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62. Bombus (Bombus) lantschouensis Vogt (Figs 126, 127) Bombus lucorum var. lan-tsch��uensis Vogt, 1908: 101. Bombus vasilievi Skorikov, 1913: 172. Bombus lucorum ssp. beickianus Bischoff, 1936: 2. Bombus lucorum ssp. pseudosporadicus Bischoff, 1936: 2. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2012 a, b). This species has been confused with B. patagiatus. Material examined. 20 queens, 1981 workers, 485 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Widely distributed within North China, especially along the dry region of southern edge of Neimenggu plateau. Abundant at medium elevations of the Helanshan mountains, the Liupanshan mountains and the Luoshan mountains in Ningxia. Common at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau between northern Hebei and southern Neimenggu, at medium elevations of the Lvliangshan mountains in Shanxi, at medium elevations of the Mu Us semi-desert edge between in southern Neimenggu and northern Ningxia and northern Shaanxi, at low to medium elevations of the south Great Khingan mountains and low elevations of the Nenjiang river valley in northeastern Neimenggu, at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan mountains in northwestern Gansu, and at medium elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu. Rare at low elevations of the Moerdaoga forest park, the transition zone between the Hulunbeir grassland and the Great Khingan mountains forests in northeastern Neimenggu, at medium elevations of the Yanshan mountains in Beijing, at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi and Hebei, and at medium to high elevations of the grasslands of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. 195 localities (Fig. 126) between 215���3386 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. sporadicus (see the key; Figs 119, 127). Distribution in China. Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, C. japonicum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Dahlia pinnata, Helianthus annuus, Saussurea parviflora, S. purpurascens, Serratula coronata, Sonchus oleraceus, Xanthopappus subacaulis, Zinnia elegans, Z. peruviana; BALSAMINACEAE: Impatiens balsamina; BORAGINACEAE: Symphytum officinale; BRASSICACEAE: Brassica rapa, Erysimum amurense; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora polyantha, Platycodon grandiflorus; CRASSULACEAE: Phedimus aizoon; CUCURBITACEAE: Benincasa hispida, Cucurbita moschata, C. pepo; FABACEAE: Astragalus melilotoides, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis, Onobrychis viciifolia, Oxytropis kansuensis, Vicia amoena, V. uni juga, Wisteria villosa; GENTIANACEAE: Gentiana macrophylla; LAMIACEAE: Dracocephalum moldavica, Elsholtzia densa, E. stauntonii, Nepeta coerulescens, Salvia farinacea, S. roborowskii, Scutellaria baicalensis; LINACEAE: Linum usitatissimum; MALVACEAE: Gossypium hirsutum, Malva cathayensis; POLYGONACEAE: Polygonum bistorta; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum barbatum, A. flavum, Trollius chinensis; ROSACEAE: Cerasus campanulata, Amygdalus davidiana, A. persica, Cerasus tomentosa, Potentilla chinensis, Rosa rugosa, R. xanthina; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Veronicastrum sibiricum; SOLANACEAE: Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum japonense, S. melongena., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Vogt, O. (1908) Bombi (Hummeln). In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Expedition Filchner nach China und Tibet 1903 - 1905, X. Band - I. Teil, 1. Abschnitt: Zoologische Sammlungen, Berlin, pp. 100 - 101.","Skorikov, A. S. (1913) Neue Hummelformen (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). V. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 13 (1), 171 - 175.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27.","Williams, P. H., An, J., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., Goulson, D., Huang, J. & Ito, M. (2012 a) Cryptic bumblebee species: consequences for conservation and the trade in greenhouse pollinators. PLoS ONE, 7, 1 - 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0032992","Williams, P. H., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., An, J., Goulson, D., Aytekin, A. M., Best, L. R., Byvaltsev, A. M., Cederberg, B., Dawson, R., Huang, J., Ito, M., Monfared, A., Raina, R. H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Sheffield, C. S., Sima, P. & Xie, Z. (2012 b) Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. world-wide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 21 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.664574"]}

66. Bombus (Alpigenobombus) kashmirensis Friese (Figs 134, 135) Bombus mastrucatus var. kashmirensis Friese, 1909 [September, Tkalců, 1974 b]: 673. Bombus mastrucatus var. stramineus Friese, 1909 [September, Tkalců, 1974 b]: 673. Bombus tetrachromus Cockerell, 1909 [November, Tkalců, 1974 b]: 397. Alpigenobombus pulcherrimus Skorikov, 1914: 128. Alpigenobombus beresovskii Skorikov, 1933 a: 248. Material examined. 4 queens, 145 workers, 6 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. Common at high elevations of the Zhagana nature reserve in Diebu, at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Sunan and Tianzhu, and at medium elevatons of the Liancheng nature reserve in Yongdeng. Rare at medium to high elevations of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau meadows in Hezuo, Xiahe, Luqu and Lintan. 25 localities (Fig. 134) between 2272���4011 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution (Williams, 1991) but with much less variation in North China (Fig. 135). Similar species in North China. This species is often similar in its white-banded colour pattern to female B. ladakhensis (see the key; Figs 135, 149). Distribution in China. Sichuan. Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ALLIACEAE: Allium cyaneum, A. sikkimense; ASTERACEAE: Anaphalis hancockii, Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium japonicum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Cremanthodium lineare, Leontopodium leontopodioides, Saussurea stella, Saussurea sp.; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora sp.; FABACEAE: Hedysarum gmelinii, H. tanguticum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis; GENTIANACEAE: Gentiana algida, Gentiana sp.; GERANIACEAE: Geranium pratense; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia fruticosa, Salvia przewalskii; POLYGONACEAE: Polygonum viviparum; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum flavum, A. gymnandrumm, Clematis tangutica; ROSACEAE: Rubus sp.; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pedicularis kansuensis, P. spicata, Pedicularis sp., Pseudolysimachion sp.; TAMARICACEAE: Myricaria sp., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Friese, H. (1909) Neue Varietaten von Bombus (Hym.). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1909, 673 - 676.","Tkalcu, B. (1974 b) Eine Hummel-Ausbeute aus dem Nepal-Himalaya (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Bombinae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 55, 311 - 349.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1909) XLIII. - Descriptions and records of bees. - XXIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 4, 393 - 404.","Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14 (1), 119 - 129.","Skorikov, A. S. (1933 a) Zur Fauna und Zoogeographie der Hummeln des Himalaya. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1933 (5), 243 - 248.","Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204."]}

18. Bombus (Megabombus) koreanus (Skorikov) (Figs 38, 39) Hortobombus koreanus Skorikov, 1933 b: 59. Material examined. 4 queens, 85 workers, 10 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily in the Yanshan mountains and the Qinling mountains. Common at medium elevations of the Puwa nature reserve and the Lingshan nature reserve in Beijing, the Wulingshan nature reserve in Hebei, the Fuping nature reserve in Shaanxi, and the Xiaolongshan nature reserve in Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the southern Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi, at the medium elevations on the edge of the Mu Us semi-desert in northern Shaanxi and the loess plateau in central Shaanxi. 32 localities (Fig. 38) between 522���2076 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its orange-tailed colour pattern to B. ignitus (see the key; Figs 39, 121). Distribution in China. Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus; CUCURBITACEAE: Cucumis sativus; FABACEAE: Vicia cracca; BALSAMINACEAE: Impatiens balsamina; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia ciliata, Leonurus sibiricus; MALVACEAE: Malva cathayensis; ROSACEAE: Duchesnea indica., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Skorikov, A. S. (1933 b) Zur Hummelfauna Japans und seiner Nachbarlander. Mushi, 6 (2), 53 - 65."]}

38. Bombus (Psithyrus) expolitus (Tkalců) (Figs 78, 79) Psithyrus (Eopsithyrus) expolitus Tkalců, 1989: 44. Material examined. 3 females (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at high elevations of the Zhagana nature reserve of the east Qinghai- Tibetan plateau. 1 locality (Fig. 78) at 3524 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Carduus acanthoides., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Tkalcu, B. (1989) Neue Taxa asiatischer Hummeln (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 86, 39 - 60."]}

9. Bombus (Megabombus) trifasciatus Smith (Figs 20, 21) Bombus trifasciatus Smith, 1852 a: 43. Bombus ningpo��nsis Friese, 1909: 676. Bombus (Diversobombus) ningpoensis ssp. minshanicus Bischoff, 1936: 19. Taxonomy. For a discussion of the taxonomy of this species complex see Williams et al. (2009) and Hines & Williams (2012). Material examined. 563 workers, 1 male (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qin-Ba mountains in southern Shaanxi and southern Gansu. Abundant at low to medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve and the Xiaolongshan nature reserve in Gansu, the Heihe nature reserve, the Fuping nature reserve, the Qingmuchuan nature reserve, the Sangyuan nature reserve, the Changqing nature reserve, the Tianhuashan nature reserve, and the Micangshan nature reserve in Shaanxi. Rare at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park in Gansu, at low to medium elevations of the Shouyangshan nature reserve, the Zhongnanshan nature reserve, and the Niubeiliang nature reserve in Shaanxi. 57 localities (Fig. 20) between 540���2026 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution (Hines & Williams, 2012). In North China the principal variation is in the relative extent of the yellow and black hair on the dorsum of the thorax (Fig. 21). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its red-tailed colour pattern to B. bicoloratus (see the key; Figs 21, 27). Distribution in China. Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Guangdong, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Arctium lappa, Cosmos bipinnatus, Cirsium monocephalum, Dahlia pinnata, Erigeron annuus, Helianthus annuus, Rudbeckia laciniata; BALSAMINACEAE: Impatiens balsamina; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CARYOPHYLLACEAE: Silene fortunei; CLUSIACEAE: Hypericum ascyron, H. perforatum, Hypericum sp.; CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea nil; CUCURBITACEAE: Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Thladiantha dubia; FABACEAE: Campylotropis macrocarpa; LAMIACEAE: Agastache rugosa, Caryopteris divaricata, Clinopodium chinense, Leonurus japonicus, Stachys japonica, Vitex negundo; LYTHRACEAE: Lagerstroemia indica; MALVACEAE: Alcea rosea, Hibiscus syriacus, Malva cathayensis; NYCTAGINACEAE: Mirabilis jalapa; ONAGRACEAE: Oenothera biennis; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis edulis; ROSACEAE: Rubus sp., Spiraea japonica; SAXIFRAGACEAE: Astilbe chinensis; SOLANACEAE: Capsicum annuum, Nicandra physalodes, Solanum septemlobum; TILIACEAE: Grewia biloba., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1852 a) Descriptions of some new and apparently undescribed species of hymenopterous insects from north China, collected by Robert Fortune, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (2), 33 - 45.","Friese, H. (1909) Neue Varietaten von Bombus (Hym.). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1909, 673 - 676.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27.","Hines, H. M. & Williams, P. H. (2012) Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 166, 805 - 826. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00861. x"]}

3. Bombus (Subterraneobombus) personatus Smith (Figs 8, 9) Bombus personatus Smith, 1879: 132. Bombus Roborowskyi Morawitz, 1887: 197. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2011). Material examined. 13 workers, 2 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the east and northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Common at high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve, and rare at high elevations of the Gahai nature reserve in Gansu. 7 localities (Fig. 8) between 2659���3656 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species can be similar in its black- and yellow-banded colour pattern to B. difficillimus (see the key; Figs 9, 13). Distribution in China. Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Saussurea sp., Tephroseris pseudosonchus; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora polyantha; FABACEAE: Hedysarum tanguticum, Oxytropis ochrocephala; GERANIACEAE: Geranium pylzowianum; LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris mongholica.; ROSACEAE: Rubus sp.; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pedicularis chinensis, P. kansuensis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp.","Morawitz, F. F. (1887) Insecta in itinere cl. N. Przewalskii in Asia centrali novissime lecta. I. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 20 (1886) (3 / 4), 195 - 229."]}

31. Bombus (Thoracobombus) impetuosus Smith s. l. (Figs 64, 65) BOMBUS IMPETUOSUS Smith, 1871: 249. Bombus Potanini Morawitz, 1890: 350. Bombus silvarum var. subrufescens Friese, 1913: 87. Bombus (Agrobombus) yuennanensis Bischoff, 1936: 14. Bombus (Agrobombus) combai Tkalců, 1961: 357. Taxonomy. For a discussion of the taxonomy of this species see Williams et al. (2009). Assessment of COI barcodes supports this interpretation. Material examined. 3 queens, 169 workers, 14 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and the southwest loess plateau. Common at high elevations of the Zhagana nature reserve, at medium elevations of the Lianhuashan nature reserve, the Xinglongshan nature reserve, the Liancheng nature reserve in southwestern Gansu, and at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia and eastern Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southernmost Gansu. 45 localities (Fig. 64) between 1716���3524 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour of the pale hair bands in China but shows little variation in North China (Fig. 65). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its grey-banded colour pattern to B. lepidus (see the key; Fig. 65, 105). Distribution in China. Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Arctium lappa, Cirsium leo, Saussurea pulchella, S. stella, Saussurea sp., Senecio jacobaea, Sinacalia tangutica; BORAGINACEAE: Myosotis sp.; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora potaninii; FABACEAE: Astragalus bhotanensis, Melilotus officinalis, Oxytropis kansuensis, O. ochrocephala; GENTIANACEAE: Halenia elliptica; LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris incana, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, D. isabellae, Nepeta prattii, Salvia przewalskii, Salvia sp., Thymus mongolicus; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis sp.; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum carmichaelii, A. gymnandrum, A. leucostomum, Clematis tangutica; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Euphrasia pectinata, Pedicularis kansuensis, P. spicata, Pedicularis sp., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1871) Descriptions of some new insects collected by Dr. Anderson during the expedition to Yunan [sic]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871 (1), 244 - 249.","Morawitz, F. F. (1890) Insecta a cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta. XIV. Hymenoptera Aculeata. II). III. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 24 (3 / 4), 349 - 385.","Friese, H. (1913) Uber einige neue Apiden (Hym.). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 78, 85 - 89.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27.","Tkalcu, B. (1961) Zur Hummelfauna der Umgebung Kuku-Nors (Hymenoptera, Bombinae). Casopis Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti entomologicke, 58, 344 - 379."]}

