics is applied to make nature an inspiration for form. This approach is used as the actualization of the symbol that the way to prevent pandemics like this in the future is through harmonization with nature. This approach can be seen as the application of metaphor, prioritizing conceptual and visual synergy. The bamboo shoot shape was chosen as an appropriate metaphor that depicts resilience and the emergence of new hope. The design exploration is directed towards combining the form and the resulting spatial experience to create a sense of place and a meditative reflection space that supports activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the study of archival documents and studies related to the House Museum of A. Shchusev in Chişinău. The museum building is a historical monument of national importance, part of the immovable cultural and historical heritage protected by the state. It is included in the Register of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Chişinău Municipality under No. 50. The house museum is located in the historical part of the city at 77 Shchusev Street, between the streets of Metropolitan Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni and Alexander Pushkin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on current issues in the development of open-air memorial sites. The concept of open-air museums is evolving in the twenty-first century to encompass sustainable protection of war monuments in their historical context. The cultural landscapes require minimal intervention. However, to ensure the viability of the museums and accessibility to visitors, new additions - in terms of architecture and urban design - are inevitable. The challenge is to guarantee the quality and coherence of any additions and to preserve historic landscapes. It is also crucial to ensure public acceptance of revitalization efforts. Open architectural competition might be a reliable means of delivering viable results, as demonstrated by the recent construction of a new military cemetery and restoration of the battlefield in Westerplatte in Gdańsk, Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications (JASA) is the property of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monumental structures are certainly the most common public buildings in Islamic architecture, being second only to mosques. Eight such structures were recorded during the survey of Bijar County of eastern Kurdistan province. These monumental buildings tend to share common plans and building materials. Given their position on the routes linking northwestern and western Iran as well as their proximity to the major political centres of Maragheh, Soltaniyeh and Takht-e Soleyman, these buildings, apart from a memorial function, perhaps beaconed caravans along the regional routes. Yet, these structures largely remain unaddressed by any systematic work. The main objective of the present study is to publish these buildings so as to give a more refined picture of the regional route networks in the Islamic period. The comparisons and discrepancies detected between these structures in the study area and the nearby regions, notably the Zanjan plain, characterized by environmental and cultural settings almost identical to the Garrus region, can be of great help in this regard. Accordingly, the questions considered here are: 1) What factors played a role in the emergence of these monuments in the region? 2) How did previous architectural traditions affect their formation? And, 3) To what extent are these buildings effective in reconstructing the ancient routes, and where in the region do they find comparisons in form and building materials? Social, religious and political factors have informed the development of towers in the region during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid rules. Adjacency to major coeval political centres, safety of the routes thanks to vigorous local rulers, and favorable environmental conditions (access to water and the presence of numerous villages along the routes) are the most remarkable of such factors. Previous traditions and modeling on earlier standing towers from the historical (Sassanian) and Islamic periods played a notable part in the construction of the regional guidance towers. Affinities to the standing structures in the neighboring regions, including the Khoein Tower, the mausoleum of the Prophet Qeydar, the tomb tower at Kahriz Siah Mansur (Ijrud) in Zanjan province, and their comparisons with the monumental structures of the Bijar region, apart from contributing to the reconstruction of the past route networks, attest to their original function as navigational aid. The study adapts a historical-descriptive approach and builds on field surveys, documentation in photo, and looking up related information in historical texts and library documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to shed light on the construction of architectural monuments in Kosovo as early as the XVI-XVIII centuries, especially Islamic architecture. This style of construction, influenced by the eastern part of the continent, had its own construction features, which set it apart from other constructions built before Islam. Those features reached Albanian areas after the Ottoman Empire conquered them. This type of architecture expressed religious aspects in mosques and prayer facilities, but bridges, markets, shrines, and other objects were also constructed. The research results indicated that Ottoman architectural features were influenced by local traditional elements. A specific model was produced and used in all Albanian areas under Ottoman rule. Secondly, over time numerous objects were built following this model. As a result, cities and lives were changed. A comparative research methodology besides analysis and synthesis was followed to elaborate this paper, using relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to shed more light on the issues of historic values possessed by industrial architecture. Its source base results from the ethnographic ­research carried out by the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź in the selected districts of the Lublin Voivodeship, i.e. Łuków, Parczew and Radzyń in the years 2004–2013. This research is also a continuation of the work on the Catalogue of industrial buildings of historical value in Poland. The article focuses on the values of industrial facilities to be seen in their style and architectural details, the dangers to their existence and the examples of the undertaken initiatives for the preservation of the industrial architecture – a vital element of our cultural heritage.

