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One of the most widely used measures of scientific impact is the number of citations. However, due to its heavy-tailed distribution, citations are fundamentally difficult to predict but can be improved. This study was aimed at investigating the factors and parts influencing the citation number of a scientific paper in the otology field. Therefore, this work proposes a new solution that utilizes machine learning and natural language processing to process English text and provides a paper citation as the predicted results. Different algorithms are implemented in this solution, such as linear regression, boosted decision tree, decision forest, and neural networks. The application of neural network regression revealed that papers' abstracts have more influence on the citation numbers of otological articles. This new solution has been developed in visual programming using Microsoft Azure machine learning at the back end and Programming Without Coding Technology at the front end. We recommend using machine learning models to improve the abstracts of research articles to get more citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a turnkey approach to deliver a construction project entails significant risks from the contractor's perspective. Essentially, the owner awaits project completion without commitments regarding additional expenditures incurred by the contractor during the project's duration. This paper specifically focuses on estimating and analyzing the contingency value for residential turnkey projects in Saudi Arabia. The contingency value across the project's life cycle is estimated using six Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models, which are compared to identify the best-trained network according to project complexity, contingency factor, and contingency impact during the project phases. The output layer provides the contingency factor percentages for each project phase. A 13-story reinforced concrete (RC) residential building established in one of Saudi Arabia's cities was selected to implement the developed methodology. The contingency estimation, performed using @Risk 7.5 and NeuralTools 7.5, was determined to be 11.34% and was distributed across the five phases of the project's life cycle: 0.30% for predesign, 0.99% for design, 2.61% for preconstruction, 6.33% for construction, and 1.12% for postconstruction. Furthermore, it was found that the estimated contingency varies based on project complexity, which is 7.20% for low complexity, 8.16% for medium complexity, 9.41% for complicated, and 11.34% for very complicated projects. Historical data and peer review approaches are employed to validate the results, both of which are endorsed by professionals in this field. This paper highlights two main contributions: Firstly, it significantly enhances risk management by facilitating a comprehensive understanding and systematic analysis of risks, thus improving the contractors' ability to mitigate potential negative impacts on projects. Secondly, it supports more informed decision-making through the use of advanced techniques to estimate and analyze contingency values. These contributions are critical for contractors engaged in Saudi construction projects, particularly those involving residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the predominant health issues affecting Saudi Arabia and leading to many complications is Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Early detection and significant preventative measures lead to curbing and controlling the health issue. There are fewer datasets in the literature for the detection of T2D in the Saudi population. Past studies using Saudi data have favoured machine learning algorithms to classify T2D. Although the application of this data in machine learning is evident, no studies exist in the literature that compare this data, especially those related to deep learning algorithms. This study's objective is to use specific Saudi data to develop multiple deep learning models that could be used to detect T2D. The research uses a Deep Neural Network (DNN), an Autoencoder (AE), and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to create predictive models and compare their performance with a traditional machine learning classifier used on the same dataset that outperformed other machine learning algorithms such as a Decision Forest (DF). Various metrics were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the models, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and area under the ROC curve (AUC) where the ROC acts as a receiver operating characteristic curve. There are two cases in this paper: (i) uses all features of the dataset and (ii) uses six of the ten features, such as DF. In case (i), the results were shown that AE outperformed other models with the highest accuracy for imbalanced and balanced data 81.12% and 79.16%, respectively. The results for case (ii) showed that AE scored the highest 81.01% accuracy with imbalanced data compared to DF and DF achieved the highest accuracy of 82.1% with balanced data. As a result, both cases explored in this study revealed that AE has a constant superior performance if imbalanced data is used. In contrast, DF demonstrated the highest accuracy when a balanced dataset was used with a feature set reduction. They help to identify the undiagnosed T2D, and they are essential for professionals in Saudi Arabia in the health sector to promote health connections, identify risks and contain or improve their diabetes management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acceleration of house technology via the use of mobile phones has made it easier to control houses, where occupants (especially older people) spend most of their time. The climate of Saudi Arabia, especially in the northern area, is too hot during summer and cold during winter. Control of the indoor environment in a smart home is a preferable choice that can reduce power consumption to operate heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. Machine learning algorithms have been used to predict physical variables of indoor environment, such as temperature and humidity. The model can be trained, learn, and make predictions using historical data. Machine learning techniques can automate temperature monitoring and control. This paper proposes an algorithm that combines Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and GridSearchCV to predict physical variables in indoor environments in Saudi Arabia. GridSearchCV was utilized to tune the parameters of the machine learning algorithm. The assessment of the proposed algorithm involved its performance comparison to state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. A real-world dataset was generated to estimate the performance of the considered algorithms. The room data were collected every 5 min for 31 days during July 2022. The dataset contains 6 columns and 8,910 records from 6 sensors (timestamps, light, temperature, humidity, pressure, and altitude). Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and ANN methods were compared with the proposed algorithm. The RF had the highest R2 value of 0.84 and the lowest Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.43. The DT achieved an R2 score of 0.78, while the ANN achieved R2 score of 0.61, MSE of 1.04, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.75. The proposed algorithm achieved an R2 of 0.69, MSE of 0.87, and MAE of 0.67. