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Genus Miopsalis Thorell, 1890 Miopsalis Thorell, 1890: 381.��� Hansen & S��rensen 1904: 99; Roewer 1923: 47���48, fig. 50; Roewer 1926: 263; Shear 1979: 356���357; Giribet 2000: 72 (as nomen dubium); Clouse & Giribet 2012: 247���249 (validated); Clouse 2012: 28���32. Type species. Miopsalis pulicaria Thorell, 1890, by monotypy., Published as part of Schmidt, Stephanie M., Clouse, Ronald M. & Sharma, Prashant P., 2020, A new Miopsalis from Mindanao supports a biogeographic umbilicus between Borneo and the southern Philippines (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Stylocellidae), pp. 379-390 in Zootaxa 4779 (3) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3835431, {"references":["Thorell, T. (1890) Aracnidi di Nias e di Sumatra raccolti nel 1886 dal Sig. E. Mondigliani. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova, Series 2 a, 10, 5 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10511","Hansen, H. J. & Sorensen, W. (1904) On two orders of Arachnida: Opiliones, especially the suborder Cyphophthalmi, and Ricinulei, namely the family Cryptostemmatoidae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 182 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13898","Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. Gustav Fisher, Jena, 1116 pp.","Roewer, C. F. (1926) Weitere Weberknechte I. I. Erganzung der: \" Weberknechte der Erde \", 1923. Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 26 (2), 261 - 402.","Giribet, G. (2000) Catalogue of the Cyphophthalmi of the World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 2, 49 - 76.","Clouse, R. M. & Giribet, G. (2012) On the Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida, Opiliones) types from the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale \" Giacomo Doria. \" Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160 (5), 241 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / 0027 - 4100 - 160.5.241"]}

Miopsalis dillyi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4, Tables 1–2) Types. Male holotype (NMP) from Center for Environmental Development and Recreation (CEDAR), Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 767 m alt. (8.254894°N, 125.035732°E), leg. D. Mohagan, D.J.B. Mohagan, V. Yamba, D.E.M. General, R.M. Clouse, 3 July 2014, from sifted leaf litter. Two male (both dissected for genitalia) and one female paratypes in 96% EtOH (MCZ 154598), same collecting data as for holotype; 1 male mounted on SEM stubs (MCZ 154599), same collecting data as for holotype. One male and 2 female paratypes in 96% EtOH (MCZ 154600) from Center for Environmental Development and Recreation (CEDAR), Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 775 m alt. (8.254933°N, 125.035749°E), leg. D. Mohagan, V. Yamba, R. M. Clouse, 30 June 2014, from sifted leaf litter. One male and 2 female paratypes in 96% EtOH (MHNG) from Center for Environmental Development and Recreation (CEDAR), Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 775 m alt. (8.254933°N, 125.035749°E), leg. D. Mohagan, V. Yamba, R. M. Clouse, 30 June 2014, from sifted leaf litter. One male paratype (1 dissected for genitalia) in 96% EtOH (MCZ 154601) from western slope of Mt. Kitanglad, Lantapan, Kaatoan, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 1300 m alt. (8.072258°N, 125.008909°E), leg. A. Mohagan, D. Mohagan, D.J.B. Mohagan, V. Yamba, R. M. Clouse, 1 July 2014, from sifted leaf litter. Two female paratypes (extracted for DNA) in 96% EtOH (MCZ 154602) and 1 female paratype on SEM stubs (MCZ 154603), from western slope of Mt. Kitanglad, Lantapan, Kaa- toan, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 1300 m alt. (8.072258°N, 125.008909°E), leg. A. Mohagan, D. Mohagan, D.J.B. Mohagan, V. Yamba, R. M. Clouse, 1 July 2014, from sifted leaf litter. Additional material studied. Three juveniles (1 extracted for DNA; MCZ) in 96% EtOH from Center for Environmental Development and Recreation (CEDAR), Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao I., Philippines, 775 m alt. (8.254933° N, 125.035749° E), leg. D. Mohagan, V. Yamba, R. M. Clouse, 30 June 2014, from sifted leaf litter. Etymology. The specific epithet honors the invertebrate physiologist Geoffrey Fowler Dilly. Diagnosis. Medium-sized (ca. 3.6 mm) Cyphophthalmi presenting a character combination diagnostic for Miopsalis: distinct eyes, anal gland pore and Rambla’s organ present, distinct sternum, extensive sculpturing on second cheliceral article, nearly parallel ventral opisthosomal sulci, nearly straight posterior margin of gonostome, and coxae II and IV each with distinct meeting points in males. Male also with distinct solea on tarsus I; presence of digiti of the gonopore complex; and arrangement of five ventral microtrichia of spermatopositor, with one proximal microtrichium on ventral midline and four subdistal microtrichia arranged in an arc. Distinguished from congeners by unique combination of medium size, and presence of anal gland pore, eyes, Rambla’s organ, prominent second ventral cheliceral process, and claw-like chelicerae. For example, M. mulu (Shear, 1993) and M. sabah (Shear, 1993) are also medium-sized and have anal gland pores, but they have attenuate chelicerae and no Rambla’s organ; M. gryllospeca (Shear, 1993) has a small Rambla’s organ, claw-like chelicerae, and a large second ventral cheliceral process, but lacks an anal gland pore and is considerably larger (> 5 mm) (see table 1 and figure 19 in Clouse 2012 for further comparison). Description. Length of holotype (female paratype in parentheses) 3.64 (3.59); maximum body width 1.93 (1.84) at third opisthosomal segment; length/width ratio 1.88 (1.95). Distance between ozopores, 1.67 (1.61) (Fig. 1) Body oval, dark orange-coloured to reddish brown (in alcohol) depending on incidence of light (Fig. 1). Body almost entirely with a dense tuberculate-microgranulate surface microstructure. Distinct eye lenses anterior to Type I ozophores (Juberthie 1970; see also Giribet 2003) (Fig. 1C, F). Mid-dorsal, longitudinal opisthosomal sulcus absent (male; Fig. 1A) or poorly defined (female; Fig. 1D). Posterior end of body evenly rounded. Coxae of leg II fused to coxae of legs III and IV (Fig. 2A, 2B). Sternum present (Fig. 2A, 2B). Proximal end of coxae I or III of males not meeting along the midline (in females, only coxae II meeting in midline; Fig. 2A, B). Male gonostome semicircular to trapezoidal, with weakly concave posterior edge, without cuticular projections (Fig. 2A). Spiracles C-shaped (Fig. 2A, B). Sternal opisthosomal glands absent. Sternites 8 and 9 and tergite IX free. Tergite IX of male distinctly bilobed. Anal plate of male with indistinct, raised, medial, longitudinal area lacking granulation, with shallow medial groove posteriorly (Fig. 2C, D). Anal gland pore present in male (Fig. 2C). Chelicerae (Fig. 3A) not of the protruding type (Giribet 2003) and claw-like (Clouse 2012), distal article/median article ratio 0.32 (0.31); widest part of median cheliceral article near the base and with ornamentation concentrated proximally; proximal article with dorsal crest and two distinct ventral processes. Palpal trochanter without ventral process (Fig. 3B). Legs with all metatarsi and tarsi ornamented; claws of all legs smooth (Fig. 3 C–K). Tarsus I with a distinct solea (Fig. 3D, J). Rambla’s organ of male small, oval in shape, in distal portion of tarsus IV adjacent to tarsal claw (Fig. 3I). Adenostyle conspicuous, subtriangular, robust, fringing at the tip; located in proximal half of tarsus (Fig. 3I). Appendage measurements provided in Tables 1–2. Spermatopositor (Fig. 4), examined in three male paratypes, in dorsal view with eight long microtrichia on each side, their bases separated at midline. Dorsal microtrichia without serration (Fig. 4A). Ventral side with small denticles and five microtrichia, i.e. one proximal microtrichium on the ventral midline and four subdistal microtrichia arranged in an arc (Fig. 4B). Gonopore complex with a pair of long and gracile digiti (Fig. 4C). Variation. Range of measurements of males (n=4) and females (n=6, in parentheses): Body length 3.48–3.79 (3.59–3.85), maximum width 1.82–1.96 (1.84–1.94). Distribution. Known only from the two localities provided.