To join Dionne Brand in A Map to the Door of No Return is to take a journey divergent from the West's well-worn genre of the epic that fetes great white men whose great risks meet with even greater rewards. By contrast, Brand sutures her transatlantic bricolage of time and space with disruptions and displacements. Her redactions and erasures illuminate the efficacy of forgetting in a world where the colonizers have frozen the historical time of Empire in marble, granite, and bronze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on primary sources such as field notes, reports, and project memorandums, this article addresses architectural restoration work in Turkey from the 1920s to the 1960s. Despite the country's limited budget and workforce, especially in the early years of the republic, the government crafted an intense preservation program of historic monuments, whereby preservation professionals implemented the scientific protection of architectural heritage mainly through maintenance and repairs. This article argues that the historiography of Turkish art became an agent in restoration, while the concept of the essence of national architecture served as the ideological basis for physical interventions. Seeking to restore the pure forms of Turkish architecture, preservationists searched for the pedigree of built works, and Sinan's style was treated as the zenith of Turkish architecture. Works by him, along with other examples associated with the "Classical Period of Architecture" were subjected to heavy-handed interventions aimed at achieving stylistic purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1945, Opole experienced a disruption in its history--a formerly German city had been incorporated into southwestern Poland during the change of European borders. In this new geopolitical situation Opole, along with other pre-war Eastern outskirts of Germany, became a part of so-called Recovered Territories. The name itself implied that those lands were perceived as not only incorporated into the country but brought back as undeniably Polish. The process of establishing (or "regaining") the Polish identity of those cities, among them Opole, was intended to omit some elements of the recent German past and emphasize others deemed inherently Polish at that time. This occurrence was also tied to the issue of rewriting and reinventing the city's history, during which architecture and urban planning were used as one of the most powerful tools. The article presents how architecture and urban planning were used in the process of establishing Opole's new, Polish identity since 1945. The attempts to rewrite and reinvent Opole's history are exemplified by the restoration of the historic city centre, as well as by new, post-war architecture and urban development. The legacy of that process still lingers in the city's urban fabric. The strive to emphasise "Polish" elements of the city while omitting or repurposing the German ones makes one pose questions about the role of architecture (both historic and new), urban planning, and the narratives created around them in the process of rewriting and reinventing a city's past and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on a group of pilaster Corinthian capitals from Perinthus (now Marmara Ereğlisi). Information about them was published over a century ago (Mendel 1914, vol. III). The architectural analysis of these monuments, which were made of marble most likely acquired in the nearby quarries of Proconnesus Island (now Marmara Island), shows a unique similarity to the architectural details made by the stonemasons from the Asia Minor town of Aphrodisias. Separate groups of Aphrodisian masters traveled to a number of complexes and buildings throughout the Roman Empire. Their works are also found in the province of Thrace. The decorations of some monuments from Villa Armira, Oescus, Tomis, Odessos, Marcianopolis, and Anchialos are probably Aphrodisian. This is why the group of pilaster capitals in Perinthus are extremely important for understanding the path of Anatolian masters to Thrace. Not only the stonemason work but also the patterns of these pilaster details are very common to Aphrodisian handworks. The pilaster Corinthian capitals in Perinthus are a direct link between the original models from Asia Minor and the monuments produced in Roman Thrace. They were made in the Marmara Sea region, which is the closest place to the main center for marble mining during the Roman Imperial Era: Proconnesus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the preliminary identification of mason's marks found in some of the historical structures of the Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Unlike other historical and archaeological research fields, mason's marks represent a less known field in Indian academia. In very general terms, one can define a mason's mark as any signs ranging from short inscriptions to any form of alpha-numeric values inscribed on architectural elements. In this paper, the authors discuss a series of such marks recorded at isolated historical buildings of the district, trying to explain why inquiry into mason's marks can be deemed an integral part of architectural studies. A brief description of the study area and adapted methodologies is followed by the detailed accounts of the monuments and the related finds in tabular format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is dedicated to the monuments of the Karabakh region, which has a special place in the architectural history