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Muslims in general, Moroccans and Andalusians in particular, took care of the Mus'haf. In terms of the material on which it was written, the people of the Islamic West began writing the Mus'haf on parchment, which was used in the Mus'haf until recently. Then they started writing on paper since (AH 5th / AD 11th) century. As for the type of calligraphy, the Kufic script was used to write the Mus'haf until the (AH 5th / AD 11th) century, Until it was replaced by the Moroccan script.As for the ink colors, it was used black in writing, red in tashkil (signs), and yellow in the titles of the Surahs. In terms of binding, it began simple by using wooden panels that were covered in leather or fabric, and then studded with gemstones, gold and silver flakes, Then the wood panels were replaced with paper covers that were covered in leather and decorated with ornaments and gilding. The Mus'haf under study is a model of the Moroccan Mus'haf, in which the features of the manuscripts and Mus'hafs in the Islamic West are clear, Through the study of this Mus'haf, the Moroccan manuscript industry will be shed light on since its inception, following the stages of its development and monitoring its most important features.The Mus'haf under study is kept at the Abi Mohamed El Marjani Mosque in Tunis. This mosque was established during the reign of Sultan Abi Hafs Omar (683--694 AH / 1284-1294 AD) by Sheikh Abi Muhammad al-Marjani. Today, the Mus'haf is in an acceptable state of memorization - except that some of its papers were partially damaged - as it keeps all of its original pages and books, and it belongs to the pattern of the Mus'haf. The pages of the Mus'haf were written in extended Moroccan calligraphy, as well as the conclusion page, which contains the name of the calligrapher and the commander of writing the Mus'haf, and the history of the void of his writing in the Maghribic script (Fassi script). The pages of the Mus'haf were written in black ink, except for the titles of the fence and their data, and they were written in golden ink. The conclusion page also wrote a dark red supply.

The printing industry has become more development than before, as well as the challenges that related to quality and consistency of colors results, especially with the repetition of printing operations in the packaging field. The using of measurement devices is very important due to the many changes that occur on printing materials in general and on paper and inks in particular. And their were many sources of cellulose plants and other sources of paper manufacturing, as well as the entry of recycling operations in this industry , and also many producing companies are manufacturing paper with different technology in the world.Also there are a several companies producing inks and the development of the manufacture of chemical›s Pigment compounds and sources of oils, resins and other additives.All of that factors made it necessary and to use measurement devices, especially in the production of repeated printing to ensure the stability of results and quality control in each process.In this research we will highlight on the most important types of paper in general and especially the paper that used in this research .And we will print models of the fourteen basic colors of the Pan tone and will make measurements using the spectrophotometer to register and monitor the differences resulting from the different surface finishing of the paper coated - glossy/matt and uncoated.As well as registered the results and values of the difference between the print samples and Pantone.In this research, we will highlight on the colors deviations with the different surface finishing of the paper and fixed the other factors to identify the reasons that lead to the deviation of the results with the use of the same materials and equipment and using of different types of finishing surface of paper.

According to the UNHCR, in 2019 there were 70.8 million refugees worldwide. Due to war, catastrophes, and emergency situations a great demand for temporary accommodation has arisen within the last couple of years. The main requirements for these shelters are protection for the inhabitants, easy transportability, and quick construction. In addition, in terms of resource efficiency, the recyclability of the construction materials is of great importance. Paper materials have a high potential for this, due to their strong structure, cost-effective production, and optimised recycling processes. The following paper presents a case study of a prototype for a temporary paper house that meets the static and technical requirements for a comfortable and hygienic living space by combining different paper materials. The overall objective of this research was the constructive development of building elements made of paper materials, which meet the requirements for temporary residential use over a period of at least 3 years. The main advantages of using paper materials for this purpose are easy processing, cost-effective production, and a high probability for its sustainable disposal after usage. The main challenges of the material are fire protection and moisture protection, which affect the recyclability, as well as the gluing and joining techniques. An overview of possible solutions for these disadvantages and their applicability will be demonstrated and discussed. The paper aims to emphasise that simplicity and performance do not need to be diametrically opposed. The envelope, which provides all the functions required of a modern building through its multi-layered structure, represents the performance of this project. Transportation, construction, and joining, on the other hand, were kept as simple as possible in order to make assembly possible even by unskilled workers and under very basic conditions. The paper is divided into four sections. First, the technical and regulatory requirements for temporary emergency shelters, as well as the decisive characteristics of paper materials are described and analysed. In the second part, the architectural design and the construction typology are defined. The third part focusses on the elaboration and evaluation of building elements with regard to joining technologies, statics, building physics, and production technologies. Finally, the results of the prototype and their transferability are presented and discussed.

The paper discusses the open, inclusive, dynamic, proactive notion of cultural heritage that is emerging in the international scientific debate. Some significant innovations are examined first: the overcoming of the dualism between tangible and intangible cultural heritage, the increasing role of local communities in the processes of heritage recognition, safeguarding and enhancement and the need for valorisation as a democratic mandate. Aiming at developing this approach, the second step of the research focuses on industrial heritage, investigating its specific features and values. A case study is provided in order to understand some crucial issues concerning industrial heritage management and value creation. Focusing on the City of Paper (Fabriano, Italy), the activities carried out by the Museum of Paper and Watermark and by the Institute of Paper History Gianfranco Fedrigoni (ISTOCARTA) are analysed in-depth, highlighting the role of collaboration among the different actors involved in industrial heritage management in order to promote sustainable local development.