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advancements in smart grid (SG) technology, effective load forecasting utilizing big data or large-scale datasets remains a complex task for energy management, planning, and control. The Saudi SGs, in alignment with the Saudi Vision 2030, have been envisioned as future electrical grids with a bidirectional flow of power and data. To that end, data analysis and predictive models can enhance Saudi SG planning and control via artificial intelligence (AI). Recently, many AI methods including deep learning (DL) algorithms for SG applications have been published in the literature and have shown superior time series predictions compared with conventional prediction models. Current load-prediction research for the Saudi grid focuses on identifying anticipated loads and consumptions, on utilizing limited historical data and the behavior of the load's consumption, and on conducting shallow forecasting models. However, little scientific proof on complex DL models or real-life application has been conducted by researchers; few articles have studied sophisticated large-scale prediction models for Saudi grids. This paper proposes hybrid DL methods to enhance the outcomes in Saudi SG load forecasting, to improve problem-relevant features, and to accurately predict complicated power consumption, with the goal of developing reliable forecasting models and of obtaining knowledge of the relationships between the various features and attributes in the Saudi SGs. The model in this paper utilizes a real dataset from the Jeddah and Medinah grids in Saudi Arabia for a full year, 2021, with a one-hour time resolution. A benchmark strategy using different conventional DL methods including artificial neural network, recurrent neural network (RNN), conventional neural networks (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and different real datasets is used to verify the proposed models. The prediction results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid DL models, with CNN–GRU and CNN–RNN with NRMSE obtaining 1.4673% and 1.222% improvements, respectively, in load forecasting accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classifying the quality of dates after harvesting the crop plays a significant role in reducing waste from date fruit production. About one million tons of date fruit is produced annually in Saudi Arabia. Part of this production goes to local factories to be produced and packaged to be ready for use. Classifying and sorting edible dates from inedible dates is one of the first and most important stages in the production process in the date fruit industry. As this process is still performed manually in date production factories in Saudi Arabia, this may cause an increase in the waste of date fruit and reduce the efficiency of production. Therefore, in our paper, we propose a system to automate the classification of dates fruit production. The proposed system focuses on classifying the quality of date fruit at the postharvesting stage. By automating the process of classifying date fruit at this stage, we can increase the production efficiency, raise the classification accuracy, control the product quality, and perform data analysis within the industry. As a result, this increases the market competitiveness, reduces production costs, and increases the productivity. The system was developed based on convolutional neural network models. For the purpose of training the models, we constructed a new image dataset that contains two main classes that have images of date fruit with excellent surface quality and another class for date fruit with poor surface quality. The results show that the used model can classify date fruit based on their surface quality with an accuracy of 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, researchers have turned their focus to predicting the age of people since numerous applications depend on facial recognition approaches. In the medical field, Alzheimer's disease mainly depends on patients' ages. Multiple methods have been implemented and developed to predict age. However, these approaches lack accuracy because every image has unique features, such as shape, pose, and scale. In Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030, concerning the quality of life, is one of the twelve initiatives that were launched recently. The health sector has gained increasing attention as the government has introduced age-based policies to improve the health of its elderly residents. These residents are urgently advised to vaccinate against COVID-19 based on their age. In this paper, proposing a practical, consistent, and trustworthy method to predict age is presented. This method uses the color intensity of eyes and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to predict age in real time based on the ensemble of CNN. A segmentation algorithm is engaged since the approach takes its input from a video stream or an image. This algorithm extracts data from one of the essential parts of the face: the eyes. This part is also informative. Several experiments have been conducted on MATLAB to verify and validate results and relative errors. A Kaggle website dataset is utilized for ages 4 to 59. This dataset includes over 270,000 images, and its size is roughly 2 GB. Consequently, the proposed approach produces ±8.69 years of Mean Square Error (MSE) for the predicted ages. Lastly, a comparative evaluation of relevant studies and the presented algorithm in terms of accuracy, MSE, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is also provided. This evaluation shows that the approach developed in the current study outperforms all considered performance metrics since its accuracy is 97.29%. This study found that the color intensity of eyes is highly effective in predicting age, given the high accuracy and acceptable MSE and MAE results. This indicates that it is helpful to utilize this methodology in real-life applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained a great deal of interest in recent years due to the need for information that can help many stakeholders (e.g., governments, investors, professional organizations, researchers, etc.) understand companies' contributions to the environment and society. CSR disclosure (CSRD) is now the key source of such information when analyzing, for example, an institution's future performance. In the current body of CSRD literature, the majority of quantitative CSRD studies have relied on traditional statistical approaches for the correlation analysis of CSRD influencing factors. In this paper, we intend to quantitatively analyze firms' characteristics related to CSRD in Saudi Arabia, understand CSRD and its influencing factors, and predict CSRD patterns. This study lays the groundwork to help companies make informed decisions. It also helps many other stakeholders better understand CSRD's impacts. To achieve this, we propose a deep learning framework based on long short-term memory (LSTM) for identifying and predicting CSRD patterns. Moreover, a correlation-based technique is also used to visualize the relationships between variables and identify the significant features. The dataset used in this study was collected from annual reports, CSR reports, and firms' websites between 2015 and 2018. It contains a variety of variables to explain the CSR behaviour of 117 companies. The proposed framework is evaluated with several approaches, including logistic regression (LR), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), and decision trees (DT). Compared to other machine learning models, experiment results show that LSTM achieved acceptable results with the highest accuracy of 88 % . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020, 169,682,828 cases have been reported worldwide, with 151,416,570 recovered, and 3,526,647 deaths by May 28, 2021. Oxygen gas cylinders demand is booming globally due to its need for COVID-19's for intensive care. Thus, it is critical for hospitals to know exactly the time of receiving oxygen gas cylinders since this will help in minimizing the fatality rate. In this regards, this paper proposes a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network-based model to predict the delivery time of oxygen gas cylinders for a real-life logistics data from a company that delivers oxygen gas cylinders to all cities around Saudi Arabia. Besides, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network is benchmarked to supported vector machine and multiple linear regression. Although all the considered models have the ability to provide accurate prediction results, the findings indicate that the proposed supported vector machine and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network model provide better prediction results. The analysis was achieved through a methodology to identify factors with the highest impact and build a neural network model. The model was further optimized to identify the best order and select the best subset of input variables. The analysis showed that the neural network model can be used effectively to estimate the delivery time of oxygen gas cylinders. The model illustrated high accuracy of prediction by comparing the predicted values to the actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) among children is an increasing concern globally. A reliable estimate of the age at onset of T1D in children would facilitate intervention plans for medical practitioners to reduce the problems with delayed diagnosis of T1D. This paper has utilised Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) to model and predict the age at onset of T1D in children in Saudi Arabia (S.A.) which is ranked as the 7th for the highest number of T1D and 5th in the world for the incidence rate of T1D. De-identified data between (2010-2020) from three