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Background: We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid (IV-TXA) on perioperative blood loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had undergone primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA)., Methods: For this single-center, single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, 10 male and 87 female participants with RA, aged 50-75 years, who underwent unilateral primary TKA were recruited. The patients received one dose of 1 g IV-TXA 10 min before skin incision, followed by articular injection of 1.5 g tranexamic acid after cavity suture during the surgery. The patients were randomly assigned (1:1) into two groups and received an additional single dose of IV-TXA (1 g) for 3 h (group A) or three doses of IV-TXA (1 g) for 3, 6, and 12 h (group B) postoperatively. Primary outcomes were total blood loss (TBL), hidden blood loss (HBL), and maximum hemoglobin (Hb) level decrease. Secondary outcomes were transfusion rate and D-dimer levels. All parameters were measured postoperatively during inpatient hospital stay., Results: The mean TBL, HBL, and maximum Hb level decrease in group B (506.1 ± 227.0 mL, 471.6 ± 224.0 mL, and 17.5 ± 7.7 g/L, respectively) were significantly lower than those in group A (608.8 ± 244.8 mL, P = 0.035; 574.0 ± 242.3 mL, P = 0.033; and 23.42 ± 9.2 g/L, P = 0.001, respectively). No episode of transfusion occurred. The D-dimer level was lower in group B than in group A on postoperative day 1 (P <  0.001), and the incidence of thromboembolic events was similar between the groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: In patients with RA, three doses of postoperative IV-TXA further facilitated HBL and Hb level decrease without increasing the incidence of adverse events in a short period after TKA., Trial Registration: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR1900025013 ).

Objective: To identify the efficacy and safety of multiple doses of intravenous tranexamic acid (IV-TXA) following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a tourniquet., Methods: This is a single-blind randomized controlled study that recruited osteoarthritis patients who had undergone primary unilateral TKA from May 2019 to May 2020 at our medical center. A total of 300 patients were randomly divided into three groups to receive: one dose (1 g) of IV-TXA before skin incision combined with one dose (1.5 g) of intra-articular tranexamic acid（IA-TXA) followed by a single dose of IV-TXA (1 g) for 3 h (group A); two doses of IV-TXA (1 g) for 3 and 6 h (group B); or three doses of IV-TXA (1 g) for 3, 6, and 12 h (group C) postoperatively. TKA with a tourniquet was performed by the same surgical team. The primary outcomes were total blood cell loss (TBL), hidden blood loss (HBL), maximum hemoglobin (Hb) drop, and transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes were levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer, and the incidence of postoperative complications. One-way analysis of variance, subgroup analysis, and multivariate correlation analysis were used to calculate the differences among the three groups., Results: The study included 56 male and 244 female patients aged 60-80 years. The mean TBL, the mean HBL, and the maximum Hb drop in group C (471.2 ± 190.6 mL, 428.4 ± 190.3 mL, and 21.2 ± 3.8 g/L, respectively) were significantly lower than those in groups B (563.4 ± 224.6 mL, P = 0.030; 519.9 ± 226.4 mL, P = 0.033; and 23.2 ± 4.1 g/L, P = 0.001, respectively), and A (651.6 ± 254.1 mL, P < 0.001; 607.1 ± 254.3 mL, P < 0.001; and 25.1 ± 4.3 g/L, P < 0.001, respectively). No transfusions were required. The postoperative acute inflammatory reaction was less problematic for patients in Group C, and the incidence of thromboembolic events was similar among the groups (P > 0.05). In addition, there were positive correlations between the HBL and the tourniquet inflation time (r = 0.844, P < 0.001). Similarly, the level of CRP on POD1 (r = 0.393, P < 0.001) and POD3 (r = 0.149, P = 0.010), and the level of D-dimer on POD1 (r = 0.382, P < 0.001) were positively correlated with the HBL., Conclusion: Three doses of postoperative IV-TXA decreased blood loss and diminished the postoperative inflammatory and fibrinolytic response more than a single dose or two doses in elderly patients following TKA without increasing the incidence of adverse events., (© 2020 The Authors. Orthopaedic Surgery published by Chinese Orthopaedic Association and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Introduction: This clinical trial is designed to evaluate the effect of multiple-dose tranexamic acid (TXA) on perioperative blood loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Methods and Analysis: A randomised, single-blinded, parallel-controlled study will be designed. Patients with RA (age 50-75 years) undergoing unilateral primary end-stage total knee arthroplasty will be randomly divided into group A or group B. Group A will be treated with one dose of TXA (1 g; intravenous injection 3 hours postsurgery) and group B with three doses (1 g; intravenous injection at 3, 6 and 12 hours postsurgery) after surgery. The primary outcomes will be evaluated with blood loss, maximum haemoglobin drop and transfusion rate. The secondary outcomes will be evaluated with knee function and complications., Ethics and Dissemination: The Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Ethics Committee approved in this study in July 2019. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Results of the trial will be published in the Dryad and repository in a peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, deidentified data collected and analysed for this study will be available for review from the corresponding author on reasonable request., Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR1900025013., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)