of Azerbaijan. It should be noted that although most of these architectural pearls located in different regions of Azerbaijan have come down to our time, those related to Karabakh have been subjected to significant destruction from time to time, especially in the last thirty years, as a result of Armenian aggression, and many of them have been appropriated by them. Among them, there are Christian-type religious architectural monuments from the period of ancient Caucasian Albania and the Early Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, numerous civil buildings were built in different corners of Karabakh along with mosques, tombs and castles. Among them, the buildings created by architect Karbalai Safikhan Karabakhi stand out. Of course, since these buildings with the Karabakh address are directly related to the local people living here due to their shape, masonry technology and aesthetic capacity, it is impossible to hide their real address - who owns them. On the other hand, the fact that the Armenians, who erected a monument in Agareh district in honor of the 150th anniversary of their relocation from Iran to Karabakh in 1978, is only regrettable and laughable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space & Form / Przestrzeń i FORMA is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Architectural monumentality is a constituent factor of nationality. The monument becomes a materiality of the national feeling and composes the narratives relevant to the construction of collective memory. In Brazil, after the Revolution of 1930, the institution of historical heritage, composed of buildings and urban complexes, had the fundamental role of the architect Lúcio Costa for the constitution of the collection of Brazilian national monuments. This is the subject of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national cultural monument - the power station in Háj near Mohelnice and the neighbouring villa of the Plhák family, also protected as a monument, celebrated the centenary of its completion in 2022. These remarkable buildings tell a story that gets more complicated with each historical twist in the Czech society. They also show how short the memory of alternating generations is and how easy it is to forget the essentials of a shared history. Detailed arthistorical probes, to which the exhibition "Pohnutá historie" (Troubled History) gave impetus. Power plant and villa in Háj near Mohelnice in the Olomouc Art Museum (2023); by means of them, this article not only summarizes, but further supplements the story of Háj. On the basis of new findings, exhibition curators, Klára Jeništová and Martina Mertová, modified the authorship of a set of furniture, which is found in the collections of the Silesian Museum. They also expanded the inventory of the villa's original furnishings and contextually interpreted the rapid architectural development of the early 1920s, which the settlement of Háj with its uniquely preserved buildings and documents brilliantly illustrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic schools, built during the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, were evolved according to the wider socio-economic changes that took place at regional, national and international level. Their construction usually followed specific principles, governed by their functional role and structural safety requirements. In this study, the historical background of school buildings in Greece is given, in an effort to assess their evolution and physiognomy. To this direction, 14 historic school buildings, located in the Aristotle Municipality of Chalkidiki, N. Greece, were studied, taking into account their architectural and constructional characteristics. These buildings were erected from 1871 up to 1958 and are nowadays mostly used as elementary schools. In some cases, they are in second use or abandoned. They concerned 1 up to 3 storeys buildings, with rectangular ground plan, symmetrically organized around a main corridor. Their size and dimensions varied according to their capacity. From the beginning of the 30’s, supplementary elements of reinforced concrete (slabs, beams) were added, in combination with the existing building techniques. Nowadays, they are generally preserved in good state, due to the consecutive interventions taken place during their service life. However, their documentation and identification as heritage structures should be further assessed, in order to convey the tangible and intangible values they incorporate in the next generations.

It is the first attempt to comprehensively study the professional activities of the Irkutsk architect K. V. Mital. The author follows typical features of life and artistic journey of a provincial architect during the change of historical epochs in the first third of the 20th century. The author reveals the specific features of adaptation of provincial architects to the new aesthetic aspirations of the time, their ability to reconsider their creative views on the basis of political and ideological factors. The article allows to expand the historical knowledge about the period of formation of domestic architecture in provincial cities, which are geographically distant from the centre of the country. Designed for architecture professionals, teachers, postgraduates, students specializing in “Architecture”, “Design of Architectural Environment”, “Theory and History of Culture”, “History”, “Cultural Studies”, as well as a wide range of people interested in regional architecture.