cities in S.A. were used to model and predict the age at onset of T1D. The best subset model selection criteria, coefficient of determination, and diagnostic tests were deployed to select the most significant variables. The efficacy of models for predicting the age at onset was assessed using multi-prediction accuracy measures. The average age at onset of T1D is 6.2 years and the most common age group for onset is (5-9) years. Most of the children in the sample (68%) are from urban areas of S.A., 75% were delivered after a full term pregnancy length and 31% were delivered through a cesarean section. The models of best fit were the MLR and RF models with R2 = (0.85 and 0.95), the root mean square error = (0.25 and 0.15) and mean absolute error = (0.19 and 0.11) respectively for logarithm of age at onset. This study for the first time has utilised MLR, ANN and RF models to predict the age at onset of T1D in children in S.A. These models can effectively aid health care providers to monitor and create intervention strategies to reduce the impact of T1D in children in S.A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to simulate and optimize small scale concentrating solar power tower (CSP) built and operationalized at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The aim is to facilitate cost effective integration of solar power coupled with energy generation technologies subjected to challenging climatic conditions; and also to present the effects of changing in parameters such as receiver, heliostats, storage tanks or power generation subsystem on the cost and system performance. This study adopts the AHP technique to obtain the most appropriate receiver shape out of three possible shapes; spherical, cubic, and cylindrical. The used criteria in this in this optimization are reliability, manufacturing in the vicinity, manufacturing cost, service and maintain cost, lower operation risks, and high performance. Based on the results of AHP analysis, square shape is selected. A finite element analysis via ANSYS is performed to compute the through analytic division of temperature in the receiver. The highest temperature from the simulation is 503°C. The thermal power, dispensed by the molten is 12.52 kW during the heat exchanger. However, 13 kW is the design thermal power; while about 3.7% is the percentage error in the thermal power. The findings of this research will provide the needed knowledge and scientific background to assist the authorities concerned in the energy sector in establishing a commercial-scale plant. At the end, Artificial Neural Network algorithms/Fuzzy system is modeled to optimize the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare fraud is intentionally submitting false claims or producing misinterpretation of facts to obtain entitlement payments. Thus, it wastes healthcare financial resources and increases healthcare costs. Subsequently, fraud poses a substantial financial challenge. Therefore, supervised machine and deep learning analytics such as random forest, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks are successfully used to detect healthcare insurance fraud. This study aims to develop a health model that automatically detects fraud from health insurance claims in Saudi Arabia. The model indicates the greatest contributing factor to fraud with optimal accuracy. The labeled imbalanced dataset used three supervised deep and machine learning methods. The dataset was obtained from three healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. The applied models were random forest, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks. The SMOT technique was used to balance the dataset. Boruta object feature selection was applied to exclude insignificant features. Validation metrics were accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC). Random forest classifiers indicated policy type, education, and age as the most significant features with an accuracy of 98.21%, 98.08% precision, 100% recall, an F1 score of 99.03%, specificity of 80%, and an AUC of 90.00%. Logistic regression resulted in an accuracy of 80.36%, 97.62% precision, 80.39% recall, an F1 score of 88.17%, specificity of 80%, and an AUC of 80.20%. ANN revealed an accuracy of 94.64%, 98.00% precision, 96.08% recall, an F1 score of 97.03%, a specificity of 80%, and an AUC of 88.04%. This predictive analytics study applied three successful models, each of which yielded acceptable accuracy and validation metrics; however, further research on a larger dataset is advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper was to explore the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) model in predicting real estate prices in the Middle East market. Although conventional modeling approaches such as regression can be used in prediction, they have a weakness of a predetermined relationship between input and output. In this regard, using the ANN model was expected to reduce the bias and ensure non-linear relationships are also covered in the prediction process for more accurate results. The ANN model was created using Python v.3.10 program. The model exhibited a high correlation between predicted and actual house price data (R=0.658). In this respect, it was realized that the model could be effectively used in appraising real estate by investors. However, a major limitation of the model was realized to be a limited dataset for large and luxurious houses, which were not accurately predicted as data distribution between actual and predicted values became sparse for high house prices. A key recommendation made is that future research should include more variables related to luxurious houses and macroeconomic factors to increase the ANN model accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming used gradually as an alternative source to classical fossil fuel because of being renewable, clean and abundant. In agricultural regions such as Hail, Saudi Arabia, farmers can invest in using PV sources for pumping water from relatively deep wells. In such case, forecasting the potential of PV energy is among the primary factors that may affect the design of a PV water pumping system efficiency and reliability. In this paper, a novel combined method based on Hammerstein—autoregressive with exogenous input—Wiener model optimized by particle swarm optimization was developed. Four models including, saturation, dead-zone and polynomial nonlinear blocks have been evaluated using global horizontal irradiation (GHI) as model output and separately, the temperature, the clearness index, the relative humidity and the wind speed as model inputs on daily basis collected from Hail region, Saudi Arabia over 20 years (2000–2019). The collected 7305 observations were divided into a training subset (6205) and a testing subset (1095). Six other models including persistence forecast, smart persistence forecast, time series autoregressive and artificial neural networks have been also implemented on the same dataset for comparison purpose. Based on robust performance indicators (mean absolute percentage error, coefficient of determination, the root mean square error and skill score), the Hammerstein–Saturation with temperature as input model outperformed all the other developed models. To validate the suitability of the proposed approach for forecasting GHI in arid climates, our best model was implemented on two locations picked randomly in the Hail region (Saudi Arabia). The results of validation were in the same scale of accuracy as the primary best model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to present a systematic analysis and review of the state of the art regarding the prediction of absenteeism and temporary incapacity using machine learning techniques. Moreover, the main contribution of this research is to reveal the most successful prediction models available in the literature. A systematic review of research papers published from 2010 to the present, related to the prediction of temporary disability and absenteeism in available in different research databases, is presented in this paper. The review focuses primarily on scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and ResearchGate. A total of 58 articles were obtained from which, after removing duplicates and applying the search criteria, 18 have been included in the review. In total, 44% of the articles were published in 2019, representing a significant growth in scientific work regarding these indicators. This study also evidenced the interest of several countries. In addition, 56% of the articles were found to base their study on regression methods, 33% in classification, and 11% in grouping. After