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The transradial approach (TRA) for treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) is nowdays a more common approach than several years ago. This is due to less post-procedural bleeding complications and its impact on mortality. The main reason for the growing interest in the TRA is because of the safety profile of this access. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a growing phenomenon. It is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to lower extremities due to atherosclerotic arterial lesions. According to the Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus on the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II), an endovascular approach is recommended in type A and B lesions, and an open surgical approach for type C and D lesions. The aim of the study is to put the accent on the advantages of the transradial approach (TRA) versus the transfemoral approach (TFA), its safety and efficacy in treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD) even in type C and D lesions, in well and properly selected patients on whom it may be performed, and to evaluate the outcomes of transradial iliac stenting (TRAIS), attempting to increase the demand for the new devices and tools for its treatment. These improvements will exclude some disadvantages and limitations of TRA in the field of endovascular peripheral interventions (distance from the puncture site to the lesion location, bigger support, thinner devices). Despite difficult lesions, TASC C/D, the overall primary procedural and technical success rate was 100%. The ankle brachial index (ABI) significantly improved from a mean of 0.46 to 0.90 and 0.94 on the six months follow-up. Angiographic estimated residual stenosis was 0%. No minor or major complications (haematoma, distal emboli, vessel dissection, rupture, death) were documented. The primary patency rate was 100% for the iliac and for the SFA. The secondary patency rate after 6 months follow-up was also 100%. Transradial access might be recommended as the first-choice vascular access site for interventions on the iliac, and even proximal femoral territories. This technique is still limited by the lack of adequate equipment. This issue should be overcome in the future.

Background: Raised SERPINE1 plasma levels are related to a 1-bp guanine deletion/insertion (4G5G) polymorphism in the promoter of the SERPINE1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 - PAI1) gene. Evidence suggested that the plasma levels of SERPINE1 modulate the risk of coronary artery disease; furthermore, that the 4G5G polymorphism affects the expression of the SERPINE1 gene., Aim: To analyse association of SERPINE1 polymorphism with occlusive artery disease (OAD) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in Macedonians in order to investigate its role as a part of candidate genes in different vascular diseases in Macedonians., Methods: Investigated groups consisted of 82 healthy patients, 75 with OAD, and 66 with DVT. Blood samples were collected after written informed consent was obtained, and DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Identification of SERPINE1 polymorphism was done with CVD StripAssay (ViennaLab, Labordiagnostica GmbH, Austria). The population genetics analysis package, PyPop, was used for analysis of the SERPINE1 data. Pearson's P-values, crude odds ratio and Wald's 95% CI were calculated with Bonferroni corrected p value., Results: The frequency of 4G allele for SERPINE1 was 0.538 for DVT, 0.555 for healthy participants, and 0.607 for OAD. The frequency of 5G allele for SERPINE1 was the smallest in patients with OAD (0.393) and was higher in healthy participants (0.445), and patients with DVT (0.462). Test of neutrality (Fnd) showed negative value, but was significantly different from 0 for SERPINE1 in healthy participants (p of F = 0.041) and in patients with DVT (p of F = 0.030). SERPINE1 genotypes in healthy participants and patients with OAD were not in Hardy Weinberg proportions (p = 0.019 and 0.001, respectively). No association between SERPINE1 polymorphisms and OAD or DVT was found., Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between SERPINE1 polymorphisms and occlusive artery disease or deep venous thrombosis in Macedonian population.

The aim was to investigate different genotypes and haplotypes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-677, -1298) and plasma concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) in Macedonian patients with occlusive artery disease (OAD) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Investigated groups consists of 80 healthy, 74 patients with OAD, and 63 patients with DVT. Plasma tHcy was measured with Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay. Identification of MTHFR genotypes and haplotypes was done with CVD StripAssay. The probability level (P-value) was evaluated by the Student's t-test. Plasma concentration of tHcy in CC and CT genotypes of MTHFR C677T was significantly increased in patients with OAD and in patients with DVT. Plasma concentration of tHcy in AC genotype of MTHFR A1298C was increased in patients with OAD and in patients with DVT. Plasma concentration of tHcy was significantly increased in AA genotype of patients with OAD, but not in patients with DVT. We found a significant increase of plasma tHcy in patients with OAD in comparison with healthy respondents for normal:heterozygote (CC:AC), heterozygote:normal (CT:AA), and heterozygote:heterozygote (CT:AC) haplotypes. Plasma concentration of tHcy in patients with DVT in comparison with healthy respondents was significantly increased for normal:normal (CC:AA), normal heterozygote (CC:AC), and heterozygote:heterozygote (CT:AC) haplotypes. We conclude that MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1289C genotypes and haplotypes are connected with tHcy plasma levels in Macedonian patients with OAD and DVT.