Petrobunus hebei sp. nov. (Figs. 23���36, 41���49) Type material. Male holotype, China: Hebei Province, Baoding City, Yi Country, Mt. Yunmeng Shan [N 39��24��, E 115��15��], alt. 440m, June 12, 2012, C. Zhang leg. (MHBU-Opi-16 ZC1116). One female, paratype (MHBU-Opi- 16 ZC1117), same collecting data as holotype. Diagnosis. Unique tarsal formula (2:2:4:4); body, including ocularium and legs, unarmed; stylus short and straight. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to the type locality. Description. Male habitus as in Figs. 23, 24, 28, 46���48. Coloration (Figs. 46���48): entire body yellow; carapace and ocularium with blackish brown reticulations; opisthosomal region of scutum and free tergites with transverse rows of brown stripes; coxae and genital operculum yellow; all free sternites with brown bands; legs yellow to brown as well as basitarsus, remaining tarsomeres whitish yellow. Dorsum (Figs. 23, 46). Dorsal scutum granular and trapezoid in shape, widest portion of body at scutal area V. Carapace with two blunt pegs on each side of anterior margin of carapace near antero-lateral corners. Ocularium unarmed. Scutal sulci of mesotergum indistinct. Scutum and free tergites unarmed. Venter (Figs. 24, 47). Surface of all coxae granulated. Coxa II with many setose tubercles retrolaterally. Coxa III with prolateral and retrolateral tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae. Coxa IV greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles on anterior margin. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed. Opisthosomal free sternites with belts of small regular tubercles. Chelicera (Figs. 29���31). Proximal article with a prominent bulla, but without any conspicuous armament. Second article unarmed, with scattered setae on the prodorsal surface. Fingers relatively short, dentition as illustrated (Fig. 31); movable finger with three teeth; fixed finger with five teeth. Pedipalp (Figs. 25, 26). Coxa dorsally with one small blunt tubercle. Trochanter ventrally with one short proximal and one long distal setiferous tubercle. Femur ventrally with a row of four setiferous tubercles, two proximal ones being the longest, the medial one being the shortest; on the medial distal side with one setiferous tubercle. Patella with one setiferous tubercle disto-medially. Tibia with two setiferous tubercles mesally; ectally with one short proximal and two long setiferous tubercles. Tarsus with two setiferous tubercles on both sides of ventral surface. Tarsal claw curved and smooth, approximately the same length as the tarsus. Legs (Figs. 32, 46���48). All segments finely granulated. Trochanter III enlarged. Trochanter IV greatly enlarged, oval in lateral aspect and umarmed (Fig. 32). Femora III���IV curved, especially femur IV. Femur IV, Patella IV and tibia IV with enlarged granules (Fig. 32). Tarsi III���IV with bare double claws, without scopulae. Tarsal claws smooth. Tarsal formula, 2 (1): 2 (1): 4: 4. Penis (Figs. 41���45). Basal portion of the shaft slender, then distended until apical portion (pars distalis). Apex of ventral plate somewhat triangular. Ventral plate with five pairs of setae on lateral margins. Glans free in apical part, with parastylar lobe extending proximally (not inflatable). Capsula externa cylindrical. Capsula interna globular. Diameter of fully inflatable Capsula interna conspicuously longer than that of the capsula externa. Parastylar lobes including one triangular ventral lobe and two square-shaped dorsal lobes. Stylus short, straight, similar in length to capsula externa. Female. (Figs. 27, 33, 34, 49). In general appearance similar to the male (Figs. 27, 49), with a slight difference in inner edges of cheliceral finger (Fig. 33) and leg IV not enlarged (Fig. 34). Ovipositor (Figs. 35, 36) composed of two apical lobes, each bearing two dorsal setae, one ventral seta, and two apical setae. Measurements. Male holotype (female paratype): body 1.51 (1.54) long, prosoma 0.64 (0.66) wide, opisthosoma 0.96 (1.08) wide; length-to-width ratio 1.57 (1.43). Ocularium 0.12 (0.14) long, 0.20 (0.21) wide. Pedipalp claw 0.19 (0.19) long. Penis 0.81 long. Measurements of pedipalp and legs as in Tables 3, 4. Habitat. The specimens were collected by sifting leaf litter in shrubs close to the trail depicted in Figs. 50, 51. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 52). Notes. Petrobunus hebei sp. nov. is the northernmost Laniatores species from China., Published as part of Zhang, Chao, Zhang, Feng & Sharma, Prashant P., 2018, Two new species of Petrobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Petrobunidae), pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 4524 (1) on pages 56-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2610318

Petrobunidae Sharma and Giribet, 2011 Petrobunidae Sharma & Giribet, 2011: 111. Type genus: Petrobunus Sharma and Giribet, 2011. Genera included: Petrobunus Sharma and Giribet, 2011; Zalmoxida Roewer, 1912 [familial assignment by Sharma & Giribet (2011)]., Published as part of Zhang, Chao, Zhang, Feng & Sharma, Prashant P., 2018, Two new species of Petrobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Petrobunidae), pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 4524 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2610318, {"references":["Sharma, P. P. & Giribet, G. (2011) The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen-Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 106 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 11002","Roewer, C. F. (1912) Die Familien der Assamiiden und Phalangodiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. (= Assamiden, Dampetriden, Phalangodiden, Epedaniden, Biantiden, Zalmoxiden, Samoiden, Palpipediden anderer Autoren). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, (A), 78 (3), 1 - 242."]}

Key to species of Petrobunus 1 Ocularium armed with a median tubercle (Sharma & Giribet, 2011:119, fig. 11b)............................ P. torosus - Ocularium unarmed.................................................................................... 2 2 Free tergites with conspicuous tubercles (Sharma & Giribet, 2011:116, fig. 7a; 118, fig. 10a)................... P. spinifer - Free tergites with granules or unarmed..................................................................... 3 3 Dorsal scutum or Opisthosomal sternite unarmed in male.......................................... P. hebei sp. nov. - Dorsal scutum or Opisthosomal sternite armed tubercles (Fig. 1) or spines (Sharma & Giribet, 2011:112, fig. 4b) in male... 4 4 Scutal area V and free tergites I and II of male armed with paired enlarged lateral tubercles, opisthosomal sternite 7 of male with two large setose spines............................................................. P. chongqing sp. nov. - Dorsal scutum unmared that of tubercles, opisthosomal sternite 7 of male with four large setose spines..... P. schwendingeri, Published as part of Zhang, Chao, Zhang, Feng & Sharma, Prashant P., 2018, Two new species of Petrobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Petrobunidae), pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 4524 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2610318, {"references":["Sharma, P. P. & Giribet, G. (2011) The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen-Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 106 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 11002"]}