this systematic review, the efficiency and usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting absenteeism and temporary incapacity are demonstrated. The studies regarding absenteeism and temporary disability at work are mainly conducted in Brazil and India, which are responsible for 44% of the analyzed papers followed by Saudi Arabia, and Australia which represented 22%. ANNs are the most used method in both classification and regression models representing 83% and 80% of the analyzed works, respectively. Only 10% of the literature use SVM, which is the less used method in regression models. Moreover, Naïve Bayes is the less used method in classification models representing 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical modelling has been successfully applied to the healthcare domain and epidemiological chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, which is classified as an epidemic due to its high rates of global prevalence. This paper models diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia along with the most relevant risk factors, namely smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity for adults aged =25 years. The aim of this study is based on developing different mathematical models for the purpose of studying the trends in incidence rates of diabetes over 15 years (1999 -2013) and to get predictions for the future level of the disease up to 2025, as this should support health policy planning and identifying the necessary costs of controlling diabetes. Different models were developed, namely Logistic Regression, Neural Networks, and Artificial Neural Networks. An overview of the performance of these models is provided to analyse their advantages and limitations. A combination of these models is performed to improve the prediction accuracy using combination methods such as AVR, WAVR, and MAJ. The combined model was validated by comparing the prediction of prevalence estimates by World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation, and Family Health Survey from the Saudi General Authority for Statistics. Improved accuracy was achieved with this combined model in comparison to these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several different Feed Forward Artificial Neural Networks (FFANNs) were used for forecasting the oneday- ahead Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) in Hail region, Saudi Arabia. The main motivation behind predicting GHI is that it is a critical parameter in sizing and planning photovoltaic water pumping systems. The novelty of the proposed approach is that it employs only the historical values of the GHI itself as explanatory variables and a fast training algorithm (resilientpropagation). In terms of performance metrics, the rp-trained FFANNs provided better results than Quasi-Newton (bfg) algorithm trained FFANNs for almost all the studied combinations of the FFANN structure. It has been also shown that increasing the number of neurons per layer didn't improve the performance. Medium structures with fast training algorithms are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic detection and recognition of traffic signs is very important and could potentially be used for driver assistance to reduce accidents and eventually in driverless automobiles. In this paper, Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to develop an Autonomous Traffic and Road Sign (ATRS) detection and recognition system. The proposed system works in real time detecting and recognizing traffic sign images. The contribution of this paper is also a newly developed database of 24 different traffic signs collected from random road sides in Saudi Arabia. The images were taken from different angles and including other parameters and conditions. A total of 2718 images were collected to form the database which we named Saudi Arabian Traffic and Road Signs (SA-TRS-2018). The CNN architecture was used with varying parameters in order to achieve the best recognition rates. Experimental results show that the proposed CNN architecture achieved an accuracy of 100%, thus higher than those achieved in similar previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient management of hospital resources is essential for providing high-quality healthcare while ensuring sustainability. Length of stay (LOS), measuring the duration from admission to discharge, directly impacts patient outcomes and resource utilization. Accurate LOS prediction offers numerous benefits, including reducing re-admissions, ensuring appropriate staffing, and facilitating informed discharge planning. While conventional methods rely on statistical models and clinical expertise, recent advances in machine learning (ML) present promising avenues for enhancing LOS prediction. This research focuses on developing an ML-based LOS prediction model trained on a comprehensive real-world dataset and discussing the important factors towards practical deployment of trained ML models in clinical settings. This research involves the development of a comprehensive adult cardiac patient dataset (SaudiCardioStay (SCS)) from the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSH&RC) hospital in Saudi Arabia, comprising 4930 patient encounters for 3611 unique patients collected from 2019 to 2022 (excluding 2020). A diverse range of classical ML models (i.e., Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), artificial neural networks (ANNs), Average Voting Regression (AvgVotReg)) are implemented for the SCS dataset to explore the potential of existing ML models in LOS prediction. In addition, this study introduces a novel approach for LOS prediction by incorporating a dedicated LOS classifier within a sophisticated ensemble methodology (i.e., Two-Level Sequential Cascade Generalization (2LSCG), Three-Level Sequential Cascade Generalization (3LSCG), Parallel Cascade Generalization (PCG)), aiming to enhance prediction accuracy and capture nuanced patterns in healthcare data. The experimental results indicate the best mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.1700 for the 3LSCG model. Relatively comparable performance was observed for the AvgVotReg model, with a MAE of 0.1703. In the end, a detailed analysis of the practical implications, limitations, and recommendations concerning the deployment of ML approaches in actual clinical settings is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load forecasting has become in recent years one of the major areas of research in electrical engineering. Most traditional forecasting models and artificial intelligence techniques have been tried out in this task. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have lately received much attention, and many papers have reported successful experiments and practical tests. This paper presents the development of an ANN-based committee machine load forecasting model with improved accuracy for the Regional Power Control Centre of Saudi Electricity Company. The proposed system has been further optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Bacterial Foraging (BG) optimization algorithms. Results were compared for standard ANN, weight optimized ANN, and ANN committee machine models. The networks were trained with weather-related, time based and special events indexes for electric load data from the calendar years 2005 to 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, technical advancements and faster Internet speeds have also led to an increasing number of mobile devices and users. Thus, all contributors to society, whether young or old members, can use these mobile apps. The use of these apps eases our daily lives, and all customers who need any type of service can access it easily, comfortably, and efficiently through mobile apps. Particularly, Saudi Arabia greatly depends on digital services to assist people and visitors. Such mobile devices are used in organizing daily work schedules and services, particularly during two large occasions, Umrah and Hajj. However, pilgrims encounter mobile app issues such as slowness, conflict, unreliability, or user-unfriendliness. Pilgrims comment on these issues onmobile app platforms through reviews of their experiences with these digital services. Scholars have made several attempts to solve such mobile issues by reporting bugs or non-functional requirements by utilizing user comments. However, solving such issues is a great challenge, and the issues still exist. Therefore, this study aims to propose a hybrid deep learning model to classify and predict mobile app software issues encountered by millions of pilgrims during the Hajj and Umrah periods from the user perspective. Firstly, a dataset was constructed using user-generated comments from relevant mobile apps using natural language processing methods, including information extraction, the annotation process, and pre-processing steps, considering a multi-class classification problem. Then, several experiments were conducted using common machine learning classifiers, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Convolutional Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) architectures, to examine the performance of the proposed model. Results show 96% in F1-score and accuracy, and the proposed model outperformed the mentioned models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowd counting in specific places has recently been considered as a significant contribution in many applications in terms of security and economic values. Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has considered new ways and methods to diversify sources of income, where many non-traditional establishments in several fields have been initiated and put in place. However, controlling the number of visitors and participants to events and exhibitions has always been a challenge, as it has always been considered as an important success factor to any event. Smart public places approach is one of the inevitable directions of development in Saudi Arabia, where security, comfort, and safety of crowds is to be controlled and managed using machine learning techniques, more specifically, IoT-based crowd counting techniques. Such a technology will not only help in resolving security and safety problems, but also will play a significant role in reducing waiting time for visitors, by giving indicators, projections and advices on crowded places. In this paper, a mobile-based model is proposed for counting people in high and low crowded public places in Saudi Arabia under various scene conditions with no prior knowledge. The proposed model is built based on pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) called VGG-16 with some modifications on the last layer of the CNN to increase the efficiency of the training model. In addition to the improvement of efficiency, the proposed method accepts images of arbitrary sizes/scales as inputs. The applicability of the proposed method has been evaluated by incorporating IoT architecture, where surveillance cameras to be connected to the Internet to capture live pictures of different public places. To achieve this goal, New and special Saudi people dataset as well as some other existing dataset, have been produced and used to train the network. The result shows a significant improvement to the efficiency of the DCNN over the existing counting networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides geometric and aerodynamic wind turbine parameters, wind speed and nonlinear fluctuations represent the main components in the prediction of the aerodynamic loads and performance of wind turbines. Determining wind speed characteristics is crucial in the computation of the power generated, loads and stress on rotor blades, and the fatigue of structural components. In this paper, we propose the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) method to forecast the daily wind speed at some locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using multiple local meteorological measurement data provided by K.A.CARE. The available database used for ANN prediction is divided into training and validation sets. The attributes for the training includes among others the time of the day, the year, the latitude and longitude, air temperature, wind direction, humidity, and pressure. The suggested model is a feed-forward neural network model with the administered learning technique using the back-propagation algorithm. The sigmoid function has been adopted as an activation function at the second layer and linear activation in the output layer. Based on the different tests conducted, the best values of the correlation coefficient R and the Root Mean Square Error RMSE were obtained with a learning phase of 60% of the training set 40% of testing. By increasing the number of neurons in the hidden layer, the best structure was obtained for 10 neurons in the hidden layers matching a minimum of MSE and the highest value of R. The model has been implemented using WEKA software where numerical validation with data from meteorological stations has confirmed that the proposed model shows good agreement. The significance of the study relies on its ability to predict the daily wind speed, select the best site for wind turbine installation, ensure a secure and reliable electrical power output, and help the operators in a wind farm to manage efficiently the generated power. Another key element of this study is the outreach and dissemination of wind energy technologies within Effat community to address the challenges facing Saudi Arabia's in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system-stochastic frontier analysis (ANFIS-SFA) approach for long-term natural gas (NG) consumption prediction and analysis of the behavior of NG consumption. The proposed models consist of input variables of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population (POP). Six distinct models based on different inputs are defined. All of trained ANFIS are then compared with respect to mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). To meet the best performance of the intelligent based approaches, data are pre-processed (scaled) and finally the outputs are post-processed (returned to its original scale). To show the applicability and superiority of the integrated ANFIS-SFA approach, gas consumption in four Middle Eastern countries i.e. Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and United Arab Emirates is forecasted and analyzed based on the data of the time period 1980–2007. With the aid of autoregressive model, GDP and population are projected for the period 2008–2015. These projected data are used as the input of ANFIS model to predict the gas consumption in the selected countries for 2008–2015. SFA is then used to examine the behavior of gas consumption in the past and also to make insights for the forthcoming years. The ANFIS-SFA approach is capable of dealing with complexity, uncertainty, and randomness as well as several other unique features discussed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Burning fossil fuels is a major concern for global warming control. In Saudi Arabia, steam power plants that relay on boilers to produce the steam accounted for around 50% of the total electricity generation capacity in 2021, in addition to 15% capacity from co-generation power plants. Fossil-based energy production produces harmful emissions, mostly NOx. The case of combustion efficiency and NOx emissions is complicated and cannot be addressed by simple theoretical model. This paper investigates the existing literature exploring data driven approaches via Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in a variety of applications, including mainly boiler optimization for efficient and clean energy production. The study discusses the importance of energy intelligence for industries in supporting decision making and prediction considering supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Expert systems, artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic algorithms (GA), fuzzy logic (FL), and different hybrid systems, which incorporate two or more techniques, are all included in AI systems. A condensed review of some recent literature is presented on the applications of support vector machines, ANN, GA, FL, and hybrid systems to combustion systems for emphasizing boilers' performance and emissions. An overview of boiler dynamics and control are presented and the use of AI for trade-off between boiler's efficiency and NOx emissions is discussed, with special focus being made on hydrogen combustion. The reported findings in this study demonstrate the promise of AI in control of emissions and optimization of performance in boilers with the least amount of construction and operating expenditures. The complexity and a number of restrictions present in emissions control systems, however, may reduce the likelihood of success. The specific perspectives are found to be data availability, data reliability, validity of methodology, and system complexity. It is concluded that wide variety of AI approaches have been used in a diversity of disciplines for modelling, predicting performance and controlling emissions of combustion processes. It is indicated that data representing the history and performance of real systems along with the proper selection of the AI model