33. Bombus (Thoracobombus) tricornis Radoszkowski (Figs 68, 69) Bombus tricornis Radoszkowski, 1888: 319. Material examined. 1 queen (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at medium elevations of the Songshan nature reserve of the Yanshan mountains in northern Beijing. 1 locality (Fig. 68) at 1590 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern to B. pascuorum, schrencki, B. hedini and B. atripes (see the key; Figs 55, 57, 59, 69, 71). Distribution in China. Beijing, Jilin, Heilongjiang (IAB). Forage plants. LAMIACEAE: Vitex negundo., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Radoszkowski, O. (1888) Etudes hymenopterologiques. I. Revision des armures copulatrices des males. II. Description de nouvelles especes russes. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 22 (3 / 4), 315 - 337."]}

32. Bombus (Thoracobombus) exil (Skorikov) (Figs 66, 67) Mucidobombus exiln. nov. Skorikov, [1923]: 150 (not a replacement name). Megabombus exil (Skorikov); Milliron, 1961: 56, justified emendation. Material examined. 1 worker, 6 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at low elevations of the Moerdaoga natural reserve of the Great Khingan mountains in Eerguna and Genhe, northeastern Neimenggu. 2 localities (Fig. 66) between 649���732 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its grey colour pattern to B. subterraneus (see the key; Figs 17, 67). Distribution in China. Neimenggu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Hieracium umbellatum, Serratula coronata; DIPSACACEAE: Scabiosa comosa., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Milliron, H. E. (1961) Revised classification of the bumblebees - a synopsis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 34, 49 - 61."]}

61. Bombus (Bombus) lucorum (Linnaeus) (Figs 124, 125) APIS lucorum Linnaeus, 1761: 425. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2012 b). This species has been much confused with B. cryptarum and B. longipennis. The species is difficult to distinguish reliably from B. cryptarum in particular except from COI barcodes. Material examined. 2 workers (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at low elevations of the Moerdaoga forest park, the transition zone between the Hulunbeir grassland and the Great Khingan mountains forests, and at low elevations of the Nenjiang river valley in the northeast of Neimenggu. 2 localities (Fig. 124) between 419���649 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. longipennis and B. cryptarum (see the key; Figs 123, 125, 133). Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. No records., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1761) Fauna Suecica sistens animalia Suecica regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum. Stockholmiae, 578 pp.","Williams, P. H., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., An, J., Goulson, D., Aytekin, A. M., Best, L. R., Byvaltsev, A. M., Cederberg, B., Dawson, R., Huang, J., Ito, M., Monfared, A., Raina, R. H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Sheffield, C. S., Sima, P. & Xie, Z. (2012 b) Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. world-wide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 21 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.664574"]}

Key to the species of the genus Bombus known from North China for females: 1 Hind tibia with the outer surface broad, almost flat, most of the outer surface in the distal half without moderate to long hairs, but fringed with stout hairs that form a pollen basket (corbicula), the inner distal margin with a comb of stout spines (rastellum); S 6 without ventro-lateral keels..................................................................... 2 - Hind tibia with the outer surface strongly and uniformly convex and uniformly densely covered with moderate to long stout hairs throughout, the fringing hairs often poorly differentiated and not forming a pollen basket (corbicula), the inner distal margin without a comb of stout spines (rastellum); S 6 with ventro-lateral keels.............................. 45 Psithyrus 2 (1) Mandible with the anterior keel reaching and continuous with the distal margin; the labrum with a longitudinal median furrow and a ventral transverse lamella; hindleg tibia outer surface smooth, shiny and with at most with one or two stout long hairs near the centre in the proximal half....................................................................... 3 - Mandible with the anterior keel not reaching and separated from the distal margin; the labrum lacks a distinct longitudinal median furrow and ventral transverse lamella; hindleg tibia outer surface rough, matte and with many widely spaced stout long hairs near the centre in the proximal half.................................................... 10 Mendacibombus 3 (2) Mandible distally broadly rounded, with two anterior teeth and often a posterior tooth; hindleg basitarsus with the longest erect hairs near the anterior margin of the outer surface as long as or usually shorter than the narrowest breadth of the basitarsus. 4 - Mandible distally not broadly rounded, but with six evenly-spaced large triangular teeth (which may become worn down); hindleg basitarsus with the longest erect hairs near the anterior margin of the outer surface as long or longer than the narrowest breadth of the basitarsus (but which may become broken off).................................. 73 Alpigenobombus 4 (3) Midleg basitarsus with the distal posterior corner extended to form a sharp angle of 45 �� or less, often produced as a narrow tooth or spine (it may be less pronounced in some of the smallest individuals), or if borderline then the cheek (oculo-malar area) in the centre with many small widely-spaced punctures (e.g. B. (Sb.) sibiricus)................................ 5 - Midleg basitarsus with the distal posterior corner broadly or narrowly rounded, but forming an angle of more than 45 �� and without a narrow tooth or spine, or if borderline then the area between the lateral ocellus and the inner margin of the eye with the unpunctured shining part occupying three quarters of the distance between the lateral ocellus and the eye (e.g. B. (Pr.) hypnorum)............................................................................................. 8 5 (4) Hindleg basitarsus with the proximal posteriorly-directed process with the dense plume of moderately long branched hairs on its proximal surface not continuing onto its outer surface, which is shining and often bare, or at most the outer surface with widely scattered rather reclining short hairs with broad shining areas between them; cheek (oculo-malar area) in the centre smooth and shining at most with a few very shallow punctures; median ocellus with its anterior margin lying on the narrowest line between compound eyes............................................................................ 6 - Hindleg basitarsus with the proximal posteriorly-directed process with the dense plume of moderately long branched hairs on its proximal surface continuing onto its outer surface as a dense erect brush of moderately long branched hairs that obscures the outer surface of the basitarsus between them; cheek (oculo-malar area) in the centre with many small widely-spaced punctures; median ocellus with its anterior margin lying anterior to the narrowest line between the compound eyes.................................................................................................. 81 Sibiricobombus 6 (5) Clypeus central area bulbous and often with at least a very few scattered large or medium punctures, or if the clypeus is mostly smooth and shining then the clypeus has a dorsal median longitudinal groove marked with punctures and the cheek (oculomalar area) is more than half as long as the eye; the corbicular fringes are always longer than the greatest breadth of the hindleg tibia; S 6 either without a raised median longitudinal ridge in the posterior one third or if a strong ridge is present then either the clypeus has medium and large punctures or antennal segment A 4 is shorter than broad.............................. 7 - Clypeus central area flattened and often smooth and shining with only widely spaced micro-punctures, the larger punctures only at the edges, or if the clypeus is more extensively and densely covered with many small and medium punctures then the corbicular fringes are shorter than the greatest breadth of the hindleg tibia; clypeus without a dorsal median longitudinal groove marked with punctures; cheek less than half as long as the eye; S 6 with a raised and often shiny median longitudinal keel in the posterior one third.......................................................... 11 Subterraneobombus 7 (6) S 2 usually slightly bulging between the anterior and posterior margins in a weakly rounded transverse ridge; hindleg tibia with the corbicular surface moderately convex and often swollen anteriorly and lacking any posterior concavity in the distal half; clypeus dorsally uniformly convex and always without a deep dorsal median longitudinal groove with many punctures........................................................................................... 27 Thoracobombus - S 2 flat between the anterior and posterior margins, with the weakly bulging transverse ridge absent; hindleg tibia with the corbicular surface nearly flat and only very weakly convex anteriorly and distinctly very slightly concave posteriorly in the distal half; clypeus in its dorsal third usually with a deep median longitudinal groove marked with many punctures.................................................................................................... 16 Megabombus 8 (4) Mandible near its distal posterior corner with a notch (incisura) that is nearly as deep as wide separating a strong posterior tooth (which may become worn down); clypeus in its central area always strongly swollen and bulging, contrasting with deep lateral depressions adjacent and parallel to the labral margin, large punctures dense throughout with few smaller punctures; hindleg basitarsus posterior margin broadly and evenly strongly curved............................. 65 Bombus s. str. - Mandible near its distal posterior corner with a notch (incisura) that is usually less than half as deep as wide, or often completely lacking and not separating a weak posterior tooth; clypeus in its central area usually weakly swollen or nearly flat, with only shallow lateral depressions adjacent and parallel to the ventral labral margin, large punctures at most widely scattered among many more of the smaller punctures; hindleg basitarsus posterior margin often curved either evenly but weakly, or much more strongly in its proximal half and nearly straight in its distal half....................................... 9 9 (8) Central area of the clypeus with widely scattered large and small punctures, appearing irregular and dull; area between the lat- eral ocellus and the inner margin of the eye with the band of punctures along the inner margin of the eye dorsally usually for most of its length with very few small punctures, mostly consisting of a few scattered large punctures separated by shining areas broader than the puncture widths, the large unpunctured and shining area adjacent to the ocellus usually large, occupying as much as three quarters of the distance between the lateral ocellus and the inner margin of the eye; hindleg basitarsus in the distal half with short slightly feathered hairs widely spaced so that the shining surface is clearly visible in between................................................................................................. 57 Pyrobombus - Central area of the clypeus with scattered mostly small punctures, appearing smooth and shiney, or if with large punctures then the labrum with the median longitudinal furrow only 0.2�� the labral breadth; area between the lateral ocellus and the inner margin of the eye with the band of punctures along the inner margin of the eye dorsally usually with many small and large punctures intermixed and separated by less than the widths of the large punctures, or if there are few small punctures then the part of the puncture band with only large punctures is absent or occupies only a short part of its length and the unpunctured and the shining area adjacent to the ocellus occupies less than half of the distance between the lateral ocellus and the inner margin of the eye; hindleg basitarsus in the distal half with dense overlapping short slightly feathered hairs largely obscuring the shining surface............................................................................ 76 Melanobombus 10 (2) Mendacibombus: hair of the thoracic dorsum with black and white hairs intermixed without a distinct anterior white band, T 4- 5 orange with white tips (Gansu)................................................................. B. waltoni - Hair of the thoracic dorsum with black and white hairs but with a distinct anterior white band, T 4���5 mainly white without orange (Gansu)............................................................................. B. convexus 11 (6) Subterraneobombus: clypeus smooth and shining with only micropunctures in its central half, hair of T 4���5 either white or yellow or black, or pale with continuous anterior black bands.................................................... 12 - Clypeus rough with small and large punctures scattered throughout, hair of T 4���5 yellow with black posteriorly-directed anterior triangles in the middle................................................................... B. amurensis 12 (11) Clypeus with the micropunctures sparse, most separated by more than 2 �� their own breadths; hair of T 1���2 either extensively black, or if T 1���2 entirely yellow or white, then either T 3���4 entirely black, or T 3���4 mostly yellow.................... 13 - Clypeus with many micropunctures, many separated by only 2 �� their own breadths; hair of T 1���2 entirely yellow or cream-yellow, T 3���4 usually black with broad posterior fringes of long white hairs, or if with only a few pale hairs, then the black band between the wing bases is nearly as broad as the yellow thoracic bands combined and black hairs intermixed throughout the posterior half of the anterior yellow thoracic band (Gansu)......................................... B. personatus 13 (12) Hair of T 1���2 entirely yellow or white, T 3���5 usually entirely black............................................. 14 - Hair of T 1���2 either extensively black, or if T 1���2 entirely yellow then T 3���4 also mostly yellow...................... 15 14 (13) Clypeus with a few sparse small punctures in its central half; hair of the thoracic dorsum either entirely yellow, or if a black band is present between the wing bases, then it is less than 0.8�� the breadth of the anterior yellow thoracic band; pale hair of the thorax lemon yellow or straw yellow, but usually only cream yellow if faded by the sun; hair (short) on T 2 straight and erect over the anterior one quarter (or less), curved and more decumbent over the posterior three quarters; T 5 with longest hairs projecting beyond the posterior edge by less than the greatest breadth of the hindleg basitarsus............. B. melanurus - Clypeus almost devoid of even micropunctures in its central half; hair of the thoracic dorsum with a black band between the wing bases, which is 0.75���1.0�� the breadth of the anterior yellow or white thoracic band; pale hair of the thorax cream yellow or white; hair (long) of T 2 straight and erect over the anterior two thirds, curved and more decumbent along the posterior edge; T 5 with longest hairs projecting beyond the posterior edge by more than the greatest breadth of the hindleg basitarsus (Gansu)........................................................................................ B. difficillimus 15 (13) Hair of T 1���3 mostly yellow or brown, T 4���5 with yellow or brown or black hair, but never white hair (Neimenggu)............................................................................................... B. distinguendus - Hair of T 1���3 with extensive and conspicuous areas of black, usually with narrow posterior fringes of short white or yellow hairs, T 3���5 with conspicuous white hair (Neimenggu)........................................... B. subterraneus 16 (7) Megabombus: cheek (oculo-malar area) length B. bicoloratus - Cheek (oculo-malar area) length>1.5�� the breadth of the mandible at its base between and including the mandibular articulations; hair of T 3 and tail black or brown or yellow or white or orange........................................... 17 17 (16) Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow or orange or brown, without an obvious band of black hairs between the wing bases... 18 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow or orange or brown, with an obvious band of black hairs between the wing bases..... 21 18 (17) Antennal segment A 4 shorter than broad.................................................................. 19 - Antennal segment A 4 as long as or longer than broad........................................................ 20 19 (18) Hair of T 3-6 black at most with a few slightly paler hairs in posterior fringes and especially at the sides, thoracic dorsum orange-brown, corbicular fringes black but sometimes with pale tips.................................... B. longipes - Hair of T 3���6 black with broad posterior white fringes, thoracic dorsum yellow, corbicular fringes pale...... B. ussurensis 20 (18) Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow or yellow-brown, lower side of the thorax nearly white, T 4���5 extensively white, corbicular fringes extensively pale tipped, hair long....................................................... B. consobrinus - Hair of the thoracic dorsum orange-brown, lower side of the thorax black, T 4���5 extensively orange or yellow, corbicular fringes black, hair short...................................................................... B. koreanus 21 (17) Hair of the thoracic dorsum white with a broad black band between the wing bases, at least T 3 bright red (Gansu)................................................................................................... B. supremus - Hair of the thoracic dorsum entirely black or with some yellow or brown hairs anteriorly and posteriorly, T 3 black or brown or yellow or white...................................................................................... 22 22 (21) Antennal segment 4 shorter than broad, hair of T 5 orange.......................................... B. trifasciatus - Antennal segment 4 as long as or longer than broad, hair of T 5 black or brown or yellow or white.................... 23 23 (22) Hair of the thoracic dorsum usually bright yellow with a clearly defined black band between the wing bases, the yellow with- out black hairs extensively intermixed.................................................................... 25 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum predominantly black with only dull yellow or brown hairs intermixed anteriorly and posteriorly in very weakly defined bands............................................................................. 24 24 (23) Hair of the side of the thorax and T 1 black or orange................................................ B. koreanus - Hair of the side of the thorax and T 1 pale yellow-white........................................... B. consobrinus 25 (23) Hair of T 1 bright lemon yellow, T 2 entirely black, T 5 more than the median half stretching from the midline is black................................................................................................. B. religiosus - Hair of T 1 dull sand yellow, T 2 yellow at least anteriorly, T 5 predominantly white at most with the median third black.... 26 26 (25) Short hair of the face pale, thoracic dorsum with the black band between the wing bases without yellow hairs intermixed, lower side of the thorax and the leg bases entirely white, T 2���3 sometimes predominantly pale, hair length medium.... B. sushkini - Short hair of the face black, thoracic dorsum with the black band between the wing bases often with yellow hairs intermixed, lower side of the thorax and the leg bases predominantly black or at least with many black hairs intermixed, T 2���3 predomi- nantly black, hair very short..................................................................... B. czerskii 27 (7) Thoracobombus: hair of the thoracic dorsum orange-brown, any black hairs on the thoracic dorsum either concentrated anteri- orly or in a minority and not obviously forming a distinct black band or spot between the wing bases.................. 28 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum grey or yellow or brown, with a distinct black band or spot or obviously greater concentration between the wing bases............................................................................... 35 28 (27) Corbicular fringes predominantly black or sometimes a few hairs with pale tips, hair of the face predominantly black or some- times the short hair is yellow........................................................................... 29 - Corbicular fringes predominantly yellow or sometimes a few hairs black, hair of the face predominantly yellow......... 32 29 (28) Hair of T 3���6 entirely black................................................................... B. opulentus - Hair of T 3���6 extensively orange or yellow................................................................ 30 30 (29) Hair of the side of the thorax black, thoracic dorsum and T 1���5 entirely bright orange-red, wings uniformly dark brown (Shaanxi)................................................................................... B. atripes - Hair of the side of the thorax may be black but us, Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560