Petrobunus chongqing sp. nov. (Figs. 1���22, 37���40) Type material. Male holotype, China: Chongqing City, Jinshan Town, Shiti Cave [N 28��56��, E 107��05��], alt. 850m, May 27, 2016, C. Zhang leg. (MHBU-Opi-16 ZC1122). One female, paratype (MHBU-Opi-16 ZC1123), same collecting data as holotype. Diagnosis. Large size (body length> 2 mm); scutal area V, free tergites I and II of male each with a pair of lateral enlarged tubercles; opisthosomal sternite 7 of male with two large setose spines; trochanter IV of male with three mesoventral tubercles; the distal end of ventral plate of arrowhead shape (dorsal view); stylus slender and curved. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, referring to the type locality. Description. Male (holotype) habitus as in Figs. 1, 6, 15���17, 21. Coloration (Figs. 15���17): entire body rusty yellow; carapace and ocularium with blackish brown reticulations; the opisthosomal region of scutum centrally with a upside down cordiform band of blackish brown, which the five areas; both lateral ridges of the scutum blackish brown; free tergites with transverse rows of dark brown stripes; coxae and genital operculum yellow; all free sternites with dark brown bands, somewhat lighter medially; chelicerae and pedipalpi with the same coloration as the dorsum, also with blackish brown reticulate markings dorsally; legs yellow to brown as well as basitarsus, remaining tarsomeres whitish yellow. Dorsum (Figs. 1, 15). Dorsal scutum granular and pyriform in shape, widest portion of body at scutal area V. Carapace with two blunt pegs on each side of anterior margin of carapace located near antero-lateral corners. Ocularium unarmed. Scutal sulci of mesotergum indistinct. Scutal area V with a single lateral enlarged tubercle on each side as well as free tergites I and II (Figs. 1, 6). Anal operculum with numerous scattered granules. Venter (Fig. 16). Surface of all coxae granulated. Coxa II with a few setose tubercles retrolaterally. Coxa III with prolateral and retrolateral tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae. Coxa IV greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles on anterior margin. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed. Opisthosomal sternites 3��� 6 each with belt of small regular tubercles. Opisthosomal sternite 7 with two large setose spines directly posteroventrally. Chelicera (Figs. 7���9). Proximal article with a prominent bulla, but without any conspicuous armament. Second article unarmed, with scattered setae mainly on the prodorsal surface. Fingers relatively short, dentition as illustrated (Fig. 9); movable finger with three teeth; fixed finger with six teeth. Pedipalp (Figs. 2, 3). Coxa dorsally with two small blunt tubercles. Trochanter ventrally with one short proximal and one long distal setiferous tubercle. Femur ventrally with a row of four setiferous tubercles, two proximal ones being the longest, the medial one being the shortest; on the medial distal side with one setiferous tubercle. Patella with one setiferous tubercle disto-medially. Tibia with two setiferous tubercles mesally; ectally with one short proximal and two long setiferous tubercles. Tarsus with two setiferous tubercles on both sides of ventral surface. Tarsal claw curved and smooth approximately the same length as the tarsus. Legs (Figs. 10, 15���17). All segments finely granulated. Trochanter III enlarged. Trochanter IV greatly enlarged, oval in lateral aspect, with three mesoventral tubercles (Fig 10). Femora III���IV curved, especially femur IV. Femur IV with slightly enlarged granules on ventral surface. Patella IV conspicuously incrassated. Patella IV, tibia IV and metatarsus IV ventrally with enlarged tubercles, one near the distal end forming a spine on the tibia IV. Tarsi III���IV with bare double claws, without scopulae. Tarsal claws smooth. Tarsal formula, 3 (2): 5 (3): 5: 5. Penis (Figs. 37���40) slender, sides nearly parallel along its shaft. Pars distalis well-defined, wider than pars basalis. Distal end of the ventral plate shaped like an arrowhead (dorsal region, not inflatable). Ventral plate with seven pairs of setae on lateral margins. Glans free in apical part, with parastylar lobe extending proximally (not inflatable). Capsula externa cylindrical. Capsula interna small, irregular ovate. The parastylar lobes including one triangular ventral lobe and one bifurcate dorsal lobe. Stylus elongate tubular, and curved. Female. (Figs. 4, 5, 11, 12, 18���20, 22). In general appearance similar to the male, but lacking lateral enlarged tubercles on scutal area V and on free tergites I and II, and lacking the large setose spines on opisthosomal sternite 7 (Figs. 4, 5, 18���20, 22). Leg IV not enlarged and lacking tubercles on coxa through metatarsus (Fig. 12). Cheliceral dentition as illustrated (Fig. 11). Ovipositor (Figs. 13, 14) composed of two apical lobes, each bearing two dorsal setae, one ventral seta, and two apical setae. Measurements. Male holotype (female paratype): body 2.24 (2.01) long, prosoma 0.82 (0.80) wide, opisthosoma 1.40 (1.39) wide; length-to-width ratio 1.60 (1.45). Ocularium 0.15 (0.16) long, 0.25 (0.28) wide. Pedipalp claw 0.29 (0.27) long. Penis 1.23 long. Measurements of pedipalp and legs as in Tables 1, 2. Habitat. The specimens were collected by hand by turning rocks in a small cave about ten meters long. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 52)., Published as part of Zhang, Chao, Zhang, Feng & Sharma, Prashant P., 2018, Two new species of Petrobunus from China (Opiliones: Laniatores: Petrobunidae), pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 4524 (1) on pages 52-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2610318

Zalmoxis roeweri nom. nov. (Figs 1, 2 A���C, 3 A���E) Fijicolana tuberculata Roewer, 1963: 223, pl. 18, figs 1���4. Zalmoxis tuberculatus (Roewer, 1963) comb. nov., by this act becoming a junior secondary homonym of Zalmoxis tuberculatus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1948). Placement. Originally in the Phalangodidae: Samoinae. Here transferred to the Zalmoxidae. Type material. Male holotype, one male and one female paratypes from MELANESIA, Fiji; SMF 9911155 - RII/ 11155 - 3; examined. Remark: The paratypes are one male and one female instead of two females as stated by Roewer (1963) in the original description. The male paratype is poorly preserved and has presumably dried up in the past. Etymology. The new name is a patronym in honor of the German arachnologist Carl Friedrich Roewer who first studied and described this species. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Zalmoxis species by the presence of a conspicuous, dense scopula on the terminal tarsomere of legs III and IV in both sexes; five tarsomeres on leg IV; metatarsus III of males incrassate; anal operculum unarmed. Additionally, it is distinguished from Zalmoxis derzelas Sharma et al., 2012 by larger body size and differences in armature of femur IV and male genital morphology, particularly the very wide rutrum. Genital morphology. Penis (Figs 3 A���E): Pars distalis well-defined, wider than pars basalis. Pergula and rutrum clearly distinguishable. Rutrum very wide, apically shaped like an arrowhead, only slightly wider than base (Fig. 3 C). Setae above pergula arranged in three medial ventral pairs and two lateral groups of three. Dorsal-most seta in each lateral group larger than others. One pair of small setae widely separated from each other, situated ventrolaterally below pergula. Capsula externa modified into a massive stragulum, basally fused, with two small dorso-subapical projections. Capsula interna entirely concealed by stragulum (in unexpanded penis), with a long, thin stylus and two rigid, laminar, curved conductors., Published as part of P��rez-Gonz��lez, Abel, Sharma, Prashant P. & Proud, Daniel N., 2016, Morphological tricks and blessed genitalia: rectifying the family placement of Fijicolana tuberculata (Opiliones: Laniatores: Zalmoxidae), pp. 253-260 in Zootaxa 4061 (3) on pages 254-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/270383, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1963) Uber einige Arachniden (Opiliones und Araneae) der orientalischen und australischen Region. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 44, 223 - 230.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1948) New phalangids from the southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates, 1371, 1 - 14."]}

Pérez-González, Abel, Sharma, Prashant P., Proud, Daniel N. (2016): Morphological tricks and blessed genitalia: rectifying the family placement of Fijicolana tuberculata (Opiliones: Laniatores: Zalmoxidae). Zootaxa 4061 (3): 253-260, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4061.3.3

Zalmoxis kotys sp. nov. Figs. 18 ���21, 22 c Types. Male holotype (MHNG) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, Hutan Wisata Sei Tangap, ca. 8 km west of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 8 ��� 4 ��� N, 117 �� 24 ��� 39 ��� E), Indonesia, 30 m elevation, collected 2 October 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. 1 male (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104064 - 1]) paratype, same collecting data as holotype (MHNG). 2 male (1 dissected for genitalia and mounted on SEM stub 124600; 1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124598���124599) paratypes, same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124597). 1 male (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104065 - 2]) paratype (NMP) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, Hutan Mayang Mangurai, ca. 15 km southwest of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 6 ��� 13 ��� N, 117 �� 24 ��� 5 ��� E), Indonesia, 20 m elevation, collected 30 September 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. 1 male (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104068]; dissected for anal plate, mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124602) paratype (MCZ 124601) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, 1 km of road between Tanjungredeb and Tanjungselor, ca. 45 km north of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 29 ��� 13 ��� N, 117 �� 28 ��� 46 ��� E), Indonesia, 190 m elevation, collected 29 September 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. Additional material studied. 1 subadult male, same collecting data as holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a goddess of the Getae (or Thracians). Kotys was the goddess of sexuality and promiscuity. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners in the armature of the anal plate, which bears four prominent tubercles, the middle pair greater in size; and the armature of male leg IV, which bears two ventral rows of spiny tubercles on tibia IV enlarging distally. Description. Total length of male holotype 2.36, greatest width of prosoma 0.92, greatest width of opisthosoma 1.70; length-to-width ratio 1.39. Body campaniform, orange to dark brown (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, welldeveloped ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum distinctly forming obtuse ���V��� shape anteriorly. Mesotergum and free tergites with six regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 18). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles tapering medially. Anal plate armed with three rows of tubercles: anterior and posterior rows both with two low tubercles flanking the midline; and median row with six tubercles, enlarging medially, with innermost pair larger than all others (Figs. 19, 22 c). Chelicerae (Fig. 20 a) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 20 b) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (20 c���f) finely granulated. Trochanters, patellas, and tibias of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 20 c) trochanter with one small tubercle dorsally and two small tubercles ventrally. Femora of legs I and II with ventral row of small tubercles. Male leg IV (Fig. 20 f) elongate and armed. Femur IV arcuate, bearing ventral and ventrolateral row of tubercles; ventral row enlarging distally with largest ventral tubercle flanked by two abruptly smaller tubercles distally, with one additional hook-like tubercle at distal-most part of segment. Patella IV with two ventral tubercles. Tibia IV with two ventral rows of tubercles enlarging distally. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Calcaneus of metatarsus IV with small setose dorsal tubercle. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 6: 5: 6. Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 21) with two pairs of setae on distal part of rutrum and three pairs of setae on pergula (one median, two ventrolateral). One small dorsolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum of arrowhead shape with lateral extensions. Pergula protruding ventrally. Distribution. Known from three sites in East Kalimantan Province, Borneo, Indonesia., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539