The walls of Dickens’s city are covered in posters, bills, signs and inscriptions, resulting in the disappearance of those very walls behind the accumulation of messages. Simultaneously, these words go beyond the space allotted to them, erecting walls of words in the public space, constantly modifying the cityscape. This new urban landscape became possible with the lifting of paper taxes and the technological evolutions of the nineteenth century. This change initiates a new urban experience: walls now directly address the city dweller who is perpetually asked to decipher disparate messages. The reader follows David Copperfield, Pip and Oliver Twist as they read the writing on the wall, sometimes their only guide in the city. This writing transforms London into a gigantic map on which the characters move. This textual world is reproduced in the pages of the novels and influences the reader’s act of reading, in that he is now asked to adopt a non-linear, non-sequential—and urban—mode of reading. Over this Dickensian paperscape looms the threat of illegibility. This overabundance of words and paper has developed into its own demise: if walls are covered in words, words can in turn acquire the solidity and opacity of walls. Paper appears less the medium for words than the shroud of meaning.Following the lead of Asa Briggs and his book Victorian Things which analyses the commodity culture of Victorian England, this article aims at showing the ambivalence of the Dickensian text towards the material presence of the written sign: while paper in its multiple forms is invested with a negative—even evil—power, it also proves to be the very organising principle of the narrative and the cityscape. Our corpus will consist of a selection of novels—Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend—and five essays with “Bill-Sticking,” “Our Watering Place,” “Out of Town,” “Travelling Abroad” and “Some Recollections of Mortality,” in an effort to show the author’s concern for the materiality of the written sign from the very beginning of his career until the very end.

Abstract: Sustainable recyclable paper and composite materials can be ideal choices for the construction of temporary structures for both exhibition spaces or for rapid-recovery shelters in emergency operations. The unique engineering and sustainable features of these structures need to be considered as an integral part of the design process from the conceptual phase. Engineering studies to analyze these structures should be as important as the overall artistic and architectural vision. This paper examines the use of environmentally creep-formed paper tubes for the design, construction, and exhibition of, “Portals to an Architecture”, a large temporary outdoor sculpture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the main operations and technologies implemented in the framework of the EU funded COSMOS project. COSMOS introduces an advanced web repository which allows teachers and students to search, retrieve, access educational content and re-use educational material for creating earning activities through a specifically designed web interface incorporating innovative technological solutions. The repository is based on an IEEE LOM representation of the content which supports educational scenarios and learning activities as well. The architecture also supports tools for describing and managing digital content rights, which are interoperably represented using the Creative Commons Rights Expression Language (ccREL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) has emerged from the previous practices of object orientation and component-based application development to promote better reusability and flexibility of business components. This is a new approach towards building application architecture for an organization. Successful implementation of SOA requires several infrastructure components that can support various services, and relationships between various service providing applications to service the consuming applications. The paper explains the infrastructrural components of a typical SOA and discusses the key architectural and design decisions along with various layers of SOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smell is often regarded as an ancillary perception in primates, who seem so dominated by their sense of vision. In this paper, we will portray some aspects of the significance of olfaction to human life and speculate on what evolutionary factors contribute to keeping it alive. We then outline the functional architecture of olfactory sensory neurons and their signal transduction pathways, which are the primary detectors that render olfactory perception possible. Throughout the phylogenetic tree, olfactory neurons, at their apical tip, are either decorated with cilia or with microvilli. The significance of this dichotomy is unknown. It is generally assumed that mammalian olfactory neurons are of the ciliary type only. The existance of so-called olfactory microvillar cells in mammals, however, is well documented, but their nature remains unclear and their function orphaned. This paper discusses the possibility, that in the main olfactory epithelium of mammals ciliated and microvillar sensory cells exist concurrently. We review evidence related to this hypothesis and ask, what function olfactory microvillar cells might have and what signalling mechanisms they use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the companion paper, an improved formulation for spatial stability analysis of shear deformable thin-walled curved beams with non-symmetric cross-sections is presented based on the displacement field considering both constant curvature effects and the second-order terms of semi-tangential rotations. Thus the elastic strain energy and the potential energy due to initial stress resultants are consistently derived. Also closed-form solutions for in-plane and lateral-torsional buckling of curved beams subjected to uniform compression and pure bending are newly derived for mono-symmetric thin-walled curved beams under simply supported and clamped end conditions. In this paper, F. E. procedures are developed by using curved and straight beam elements with non-symmetric cross-sections. Analytical and numerical solutions for spatial buckling of shear deformable thin-walled circular beams are presented and compared in order to illustrate the accuracy and the practical usefulness of this study. In addition, the extensive parametric studies are performed on spatial stability behavior of curved beams. Particularly transition and crossover phenomena of buckling mode shapes with change in curvature and length of beam on buckling for curved beams are investigated for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]