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Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, whose the volatile oil from the leaves are commonly used as a raw material in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. In this study, the influences of the foliar applications of 24-epibrassinolide (BRs: 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 µM) and paclobutrazol (PBZ: 17, 25, and 34 µM) as well as three moisture conditions (non-stress, slight water deficit stress, and mild water deficit stress) on the content and chemical compositions of the essential oil from the sage leaves were investigated. For evaluation of phytochemical characteristics, the essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Substantial effect of the foliar applications of BRs and PBZ under different moisture conditions on the quantity and quality of the essential oil of sage was found. The highest essential oil contents were recorded for sage plants treated with BRs at 3.5 µM under mild drought stress (0.79 mL/100 g dry matter) followed by PBZ at 17 µM under slight drought stress (0.72 mL/100 g dry matter). Using the BRs and PBZ foliar meaningfully enhanced biologically active substances, including 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, and camphor as the major constituents in the essential oil under different moisture conditions. In final, it can be concluded that the applied of the BRs and PBZ mitigate the reducing effects of water shortages on improve the quantity and quality yield of S. officinalis L. under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of different fertilizers and weather conditions during three experimental years (2016–2018) on the morpho-physiological and phytochemical characteristics and some nutrients in the flowers of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) were investigated at the field. The fertilizers had significant effects on the studied traits and concentrations of nutrients in the flowers. The highest values of dry and wet weights of the flowers were obtained from the application of N-P-K, horse manure, and vermicompost at the third experimental year. The maximum amounts of photosynthesis pigments were obtained from vermicompost and chemical fertilizers at the first year; however, the total anthocyanin amount in N-P-K fertilizer at the third year was higher than other treatments. Vermicompost treatment had the highest contents of total phenolic and carotenoids. The maximum total flavonoids were obtained from horse manure, N-P-K, and vermicompost at the third year. The highest concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in the flowers were achieved from the plants treated by N-P-K and vermicompost during three years. In conclusion, for increasing yield in damask rose and achieve to sustainable production system of this aromatic plant, the use of organic fertilizers especially horse manure and vermicompost is recommended at the semiarid climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja kallaricaJamzad belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is an endemic medicinal and aromatic plant in Iran. This is a herb growing wild in the alpine region (Kallar mountain) in southwest Iran. A GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil isolated from the aerial parts ofS. kallaricaidentified 12 constituents accounting for 91.9% of the total oil. The essential oil yield was 0.15 ml/100 g based on the dry weight of plant material. The major oil constituents were piperitenone oxide (71.2%), piperitenone (6.7%), and pulegone (5.4%). The essential oil was rich in monoterpenoids, especially oxygenated monoterpenes (80.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hyssop [ Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.)] well-known for bearing essential oil-producing glands is a medicinal and aromatic plant with valuable properties for pharmaceutical, aromatic, and flavoring. The volatile oil from the aerial parts of hyssop harvested at flowering stage of growth is broadly applied in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries In order to improve the growth, yield, and secondary metabolites production or active substances in hyssop, the experiment was done with factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design during two years (2016 and 2017). The Experimental treatments were three levels of the foliar spraying of chitosan at 0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 g/L under three levels of irrigation frequencies (6, 8, and 10 every days based on irrigation at 80–85% field capacity or F.C., 65–70% F.C., and 45–50% F.C., respectively). Results indicated that the chitosan-spraying at 2.5 g/L meaningfully raised the values of the canopy diameter, plant height, inflorescence height, numbers of auxiliary and flowering branches, dry herbal weight, and the concentrations of photosynthesis pigments (Chl a , and Chl b) under different levels of irrigation frequencies. Increasing interval irrigation decreased some physiological characteristics such as biomass and photosynthesis pigments, however, the amounts of proline and carotenoid in both experimental years increased when the hyssop plants irrigated under reduced irrigation treatment. The highest values of the volatile oil content and yield were obtained from chitosan-spraying in reduced irrigation condition. The major constituents of the hyssop volatile oils analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS were cis- pinocamphone, β-pinene, trans -pinocamphone, myrtenol, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, and germacrene D, which the elicitation of hyssop with chitosan had positive impacts on the percentage of (cis - and trans -) pinocamphone, as the predominant compounds of the hyssop volatile oil, under reduced irrigation condition. In final, it can be concluded that the applied of chitosan decrease the negative effects of water shortages and improve the quantity and quality yield of H. officinalis under reduced irrigation condition. [Display omitted] The main constituents of the essential oil from hyssop [ Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.)] under the foliar application × reduced irrigation. • The best quantity oil was obtained from chitosan × reduced irrigation. • Pinocamphone (iso and trans) was as predominant constituent of essential oil. • The chitosan × reduced irrigation increased pinocamphones of essential