Zalmoxis sabazios sp. nov. Fig. 9���10 Types. Male holotype (NMP [ex MCZ DNA 105635, ex MHNG PHI-09/07]) from Sabang Underground National Park, Daylight Hole and Lions Cave, in primary forest, Puerto Princesa Region, Palawan (10 �� 9 ��� 6 ��� N, 118 �� 53 ��� 10 ��� E), Philippine Islands, 100���200 m elevation, collected 6���8 December 2009 by A. Schulz. 1 female (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 106535]) paratype (MHNG), same collecting data as holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a god of the Getae (or Thracians). Sabazios was the god of the sky, often represented as a nomadic horseman. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by the single conical tubercle in the center of the anal plate; the belts of conical tubercles on the last two free tergites; the armature of the male femur IV, which bears irregular rows tubercles, the largest and most distal tubercle directed posterolaterally; and the armature of the male tibia IV, which bears a posterolateral row of five tubercles restricted to proximal half of segment and a ventral row of three tubercles, with the largest distal-most. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype in parentheses) 2.60 (2.14), greatest width of prosoma 0.94 (0.88), greatest width of opisthosoma 1.72 (1.66); length-to-width ratio 1.51 (1.29). Body campaniform, dark orange to brown (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum distinctly forming obtuse ���V��� shape anteriorly. Mesotergum and free tergites with regular belts of setose tubercles. Last two free tergites bearing rows of pointed setose tubercles (Fig. 9). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles concentrated anteriorly. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles. Anal plate armed with two rows of tubercles: posterior row with four low tubercles; anterior row with three tubercles, median tubercle larger and prominent (Fig. 9). Chelicerae sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs finely granulated. Trochanters, patellae, and tibiae of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Femur of leg I with minute ventral row of tubercles. Male leg IV incrassate and armed. Trochanter IV with one prominent posterior tubercle. Femur IV of male arcuate with irregular rows of tubercles and one larger subdistal tubercle directed posterolaterally. Tibia IV of male incrassate with two rows tubercles: posterolateral row consisting of 5 tubercles extending to middle of podomere���s length and enlarging distally; ventral row irregular, with two tubercles in middle of podomere���s length and a large distal tubercle projecting distally. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 6: 5: 6. Penis (Fig. 10) with two pairs of setae on rutrum with bases in close proximity, and three pairs of setae on pergula (one medial, two ventrolateral) with bases in close proximity. One small dorsolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum shaped as an anchor, lateral extensions with fimbriate margins. Pergula protruding slightly. Distribution. Known only from type locality. Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (length/width), Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539

Zalmoxis gebeleizis sp. nov. Figs. 1 ���4, 22 b Types. Male holotype (PNM [ex MCZ DNA 104059]) from the research station of the Philippine Endemic Species Conservation Program (PESCP), Sibaliw, Municipality of Buruanga, Province of Aklan, Panay Island (11 �� 49 ��� 11 ��� N, 121 �� 58 ��� 0��� E), Philippines, 450 m elevation, collected October 2008 by Cichosz & Einhaupl. 2 female paratypes (in ethanol), same collecting data as holotype (PNM [ex MCZ DNA 104059]). 2 male (1 dissected for genitalia, mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124579; 1 mounted on SEM stubs 124576���124577) and 4 female (1 used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104060]; 1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124576, 124578; 2 in ethanol) paratypes, same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124575). 1 male paratype (in ethanol) (MNHG [ex MCZ DNA 104058]) and 2 female paratypes (in ethanol) (MHNG [ex MCZ DNA 104060]), same collecting data as holotype. Etymology. Like the genus name, the specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a god of the Getae (or Thracians, an ancient civilization of Indo-Europeans that inhabited the territory to the north and east of the Aegean Sea, and had extensive contact with the Greeks and Romans). Gebeleizis was the bearded god of thunderstorms and possibly a synonym or reincarnation of Zalmoxis. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners in the armature of the anal plate, which bears a pair of large bifurcating, setose tubercles; and in the male genitalia, wherein the rutrum bears three pairs of setae, and the pergula is medially jointed and bears two ventrolateral pairs of setae. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124575] in parentheses) 2.55 (2.34), greatest width of prosoma 0.96 (0.88), greatest width of opisthosoma 1.68 (1.60); length-to-width ratio 1.52 (1.46). Body campaniform, reddish brown to dark brown (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light), lighter in color in the trochanters and distal tips of all legs, almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum distinctly forming obtuse ���V��� shape anteriorly in male, grooves less arcuate in female. Mesotergum and free tergites with regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 1). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles concentrated anteriorly. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles. Anal plate armed with two rows of tubercles: posterior row with four setose tubercles, middle pair more prominent than flanking pair; anterior row with three large setose tubercles, flanking pair of tubercles bifurcating and with broad bases (Figs. 2, 22 b). Chelicerae (Fig. 3 a) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, smooth, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 3 b) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (Figs. 3 c���g) finely granulated. Trochanters, patellae, and tibiae of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 3 c) trochanter with one small tubercle dorsally and two tubercles ventrally. Male leg IV (Fig. 3 f) sexually dimorphic, elongated, and armed. Male trochanter IV with mesal row of three small tubercles enlarging distally, one prominent posterior tubercle. Male femur IV slightly arcuate, bearing ventral and ventrolateral row of tubercles, with single large ventral tubercle on subdistal portion. Male patella and tibia IV with bulbous setose tubercles. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 6: 5: 5. Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (MCZ 124575) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 4) with three pairs of setae on rutrum and two ventrolateral pairs of long setae on pergula. One small ventrolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum of arrowhead shape, apical/distal portion with lateral extensions. Pergula flattened, not projecting ventrally, and disjointed medially. Distribution. Known only from type locality., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539

Zalmoxis derzelas sp. nov. Figs. 5 ���8, 22 e Types. Male holotype (NMP [ex MHNG PHI- 79 / 117]) from moss and roots on a small cliff along a riverbank, in primary forest, Puerto Galera, Province of Orienal Mindoro, Mindoro Island, Philippines, 0���300 m elevation, collected 27���29 December 1979 by L. Deharveng and J. Crousset. 1 male paratype (MHNG), same collected data as holotype. 2 male paratypes (1 dissected for genitalia and mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124585; 1 mounted on SEM stubs 124583���124584), same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124582). Additional material studied. 1 subadult female, same collecting data as holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a god of the Getae (or Thracians). Derzelas was the chthonic god of the afterlife. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners in the slightly incrassate metatarsus III; and the male femur IV with a prominent ventrodistal tubercle, flanked distally by three small conical tubercles of equal size. Description. Total length of male holotype 2.48, greatest width of prosoma 0.92, greatest width of opisthosoma 1.66; length-to-width ratio 1.49. Body campaniform, light brown (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light, and due to depigmentation over time), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum slightly arcuate, not forming ���V��� shape. Mesotergum and free tergites without regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 5). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles concentrated anteriorly. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles enlarging laterally. Anal plate armed with two rows of blunt setose tubercles: posterior row with three setose tubercles, flanking more prominent; anterior row with five setose tubercles, enlarging medially (Figs. 6, 22 e). Chelicerae (Fig. 7 a) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 7 b) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (Figs. 7 c���f) finely granulated. Trochanters, patellae, and tibiae of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 7 c) trochanter with one small tubercle dorsally and two small tubercles ventrally. Male metatarsus III (Fig. 7 e) slightly incrassate along transverse axis. Male leg IV (Fig. 7 f) elongated and armed; trochanter with two small tubercles enlarging distally on mesal surface; femur slightly arcuate with a prominent ventrodistal tubercle, flanked distally by three small conical tubercles of equal size; patella and tibia with bulbous setose tubercles. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 6: 5: 5. Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 8) with two pairs of setae on rutrum and one pair of setae at the boundary with the pergula. Pergula with one pair of ventrolateral setae and one pair of dorsolateral setae projecting ventrally. One small ventrolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum of arrowhead shape, apical/distal portion with lateral extensions. Distribution. Known only from type locality., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539