76. Bombus (Sibiricobombus) sibiricus (Fabricius) (Figs 154, 155) Apis ���ibirica [sibirica] Fabricius, 1781: 478. Material examined. 9 queens, 1301 workers, 80 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Widely distributed in the dry zone along the southern Neimenggu plateau, the loess plateau, to the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Most abundant at medium elevations of the region from the edge of the Mu Us semi-desert in central Ningxia to the Liupanshan mountains of the loess plateau in southern Ningxia. Common at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands in northeastern Neimenggu, at low to medium elevations of the southern Neimenggu lateau, at medium elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu, and the south Qilianshan mountains in western Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, at medium elevations of the edge of the Mu Us semi-desert in northern Shaanxi, and at medium elevations of the northern Qilianshan mountains in northwestern Gansu. 87 localities (Fig. 154) between 602���2604 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Hebei, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium setosum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus, Olgaea tangutica, Saussurea sp., Zinnia elegans; FABACEAE: Astragalus adsurgens, Hedysarum mongolicum, H. tanguticum, Onobrychis viciifolia, Vicia cracca; LAMIACEAE: Leonurus japonicus, L. sibiricus; MALVACEAE: Gossypium hirsutum; ROSACEAE: Rubus sp.; TAMARICACEAE: Myricaria sp., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 75-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1781) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 1. Hamburg, 552 pp."]}

24. Bombus (Thoracobombus) deuteronymus Schulz (Figs 50, 51) Bombus senilis Smith, 1879: 131 (not of Fabricius, 1775: 382, = B. pascuorum (Scopoli)). Bombus deuteronymus Schulz, 1906: 267, replacement name for senilis Smith, 1879: 131. Agrobombus superequester Skorikov, 1926: 116, by indication of Skorikov, 1914: 405. Material examined. 1 queen, 75 workers, 12 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily on the Bashang plateau, the northeastern Neimenggu, and the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Common at low to medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, at low elevations of the Nenjiang river valley in northeastern Neimenggu, and at medium to high elevations of edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in Hebei and Shanxi, at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park of the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains, at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands in northeastern Neimenggu, and at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park in Gansu. 24 localities (Fig. 50) between 215���2872 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its grey colour pattern to B. humilis and B. pseudobaicalensis (see the key; Figs 51, 53, 61). Distribution in China. Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, Helianthus annuus, Saussurea sp., Sinacalia tangutica; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora potaninii; FABACEAE: Astragalus bhotanensis, Lespedeza bicolor, L. floribunda, Melilotus officinalis; LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris tangutica, Dracocephalum heterophyllum; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum gymnandrum; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pedicularis semitorta., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Flensburgi and Lipsiae, 832 pp.","Schulz, W. A. (1906) Spolia hymenopterologica. Paderborn, 356 pp.","Skorikov, A. S. (1926) Neue Hummel-Formen (Hymenoptera, Bombidae), VII. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 19 (1925) (2), 115 - 118.","Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14 (1), 119 - 129."]}

45. Bombus (Psithyrus) barbutellus (Kirby) (Figs 92, 93) APIS barbutella Kirby, 1802: 343. Psithyrus (Allopsithyus) barbutellus subsp. richardsi Popov, 1931: 150, 190, not of Frison, 1930: 6 = B. rufipes Lepeletier. PSITHYRUS MAXILLOSUS f. susterai May, 1944: 267, not infrasubspecific after Tkalců, 1977: 224. Psithyrus (Allopsithyus) richardsi subsp. licenti Maa, 1948: 34. Material examined. 2 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at medium elevations of the Baicaopan nature reserve in Beijing and the Wutaishan forest park in Shanxi. 2 localities (Fig. 92) between 1992���2590 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Beijing, Shanxi (IAB). Forage plants. DIPSACACEAE: Scabiosa comosa., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Kirby, W. (1802) Monographia apum Angliae; or, an attempt to divide into their natural genera and families, such species of the Linnean genus Apis as have been discovered in England: with descriptions and observations. Vol. 2. Ipswich, 388 pp.","Popov, V. B. (1931) Zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Schmarotzerhummeln (Psithyrus Lep.). Eos, 7 (2), 131 - 209.","Frison, T. H. (1930) The bumblebees of Java, Sumatra and Borneo (Bremidae: Hymenoptera). Treubia, 12, 1 - 22.","May, J. (1944) Beitrag zur Systematik einiger Arten der Schmarotzerhummeln - Psithyrus Lep. (Hyemn. Apoid.). Sbornik Entomologickeho oddeleni Narodniho musea v Praze, 21 - 22, 231 - 275.","Tkalcu, B. (1977) Taxonomisches Notizen zu einigen palaarktischen Bienenarten (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti zoologicke, 41, 223 - 239.","Maa, T. (1948) On some eastern asiatic species of the genus Psithyrus Lepel. (Hymenoptera: Bombidae). Notes d'entomologie chinoise, 12, 17 - 37."]}

69. Bombus (Alpigenobombus) breviceps Smith (Figs 140, 141) Bombus nasutus Smith, 1852 a: 44. Bombus breviceps Smith, 1852 a: 44. Bombus laticeps Friese, 1905: 513. BOMBUS RUFOCOGNITUS Cockerell, 1922: 4. Material examined. 31 workers (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qin-Ba mountains in southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi. Common at low to medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southernmost Gansu, and at low elevations of the Qingmuchuan nature reserve in southern Shaanxi. Rare at low to medium elevations of the Micangshan mountains in southern Shaanxi. 8 localities (Fig. 140) between 719���1320 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution (Hines & Williams, 2012). In North China the principal variation is in the relative extent of yellow and black hair on T 2 (Fig. 141). Distribution in China. Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CLUSIACEAE: Hypericum perforatum; CUCURBITACEAE: Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata; FABACEAE: Melilotus albus; LAMIACEAE: Salvia sp., Vitex negundo; NYCTAGINACEAE: Mirabilis jalapa., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1852 a) Descriptions of some new and apparently undescribed species of hymenopterous insects from north China, collected by Robert Fortune, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (2), 33 - 45.","Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922) Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum. 4. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 60 (18), 1 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.60 - 2413.1","Hines, H. M. & Williams, P. H. (2012) Mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic Bombus trifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) species complex and its comimics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 166, 805 - 826. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2012.00861. x"]}

52. Bombus (Pyrobombus) infirmus (Tkalců) (Figs 106, 107) Pyrobombus (Pyrobombus) infirmus Tkalců, 1968: 24. Material examined. 1 male (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qinling mountains. Rare at medium elevations of the Taibai nature reserve in southern Shaanxi. 1 locality (Fig. 106) at 2556 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Sichuan, Xizang, Shaanxi (IAB). Forage plants. No records., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Tkalcu, B. (1968) Neue Arten der Unterfamilie Bombinae der palaarktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Sbornik Entomologickeho oddeleni Narodniho musea v Praze, 65, 21 - 51."]}

40. Bombus (Psithyrus) rupestris (Fabricius) (Figs 82, 83) APIS rupe ���tris [rupestris] Fabricius, 1793: 320. Psithyrus rupestris f. buyssoni Vogt, 1911: 64. Psithyrus rupestris ssp. orientalis Reinig, 1930: 276 (not of Smith, 1854: 402 = B. haemorrhoidalis Smith). Material examined. 2 females, 3 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at high elevations of the Gahai nature reserve of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu, and at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia. 3 localities (Fig. 82) between 2094���3454 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. No records., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis observationibus, descriptionibus. Vol. 2. Hafniae, 519 pp.","Vogt, O. (1911) Studien uber das Artproblem. 2. Mitteilung. Uber das Variieren der Hummeln. 2. Teil. (Schluss). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1911, 31 - 74.","Reinig, W. F. (1930) Phaenoanalytische Studien uber Rassenbildung. I. Psithyrus rupestris Fabr. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 60, 257 - 280.","Smith, F. (1854) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Apidae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 199 - 465."]}