Black Lives Matters began in the United States, where it has included the dismantlement of commemorations of the Confederacy, a breakaway state established to preserve slavery. In Europe it has sparked discussions of local monuments as well as drawn unprecedented attention to the way in which the slave trade and enslaved labour funded the construction of cities and country estates. This now needs to be acknowledged in public space. The challenge presents an appropriate moment to remember the ties that bind commemorative structures on both sides of the Atlantic and the impact that tributes to European nationalism have had on diverse strands of modern American architecture. These connections provide a back story for the newly discovered relevance, and at time effectiveness, of representational sculpture, which they integrated into built forms that appeared to embed regimes of all stripes in their local landscapes. Abstract counter-monuments often proved effective in addressing the Holocaust. Substituting the human figure for the shards of a shattered past that have long been juxtaposed in German memoryscapes with visions of a utopian future, may possibly provide a means of acknowledging the pain that runs through the cities that many of us inhabit. This in turn may prove to be an important step on the way to building the more equitable future for which we attempt to prepare the way as we work to decolonize our curricula.

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on an original aspect of the work of Georges Rohault de Fleury (1835-1904), who, from 1853 onwards, stayed in Pisa several times and for a long time to analyse medieval architecture and art, to which he dedicated about twenty years of work. The centrality of the theme of the ville turrifié and the tower-house emerge in the framework of the studies of the Tuscan monuments and especially of Pisa, which he investigates intending to reconstruct a city's history. In particular, the theme of civil architecture lends itself to reconstructive hypotheses since little seems to have remained of the original structures, which nevertheless emerge, at some points, from the plastered facades of the palaces, from which de Fleury elaborates conjectures and reliefs. The tower house, for de Fleury directly borrowed from the defensive structures, is the typology that distinguishes the diffused urban fabric of a real tower city like Pisa, which seems to have a remarkable reputation in building skill. The paper wants, therefore, to frame the work of Georges Rohault de Fleury in the broader context of studies on the rediscovery of the Middle Ages, concerning the close links with the French culture (not only de Fleury, but also Verdier and Cattois, Labruste, etc.), and the fallout on the restoration-reinvention in its long period and the different declinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay describes the role the Tuscan sculptor Corrado Feroci played in the westernization process of the Kingdom of Siam, eventually Thailand. With his portraits and monumental sculptures, Feroci has radically changed the way in which the ruling class has handed down its image, as well as founding the first academy of fine arts in Bangkok, directing with his teaching all the main Thai artists of the after the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan as a multi-cultural country witnesses a diversity of architectural styles influenced by many civilizations. Architecture in the Kabul city, the capital of Afghanistan, encompasses styles before emerging Islamic and after emerging Islamic religion. Considering the civilization influences, architecture styles in Afghanistan may be divided into three parts: Central Asia, Persian, and Indian. Kabul city is the meeting place of all these three styles. After the establishment of current Afghanistan in 1747, for the first time the evolution of architectural style in Kabul city as the capital occurred in 1880 which has been influenced by western architecture styles, and it has become the most famous style in the city. Basically, the architecture styles in Kabul city in relation to the civilization influences are characterized by Central Asian, Persian, Indian, and Western styles which have been reflected in most of the architectural monuments in the country. In this paper it is aimed to study the architectural evolution of the Kabul city by considering the civilization impacts through history, particularly before emerging Islam and after emerging Islam religion. The associated architectural monuments of each historical period in the city were studied based on its architectural style and related civilization. Furthermore, these impacts on shaping the current architectural style of the Kabul city have also been reviewed. This study is carried out mostly by reviewing the literature to highlight the architectural styles developed over the periods in Kabul city and the impact of cultural influences on them. As a case from each historical period, the monuments according to their historical importance, architecture style, and construction method are evaluated. As a mapping technique, Arc GIS 10.5 is used to visualize the distribution of architectural monuments within Kabul city.