Family Zalmoxidae S��rensen, 1886 Type genus. Zalmoxis S��rensen, 1886; type species Zalmoxis robustus S��rensen, 1886, by subsequent designation: Roewer (1949: 20)., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539, {"references":["Sorensen, W. (1886) Opiliones Australasiae. In: Koch L. and Keyserling, E. (Eds.) Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebidet. Bauer & Raspe, pp. 53 - 86.","Roewer, C. F. (1949) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30, 11 - 61."]}

Zalmoxis bendis sp. nov. Figs. 15���17 Types. Male holotype (MHNG) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, near Kampung Suaran, ca. 40 km north of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 4 ��� 46 ��� N, 117 �� 24 ��� 36 ��� E), Indonesia, 50 m elevation, collected 1 October 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. 1 female paratype (MHNG), same collecting data as holotype. 1 male (dissected for genitalia and mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124592) and 1 female (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104063 - 2]), same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124591). 2 male (1 used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 104065 - 1]; 1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124594���124595) and 1 female (mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124594, 124596) paratype (MCZ 124593) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, Hutan Mayang Mangurai, ca. 15 km southwest of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 6 ��� 13 ��� N, 117 �� 24 ��� 5 ��� E), Indonesia, 20 m elevation, collected 30 September 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. 2 female paratypes (NMP) from East Kalimantan Province, Berau District, Hutan Mayang Mangurai, ca. 15 km southwest of Tanjungredeb, Borneo (2 �� 6 ��� 13 ��� N, 117 �� 24 ��� 5 ��� E), Indonesia, 20 m elevation, collected 30 September 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a goddess of the Getae (or Thracians). Bendis was the goddess of the moon, the hunt, and healing. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners in the sexually dimorphic tarsus III, which bears five tarsomeres in females, and four tarsomeres in males with the most proximal article greatly incrassate. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124591] in parentheses) 1.38 (1.37), greatest width of prosoma 0.68 (0.65), greatest width of opisthosoma 1.04 (1.06); length-to-width ratio 1.32 (1.29). Body campaniform, yellow-orange to dark orange (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum indistinct, not forming ���V��� shape. Mesotergum and free tergites without regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 15). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male not greatly enlarged. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, not braced posteriorly by row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles tapering medially. Anal plate without prominent tubercles (Figs. 16 a���b). Chelicerae (Fig. 16 c) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 16 d) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (Figs. 17 a���f) finely granulated. Trochanters, patellae, and tibiae of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 17 a) trochanter with one small tubercle ventrally. Femur IV of both sexes (Figs. 17 e���f) with ventral row of tubercles. Femur of male leg III (Fig. 17 c) with prominent two ventromesal tubercles. Tarsus of male leg III bearing four tarsomeres and sexually dimorphic, with most proximal tarsomere greatly incrassate. Tarsus of female leg III (Fig. 17 d) with five tarsomeres. Male leg IV (Fig. 17 e) not sexually dimorphic, neither elongated nor armed. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Calcaneus of metatarsus IV in both sexes with prominent dorsal tubercle. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 5: 4: 5 (male) or 3: 5: 5: 5 (female). Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (NMP) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 16 e) with two pairs of setae on rutrum and three pairs of setae on pergula (one ventral and median, one ventrolateral, one lateral). One small ventrolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum without lateral extensions, smaller than stragulum, with distal margin directed ventrally. Pergula protruding ventrally. Distribution. Known from two sites in East Kalimantan Province, Borneo, Indonesia., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 44-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539

Zalmoxis zibelthiurdos sp. nov. Figs. 11���14 Types. Male holotype (MHNG [ex MCZ DNA 104061]) from East Kalimantan Province, Sungai Wain Protection Forest, ca. 15 km north of Balikpapan, Borneo, (1 �� 8 ��� 36 ��� N, 116 �� 50 ��� 59 ��� E) Indonesia, 80 m elevation, collected 5 October 2008 by P.J. Schwendinger. 2 male and 4 female paratypes (MHNG), same collecting data as holotype. 2 male and 4 female paratypes (NMP), same collecting data as holotype. 4 male (1 in ethanol; 2 dissected for genitalia and mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124590; 1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124587���124588) and 4 female (1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124587, 124589) paratypes, same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124586). Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to a god of the Getae (or Thracians). Zibelthiurdos was the god of storms and wielder of lightning���possibly a manifestation of Gebeleizis and/or the Greek god Zeus. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by the incrassate male metatarsus IV, more torose than the elongate metatarsus IV of Zalmoxis dammermani (Roewer, 1927); the prominent setose dorsal protuberance on the calcaneus of metatarsus IV in both sexes; and the male genitalia, wherein the pergula protrudes slightly and the rutrum bears two distal pairs of setae with the bases in close proximity. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124586] in parentheses) 1.50 (1.50), greatest width of prosoma 0.66 (0.65), greatest width of opisthosoma 1.04 (1.09); length-to-width ratio 1.44 (1.38). Body campaniform, yellow-orange to dark orange (in ethanol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum indistinct, not forming obtuse ���V��� shape. Mesotergum and free tergites with seven regular belts of minute setose tubercles (Fig. 11). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male not greatly enlarged. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles tapering medially. Anal plate without prominent tubercles (Fig. 12). Chelicerae (Fig. 13 a) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 13 b) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (Figs. 13 c���g) finely granulated. Trochanters, patellae, and tibiae of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 13 c) trochanter with one small tubercle dorsally. Femur IV of both sexes (Figs. 13 f���g) with ventral row of tubercles. Male leg IV (Fig. 13 f) sexually dimorphic, but not elongated or armed. Male metatarsus IV stocky, incrassate. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Calcaneus of metatarsus IV in both sexes with single large dorsal tubercle. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 5: 5: 6. Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (MCZ 124586) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 14) with two pairs of setae on distal part of rutrum with bases in close proximity, and three pairs of setae on pergula (one ventral, slightly displaced from midline; one lateral, one dorsolateral). One small ventrolateral pair of setae posterior to pergula. Rutrum of arrowhead shape, with lateral extensions. Pergula protruding slightly ventrally. Distribution. Known only from type locality., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Buenavente, Perry A. C., Clouse, Ronald M., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2012, Forgotten gods: Zalmoxidae of the Philippines and Borneo (Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 29-55 in Zootaxa 3280 on pages 40-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3280.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/208539, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1927) Weitere Weberknechte I. Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 26: 261 - 402."]}