10. Bombus (Megabombus) longipes Friese (Figs 22, 23) Bombus longipes Friese, 1905: 511. Bombus (Diversobombus) hummeli Bischoff, 1936: 18. Material examined. 5 queens, 415 workers, 115 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Widely distritbuted in the Yanshan mountains, the loess plateau and the Qinling mountains. Abundant at medium elevations of the Lingshan nature reserve in Beijing, at low to medium elevations of the Wulingshan nature reserve in Hebei, at medium elevations of the Ziwuling nature reserve, the Kundongshan nature reserve and the Maijishan forest park in Gansu. Common at medium elevations of the Zhongnanshan nature reserve and the Niubeiliang nature reserve in Shaanxi, and the Baishuijinag nature reserve in Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in Ningxia, the Lishan nature reserve in Shanxi, the Lazikou forest park in Gansu, and the Huashan forest park in Shaanxi. 81 localities (Fig. 22) between 551���2278 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown and black colour pattern to B. opulentus (see the key; Figs 23, 49). Distribution in China. Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Arctium lappa, Cirsium leo, C. monocephalum, C. shansiense, Calendula officinalis, Dahlia pinnata, Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Ixeridium sonchifolium, Saussurea sp., Senecio laetus, Sonchus brachyotus, Tagetes patula, Zinnia peruviana; BIGNONIACEAE: Incarvillea sinensis; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CLUSIACEAE: Hypericum ascyron; CONVOLVULACEAE: Ipomoea purpurea; DIPSACACEAE: Dipsacus japonicus, Scabiosa comosa; FABACEAE: Astragalus dahuricus; Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza juncea, Melilotus albus, Vicia amoena, V. cracca; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia stauntonii, Leonurus japonicus, L. macranthus, L. sibiricus, Phlomis umbrosa, Phlomis sp., Salvia deserta, S. przewalskii, Salvia sp.; MALVACEAE: Alcea rosea, Hibiscus syriacus; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis sp.; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum gymnandrum, A. kusnezoffii, Anemone tomentosa, Clematis glauca; ROSACEAE: Potentilla multicaulis; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Phtheirospermum japonicum, Pedicularis torta.; SOLANACEAE: Solanum septemlobum; THYMELAEACEAE: Wikstroemia chamaedaphne; VALERIANACEAE: Patrinia scabra., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27."]}

21. Bombus (Thoracobombus) muscorum (Linnaeus) (Figs 44, 45) Apis Mucorum [muscorum] Linnaeus, 1758: 579. Material examined. 1 worker, 2 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands and the Nenjiang river valley in northeastern Neimenggu. 3 localities (Fig. 44) between 315���678 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its orange-brown colour pattern to some B. laesus, B. tricornis and B. atripes (see the key; Figs 41, 45, 69, 71) Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Helianthus annuus; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae, 823 pp."]}

14. Bombus (Megabombus) religiosus (Frison) (Figs 30, 31) Bremus (Hortobombus) religiosus Frison, 1935: 344. Material examined. 6 workers (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at medium elevations of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, Hezuo, Gansu; the Liupanshan nature reserver of the the loess plateau in Ningxia, and the Taibai natural seserve of the Qinling mountains in Shaanxi. 3 localities (Fig. 30) between 1303���2524 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. czerskii and B. sushkini (see the key; Figs 31, 33, 35). Distribution in China. Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris incana., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Frison, T. H. (1935) Records, notes and descriptions of Bremus from Asia (Bremidae: Hymenoptera). Record of the Indian Museum, 37, 339 - 363."]}

49. Bombus (Pyrobombus) hypnorum (Linnaeus) (Figs 100, 101) APIS Hypnorum Linnaeus, 1758: 579. Bombus calidus Erichson, 1851: 65. Taxonomy. For a discussion of the taxonomy of this species see Williams et al.(2009). Material examined. 17 queens, 35 workers, 51 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily in the west Qinling mountains and the Zhongtiaoshan mountains. Common at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park, the Xiaolongshan nature reserve, the Liancheng nature reserve in Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve and the Lianhuashan nature reserve in Gansu, at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia, at medium elevations of the Huashan park in Shaanxi, at low to medium elevations of the Wulaofeng nature reserve, and the Lishan nature reserve in southern Shanxi. 18 localities (Fig. 100) between 780���2923 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern with a white tail to B. consobrinus and workers of B. festivus (see the key; Figs 37, 101, 143). Distribution in China. Shanxi, Jilin, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium japonicum, Ligularia sp., Parasenecio roborowskii, Stemmacantha uniflora; APIACEAE: Angelica sp.; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CAPRIFOLIACEAE: Lonicera elisae; FABACEAE: Oxytropis ochrocephala, Piptanthus concolor; LAMIACEAE: Nepeta prattii, Thymus mongolicus, Salvia przewalskii, Salvia sp., Scutellaria scordiifolia; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium; ROSACEAE: Cerasus campanulata, Amygdalus davidiana, A. persica, Cerasus tomentosa., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae, 823 pp.","Erichson, W. F. (1851) Hymenoptera. In: Middendorff, A. T. v. (Eds.), Reise in den Aussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens, wahrend der Jahre 1843 und 1844 mit allerhochster Genehmigung auf Veranstaltung der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg ausgefuhrt und in Verbindung mit vielen Gelehrten herausgegeben. Band II. Zoologie. Theil 1, St Petersburg, pp. 60 - 65."]}

68. Bombus (Alpigenobombus) grahami (Frison) (Figs 138, 139) Bremus (Alpigenobombus) grahami Frison, 1933: 334. Material examined. 12 workers, 2 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qin-Ba mountains in southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi. Rare at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park and the Baishuijiang nature reserve in Gansu, at medium elevations of the Zhouzhi nature reserve, the Taibai nature reserve, and the Niubeiliang nature reserve in Shaanxi. 7 localities (Fig. 138) between 1284���2026 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, Cosmos bipinnatus; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; RANUNCULACEAE: Anemone tomentosa., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Frison, T. H. (1933) Records and descriptions of Bremus and Psithyrus from India (Bremidae: Hymenoptera). Record of the Indian Museum, 35, 331 - 342."]}

72. Bombus (Melanobombus) pyrosoma Morawitz (Figs 146, 147) Bombus pyrosoma Morawitz, 1890: 349. Bombus pyrrhosoma Dalla Torre, 1896: 544, unjustified emendation. Bombus rufus Friese, 1905: 511 (not of Villers, 1789: 328 = B. pascuorum (Scopoli)). Pyrobombus (Lapidariobombus) wutaishanensis Tkalců, 1968: 39. Material examined. 21 queens, 4088 workers, 380 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Widely distributed within the zone between the Neimenggu, the Qinghai- Tibetan plateau, and the Qinling mountains. Abundant at low to medium elevations of the Yanshan mountains in Beijing and Heibai, at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau between northern Hebei and southern Neimenggu, at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi, at mediuma elevations of the Liupanshan mountains in southern Ningxia, at mediuma elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu and western Shaanxi, at mediuma elevations of the west Qinling mountains in Gansu, and at medium to high elevations of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau meadows in Gansu. Common at medium elevations of the Helanshan mountains in northern Ningxia, at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park of the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains in Neimenggu, at medium elevations of the Lvliangshan mountains in western Shanxi, and at medium elevations of the Qinling mountains in Shaanxi. Rare at medium to high elevations of the northwest Qilianshan mountains in Gansu, and at the medium elevations of the edge of the Mu Us semi-desert in northern Shaanxi and northern Ningixa. 325 localities (Fig. 146) between 159���4011 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is often similar in its white-banded colour pattern to B. validus (see the key; Figs 137, 147). Distribution in China. Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ALLIACEAE: Allium chrysanthum, A. ramosum, A. przewalskianum; AMARANTHACEAE: Amaranthus retroflexus, ARALIACEAE: Fatsia japonica; ASTERACEAE: Anaphalis sinica, Arctium lappa, Artemisia palustris, Aster tataricus, Calendula officinalis, Callistephus chinensis, Carduus acanthoides, Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium leo, C. monocephalum, C. pendulum, C. setosum, C. shansiense, Cosmos bipinnatus, Dahlia pinnata, Echinops sphaerocephalus, Helianthus annuus, Heteropappus altaicus, Ixeridium sonchifolium, Leontopodium longifolium, Ligularia intermedia, L. przewalskii, Ligularia sp., Rudbeckia hirta, Saussurea pulchella, S. purpurascens, S. stella, Saussurea sp., Senecio jacobaea, S. nemorensis, Senecio sp., Sinacalia tangutica, Solidago canadensis; Stemmacantha uniflora, Tagetes patula, Zinnia peruviana; BEGONIACEAE: Begonia grandis; BRASSICACEAE: Erysimum amurense; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CAMPANULACEAE: Adenophora divaricata, Adenophora sp.; CLUSIACEAE: Hypericum ascyron, H. perforatum; COMMELINACEAE: Commelina communis; CONVOLVULACEAE: Calystegia hederacea, Cuscuta japonica, Ipomoea nil, I. purpurea; CRASSULACEAE: Phedimus aizoon; CUCURBITACEAE: Thladiantha dubia; DIPSACACEAE: Dipsacus japonicus, Scabiosa comosa; FABACEAE: Albizia julibrissin, Astragalus adsurgens, A. bhotanensis, A. complanatus, A. dahuricus, Astragalus sp., Campylotropis macrocarpa, Coronilla varia, Hedysarum mongolicum, H. multijugum, Lathyrus pratensis, Lespedeza bicolor, L. floribunda, L. juncea, Medicago ruthenica, M. sativa, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis, Onobrychis viciifolia, Oxytropis caerulea, O. ochrocephala, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Vicia amoena, V. cracca, V. pseudorobus, V. unijuga, Wisteria villosa; GENTIANACEAE: Halenia elliptica, Gentiana dahurica; GERANIACEAE: Geranium pratense, G. sibiricum, G. wilfordi; HYDRANGEACEAE: Hydrangea macrophylla; LAMIACEAE: Agastache rugosa, Caryopteris divaricata, C. incana, C. tangutica, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Elsholtzia densa, E. stauntoni, Isodon japonicus, Lamium album, L. barbatum, Leonurus japonicus, L. sibiricus, Dracocephalum moldavica, Mentha canadensis, Nepeta cataria, N. prattii, Phlomis umbrosa, Phlomis sp., Salvia farinacea, S. deserta, S. przewalskii, S. roborowskii, Salvia sp., Stachys chinensis, Thymus mongolicus, Vitex negundo; LILIACEAE: Lilium brownii; MALVACEAE: Abutilon theophrasti, Alcea rosea, Hibiscus syriacus, Malva cathayensis; NYCTAGINACEAE: Mirabilis jalapa; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium, Oenothera biennis; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis sp.; POLYGONACEAE: Fagopyrum gracilipes, Polygonum bistorta, P. lapathifolium ? P. nepalense; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum gymnandrum, A. kusnezoffii, Aconitum sp., Anemone tomentosa, Clematis aethusifolia, C. akebioides, C. brevicaudata, C. glauca, C. tangutica, Trollius chinensis; ROSACEAE: Agrimonia pilosa, Duchesnea indica, Cerasus campanulata, Amygdalus davidiana, A. persica, Cerasus tomentosa, Potentilla chinensis, P. multicaulis, Potentilla sp., Rubus crataegifolius; SALICACEAE: Salix caprea; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Linaria vulgaris, Pedicularis chinensis, P. spicata, P. t o r t a, Pedicularis sp., Veronicastrum sibiricum; SOLANACEAE: Petunia hybrida, Solanum japonense; THYMELAEACEAE: Wikstroemia chamaedaphne., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Morawitz, F. F. (1890) Insecta a cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta. XIV. Hymenoptera Aculeata. II). III. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 24 (3 / 4), 349 - 385.","Dalla Torre, K. W. V. (1896) Catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. X. Apidae (anthophila). Lipsiae, 643 pp.","Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Villers, C. J. D. (1789) Caroli Linnaei entomologia, faunae Suecicae descriptionibus aucta; DD. Scopoli, Geoffroy, de Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, & c. speciebus vel in systemate non enumeratis, vel nuperrime detectis, vel speciebus Galliae australis locupletata, generum specierumque rariorum iconibus ornata; curante & augente Carolo de Villers, Acad. Lugd. Maffil. Villa-Fr. Rhotom. necnon geometriae regio professore. Vol. 3. Piestre et Delamolliere, Lugduni, 657 pp.","Tkalcu, B. (1968) Neue Arten der Unterfamilie Bombinae der palaarktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Sbornik Entomologickeho oddeleni Narodniho musea v Praze, 65, 21 - 51."]}

55. Bombus (Pyrobombus) flavescens Smith (Figs 112, 113) Bombus flavescens Smith, 1852 a: 45. Bombus rufocaudatus Friese, 1905: 510. Bombus geei Cockerell, 1917: 265. Bremus (Pratobombus) mearnsi var. dilutus Frison, 1934: 174. Bombus (Pratobombus) mearnsi ssp. chekiangensis Bischoff, 1936: 5. Bombus (Pratobombus) flavescens f. dilutior Pittioni, 1949: 264. Material examined. 4 queens, 3 workers, 3 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at low elevations of the Zhongtiaoshan mountains in southernmost Shanxi, at medium elevations of the loess plateau in central Shaanxi, and at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park, the Xiaolongshan nature reserve, and the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southern Gansu. 8 localities (Fig. 112) between 780���1415 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Shanxi, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Guangdong, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Arctium lappa, Helianthus annuus; MALVACEAE: Alcea rosea., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1852 a) Descriptions of some new and apparently undescribed species of hymenopterous insects from north China, collected by Robert Fortune, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (2), 33 - 45.","Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1917) Two new humble-bees from China. The Entomologist, 50, 265 - 266.","Frison, T. H. (1934) Records and descriptions of Bremus and Psithyrus from Formosa and the asiatic mainland. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 24, 150 - 185.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27.","Pittioni, B. (1949) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna SO-Chinas. Die Hummeln und Schmarotzerhummeln der Ausbeute J. Klapperich (1937 / 38). (Hym., Apoidea, Bombini). Eos, 25, 241 - 284."]}