are crucial for setting up such systems. Based on this study, it can be stated that AI models are great tools towards better performance of boilers at minimum emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saudi population is at high risk of multimorbidity. The risk of these morbidities can be reduced by identifying common modifiable behavioural risk factors. This study uses statistical and machine learning methods to predict factors for multimorbidity in the Saudi population. Data from 23,098 Saudi residents were extracted from the "Sharik" Health Indicators Surveillance System 2021. Participants were asked about their demographics and health indicators. Binary logistic models were used to determine predictors of multimorbidity. A backpropagation neural network model was further run using the predictors from the logistic regression model. Accuracy measures were checked using training, validation, and testing data. Females and smokers had the highest likelihood of experiencing multimorbidity. Age and fruit consumption also played a significant role in predicting multimorbidity. Regarding model accuracy, both logistic regression and backpropagation algorithms yielded comparable outcomes. The backpropagation method (accuracy 80.7%) was more accurate than the logistic regression model (77%). Machine learning algorithms can be used to predict multimorbidity among adults, particularly in the Middle East region. Different testing methods later validated the common predicting factors identified in this study. These factors are helpful and can be translated by policymakers to consider improvements in the public health domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose an original deep learning framework for the automated counting and geolocation of palm trees from aerial images using convolutional neural networks. For this purpose, we collected aerial images from two different regions in Saudi Arabia, using two DJI drones, and we built a dataset of around 11,000 instances of palm trees. Then, we applied several recent convolutional neural network models (Faster R-CNN, YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and EfficientDet) to detect palms and other trees, and we conducted a complete comparative evaluation in terms of average precision and inference speed. YOLOv4 and EfficientDet-D5 yielded the best trade-off between accuracy and speed (up to 99% mean average precision and 7.4 FPS). Furthermore, using the geotagged metadata of aerial images, we used photogrammetry concepts and distance corrections to automatically detect the geographical location of detected palm trees. This geolocation technique was tested on two different types of drones (DJI Mavic Pro and Phantom 4 pro) and was assessed to provide an average geolocation accuracy that attains 1.6 m. This GPS tagging allows us to uniquely identify palm trees and count their number from a series of drone images, while correctly dealing with the issue of image overlapping. Moreover, this innovative combination between deep learning object detection and geolocalization can be generalized to any other objects in UAV images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a novel AI and data-driven predictive model to analyze and forecast energy markets, and tests it for gasoline demand of Saudi Arabia. The AI model is based on a genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network (ANN), and data mining (DM) approach for time-series (TS) analysis, referred to as GANNATS. The GANNATS predictive model was successfully designed, trained, validated, and tested using real historical market data. Results show that the model yields accurate predictions with robust key performance indicators. A double cross-validation of the model verified that Saudi Arabia's gasoline demand declined by 2.5% in 2017 from its 2016 level. The model forecasts that Saudi gasoline demand will maintain a mild growth over the short-term outlook. Variables impact and screening analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors driving the gasoline demand. The recent decline in Saudi gasoline demand is primarily attributed to the improvements in vehicle efficiency, lifting of fuel price subsidies, declining population growth, and changes in consumer behavior. This paper enriches existing knowledge of best practices for forecasting domestic and global gasoline demand. In addition, the methodology presented improves on traditional econometric models and enhances the predictability and accuracy of forecasts of gasoline demand. • Presents a novel predictive model for energy markets. • Provides GANNATS modeling development framework for time series applications. • Applies GANNATS model to a case study of modeling, analyzing and predicting gasoline demand in Saudi Arabia. • Verifies the predictive model with a cross-validation process for Saudi gasoline demand. • Identifies the influencing and impactful factors driving the gasoline demand of Saudi Arabia. • Provides forecast and analyses for Saudi gasoline demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting wind speed for wind energy conversion systems (WECS) is an essential monitor, control, plan, and dispatch generated power and meets customer needs. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recently set ambitious targets in its national transformation program and Vision 2030 to move away from oil dependence and redirect oil and gas exploration efforts to other higher-value uses, chiefly meeting 10% of its energy demand through renewable energy sources. In this paper, we propose the use of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) method as a means of predicting daily wind speed in a number of locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia based on multiple local meteorological measurement data provided by K.A.CARE. The suggested model is a feed-forward neural network model with the administered learning technique using a back-propagation algorithm. Results indicate that the best structure is obtained with thirty neurons in the hidden layers matching a minimum root mean square error (RMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient (R). A comparison between predicted and actual data from meteorological stations showed good agreement. A comparison between five machine learning algorithms, namely ANN, support vector machines (SVM), random tree, random forest, and RepTree revealed that random tree has low correlation and relatively high root mean square error. The significance of the present study relies on its ability to predict wind speeds, a necessary prerequisite to executing sustainable integration of wind power into Saudi Arabia's electrical grid, assisting operators in efficiently managing generated power, and helping achieve the energy efficiency and production targets of Vision 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurse educators are often burnt out and suffer from depression due to their demanding job settings. Biochemical markers of burnout can provide insights into the physiological changes that lead to burnout and may help us prevent burnout symptoms. Research was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional survey design and a multi-stage sampling method. The ministry of education website provides a list of Saudi Arabian nursing education programs that offer bachelor of science in nursing programs (BSN). The study consisted of 299 qualified participants. Malsach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure burnout as the dependent variable. The MBI is a 22-item scale that measures depersonalization, accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion during work. Bootstrapping with 5000 replicas was used to address potential non-normality. During this framework, four deep neural networks are created. They all have the same number of layers but differ in the number of neurons they have in the hidden layers. The number of female nurse educators experiencing burnout is moderate (mean = 1.92 ± 0.63). Burnout is also moderately observed in terms of emotional exhaustion (mean = 2.13 ± 0.63), depersonalization (mean = 2.12 ± 0.50), and personal achievement scores (mean = 12 2.38 ± 1.13). It has been shown that stacking the clusters at the end of a column increases their accuracy, which can be considered an important feature when classifying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing market is a crucial economic indicator to which the government must pay special attention because of its impact on the lives of freshly minted city inhabitants. As a guide for government regulation, individual property purchases, third-party evaluation, and understanding how