Zalmoxis falcifer sp. nov. Figs. 15���18 Types. Male holotype (WAM [ex MCZ DNA 105836]) from Bonaparte Archipelago, W.A. (14 �� 31 ' S 124 �� 55 ' E), Australia, collected August 2002 by M.S. Harvey. 1 male (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 105836], dissected for genitalia, and mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124565���124566) and 1 female (in ethanol; legs mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124574) paratype, same collecting data as holotype (MCZ 124567). Etymology. The specific epithet, an invariable noun in apposition, refers to the gargantuan curved spine on tibia IV of males of the species. From Latin, ��� falcifer, -era, -erum, itself from ��� falx, falcis ��� meaning ���sickle��� or alternatively a curved pole-arm historically used in combat by the Thracians and Dacians; and ��� ferre ��� meaning ���to carry��� or ���to bear���. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by greatly incrassate tibia IV with a massively enlarged apophysis in males. Apophysis curved into a semicircle, ornamented with setose tubercles, and bearing four smaller tubercles on concave edge. Rutrum enlarged, rhomboid in dorsal aspect, with lateral extensions and bearing two pairs of setae. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124567] in parentheses) 2.28 (2.12), greatest width of prosoma 1.00 (0.85), greatest width of opisthosoma 1.74 (1.68); length-to-width ratio 1.31 (1.26). Body campaniform, dark orange to light brown (in alcohol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum forming obtuse ���V��� shape. Area IV and margin of area V of mesotergum, and free tergites with belts of prominent setose tubercles (Fig. 15). Ventral prosomal complex with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so (Fig. 16 a). Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with low setose tubercles. Coxae IV greatly enlarged, with larger setose tubercles on anterior margin. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites armed with belts of low tubercles, except sternite 7, which bears one anterior and one posterior belt, with posterior belt of tubercles larger than anterior. Anal plate armed with eight prominent setose tubercles (Fig. 16 a). Chelicerae (Fig. 16 b) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, smooth, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 16 c) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (I���IV) finely granulated (Fig. 17). Femora of legs I���II with ventral row of small tubercles (Fig. 17 a, b). Male leg IV incrassate, elongated, and heavily armored (Fig. 17 d, e). Coxa IV of male with single tubercle on mesal surface. Femur IV of male incrassate and bearing multiple rows of prominent tubercles on ventral and ventrolateral surfaces. Tibia IV of male greatly incrassate with a massively enlarged apophysis. Apophysis curved into a semicircle, ornamented with setose tubercles on both mesal and ectal surfaces, and bearing four smaller tubercles on concave edge. Metatarsus IV of male with ventral row of tubercles tapering distally. Calcaneus of male metatarsus IV with a small ventral pair of distally-directed, hook-like tubercles. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 5: 5: 6 (Fig. 15). Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (MCZ 124574) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 18) with two pairs of setae on rutrum and three pairs setae on pergula (one median pair at base of rutrum, and two pairs displaced laterally from midline). One pair of setae displaced from midline and posterior to pergula. Rutrum enlarged, rhomboid in dorsal aspect, with lateral extensions. Pergula projecting ventrally. Distribution. Known only from type locality., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., 2012, New Australasian Zalmoxidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) and a new case of male polymorphism in Opiliones, pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 3236 on pages 20-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3236.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/212212

Zalmoxis princeps sp. nov. Figs. 1���4 Types. Male holotype (MNHN [ex MCZ DNA 102358]) from Port Bois�� Bay (22 �� 20 ' 31.3 " S, 166 �� 57 ' 33.3 " E), New Caledonia, 1 m elevation, collected 29 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter. 5 male (2 used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 102358], dissected for genitalia, and mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124546; 1 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124547���124548; 2 in ethanol) and 4 female (4 in ethanol; 1 used for DNA extraction and leg IV mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124547) paratypes (MCZ 124549 [ex MCZ DNA 102358]), same collecting data as holotype. 1 female paratype (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 102354]) from Pic du Grand Kaori (22 �� 16 ' 47.2 " S, 167 �� 53 ' 41.1 " E), New Caledonia, 237 m elevation, collected 17 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter (MCZ 124550). One male paratype (used for DNA extraction [ex MCZ DNA 102355]) from For��t Nord (Kwa Neie) (22 �� 19 ' 22.5 " S, 166 �� 54 ' 54.2 " E), New Caledonia, 197 m elevation, collected 17 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter (MCZ 124551). Additional material studied. 6 juveniles, same collecting data as holotype. 1 juvenile (used for DNA extraction) from Pic du Grand Kaori (22 �� 16 ' 46.6 " S, 167 �� 49 ' 40.5 " E), New Caledonia, 254 m elevation, collected 17 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter (MCZ DNA 102353). 1 juvenile from Port Bois�� Bay (22 �� 20 ' 26.0" S, 166 �� 57 ' 32.1 " E), New Caledonia, 2 m elevation, collected 29 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter. 1 female and 3 juveniles from Port Bois�� Bay (22 �� 20 ' 31.3 " S, 166 �� 57 ' 33.3 " E), New Caledonia, 10 m elevation, collected 29 April 2007 by J. Murienne and P.P. Sharma from sifted litter. Etymology. The specific epithet, an invariable noun in apposition, refers to the embellished armature of the legs and opisthosomal sternites in males of this species. From Latin, ��� princeps, principis ��� meaning ���first, chief, sovereign���. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by embellished armature of male leg IV, particularly spiny tubercles on femur and tibia; sternite 7 armed with two enlarged tubercles; anal plate armed with seven enlarged tubercles, three of these massive; rutrum with long lateral extensions; and flattened pergula with eight setae. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124549] in parentheses) 3.18 (2.46), greatest width of prosoma 1.05 (1.04), greatest width of opisthosoma 2.26 (1.74); length-to-width ratio 1.41 (1.41). Body campaniform, dark orange to brown (in alcohol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure (sensu Murphree 1988). Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, without spines or tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum distinctly ���V��� shaped. Free tergites with regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 1). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so. Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���III with setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles concentrated on anterior margin. Genital operculum subtriangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites 3���6 and 8 with regular belts of setose tubercles, with tubercles enlarging laterally. Sternite 7 with two enlarged tubercles flanking the midline. Anal plate armed with nine tubercles: three greatly enlarged setose tubercles on transverse midline of segment, with two smaller pairs of setose tubercles flanking longitudinal midline, arranged anterior and posterior to greatly enlarged tubercles, and one small anterior-most pair (Fig. 2). Chelicerae (Fig. 3 a) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 3 b) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (I���IV; Fig. 3 c���g) finely granulated. Trochanter, patella, and tibia of all legs bearing irregular rows of setose tubercles. Leg I (Fig. 3 c) femur with ventral row of small tubercles. Male leg IV (Fig. 3 f) sexually dimorphic, incrassate, elongated, and heavily armored. Male trochanter IV and patella IV each bearing a large ventral tubercle. Male femur IV bearing dorsal and ventral rows of prominent tubercles, with ventral row enlarging distally. Male patella IV with a row of dorsal tubercles. Male tibia IV with one dorsal, one ventral, two mesal, and two ectal rows of tubercles enlarging distally. Calcaneus of male metatarsus IV with a ventral pair of distally-directed, hook-like tubercles. Metatarsi I���IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 3: 6: 5: 6 (Fig. 3). Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (MCZ 124549) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 4) with two pairs of setae on rutrum and eight setae on pergula (one median pair, and two trios displaced laterally from midline). One pair of setae displaced from midline and posterior to pergula. Rutrum with long lateral extensions. Pergula flattened, not projecting ventrally. Distribution. Known from three formerly contiguous forests in the southern province of New Caledonia: Pic du Grand Kaori, For��t Nord, and Port Bois��., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., 2012, New Australasian Zalmoxidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) and a new case of male polymorphism in Opiliones, pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 3236 on pages 6-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3236.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/212212, {"references":["Murphree, C. S. (1988) Morphology of the dorsal integument of ten opilionid species (Arachnida, Opiliones). The Journal of Arachnology, 16, 237 - 252."]}