74. Bombus (Melanobombus) keriensis Morawitz (Figs 150, 151) Bombus keriensis Morawitz, 1887: 199. Bombus lapidarius var. tenellus Friese, 1913: 86. Bombus (Lapidariobombus) keriensis f. richardsi Reinig, 1935: 341 (not of Frison, 1930: 6 = B. rufipes Lepeletier). Bombus (Melanobombus) tenellus ssp. tibetensis Wang, 1982: 439, replacement name for richardsi Reinig, 1935: 341. Bombus (Melanobombus) trilineatus Wang, 1982: 441. Material examined. 12 queens, 124 workers, 3 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. Common at medium to high elevations of the northern Qilianshan nature reserve in Sunan. Rare at medium elevations of the southern Qilianshan nature reserve in Yongchang and Tianzhu, at medium elevations of the Liancheng nature reserve in Yongdeng, at high elevations of the Gahai nature reserve in Luqu, and at high elevations of the Dangjinshan pass of Aerjinshan mountains in Aksai. 17 localities (Fig. 150) between 2148���3656 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution (Williams, 1991). In North China it has a colour pattern with three yellow bands and a red tail without substantial variation (Fig. 151). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its red-tailed colour pattern to B. asiaticus (see the key; Figs 151, 157). Distribution in China. Sichuan, Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ALLIACEAE: Allium senescens; ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus, Ixeridium gracile, Saussurea sp.; GENTIANACEAE: Gentiana algida; FABACEAE: Astragalus adsurgens, Hedysarum tanguticum; LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris mongholica; MALVACEAE: Alcea rosea; ROSACEAE: Rubus sp.; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pedicularis kansuensis; TAMARICACEAE: Myricaria sp., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Morawitz, F. F. (1887) Insecta in itinere cl. N. Przewalskii in Asia centrali novissime lecta. I. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 20 (1886) (3 / 4), 195 - 229.","Friese, H. (1913) Uber einige neue Apiden (Hym.). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 78, 85 - 89.","Reinig, W. F. (1935) On the variation of Bombus lapidarius L. and its cuckoo, Psithyrus rupestris Fabr., with notes on mimetic similarity. Journal of Genetics, 30, 321 - 356. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02982243","Frison, T. H. (1930) The bumblebees of Java, Sumatra and Borneo (Bremidae: Hymenoptera). Treubia, 12, 1 - 22.","Wang, S. - F. (1982) Hymenoptera: Apidae- Bombus. In: Qinghai-Tibet plateau Comprehensive Scientific Investigation Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Eds.), Insects of Xizang. Vol. II. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 427 - 447.","Williams, P. H. (1991) The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 60, 1 - 204."]}

39. Bombus (Psithyrus) chinensis (Morawitz) (Figs 80, 81) Apathus rupestris var. chinensis Morawitz, 1890 [April 30]: 352 (not of Dalla Torre, 1890 [June 25]: 139 = B. rufofasciatus Smith). Psithyrus morawitzi Friese, 1905: 516 (not of Radoszkowski, 1876: 101 = B. morawitzi Radoszkowski). Psithyrus (Psithyrus) chinensis ssp. h��nei Bischoff, 1936: 26 (not of Bischoff, 1936: 10 = B. friseanus Skorikov). Material examined. 3 females, 18 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia. Rare at medium elevations of the Liancheng nature reserve and the Qilianshan nature reserve in western Gansu. 9 localities (Fig. 80) between 2020���2952 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Yunan, Xizang, Gansu, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. APIACEAE: Angelica sp.; ASTERACEAE: Ligularia sp.; LAMIACEAE: Dracocephalum heterophyllum., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Morawitz, F. F. (1890) Insecta a cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta. XIV. Hymenoptera Aculeata. II). III. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 24 (3 / 4), 349 - 385.","Dalla Torre, K. W. V. (1890) Hymenopterologische Notizen. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 9, 139.","Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Radoszkowski, O. (1876) Materiaux pour servir a une faune hymenopterologique de la Russie. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 12 (1), 82 - 110.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27."]}

56. Bombus (Pyrobombus) modestus Eversmann (Figs 114, 115) Bombus modestus Eversmann, 1852: 134. Bombus Ba��kalensis Radoszkowski, 1877: 203. Bombus nymphae Skorikov, 1910 b: 409. Material examined. 15 workers, 15 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at medium elevations of the Wulingshan nature reserve in Hebei. Rare at medium elevations of the Pangquangou nature reserve of the Lvliangshan mountains and at medium to high elevations of the Wutaishan forest park of the Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi, at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park of the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains in Neimenggu, at medium elevations of the Taibai nature reserve of the Qinling mountains in Shaanxi, and at medium elevations of the Liupanshan mountains in Ningxia. 13 localities (Fig. 114) between 511���3056 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-grey colour pattern to some B. wangae (see the key; Figs 115, 117). Distribution in China. Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Jilin, Shaanxi, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, C. pendulum, Echinops sphaerocephalus; FABACEAE: Lespedeza bicolor, Onobrychis viciifolia; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia densa, E. stauntonii, Leonurus sibiricus; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Eversmann, E. (1852) Fauna hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis. (Continuatio). Familia anthophilarium seu apidarum. Izvestiya Moskovskago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 25 (3), 3 - 137.","Radoszkowski, O. (1877) Essai d'une nouvelle methode pour faciliter la determination des especes appartenant au genre Bombus. Byulleten' Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, 52 (2 / 4), 169 - 219."]}

Key to the species of the genus Bombus known from North China for males 1 Gonostylus with the inner proximal process without medium-length branched hairs; volsella and gonostylus usually strongly sclerotised and mid or dark brown in colour; volsella often but not always with a process or hooks on its inner margin; penisvalve head either straight, or curved inwards, or curved outwards............................................... 2 - Gonostylus with the inner proximal process associated with many medium-length branched hairs; volsella and gonostylus usually weakly sclerotised and pale yellowish in colour; volsella always without a process or hooks on its inner margin; penisvalve head always nearly straight................................................................ 42 Psithyrus 2 (1) Antenna medium to long, reaching back at least to the anterior margin of the tegula at the wing base; penis spatha narrowly and sharply pointed at its proximal end; penis-valve head either straight, or curved inwards, or curved outwards; eye either enlarged or not enlarged relative to any females............................................................. 3 - Antenna short, not quite reaching back to the anterior margin of the tegula at the wing base; penis spatha rounded at its proximal end; penis-valve head always straight; eye always strongly enlarged relative to any females........ 10 Mendacibombus 3 (2) Penis valve narrow dorso-ventrally, at least in its distal third, which is slightly ventrally curved; antenna either of medium length or longer, reaching to or beyond the tegula at the wing base.............................................. 4 - Penis valve greatly broadened dorso-ventrally so as to form half of a broad tube, the distal end flared outwards as half of a broad ‘funnel’; antenna of medium length, not reaching back as far as the posterior margin of the tegula at the wing base........................................................................................... 63 Bombus s. str. 4 (3) Penis-valve head from the dorsal aspect turned inwards distally as a distinct broad hook, either dorso-ventrally flattened in the form of a ‘sickle’ or as an incurved ‘spoon’................................................................ 6 - Penis-valve head from the dorsal aspect distally either nearly straight or turned slightly outwards, at most with only a tiny inwardly curved narrow point........................................................................... 5 5 (4) Volsella in ventral aspect in its distal half broad, the inner hooks placed either close to the midpoint of its length between its broadest point and the distal end, or if close to the distal end then reduced to a broad blunt process; gonostylus with the inner proximal process often weakly sclerotised in the ventral part of the shelf, and if it has a long spine then this is usually nearly straight sharp and inwardly pointed; hind tibia with the outer surface inside the posterior margin convex...................................................................................................... 26 Thoracobombus - Volsella in ventral aspect in its distal half narrow, the inner hooks pointed and always placed close to the distal end; gonostylus with the inner proximal process uniformly strongly sclerotised and strongly re-curved away from the body midline and back towards the distal part of the gonostylus, with either at least one long strongly curved tubular spine with a blunt tip or flatter and with many teeth; hind tibia with the outer surface inside the posterior margin concave, or if convex then the volsella has the more anterior of the inner hooks with many radiating teeth.................................... 16 Megabombus 6 (4) Gonostylus usually a simple triangle, always without an inner proximal process; gonostylus with the inner distal margin at least slightly thickened in cross section with a submarginal longitudinal groove........................ 55 Pyrobombus - Gonostylus very variable in shape, but usually with a distinct inner proximal process; gonostylus with the inner distal margin simple flattened and blade-like in cross section without a submarginal longitudinal groove........................... 7 7 (6) Penis-valve shaft with a ventral angle about half way along its length and distinct either as a pronounced sharp angle or produced as a larger transverse process....................................................................... 8 - Penis-valve shaft with a ventral angle about half way along its length either reduced and very broadly rounded (not sharply marked) or absent..................................................................................... 9 8 (7) Penis-valve head turned inwards distally as an incurved ‘bowl’ or ‘spoon’ shape; penis-valve shaft with the ventral angle about half way along its length produced ventrally and laterally as a broad transverse paddle-like process; mandible distally pointed and with one anterior tooth............................................................ 11 Subterraneobombus - Penis-valve head turned inwards distally as a dorso-ventrally flattened ‘sickle’ shape; penis-valve shaft with the ventral angle about half way along its length produced ventrally as a pronounced angle; mandible distally pointed and with two anterior teeth............................................................................... 71 Alpigenobombus 9 (7) Mid basitarsus on its outer surface with many medium and long hairs; gonostylus with the distal lobe at least just shorter than broad; antenna either medium or long, reaching to or beyond the tegula at the wing base............... 74 Melanobombus - Mid basitarsus on its outer surface with sparse short hairs and very few or no moderate and long hairs; gonostylus with the distal lobe always longer than broad; antenna very long, reaching distinctly beyond the wing base........ 79 Sibiricobombus 10 (2) Mendacibombus: hair of the thoracic dorsum with black and white hairs intermixed without a distinct anterior white band, T 4–6 black or orange with white tips (Gansu)....................................................... B. waltoni - Hair of the thoracic dorsum with black and white hairs and with a distinct anterior white band, T 4–6 mainly white and without orange (Gansu)............................................................................. B. convexus 11 (8) Subterraneobombus: gonocoxa with a sharp dorsal ridge reaching all the way to the distal edge, on its inner side distally with a dorsally flat or concave triangular inwardly directed process................................................. 14 - Gonocoxa with the sharp dorsal ridge subsiding into the convex dorsal surface before the distal edge, so that the distal portion is rounded and finger like, or if the sharp dorsal ridge subsides only just before the distal edge then the gonostylus lacks a distinct and narrowed inner proximal process................................................................ 12 12 (11) Hair of T 3–7 yellow with small triangles of black anteriorly and medially; gonostylus approximately or nearly as long as broad with the apex truncate with two weakly marked angles, the inner proximal process at its narrowest point almost as broad as the length of the gonostylus; penis-valve head proximal outer corner with a long proximally-directed process; penis-valve ventrolateral process often with teeth but without long spine.............................................. B. amurensis - Hair of T 3–7 black; gonostylus much shorter than broad and triangular with the apex with one angle, the inner proximal pro- cess at its narrowest point half as broad as the length of the gonostylus; penis-valve head proximal outer corner without a long proximally-directed process; penis-valve ventro-lateral process with a dorsal and a ventral long spine................. 13 13 (12) Hair of the face yellow, or if black then there is no band of black hairs between the wing bases; gonostylus with the inner proximal process breadth at its narrowest 0.25× the length of the gonostylus; hair short and even............... B. melanurus - Hair of the face usually black, but if with many pale hairs then there are few or no pale hairs just above the wing base in the black band between the wing bases; gonostylus with the inner proximal process at its narrowest as broad as nearly 0.5× the length of the gonostylus; hair long and uneven (Gansu)........................................... B. difficillimus 14 (11) Either hair of T 2 black anteriorly or hair of T 4 entirely yellow or white; penis-valve head on its outer proximal corner with a toothed ridge, with two distinct anteriorly-directed flattened teeth or processes.................................... 15 - Hair of T 1–2 yellow, T 3–6 anteriorly black and posteriorly yellow or white; penis-valve head on its outer proximal corner with a simple anteriorly-directed long conical or cylindrical spine (Gansu)................................. B. personatus 15 (14) Penis valve with the ventro-lateral process with a strong dorsal tooth; the majority of the hairs just dorsal to the antennal base and anterior to the ocelli black; T 2 with black hairs usually intermixed for at least 0.5× the length from the anterior to posterior edges so as to appear as at least a conspicuous brown band, but occasionally reduced to inconspicuous patches of a few black hairs intermixed laterally near the anterior edge (Neimenggu)...................................... B. subterraneus - Penis valve with the ventro-lateral process with a weak dorsal tooth; the majority of at least the shorter hairs just dorsal to the antennal base usually yellow; T 2 without any black hair (Neimenggu).............................. B. distinguendus 16 (5) Megabombus: cheek (oculo-malar area) length B. bicoloratus - Cheek (oculo-malar area) length>1.5× the breadth of the mandible at its base between and including the mandibular articulations; volsella with the posterior (distal) inner process much longer than broad; hair of T 3 and tail black or brown or yellow or white or orange, body size medium...................................................................... 17 17 (16) Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow or orange or brown, without an obvious band of black hairs between the wing bases... 18 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow or orange or brown, with an obvious band or spot of black hairs between the wing bases.................................................................................................... 21 18 (17) Antennal segment 4 as long as or shorter than broad; gonostylus with a single inner proximal process forming a long narrow curved spine; volsella with the posterior (distal) inner process divided into two with the anterior branch broad like a hammer head.............................................................................................. 19 - Antennal segment 4 longer than broad; gonostylus with the inner process forming a broad flat plate; volsella with the posterior (distal) inner process divided into two with the anterior branch reduced to a small tooth............................ 20 19 (18) Hair of the thoracic dorsum orange-brown, T 5–7 black with a few paler hairs in posterior fringes and especially at the sides.............................................................................................. B. longipes - Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow, T 5–7 black with broad posterior white fringes........................ B. ussurensis 20 (18) Hair of the thoracic dorsum dull yellow or yellow-brown, upper half of the side of the thorax nearly white and paler than the thoracic dorsum, face usually with many long hairs pale as well as some black, hair long................ B. consobrinus - Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow-brown or orange-brown, upper half of the side of the thorax dull yellow-brown or orangebrown and similar in colour to the thoracic dorsum, face usually with the long hairs mostly black, hair short.... B. koreanus 21 (17) Hair of the thoracic dorsum white with a black band between the wing bases, at least T 3 bright red (Gansu)... B. supremus - Hair of the thoracic dorsum entirely black or with some yellow or brown hairs anteriorly and posteriorly, T 3 black or brown or yellow or white...................................................................................... 22 22 (21) Antennal segment 4 as long as or shorter than broad; gonocoxa distally broad, beyond it the gonostylus forming a short broad rectangular strap; hair of T 5 orange........................................................... B. trifasciatus - Antennal segment 4 longer than broad; gonocoxa distally narrowed to a rounded point, beyond it the gonostylus triangular; hair of T 5 black or brown or yellow or white.............................................................. 23 23 (22) Hair of the thoracic dorsum usually bright yellow with a clearly defined black band or small spot between the wing bases, the yellow without black hairs extensively intermixed.......................................................... 24 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum extensively black with only dull yellow or brown hairs more intermixed anteriorly and posteriorly in very weakly defined bands................................................................ B. consobrinus 24 (23) Volsella with the distal inner process divided into two hooks with the anterior branch forming a broad cone separated from the posterior branch and about half as long as the posterior branch, gonostylus with the inner basal process reduced to a long conical posteriorly directed spine; hair of T 5 black over at least the median half with pale lateral tufts............ B. religiosus - Volsella with the distal inner process divided into two hooks with the anterior branch forming a short tooth on the side of the posterior branch and much less than half as long as the posterior branch, gonostylus with the inner basal process flattened and broad; hair of T 5 pale at most only narrowly interrupted medially with black..................................... 25 25 (24) Hair of the face with many black hairs intermixed, thoracic dorsum yellow with a clearly defined black band between the wing bases...................................................................................... B. sushkini - Hair of the face with few black hairs intermixed, thoracic dorsum predominantly yellow with a poorly defined small black spot between the wing bases........................................................................ B. czerskii 26 (5) Thoracobombus: hair of the thoracic dorsum orange-brown, any black hairs on the thoracic dorsum in a minority and not obvious and not forming a distinct black band or spot between the wing bases........................................ 27 - Hair of the thoracic dorsum grey yellow or brown, with a distinct black band or spot or obviously greater intermixture between the wing bases...................................................................................... 35 27 (26) Hair of T 4–5 entirely black................................................................... B. opulentus - Hair of T 4–5 with some orange or yellow or grey........................................................... 28 28 (27) Gonostylus with the proximal inner process reduced to two long curved spines, the distal posterior part of the gonostylus longer than broad....................................................................................... 29 - Gonostylus with the proximal inner process forming a flattened plate sometimes with a one long spine, the distal posterior part of the gonostylus shorter than broad..................................................................... 30 29 (28) Hair of the thoracic dorsum and T 1–5 entirely bright orange-red, wings dark brown (Shaanxi)................. B. atripes - Hair of the thoracic dorsum yellow-brown, T 1–5 with varying proportions of yellow and black, wings nearly clear................................................................................................... B. tricornis 30 (28) Volsella projecting beyond the gonostylus posteriorly as a broad rectangle that is just longer than broad with two distal corners that are scarcely pointed, the double-hooked inner projection clearly separate more anteriorly.................. B. laesus - Volsella projecting beyond the gonostylus posteriorly as a single long curved narrow triangle or spine, the double-hooked inner projection clearly separate more anteriorly................................................................ 31 31 (30) Hair of the thoracic dorsum lemon yellow intermixed with many black hairs, sometimes slightly fewer black hairs anteriorly and posteriorly, T 2 predominantly lemon yellow sometimes with a few black hairs intermixed posteriorly, T 5–6 often with orange..................................................................................... B. remotus - Hair of the thoracic dorsum orange-brown either with few black hairs or with the black hairs much more numerous in the anterior three quarters.................................................................................... 32 32 (31) Gonostylus enlarged with the proximal inner projection with a strong elbow so that the main part of its length is directed posteriorly as a long straight narrow spine of almost uniform diameter; hair of the thoracic dorsum often with many black hairs intermixed, especially in the anterior three quarters (Neimenggu).................................... B. pascuorum - Gonostylus unenlarged with the proximal inner projection either directed in towards the midline, or if directed more posteriorly then it is triangular and gradually narrowing towards the tip; hair of the thoracic dorsum usually with few black hairs. 33 33 (32) Volsella posteriorly in lateral view broadly rounded at the apex; hair of the thoracic dorsum anteriorly and posteriorly narrowly yellow, T 1-6 yellow without black hair (Neimenggu).............................................. B. muscorum - Volsella posteriorly in lateral view narrowly pointed at the apex; hair of the thoracic dorsum brown without yellow but sometimes with some black, T 1–6 brown or yellow often