housing prices are distributed geographically may be of great practical use. Therefore, much research has been conducted on how to arrive at a more accurate and efficient way of calculating housing prices in the current market. The goal of this study was to use the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to correctly identify real estate prices. The novelty of the proposed research is to build a prediction model based on ANN for predicting future house prices in Saudi Arabia. The dataset was collected from Aqar in four main Saudi Arabian cities: Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam, and Al-Khobar. The results showed that the experimental and predicted values were very close. The results of the proposed system were compared with different existing prediction systems, and the developed model achieved high performance. This forecasting system can also help increase investment in the real estate sector. The ANN model could appropriately estimate the housing prices currently available on the market, according to the findings of the assessments of the model. Thus, this study provides a suitable decision support or adaptive suggestion approach for estimating the ideal sales prices of residential properties. This solution is urgently required by both investors and the general population as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, investigation of the performance of a support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) in predicting solar radiation on PV panel surfaces with particular tilt angles was carried out on two sites in Saudi Arabia. The diffuse, direct, and global solar radiation data on a horizontal surface were used as the basis for predicting the radiation on a tilted surface. The amount of data used is equivalent to 360 days, averaged from the 5-min basis data. By solving the tilt angle equation, an optimum value of solar radiation was obtained using a tilt angle of 16° and 37.5° for Jeddah and Qassim locations, respectively. The evaluation of performance and comparison of results of ANN as well as SVM and the measured/calculated data are made on the basis of statistical measures including the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (CC), and magnitude of relative error (MRE). The speed of computation of the algorithms is also considered for comparison. Results indicate that for Jeddah, the CC for SVM is between 0.918 and 0.967 for training and in the range of 0.91981–0.97641 for testing while that of ANN is in the range of 0.517–0.9692 for training and 0.0361–0.0961 for testing. For Qassim, the results are even better with CC of 0.999 for training and 0.987 for testing ANN showed higher values of MRE ranging between 0.19 and 1.16 and SVM is between 0.33 and 0.51 for training and testing respectively. In terms of speed of computation, it is observed that SVM is faster than ANN in predicting solar radiation data with a lower speed of 2.15 s compared to 4.56 s for ANN during training. Moreover, SVM has lower values of RMSE indicating that it is robust and has the capability to minimize errors during computations. Therefore, SVM has significantly higher accuracy, robust during computation and is faster in predicting the radiation on the tilted surfaces in comparison with ANN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource. It supports a multitude of industries, civilizations, and agriculture. However, climatic conditions impact water availability, particularly in desert areas where the temperature is high, and rain is scarce. Therefore, it is crucial to forecast water demand to provide it to sectors either on regular or emergency days. The study aims to develop an accurate model to forecast daily water demand under the impact of climatic conditions. This forecasting is known as a multivariate time series because it uses both the historical data of water demand and climatic conditions to forecast the future. Focusing on the collected data of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia in the period between 2004 and 2018, we develop a hybrid approach that uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for forecasting and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) for tuning ANNs'hyperparameters. Based on theRoot Mean Square Error (RMSE)metric, results show that the (PSO-ANN) is an accurate model for multivariate time series forecasting. Also, the first day is the most difficult day for prediction (highest error rate), while the second day is the easiest to predict (lowest error rate). Finally, correlation analysis shows that the dew point is the most climatic factor affecting water demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans and all other living things depend on having access to clean water, as it is an indispensable essential resource. Therefore, the development of a model that can predict water quality conditions in the future will have substantial societal and economic value. This can be accomplished by using a model that can predict future water quality circumstances. In this study, we employed a sophisticated artificial neural network (ANN) model. This study intends to develop a hybrid model of single exponential smoothing (SES) with bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict water quality (WQ) in different groundwater in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia. Single exponential smoothing (SES) was employed as a preprocessing method to adjust the weight of the dataset, and the output from SES was processed using the BiLSTM and ANFIS models for predicting water quality. The data were randomly divided into two phases, training (70%) and testing (30%). Efficiency statistics were used to evaluate the SES-BiLSTM and SES-ANFIS models' prediction abilities. The results showed that while both the SES-BiLSTM and SES-ANFIS models performed well in predicting the water quality index (WQI), the SES-BiLSTM model performed best with accuracy (R = 99.95% and RMSE = 0.00910) at the testing phase, where the performance of the SES-ANFIS model was R = 99.95% and RMSE = 2.2941 × 100-07. The findings support the idea that the SES-BilSTM and SES-ANFIS models can be used to predict the WQI with high accuracy, which will help to enhance WQ. The results demonstrated that the SES-BiLSTM and SES-ANFIS models' forecasts are accurate and that both seasons' performances are consistent. Similar investigations of groundwater quality prediction for drinking purposes should benefit from the proposed SES-BiLSTM and SES-ANFIS models. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the proposed SES-BiLSTM and SES-ANFIS models are useful tools for predicting whether the groundwater in Al-Baha city is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study between Bayesian Neural Network (BNN), classical Neural Network (NN) and empirical models for estimating the daily global solar irradiation (DGSR). An experimental meteorological database from 1998 to 2002 at Al-Madinah (Saudi Arabia) has been used. Four input parameters have been employed: air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and extraterrestrial irradiation. Automatic relevance determination (ARD) method has investigated in order to select the optimum input parameters of the NN. Results show that the BNN performs better that other NN structures and empirical models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we have investigated the differences between the prices of different commercial oils of the Persian Gulf region. The prices of 7 different crude oils from Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Abu Dhabi and Dubai were compared with the benchmark light oil of Saudi Arabia over the period January 2000–April 2010. A neural network is introduced to forecast the price of any commercial oil in these crude oils, provided that the price of the benchmark light oil of Saudi Arabia is already known or is predicted by another forecasting method. The designed neural network is able to predict the differences in the oil prices with an average error of 8.82% for testing and 7.24% for training data. It is claimed that the present method can promote the forecasting power of existing models to predict the price of any commercial oil instead of an average or benchmark value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, an adaptive model for predicting hourly global, diffuse and direct solar irradiance is described. A dataset of measured air temperature, relative humidity, direct, diffuse and global horizontal irradiance for Jeddah site (Saudi Arabia) were used in this study. Several combinations have been proposed, and the best performance is obtained by using sunshine