Zalmoxis mendax sp. nov. Figs. 5���8 Types. Male holotype (MNHN [ex MCZ DNA 102246]) from Mt. Panie track (20 �� 33 ' S, 164 �� 47 ' E), New Caledonia, collected 18 November 2000 by Bouchard, Burwell, and G.B. Monteith. 6 male (2 in ethanol; 2 extracted for DNA, dissected for genitalia, and mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124553���124554; 2 mounted on SEM stubs MCZ 124556���124561) and 6 female (6 in ethanol; one with leg IV mounted on SEM stub MCZ 124555) paratypes, same collecting locality as holotype (MCZ 124552). Additional material studied. 18 females and 1 juvenile, same collecting data as holotype (MCZ). Etymology. The specific epithet, an invariable noun in apposition, refers to the condition of the first walking leg, which bears four tarsomeres���a condition that occurs in a genus of questionable validity, Metazalmoxis (discussed below). From Latin, ��� mendax, mendacis ��� meaning ���liar���. Diagnosis. Distinguished from congeners by its large size; unique tarsal formula (4: 7: 5: 6); stout male leg IV bearing armature only as a ventral row of tubercles enlarging distally on the femur; rounded rutrum bearing two pairs of setae; and small pergula with two pairs of ventral setae and one pair of large dorsolateral setae. Description. Total length of male holotype (female paratype [MCZ 124552] in parentheses) 3.43 (3.28), greatest width of prosoma 1.44 (1.32), greatest width of opisthosoma 2.40 (2.24); length-to-width ratio 1.43 (1.46). Body campaniform, dark brown (in alcohol, depending on incidence of light), almost entirely with dense microgranulate surface microstructure. Eyes present on low, well-developed ocularium. Ocularium wider than long, removed from anterior margin of carapace, with low irregular tubercles. Anterior margin of carapace with two pairs of pegs above coxae of leg I and single median peg. Scutal grooves of mesotergum distinct, sinuous, and losing curvature posteriorly (not ���V���-shaped). Mesotergum and free tergites with regular belts of setose tubercles (Fig. 5). Ventral prosomal complex of male with coxae II and III meeting in midline, coxae I and IV not so (Fig. 6 a). Anterior and posterior margins of coxae III with tubercular bridges to adjacent coxae, and coxae I���IV with low setose tubercles. Coxae IV of male greatly enlarged, with setose tubercles uniformly distributed. Genital operculum sub-triangular. Spiracles not concealed, anterior to row of tubercles. Opisthosomal sternites with regular belts of low setose tubercles. Anal plate armed with three tubercles slightly larger than others (Fig. 6 a). Chelicerae (Fig. 6 b) sexually monomorphic, with prominent bulla on proximal article. Proximal article with denticulate granulation basally and ventrally. Second article not incrassate, free of ornamentation, with dorsal margin bearing several setae. Distal article with delicate dentition, free of ornamentation. Palpi (Fig. 6 c) robust and spined ventrally and/or ventrolaterally, typical of zalmoxids. Palpal tarsus with two pairs of megaspines. Legs (I���IV; Fig. 7) finely granulated. Leg I trochanter with two ventral tubercles, femur with ventral row of small tubercles (Fig. 7 a). Leg IV sexually dimorphic, male leg IV incrassate, elongated, and lightly armored (Fig. 7 d). Male femur IV bearing ventral row of prominent tubercles enlarging distally. Male patella IV with a row of dorsal tubercles. Male tibia IV with one dorsal, one ventral, two mesal, and two ectal rows of tubercles enlarging distally. Calcaneus of male metatarsus IV with a ventral pair of distally-directed, hook-like tubercles. Metatarsi I��� IV divided distally, with calcaneus less ornamented but generally more setose. Tarsal claws I���IV smooth, unmodified. Tarsal segmentation 4: 7: 5: 6 (Fig. 7). Appendage measurements of holotype (length/width): [table omitted] Appendage measurements of female paratype (MCZ 124552) (length/width): [table omitted] Penis (Fig. 8) with two pairs of setae on rutrum and three pairs setae on pergula (one median, one ventrolateral, and one dorsolateral). One pair of setae displaced from midline and posterior to pergula. Rutrum small with rounded edges, wider than long, without lateral arrowhead-like extensions. Pergula slightly projecting ventrally. Distribution. Known only from type locality., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., 2012, New Australasian Zalmoxidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) and a new case of male polymorphism in Opiliones, pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 3236 on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3236.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/212212

Zalmoxis austerus Hirst, 1912 Zalmoxis austerus Hirst, 1912, p. 65���66, figs. 1, 1 a (pl. 1); M��ller 1917, p. 254���256, figs. 1���4. Zalmoxis austera [emended]: Roewer, 1923, p. 89���90, fig. 86; Staręga, 1989, p. 2, figs. 5���6. Records. *New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago [Papua New Guinea]; Sattelberg, Wilhelmshafen, New Guinea [Madang, Papua New Guinea]. Remarks. The male genitalia of this species underlaid the resurrection and redescription of Zalmoxidae sensu Staręga. The penis of this species became the standard for Zalmoxidae; specifically, with a lamina ventralis divided into the characteristic rutrum and pergula., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Hirst, S. (1912) Descriptions of new harvestmen of the family Phalangodidae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, London, 8 th series, 10 (55), 63 - 84.","Muller, A. (1917) Zool. Eine neue Zalmoxis - Art nebst Beschreibungen der ihr nahverwandten Formen Zalmoxis austerus Hirst und Zalmoxis granulata (Loman). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 48, 251 - 258.","Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. In: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp."]}

Genus Spalicus Roewer, 1949 Spalicus Roewer, 1949 a, p. 22; Staręga, 1989, p. 5. Gender. Masculine. Type species. Spalicus oeditarsus Roewer, 1949, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Ocularium wider than long, unarmed, and displaced from the anterior margin of the carapace. First two transverse sulci not parallel and not connected through a median longitudinal sulcus; second transverse sulcus strongly angled posteriorly in the middle. Scutal areas 1���5, free tergites, and anal operculum unarmed. Spiracles visible. Proximal segment of chelicer without a prominent bulla. Tarsal formula 3: 7: 6: 6. Distitarsus I with two articles, distitarsus II with three articles. Male genitalia unknown. Remarks. Originally in Phalangodidae, the general appearance of this species suggests that it could be related to Zalmoxidae, barring the absence of the bulla. Similarly, Staręga (1989) considered the placement of this genus to be obscure. It is possible that Spalicus is related to Bogania, but neither hypothesis can be tested without examining the genitalia of this species., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61."]}

Zalmoxis remingtoni (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1948) (Figure 1 h) Foella remingtoni Goodnight & Goodnight, 1948, p. 1���4, figs. 7���8. Zalmoxis remingtoni: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1957, p. 81���83. Record. *Seven miles south of La Foa, New Caledonia, collected 11 March, 1945 by C.L. Remington., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1948) New phalangids from the southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates, 1371, 1 - 14.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1957) Opiliones. In: Insects of Micronesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 3 (2), 71 - 83."]}

Metazalmoxis ferrugineus Roewer, 1912 Metazalmoxis ferruginea Roewer, 1912, p. 135, fig. 32; 1923, 93 ��� 94, fig. 91; Rambla, 1983, p. 11���15, fig. 1; Staręga, 1992, p. 295. Record. * Seychelles Islands (specific locality unknown)., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1912) Die Familien der Assamiiden und Phalangodiden der Opiliones-Laniatores (Assamiden, Dampetriden, Phalangodiden, Epedaniden, Biantiden, Zalmoxiden, Samoiden, Palpidediden anderer Autoren). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abteilung A, 78 (3), 1 - 242.","Rambla, M. (1983) Opiliones (Arachnida). In: Annales-Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 8 / 242, Contributions a l'etude de la faune terrestre des i les granitiques de l'archipel des Sechelles, pp. 2 - 15."]}

Zalmoxis savesi (Simon, 1880) Mermerus savesi Simon, 1880, p. 175. Zalmoxis savesi: Roewer, 1912, p. 129; Roewer, 1923, p. 88. Record. *Noumea, New Caledonia. Remarks. There are no illustrations of the species in the literature, but the original description accords unambiguously with Zalmoxis., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Simon, E. (1880) Materiaux pour servir a une faune Arachnologique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles, 23, 164 - 175.","Roewer, C. F. (1912) Die Familien der Assamiiden und Phalangodiden der Opiliones-Laniatores (Assamiden, Dampetriden, Phalangodiden, Epedaniden, Biantiden, Zalmoxiden, Samoiden, Palpidediden anderer Autoren). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abteilung A, 78 (3), 1 - 242.","Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. In: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp."]}

Bogania granulata Forster, 1955 Bogania granulata Forster, 1955, p. 375���377, figs. 40���45; Cantrell, 1980, p. 247���248. Record. *Bogan River, New South Wales, Australia, collected August 1952 by J.W.T. Armstrong., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Forster, R. R. (1955) Further Australian harvestmen. Australian Journal of Zoology, 3, 354 - 411.","Cantrell, B. K. (1980) Additional Australian harvestmen. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 19, 241 - 253."]}

Zalmoxis cuspanalis Roewer, 1927 (Figure 1 b) Zalmoxis cuspanalis Roewer, 1927, p. 288, fig. 11; Suzuki, 1977, p. 3. Record. *Mount Maquiling [also Makiling], Laguna province, Luzon (Philippines)., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1927) Weitere Weberknechte I. Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen, 26 (2), 261 - 402.","Suzuki, S. (1977) Report on a collection of opilionids from the Philippines. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University B, 1, 27 (1), 1 - 120."]}