67. Bombus (Alpigenobombus) validus Friese (Figs 136, 137) Bombus validus Friese, 1905: 510. Taxonomy. Analysis of COI barcodes for the subgenus Alpigenobombus shows B. validus to be a species separate from B. nobilis, contrary to the interpretations of Williams et al. (2009) and An et al. (2011), which were based solely on morphology. Material examined. 99 workers, 5 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. Abundant at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Tianzhu, common at medium elevatons of the Liancheng nature reserve in Yongdeng, and rare at high elevations of the Zhagana nature reserve in Diebu. 11 localities (Fig. 136) between 2196���3524 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is often similar in its white-banded colour pattern to B. pyrosoma (see the key; Figs 137, 147). Distribution in China. Yunnan, Xizang, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Carduus acanthoides, Ligularia przewalskii, Ligularia sp., Parasenecio roborowskii, Saussurea sp.; FABACEAE: Oxytropis kansuensis, O. ochrocephala; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum flavum; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pedicularis kansuensis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523."]}

34. Bombus (Thoracobombus) atripes Smith (Figs 70, 71) Bombus atripes Smith, 1852 a: 44. Material examined. 11 workers (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qin-Ba mountains in southern Shaanxi. Rare at low to medium elevations of the Changqing nature reserve of the Qinling mountains, and at low elevations of the Micangshan mountains in southern Shaanxi. 7 localities (Fig. 70) between 272���1137 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern to B. pascuorum, schrencki, B. hedini and B. tricornis (see the key; Figs 55, 57, 59, 69, 71). Distribution in China. Chongqing, Shaanxi (IAB). Forage plants. ARALIACEAE: Aralia chinensis; LYTHRACEAE: Lagerstroemia indica; SAXIFRAGACEAE: Astilbe chinensis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1852 a) Descriptions of some new and apparently undescribed species of hymenopterous insects from north China, collected by Robert Fortune, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (2), 33 - 45."]}

47. Bombus (Psithyrus) norvegicus (Sparre-Schneider) (Figs 96, 97) Psithyrus norvegicus Sparre-Schneider, 1918: 40 (not of Friese, 1911: 571 = B. monticola Smith). Psithyrus norvegicus var. transbaicalicus Popov, 1927: 269. Nomenclature. For a discussion of nomenclatural problems see Williams et al. (2009). Material examined. 3 females, 4 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, and the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southern Gansu. 2 localities (Fig. 96) between 1557���1992 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Hebei, Sichuan, Gansu, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Echinops sphaerocephalus; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Sparre-Schneider, J. (1918) Die Hummeln der Kristiana-Gegend. Tromso museums arshefter, 40, 1 - 45.","Friese, H. (1911) Neue Varietaten von Bombus, III. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1911, 571 - 572.","Popov, V. B. (1927) New forms of the genus Psithyrus Lep. Konowia, 6 (4), 267 - 274."]}

20. Bombus (Thoracobombus) filchnerae Vogt (Figs 42, 43) Bombus Filchnerae Vogt, 1908: 100. Agrabombus adventor Skorikov, 1914: 119. Bombus (Agrobombus) lii Tkalců, 1961: 355. Material examined. 21 queens, 179 workers, 24 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily on the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, the Liupanshan mountains, the Bashang plateau and the Hulunbeir grasslands. Common at medium elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Gansu, at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia, at medium elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu, and at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands in northeastern Neimenggu. Rare at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in northern Shanxi, and at medium elevations of the sandy grasslands of the edge of the southern Neimenggu plateau. 44 localities (Fig. 42) between 602���2659 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow colour pattern to some yellow B. amurensis, B. distinguendus, B. laesus and B. anachoreta (see the key; Figs 15, 19, 41, 43, 47). Distribution in China. Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, Helianthus annuus, Ligularia sagitta, Olgaea tangutica; FABACEAE: Medicago sativa, LAMIACEAE: Leonurus sibiricus, Salvia japonica., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Vogt, O. (1908) Bombi (Hummeln). In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Expedition Filchner nach China und Tibet 1903 - 1905, X. Band - I. Teil, 1. Abschnitt: Zoologische Sammlungen, Berlin, pp. 100 - 101.","Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14 (1), 119 - 129.","Tkalcu, B. (1961) Zur Hummelfauna der Umgebung Kuku-Nors (Hymenoptera, Bombinae). Casopis Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti entomologicke, 58, 344 - 379."]}

54. Bombus (Pyrobombus) infrequens (Tkalců) (Figs 110, 111) Pyrobombus (Pyrobombus) infrequens Tkalců, 1989: 56. Material examined. 20 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in the Qin-Ba mountains in southeastern Gansu. Common at medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southernmost Gansu. Rare at medium elevations of the Maijishan forest park and the Guanshan forest park of the west Qinling mountains in eastern Gansu. 3 localities (Fig. 110) between 1770���2225 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-grey colour pattern to some B. remotus, B. picipes and B. wangae (see the key; Figs 63, 109, 111, 117). Distribution in China. Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja sp.; FABACEAE: Melilotus officinalis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Tkalcu, B. (1989) Neue Taxa asiatischer Hummeln (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 86, 39 - 60."]}

42. Bombus (Psithyrus) campestris (Panzer) (Figs 86, 87) APIS campe ���tris [campestris] Panzer, 1801: 74. Psithyrus (Metapsithyrus) susterai Tkalců, 1959: 251 (not of May, 1944: 267 = B. barbutellus (Kirby)). Psithyrus (Metapsithyrus) susteraianus Tkalců, 1977: 224, replacement name for B. susterai (Tkalců). Material examined. 9 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia. 5 localities (Fig. 86) between 1459���2601 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Jilin, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium setosum., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Panzer, G. W. F. (1801) Faunae insectorum Germanicae initia oder Deutschlands Insecten gesammelt und herausgegeben. Heft. Nurnberg, pp. 73 - 84.","Tkalcu, B. (1959) Eine neue Art der Gattung Psithyrus Lep. aus Korea (Hymenoptera, Bombinae). Casopis Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti entomologicke, 56, 251 - 254.","May, J. (1944) Beitrag zur Systematik einiger Arten der Schmarotzerhummeln - Psithyrus Lep. (Hyemn. Apoid.). Sbornik Entomologickeho oddeleni Narodniho musea v Praze, 21 - 22, 231 - 275.","Tkalcu, B. (1977) Taxonomisches Notizen zu einigen palaarktischen Bienenarten (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti zoologicke, 41, 223 - 239."]}

65. Bombus (Bombus) cryptarum (Fabricius) (Figs 132, 133) APIS cryptarum Fabricius, 1775: 379. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2012 b). This species has been much confused with B. lucorum and the two species are difficult to distinguish reliably except from COI barcodes. Material examined. 6 workers, 7 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at medium to high elevations of the Wutaishan forest park in Shanxi, and rare at low elevations of the Great Khingan mountains forests in Neimenggu. 6 localities (Fig. 132) between 401���3056 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. longipennis and B. lucorum (see the key; Figs 123, 125, 133). Distribution in China. Shanxi, Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium leo, Saussurea purpurascens; DIPSACACEAE: Dipsacus japonicus, Scabiosa comosa; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia densa; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium; ROSACEAE: Spiraea salicifolia., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Flensburgi and Lipsiae, 832 pp.","Williams, P. H., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., An, J., Goulson, D., Aytekin, A. M., Best, L. R., Byvaltsev, A. M., Cederberg, B., Dawson, R., Huang, J., Ito, M., Monfared, A., Raina, R. H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Sheffield, C. S., Sima, P. & Xie, Z. (2012 b) Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. world-wide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 21 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.664574"]}