oil. • Chitosan improved most of the features of hyssop under reduced irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve growth and yield of medicinal and aromatic plants, the application of natural substances has been increased in recent years. In this study, the effects of different fertilizers under the foliar spray of l -phenylalanine on growth and physiological characteristics and essential oil content of hyssop [ Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. Angustifolius (Bieb.)], as one important medicinal and aromatic plants, at field condition in southwestern Iran were investigated in a 2-year study (2016 and 2017). Experimental treatments were including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, chemical (N.P.K), manure, and vermicompost fertilizers with the control in the main plots and as well as three levels of the foliar application of l -phenylalanine in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of organic/biological fertilizers along with l -phenylalanine spraying have beneficial and effective role in improving the growth characteristics, shoot performance, photosynthetic pigments, and active substances of hyssop. Hence, l -phenylalanine spraying effects on improving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis and the application of manure and vermicompost can be a promising strategy in achieving organic production of medicinal plants such as hyssop. Interaction effects of l -phenylalanine and various fertilizers on hyssop. Image 1 • The highest dry matter (1.4 Kg m-2) of hyssop was observed from l-phenylalanine spraying under the applied bio-fertilizer. • The maximum essential oil yield (0.4% v/w) from hyssop was obtained from l-phenylalanine spraying along bio-fertilizer. • The foliar spray of l-phenylalanine increased shoot performance, photosynthetic pigments, and active substances of hyssop. • Applied of organic fertilizers and l-phenylalanine had positive effects on growth and quantity and quality yield of hyssop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • About fourty metabolites were identified in S. officinalis ethanolic extract by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS. • Specialized metabolites included organic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, diterpenes, salvianolic acids, and oxylipins. • Effects of bio-fertilizers on metabolites of sage leaves were monitored by a metabolomics approach. • PCA and PLS-DA were used to classify sage leaves exposed to different bio-fertilizers treatments. In recent years, the use of organic substances has been increased to improve the production of specialized metabolites in aromatic and medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L., known as sage, is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, whose leaves are commonly used as a condiment in food but mainly as a raw material in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. In this work to define the effects of bio-fertilizers and foliar applications of l -phenylalanine on specialized metabolites production and biochemical characteristics of S. officinalis leaves, an experimental field in 2 years (2016 and 2017) was developed in semiarid climate, South-western, Iran. Experimental treatments included foliar spraying of l -phenylalanine in diverse concentration (0-250 and 500 mg/mL) and different bio-fertilizers Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), both fungi and bacteria (AMF + Pf)]. A metabolomics approach was carried out on the ethanolic extracts of sage leaves obtained by different treatments using Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap/MS) followed by multivariate data analysis. A total of 41 specialized metabolites were detected, and 35 of them were identified based on their accurate mass and mass fragmentation, as belonging to organic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, diterpenes, salvianolic acids and oxylipins. This work highlighted that the foliar application of l -phenylalanine along with the inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and P. fluorescens can improve the yields of specific metabolites of pharmaceutical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main constituent of Achillea millefolium essential oils at vegetative, flowering and fruit set stages was 1,8-cineole (21.28–34.51 %) as a oxygenated monoterpene compound. • The volatile oil quantity and quality of Achillea millefolium were reported. • The maximum volatile oil content was obtained at flowering stage. • The main constitute of volatile oils was 1,8-cineole. • The antioxidant capacity of the extracts gradually decreased during growth period. • Flowering stage is suggested as the the best stage for production of A. millefolium. Achillea millefolium L. is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants that is used for the food, perfumery, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile oil quantity and quality as well as the antioxidant capacity of A. millefolium at different growth stages including vegetative, flowering, and fruit set are investigated. The essential oils content (% v/w) of aerial parts was depended on the plant growth stage and was in the order of: vegetative (0.17 %), flowering (0.24 %), and fruit set (0.14 %). According to oils analysis by GC-FID and GC–MS, 28 components were characterized that accounting for 92.89–97.28 % of the total volatile oil composition. The main constituent at all samples was 1,8-cineole (21.28–34.51 %) as an oxygenated monoterpene compound; followed by camphor (7.27–14.07 %), chamazulene (4.18–11.34 %), and α-eudesmol (2.09–9.63 %). Results showed that the constituents of the volatile oil A. millefolium were varied in regards to the amount of monoterpene and sesquiterpenes at different phenological stages. A considerable decrease and increase were observed respectively in monoterpene and sesquiterpene contents of essential oils during growth season. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of A. millefolium extract gradually decreased during the plant growth period; however, the total flavonoids content did not show great changes at different growth stages. Based on obtained results, the flowering stage is suggested as the best stage for the production of A. millefolium with the optimal essential oil quantity and quality as well as antioxidant capacity in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]