Bogania distincta Cantrell, 1980 Bogania distincta Cantrell, 1980, p. 249���251, figs. 27, 31, 35. Record. *Bunya Mountains, Queensland, Australia, collected 11���12 February, 1967, by B.K. Cantrell., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Cantrell, B. K. (1980) Additional Australian harvestmen. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 19, 241 - 253."]}

Zalmoxis mindanaonicus Suzuki, 1977 Zalmoxis mindanaonica Suzuki, 1977, p. 13���14. Zalmoxis mindanaoensis Suzuki, 1977, p. 14, fig. 3. Record. *East slope of Mt. McKinley, elevation 3000 ft, Davao Province, Mindanao (Philippines), collected November 1, 1946 by H. Hoogstraal. Remarks. The specific epithet may be confused with " mindanaoensis." This is due to an error in the original description, wherein Suzuki (1977) named this species " Zalmoxis mindanaonica," but referred to it as " Zalmoxis mindanaoensis " in the figure legend., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Suzuki, S. (1977) Report on a collection of opilionids from the Philippines. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University B, 1, 27 (1), 1 - 120."]}

Zalmoxis luzonicus Roewer, 1949 Zalmoxis luzonica Roewer, 1949 a, p. 22, fig. 23 a���f (pl. 3); Suzuki, 1977, p. 3. Record. *Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon (Philippines)., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61.","Suzuki, S. (1977) Report on a collection of opilionids from the Philippines. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University B, 1, 27 (1), 1 - 120."]}

Zalmoxis occidentalis (Roewer, 1949) new combination Zalmoxomma occidentalis Roewer, 1949 a, 22, fig. 25 a���e; Staręga, 1989, 1, figs 1���4; Staręga, 1992, 295. Record. * Mauritius (specific locality unknown). Remarks. One of numerous monotypic genera established by Roewer (1949 a), there is no justification for distinguishing this genus from Zalmoxis, and it closely resembles other Zalmoxis (specifically, certain species from New Guinea) in every respect, including spination of tibia IV and the armature of the free tergites., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61."]}

Spalicus oeditarsus Roewer, 1949 Spalicus oeditarsus Roewer, 1949 a, p. 22���24, fig. 26 (pl. 4). Record. *Blue Mountains [New South Wales, Australia]., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61."]}

Zalmoxis minimus Roewer, 1912 Zalmoxis minima Roewer, 1912, p. 132; 1923, p. 89. Record. *Langemak, Sepik, New Guinea. Remarks. The species Roewer (1912) described as Zalmoxis minima is smaller than, and found in a distant locality from, Gjellerupia minima Roewer, 1915, though both species once shared the same specific epithet., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1912) Die Familien der Assamiiden und Phalangodiden der Opiliones-Laniatores (Assamiden, Dampetriden, Phalangodiden, Epedaniden, Biantiden, Zalmoxiden, Samoiden, Palpidediden anderer Autoren). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abteilung A, 78 (3), 1 - 242.","Roewer, C. F. (1915) 106 neue Opilioniden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abteilung A, 81 (3), 1 - 152."]}

Zalmoxis kaiensis Suzuki, 1982 Zalmoxis kaiensis Suzuki, 1982, p. 195���197, figs. 35���37. Record. *Kai Island, Groot Key, Molucca Islands [Indonesia], collected April 1922 by Th. Mortensen., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Suzuki, S. (1982) Contributions to the taxonomy and zoogeography of the Opiliones of the Philippines, Bismarck and Solomon Islands. With an appendix on some related species from the Moluccas and Sumatra. Steenstrupia, 8 (8), 181 - 225."]}

Zalmoxis armatus (Roewer, 1949) Sepikusta armata Roewer, 1949 a, p. 29. Zalmoxis armata: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1957, p. 81���83. Record. *Sepik, New Guinea [East Sepik, Papua New Guinea]., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1957) Opiliones. In: Insects of Micronesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 3 (2), 71 - 83."]}

Zalmoxis bonka (Forster, 1949) new combination Savoa bonka Forster, 1949, p. 145���146, figs. 10���16. Record. *Savo Island (Solomon Islands), collected under dead branches and coconut fronds in coastal forest. Remarks. Forster (1949) erected the monotypic genus Savoa on the basis of (1) the unarmed dorsal scutum (thereby distinct from Acrozalmoxis), and (2) the ocularial spine (thereby distinct from Zalmoxis). However, a number of Zalmoxis species have been described with ocularial spines. Furthermore, Zalmoxis otherwise ascribable to " Savoa " have been collected from the vicinity of the Solomon Islands that lack the ocularial spine. We therefore synonymize Savoa with Zalmoxis., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Forster, R. R. (1949) Opiliones from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum, 22 (2), 141 - 147."]}

Zalmoxis neoguinensis (Roewer, 1915) Euzalmoxis neoguinensis Roewer, 1915, p. 16, fig. 7; Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947, p. 328. Zalmoxis neoguinensis [partim.]: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1957, p. 81���83. Record. *Sattelberg, Wilhelmshafen, New Guinea [Madang, Papua New Guinea]. Remarks. Goodnight & Goodnight (1957) synonymized the genus Euzalmoxis with Zalmoxis, but neglected to designate new combinations to overcome preoccupation of the other Zalmoxis neoguinensis. Here we have renamed or transferred all other " Zalmoxis neoguinensis " resulting from transfer of the species that have been treated to other genera, thereby resolving secondary homonymy., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1915) 106 neue Opilioniden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, Abteilung A, 81 (3), 1 - 152.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1947) Report on a collection of phalangids from New Guinea. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 66 (4), 328 - 338.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1957) Opiliones. In: Insects of Micronesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 3 (2), 71 - 83."]}

Genus Bogania Forster, 1955 Bogania Forster, 1955, p. 375;. Staręga 1989, p. 4. Type species. Bogania granulata Forster, 1955, by monotypy. Gender. Feminine. Diagnosis. Carapace shorter than tergal region, scutum and ocularium granulate. Ocularium removed from anterior margin of carapace. Genital operculum of male large, subtriangular, and extending anteriorly to coxae II; not enlarged in females. Legs unarmed; tarsal formula 3: 5���6: 5: 6. Male genitalia long, slender; ventral plate defined only as a distal setigerous portion of truncus; with numerous small setae and terminating in sharp or blunt process; stragulum long and tubular, stylus flagelliform and needlelike, parastylar lobe prominent; no rutrum and no pergula. Remarks. Originally in Phalangodinae, transferred to Zalmoxidae by Staręga (1989). The absence of a rutrum and pergula, which are the defining synapomorphies for Zalmoxidae + Fissiphalliidae, indicates that Bogania should be removed from the former. Bogania should be considered as a member of Phalangodidae new familial assignment, based on the close similarities between the genitalic structures of Bogania species and true phalangodids (Cantrell, 1980)., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Forster, R. R. (1955) Further Australian harvestmen. Australian Journal of Zoology, 3, 354 - 411.","Cantrell, B. K. (1980) Additional Australian harvestmen. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 19, 241 - 253."]}

Zalmoxis brevipes (Roewer, 1949) Zalmoxana brevipes Roewer, 1949 a, p. 16, fig. 11 a���d (pl. 2). Zalmoxis brevipes: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1957, p. 81���83. Record. *Finschhafen, New Guinea [Morobe, Papua New Guinea]., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949 a) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1957) Opiliones. In: Insects of Micronesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 3 (2), 71 - 83."]}

Zalmoxis neobritanicus Suzuki, 1982 Zalmoxis neobritanica Suzuki, 1982, p. 188���190, figs. 15���20. Record. *Yalom, New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago, in secondary growth, collected 15 May, 1962., Published as part of Sharma, Prashant P., Kury, Adriano B. & Giribet, Gonzalo, 2011, Zalmoxidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) of the Paleotropics: a catalogue of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific species, pp. 37-58 in Zootaxa 2972 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206628, {"references":["Suzuki, S. (1982) Contributions to the taxonomy and zoogeography of the Opiliones of the Philippines, Bismarck and Solomon Islands. With an appendix on some related species from the Moluccas and Sumatra. Steenstrupia, 8 (8), 181 - 225."]}