58. Bombus (Bombus) sporadicus Nylander (Figs 118, 119) Bombus sporadicus Nylander, 1848: 233. Bombus (Terrestribombus) terrestris czerskianus Vogt, 1911: 56. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2012 b). Material examined. 5 workers, 3 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Rare at low elevations of the northernmost Great Khingan mountains in northeastern Neimenggu. 4 localities (Fig. 118) between 621���776 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. lantschouensis (see the key; Figs 119, 127). Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Jilin, Heilongjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Hieracium umbellatum, Serratula coronata; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum kusnezoffii; ROSACEAE: Spiraea salicifolia., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Nylander, W. (1848) Adnotationes in expositionem monographicam apum borealium. Meddelanden af Societatis pro fauna et flora fennica, 1, 165 - 282.","Vogt, O. (1911) Studien uber das Artproblem. 2. Mitteilung. Uber das Variieren der Hummeln. 2. Teil. (Schluss). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1911, 31 - 74.","Williams, P. H., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., An, J., Goulson, D., Aytekin, A. M., Best, L. R., Byvaltsev, A. M., Cederberg, B., Dawson, R., Huang, J., Ito, M., Monfared, A., Raina, R. H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Sheffield, C. S., Sima, P. & Xie, Z. (2012 b) Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. world-wide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 21 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.664574"]}

35. Bombus (Psithyrus) tibetanus (Morawitz) (Figs 72, 73) Apathus tibetanus Morawitz, 1887: 202. Material examined. 1 female (PHW). Distribution in North China. Very rare at high elevations of the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Xiahe, Gansu. 1 locality (Fig. 72) between 3000���3700 m (PHW). Distribution in China. Gansu, Qinghai (IAB, PHW). Forage plants. No records., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Morawitz, F. F. (1887) Insecta in itinere cl. N. Przewalskii in Asia centrali novissime lecta. I. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 20 (1886) (3 / 4), 195 - 229."]}

17. Bombus (Megabombus) consobrinus Dahlbom (Figs 36, 37) Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom, 1832: 49. Material examined. 7 queens, 142 workers, 105 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily in the Taihangshan mountains, the Yanshan mountains, and the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Common at medium elevation of the Baicaopan nature reserve and the Lingshan nature reserve in Beijing, at medium elevation of the Wulingshan nature reserve in Hebei, and at medium to high elevations of the Wutaishan forest park in Shanxi. Rare at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve, the Liancheng nature reserve, the Lianhuashan nature reserve, the Zhagana nature reserve of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu, the Liupanshan nature reserve of the loess plateau in southern Ningxia, at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park, and at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands in Neimenggu. 53 localities (Fig. 36) between 315���3279 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern with a white tail to B. hypnorum and workers of B. festivus (see the key; Figs 37, 101, 143). Distribution in China. Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium leo, C. setosum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus, Ixeridium sonchifolium, Saussurea sp.; CRASSULACEAE: Orostachys fimbriata; LAMIACEAE: Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Elsholtzia ciliata, E. fruticosa, E. stauntonii, Leonurus sibiricus, Phlomis umbrosa, Salvia sp.; MALVACEAE: Malva cathayensis; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum barbatum, A. kusnezoffii, Clematis tangutica, Trollius chinensis; ROSACEAE: Potentilla chinensis. This species is known in northern Europe to be monolectic (Loken, 1973) but in North China it collects both nectar and pollen from multiple plant species., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Dahlbom, G. (1832) Bombi Scandinaviae monographice tractati et ionibus illustrati. London, 55 pp.","Loken, A. (1973) Studies on Scandinavian bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Norsk entomologisk Tidsskrift, 20, 1 - 218."]}

23. Bombus (Thoracobombus) opulentus Smith (Figs 48, 49) Bombus opulentus Smith, 1861: 153. Material examined. 8 queens, 328 workers, 24 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily on the Bashang plateau, the Yanshan mountains, the Taihangshan mountains, the loess plateau and the Qinling mountains. Abundant at low elevations of the Simatai Greatwall scenic spots of the Yanshan mountains in Beijing. Common at low elevations of the Bashang plateau and at medium elevations of the Wulingshan nature reserve in Hebei, at medium elevations of the Ziwuling nature reserve and the Maijishan forest park in Gansu, at low elevations of the Fuping nature reserve in Shaanxi. Rare at low to medium elevations of the Panshan forest park, the Shangfangshan forest park, the Lingshan nature reserve, the Puwa nature reserve in Beijing, at low elevations of the Jiudingshan forest park in Tianjin, at low to medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi, at medium elevations of the loess plateau in northern Shaanxi, at medium elevations of the Xiaolongshan nature reserve and the Baishangjiang nature reserve, at high elevations of the Gahai nature reserve in Gansu, and at medium elevations of the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia. 78 localities (Fig. 48) between 65���3432 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown and black colour pattern to B. longipes (see the key; Figs 23, 49). Distribution in China. Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Arctium lappa, Cirsium shansiense, Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Senecio laetus; Solidago canadensis; CUCURBITACEAE: Thladiantha dubia; CONVOLVULACEAE: Merremia sibirica, Ipomoea purpurea; FABACEAE: Astragalus adsurgens, A. dahuricus, Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lablab purpureus, Lespedeza bicolor, L. juncea, Melilotus albus, Onobrychis viciifolia, Vicia amoena, V. cracca; LAMIACEAE: Elsholtzia ciliata, E. stauntonii, Leonurus japonicus, L. macranthus, L. sibiricus, Phlomis umbrosa, Salvia deserta, S. farinacea, Stachys chinensis, Vitex negundo; MALVACEAE: Hibiscus syriacus; ROSACEAE: Duchesnea indica; SOLANACEAE: Solanum nigrum, S. septemlobum., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1861) Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera. Journal of Entomology, 1 (3), 146 - 155."]}

26. Bombus (Thoracobombus) pascuorum (Scopoli) (Figs 54, 55) APIS Pa ���cuorum [pascuorum] Scopoli, 1763: 306. Apis ���enilis [senilis] Fabricius, 1775: 382. Apis agrorum Fabricius, 1787: 301 (not of Schrank, 1781: 397 = B. mesomelas Gerstaecker). Material examined. 8 workers, 20 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only in northeastern Neimenggu. Common at low elevations of the Moerdaoga forest park, in the transition zone between the Hulunbeir grasslands and the Great Khingan mountains forests in northeastern Neimenggu. Rare at low elevations of the Nenjiang river valley in Elunchun, northeastern Neimenggu, and at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park of the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains in Neimenggu. 4 localities (Fig. 54) between 395���1665 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution. In North China it shows only a small part of this variation (see the key). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern to B. schrencki, B. hedini, B. tricornis and B. atripes (see the key; Figs 55, 57, 59, 69, 71). Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Achillea millefolium, Hieracium umbellatum, Saussurea sp., Serratula coronata; CRASSULACEAE: Orostachys fimbriata, O. malacophylla; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum kusnezoffii; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Pseudolysimachion linariifolium., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Scopoli, J. A. (1763) Entomologia Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Vindobonae, 420 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Flensburgi and Lipsiae, 832 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Vol. 1. Hafniae, 348 pp.","Schrank, F. d. P. (1781) Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum. Vienna, 548 pp."]}

59. Bombus (Bombus) ignitus Smith (Figs 120, 121) Bombus ignitus Smith, 1869: 207. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2012 b). Material examined. 36 queens, 871 workers, 285 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily in the Yanshan mountains, the loess plateau and the Qinling mountains. Abundant at low to medium elevations of the Yanshan mountains in Beijing and northern Hebei, and at medium elevations of the Qinling mountains in southeastern Gansu and southern Shaanxi. Common at medium elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu and central Shaanxi. Rare at low to medium elevations of the Zhongtiaoshan mountains in southernmost Shanxi, and at high elevations of the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. 135 localities (Fig. 120) between 134���3432 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its red-tailed colour pattern to B. koreanus (see the key; Figs 39, 121). Distribution in China. Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ALLIACEAE: Allium fistulosum; APIACEAE: Foeniculum vulgare; ARALIACEAE: Aralia chinensis, Fatsia japonica; ASTERACEAE: Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium monocephalum, C. shansiense, Cosmos bipinnatus, Dahlia pinnata, Echinops sphaerocephalus, Helianthus annuus, Ligularia intermedia, Ixeridium sonchifolium, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata; Saussurea pulchella, Saussurea sp.; Tagetes patula; BEGONIACEAE: Begonia grandis; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis; CLUSIACEAE: Hypericum perforatum; CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea nil; CUCURBITACEAE: Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Thladiantha dubia; FABACEAE: Albizia julibrissin, Astragalus dahuricus, Campylotropis macrocarpa, Coronilla varia, Lablab purpureus, Lespedeza bicolor, L. daurica, Piptanthus concolor, Phaseolus vulgaris, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sophora davidii, S. japonica, Trifolium pretense, T. repens, Vicia amoena, V. cracca, V. unijuga, Wisteria villosa; LAMIACEAE: Agastache rugosa, Caryopteris divaricata, Elsholtzia ciliata, Leonurus japonicus, L. macranthus, L. sibiricus, Nepeta cataria, Phlomis umbrosa, Salvia farinacea, Stachys sieboldii, Vitex negundo; LYTHRACEAE: Lagerstroemia indica, Lythrum salicaria; MAGNOLIACEAE: Yulania denudata; MALVACEAE: Abutilon theophrasti, Alcea rosea, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus trionum, Malva cathayensis; OLEACEAE: Ligustrum lucidum; ONAGRACEAE: Chamerion angustifolium, Oenothera biennis; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis sp., Dicranostigma leptopodum, Macleaya microcarpa; POLYGONACEAE: Polygonum nepalense; RANUNCULACEAE: Anemone tomentosa, Trollius chinensis; ROSACEAE: Amygdalus davidiana, A. persica, A. triloba, Armeniaca sibirica, A. vulgaris, Cerasus campanulata, C. tomentosa, Malus pumila, Potentilla chinensis, Rosa chinensis, R. filipes, R. xanthina, Rubus crataegifolius; SALICACEAE: Salix caprea; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Paulownia elongata, Veronicastrum sibiricum; SOLANACEAE: Capsicum annuum, Petunia hybrida, Solanum japonense, S. melongena; THYMELAEACEAE: Wikstroemia chamaedaphne; TILIACEAE: Grewia biloba., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1869) Descriptions of Hymenoptera from Japan. Entomologist, 4 (62), 205 - 208.","Williams, P. H., Brown, M. J. F., Carolan, J. C., An, J., Goulson, D., Aytekin, A. M., Best, L. R., Byvaltsev, A. M., Cederberg, B., Dawson, R., Huang, J., Ito, M., Monfared, A., Raina, R. H., Schmid-Hempel, P., Sheffield, C. S., Sima, P. & Xie, Z. (2012 b) Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. world-wide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 10, 21 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2012.664574"]}

6. Bombus (Subterraneobombus) amurensis Radoszkowski (Figs 14, 15) Bombus Amurensis Radoszkowski, 1862: 590. Bombus fragrans ssp. mongol Skorikov, 1912: 607. Bombus (Subterraneobombus) chaharensis Yasumatsu, 1940: 94. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2011). Material examined. 5 queens, 47 workers, 5 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at medium elevations of the transition zone between the Yanshan mountains in Hebei and the Neimenggu plateau, and rare at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grassland in northeastern Neimenggu. 9 localities (Fig. 14) between 712���1498 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow colour pattern to some yellow B. distinguendus, B. laesus, B. filchnerae and B. anachoreta (see the key; Figs 15, 19, 41, 43, 47). Distribution in China. Hebei, Neimenggu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus; FABACEAE: Astragalus dahuricus, Vicia amoena, V. cracca; LAMIACEAE: Leonurus sibiricus., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Radoszkowski, O. (1862) Sur quelques hymenopteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Byulleten' Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody, 35 (1 / 2), 589 - 598.","Skorikov, A. S. (1912) Neue Hummelformen (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). IV. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 12 (3), 606 - 610.","Yasumatsu, K. (1940) Contributions to the hymenopterous fauna of Inner Mongolia and North China. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society, 16, 90 - 95."]}

36. Bombus (Psithyrus) cornutus (Frison) (Figs 74, 75) Psithyrus (Psithyrus) cornutus Frison, 1933: 338. Psithyrus (Psithyrus) pyramideus Maa, 1948: 19. Psithyrus (Psithyrus) acutisquameus Maa, 1948: 21. Psithyrus (Ceratopsithyrus) klapperichi Pittioni, 1949: 273 (not of Pittioni, 1949: 266 = B. picipes Richards). Psithyrus (Eopsithyrus) cornutus ssp. canus Tkalců, 1989: 42 (not of Schmiedeknecht, 1883: 359 = B. pomorum (Panzer)). Material examined. 3 females, 10 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Primarily in the Qinling mountains. Rare at medium elevations of the Lishan nature reserve in southern Shanxi, the Maijishan forest park and the Baishuijiang nature reserve in southern Gansu, the Taibai nature reserve, the Niubeiliang nature reserve, and the Huashan park in southern Shaanxi, and the Liupanshan nature reserve in southern Ningxia. 9 localities (Fig. 74) between 1379���2601 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Shanxi, Anhui, Fujian, Chongqing, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium monocephalum; BUDDLEJACEAE: Buddleja officinalis., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Frison, T. H. (1933) Records and descriptions of Bremus and Psithyrus from India (Bremidae: Hymenoptera). Record of the Indian Museum, 35, 331 - 342.","Maa, T. (1948) On some eastern asiatic species of the genus Psithyrus Lepel. (Hymenoptera: Bombidae). Notes d'entomologie chinoise, 12, 17 - 37.","Pittioni, B. (1949) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna SO-Chinas. Die Hummeln und Schmarotzerhummeln der Ausbeute J. Klapperich (1937 / 38). (Hym., Apoidea, Bombini). Eos, 25, 241 - 284.","Tkalcu, B. (1989) Neue Taxa asiatischer Hummeln (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 86, 39 - 60.","Schmiedeknecht, H. L. O. (1883) Apidae Europaeae (Die Bienen Europa's) per genera, species et varietates. Dispositae atque descriptae. Vol. I. fascicule 6. Berlin, pp. 9 (393) - 29 (413), 1 (415) - 56 (470)."]}

An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie, Williams, Paul H. (2014): The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille). Zootaxa 3830 (1): 1-89, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1

15. Bombus (Megabombus) czerskii Skorikov (Figs 32, 33) Bombus czerskii Skorikov, 1910 b: 413. Material examined. 4 queens, 17 workers, 9 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at medium elevations of the transition zone between the edge of the east Otindag semi-desert and the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains, in Majiayingzi, Keshiketeng, Neimenggu. Rare at medium elevations of the Ziwuling nature reserve of the loess plateau in Gansu, at medium elevations of the Lvliangshan mountains in Shanxi, at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in Hebei, at low elevations of the Honghuaerji forest park, on the edge of the east Hulunbeir grassland to the Great Khingan mountians in Neimenggu, and at low elevations in the grasslands in Keerqinyouyiqianqi and in Ningcheng, Neimenggu. 12 localities (Fig. 32) between 471���1557 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow-banded colour pattern to B. religiosus and B. sushkini (see the key; Figs 31, 33, 35). Distribution in China. Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Gansu (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus; FABACEAE: Onobrychis viciifolia; LAMIACEAE: Leonurus sibiricus., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560

28. Bombus (Thoracobombus) hedini Bischoff (Figs 58, 59) Bombus silvarum ssp. unicolor Friese, 1905: 514 (not of Kriechbaumer, 1870: 159 = B. barbutellus (Kirby)). Bombus (Agrobombus) hedini Bischoff, 1936: 15 (not of Bischoff, 1936: 25 = B. bohemicus Seidl). Nomenclature. The name hedini Bischoff (1936: 15) was selected as the valid name for this species by Williams (1998) by the Principle of the First Reviser (ICZN, 1999). Material examined. 6 queens, 1045 workers, 54 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Widely distributed within the zone from the edge of southern Neimenggu plateau, the Yanshan mountains, the Taihangshan mountains, the loess plateau, to the edge of the east Qinghai- Tibetan plateau. Abundant at medium elevations of the loess plateau in eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia. Common at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, at low to medium elevations of the Yanshan mountains in northnorthern Beijing, at medium elevations of the Lvliangshan mountains in Shanxi, and at medium elevations of the loess plateau in northwestern Shaanxi. Rare at medium elevations of the Jiudingshan forest park in Tianjin, at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains in Shanxi, at medium elevations of the Huanggangliang forest park of the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains in Neimenggu, at the medium elevations of the edge of the sourthern Mu Us semi-desert in northern Shaanxi and northern Ningxia, and at medium elevations of the Baishuijiang nature reserve of southernmost Gansu, and at high elevations of the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in western Gansu. 137 localities (Fig. 58) between 232���3432 m (IAB). Variation in North China. This species shows some variation in North China (see the key). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its brown colour pattern to B. pascuorum, B. schrencki, B. tricornis and B. atripes (see the key; Figs 55, 57, 59, 69, 71). Distribution in China. Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cirsium shansiense, Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus, Solidago canadensis, Saussurea sp.; FABACEAE: Astragalus bhotanensis, A. dahuricus, A. penduliflorus, Lespedeza bicolor, L. juncea, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis, Onobrychis viciifolia, Vicia amoena, V. unijuga; GENTIANACEAE: Halenia elliptica; LAMIACEAE: Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Elsholtzia ciliata, Leonurus japonicus, L. sibiricus, Phlomis sp., Salvia deserta, S. farinacea, Salvia sp., Stachys chinensis, S. japonica ? Vitex negundo; PAPAVERACEAE: Corydalis sp.; RANUNCULACEAE: Trollius chinensis; ROSACEAE: Potentilla chinensis, Rubus crataegifolius; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Euphrasia pectinata; THYMELAEACEAE: Wikstroemia chamaedaphne; VALERIANACEAE: Patrinia scabra., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Friese, H. (1905) Neue oder wenig bekannte Hummeln des russischen Reiches (Hymenoptera). Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskago muzeya, 9, 507 - 523.","Kriechbaumer, J. (1870) Vier neue Hummelarten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 20, 157 - 160.","Bischoff, H. (1936) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, unter Leitung von Dr. Sven Hedin und Prof. Su Ping-chang. Insekten gesammelt vom schwedischen Arzt der Expedition Dr. David Hummel 1927 - 1930. 56. Hymenoptera. 10. Bombinae. Arkiv for zoologi, 27 A (38), 1 - 27.","Williams, P. H. (1998) An annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (Entomology), 67, 79 - 152 (updated online at nhm. ac. uk / bombus / subgenericlist. html, accessed 2013)."]}

19. Bombus (Thoracobombus) laesus Morawitz (Figs 40, 41) Bombus laesus Morawitz, 1875: 3. Bombus (Laesobombus) tianschanicus Panfilov, 1956: 1327. Bombus (Laesobombus) maculidorsis Panfilov, 1956: 1328, by indication of Skorikov, 1922: 23. Taxonomy. For a discussion of the taxonomy of this species see Williams et al. (2009) and Williams (2011). Material examined. 29 queens, 171 workers, 24 males (IAB). Variation in North China. This species or species-complex shows strong variation in the colour pattern of the hair across its global distribution. In North China the principal variation is in the colour of the hair on the dorsum of the thorax, which may be orange-brown or yellow with a black band between the wing bases (see the key). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its orange-brown colour pattern to B. muscorum, B. tricornis and B. atripes (see the key; Figs 41, 45, 69, 71) and very similar in its colour pattern of yellow with a black band between the wing bases to B. amurensis, B. distinguendus, B. filchnerae and B. anachoreta (see the key; Figs 15, 19, 41, 43, 47). Distribution in North China. Widely distributed on the edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, the Liupanshan mountains, the edge of the southern Neimenggu plateau close to Shanxi and Hebei, and the grasslands of northeastern Neimenggu. Common at medium elevations of the Liupanshan mountains in southern Ningxia and eastern Gansu, at medium elevations of the Bashang plateau in northern Hebei, at medium elevations of the transition zone between the edge of east Otindag semi-desert and the southernmost of the Great Khingan mountains, in Majiayingzi, Keshiketeng, Neimenggu, and at low elevations of the Hulunbeir grasslands in northeastern Neimenggu. Rare at medium elevations of the Baihuashan nature reserve in Beijing, at medium to high elevations of edge of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu, and at medium elevations of the Taihangshan mountains and the Lvliangshan mountains in Shanxi. 62 localities (Fig. 40) between 215���3472 m (IAB). Distribution in China. Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus, Saussurea stella; FABACEAE: Hedysarum gmelinii, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis viciifolia; GENTIANACEAE: Gentiana sp.; LAMIACEAE: Caryopteris tangutica, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Elsholtzia densa, E. fruticosa; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum gymnandrum, Delphinium grandiflorum., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Morawitz, F. F. (1875) Bees. (Mellifera). In: Fedtschenko, A. P. (Eds.), Reise in Turkestan, II Zoologischer Teil. Vol. II. Moscow, 160 pp.","Panfilov, D. V. (1956) Contribution to the taxonomy of bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Bombinae), including the description of new forms. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 35 (9), 1325 - 1334."]}

22. Bombus (Thoracobombus) anachoreta (Skorikov) (Figs 46, 47) Agrobombus anachoreta Skorikov, 1914: 121. Material examined. 7 workers, 5 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Common at low elevations on the edge of the farmland of the Nenjiang river valley in northeastern Neimenggu. 2 localities (Fig. 46) between 215���240 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its yellow colour pattern to some yellow B. amurensis, B. distinguendus, B. laesus and B. filchnerae, (see the key; Figs 15, 19, 41, 43, 47). Distribution in China. Neimenggu, Heilongjiang (IAB). Forage plants. ASTERACEAE: Cosmos bipinnatus., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Skorikov, A. S. (1914) Les formes nouvelles des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). VI. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 14 (1), 119 - 129."]}

5. Bombus (Subterraneobombus) difficillimus Skorikov (Figs 12, 13) Bombus difficillimus Skorikov, 1912: 609. Taxonomy. Revised by Williams et al. (2011). Material examined. 1 worker (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, Very rare at high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Gansu. 1 locality (Fig. 12) at 3656 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is very similar in its black- and yellow-banded colour pattern to some B. melanurus (see the key; Figs 84, 85). Distribution in China. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang (IAB). Forage plants. FABACEAE: Hedysarum tanguticum., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Skorikov, A. S. (1912) Neue Hummelformen (Hymenoptera, Bombidae). IV. Russkoe entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 12 (3), 606 - 610."]}

71. Bombus (Melanobombus) rufofasciatus Smith (Figs 144, 145) Bombus rufo-fasciatus Smith, 1852 b: 48. Bombus Prshewalskyi Morawitz, 1880: 342. Bombus rufocinctus Morawitz, 1880: 343 (not of Cresson, 1863: 106 = B. rufocinctus Cresson). Bombus chinensis Dalla Torre, 1890 [June 25]: 139, replacement name for rufocinctus Morawitz, 1880: 343 (not of Morawitz, 1890 [April 30]: 352 = B. chinensis (Morawitz)). Material examined. 3 queens, 287 workers, 93 males (IAB). Distribution in North China. Only on the edge of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in Gansu. Abundant at high elevations of the Zhagana nature reserve in Diebu, and at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Tianzhu. Common at medium to high elevations of the Qilianshan nature reserve in Jiuquan, Minle, Sunan and Yongchang, and at high elevations of the east Qinghai-Tibetan plateau meadows in Xiahe, Luqu, Lintan and Zhuoni. Rare at medium elevations of the Xinglongshan nature reserve in Yuzhong. 37 localities (Fig. 144) between 1776���4011 m (IAB). Similar species in North China. This species is similar in its white- and yellow-banded colour pattern to B. lemniscatus (see the key; Figs 103, 145). Distribution in China. Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai (IAB). Forage plants. ALLIACEAE: Allium cyaneum; ASTERACEAE: Artemisia lancea, Carduus acanthoides, Carpesium sp., Cirsium japonicum, Filifolium sibiricum, Ligularia przewalskii, Olgaea tangutica, Saussurea leucoma, S. purpurascens, S. stella ? Saussurea sp., Taraxacum mongolicum; CRASSULACEAE: Phedimus sp.; FABACEAE: Hedysarum gmelinii, Oxytropis sp.; GENTIANACEAE: Comastoma pulmonarium, Gentiana aristata, G. macrophylla, G. straminea, Halenia elliptica; GERANIACEAE: Geranium pratense; LAMIACEAE: Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Salvia przewalskii, Salvia sp., Thymus mongolicus; POLYGONACEAE: Polygonum macrophyllum, P. viviparum; RANUNCULACEAE: Aconitum flavum, A. gymnandrum, Clematis tangutica, Delphinium grandiflorum; ROSACEAE: Potentilla fruticosa; SCROPHULARIACEAE: Euphrasia pectinata, Pedicularis kansuensis, P. t o r t a, P. spicata, Pedicularis sp., Pseudolysimachion sp., Published as part of An, Jiandong, Huang, Jiaxing, Shao, Youquan, Zhang, Shiwen, Wang, Biao, Liu, Xinyu, Wu, Jie & Williams, Paul H., 2014, The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 3830 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3830.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286560, {"references":["Smith, F. (1852 b) Descriptions of some hymenopterous insects from northern India. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (2), 45 - 48.","Morawitz, F. F. (1880) Ein Beitrag zur Bienen-Fauna mittel-Asiens. Izvestiya Imperatorskoi akademii nauk, 26 (22 / 36), 337 - 379.","Cresson, E. T. (1863) List of the North American species of Bombus and Apathus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 83 - 116.","Dalla Torre, K. W. V. (1890) Hymenopterologische Notizen. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 9, 139.","Morawitz, F. F. (1890) Insecta a cl. G. N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia novissime lecta. XIV. Hymenoptera Aculeata. II). III. Apidae. Trudy Russkago entomologicheskago obshchestva, 24 (3 / 4), 349 - 385."]}