duration, air temperature and relative humidity as inputs of the developed adaptive α-model. A good agreement between measured and predicted data is obtained. In fact, the correlation coefficient is more than 97% and the mean bias error is less than 0.8. A comparison between a Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and the adaptive proposed model is presented in order to demonstrate his performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Determination of relative permeability data is required for almost all calculations of fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs. Water/oil relative permeability data play important roles in characterizing the simultaneous two-phase flow in porous rocks and in predicting the performance of immiscible displacement processes in oil reservoirs. They are used, among other applications, for determining fluid distributions and residual saturations, predicting future reservoir performance, and estimating ultimate recovery. Undoubtedly, these data are considered probably the most valuable information required in reservoir-simulation studies. Estimates of relative permeability are generally obtained from laboratory experiments with reservoir-core samples. In the absence of the laboratory measurement of relative permeability data, developing empirical correlations for obtaining accurate estimates of relative permeability data showed limited success, and it proved difficult, especially for carbonate reservoir rocks. Artificial-neural-network (ANN) technology has proved successful and useful in solving complex structured and nonlinear problems. This paper presents a new modeling technology to predict accurately water/oil relative permeability using ANNs. The ANN models of relative permeability were developed using experimental data from waterflood-core-tests samples collected from carbonate reservoirs of giant Saudi Arabian oil fields. Three groups of data sets were used for training, verification, and testing the ANN models. Analysis of results of the testing data set shows excellent agreement with the experimental relative permeability data. In addition, error analyses show that the ANN models developed in this study outperform all published correlations. The benefits of this work include meeting the increased demand for conducting special core analysis (SCA), optimizing the number of laboratory measurements, integrating into reservoir-simulation and reservoir-management studies, and providing significant cost savings on extensive laboratory work and substantial required time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides and other disastrous natural catastrophes jeopardise natural resources, assets, and people's lives. As a result, future resource management will necessitate landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) using the best conditioning factors. In Aqabat Al-Sulbat, Asir province, Saudi Arabia, the goal of this study was to find optimal conditioning parameters dependent hybrid LSM. LSM was created using machine learning methods such as random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and artificial neural network (ANN). To build ensemble models, the LR was combined with RF and ANN models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to validate the LSMs and determine which models were the best. Then, utilising random forest (RF), classification and regression tree (CART), and correlation feature selection, sensitivity analysis was carried out. Through sensitivity analysis, the most relevant conditioning factors were determined, and the best model was applied to the important parameters to build a highly robust LSM with fewer variables. The ROC curve was also used to evaluate the final model. The results show that two hybrid models (LR-ANN and LR-RF) were predicted the very high as 29.67–32.73 km2 and high LS regions as 21.84–33.38 km2, with LR predicting 22.34km2 as very high and 45.15km2 as high LS zones. The LR-RF appeared as best model (AUC: 0.941), followed by LR-ANN (AUC: 0.915) and LR (AUC: 0.872). Sensitivity analysis, on the other hand, allows for the exclusion of aspects, hillshade, drainage density, curvature, and TWI from LSM. The LSM was then predicted using the LR-RF model based on the remaining nine conditioning factors. With fewer variables, this model has achieved greater accuracy (AUC: 0.927). This comes very close to being the best hybrid model. As a result, it is strongly advised to choose conditioning parameters with caution, as redundant parameters would result in less resilient LSM. As a consequence, both time and resources would be saved, and precise LSM would indeed be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces support vector machines (SVM), the latest neural network algorithm, to wind speed prediction and compares their performance with the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks. Mean daily wind speed data from Madina city, Saudi Arabia, is used for building and testing both models. Results indicate that SVM compare favorably with the MLP model based on the root mean square errors between the actual and the predicted data. These results are confirmed for a system with order 1 to system with order 11. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: Buildings are major contributors to greenhouse gases (GHG) along the various stages of the building life cycle. A range of tools have been utilised for estimating building energy use and environmental impacts; these are time-consuming and require massive data that are not necessarily available during early design stages. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an Environmental Impacts Cost Assessment Model (EICAM) that quantifies both energy and environmental costs for residential buildings. Design/methodology/approach: An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was employed to develop the EICAM. The model consists of six input parameters, including wall type, roof type, glazing type, window to wall ratio (WWR), shading device and building orientation. In addition, the model calculates four measures: annual energy cost, operational carbon over 20 years, envelope embodied carbon and total carbon per square metre. The ANN architecture is 6:13:4:4, where the conjugate gradient algorithm was applied to train the model and minimise the mean squared error (MSE). Furthermore, regression analysis for the ANN prediction for each output was performed. Findings: The MSE was minimised to 0.016 while training the model. Also, the correlation between each ANN output and the actual output was very strong, with an R2 value for each output of almost 0.998. Moreover, validation was conducted for each output, with the error percentages calculated at 0.26%, 0.25%, 0.03% and 0.27% for the annual energy cost, operational carbon, envelope materials embodied carbon and total carbon per square metre, respectively. Accordingly, the EICAM contributes to enhancing design decision-making concerning energy consumption and carbon emissions in the early design stages. Research limitations/implications: This study provides theoretical implications to the domain of building environmental impact assessment through illustrating a systematic approach for developing an energy-based prediction model that generates four environmental-oriented outputs, namely energy cost, operational energy carbon, envelope embodied carbon, and total carbon. The model developed has practical implications for the architectural/engineering (A/E) industries by providing a useful tool to easily predict environmental impact costs during the early design phase. This would enable designers in Saudi Arabia to make effective design decisions that would increase sustainability in the building life cycle. Originality/value: By providing a holistic predictive model entitled EICAM, this study endeavours to bridge the gap between energy costs and environmental impacts in a predictive model for Saudi residential units. The novelty of this model is that it is an alternative tool that quantifies both energy cost, as well as building's environmental impact, in one model by using a machine learning approach. Besides, EICAM predicts its outcomes more quickly than conventional tools such as DesignBuilder and is reliable for predicting accurate environmental impact costs during early design stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a rigorous and advanced data-driven model to describe, analyze, and forecast the global crude oil demand. The study deploys a hybrid approach of artificial intelligence techniques, namely, the genetic-algorithm, neural-network, and data-mining approach for time-series models (GANNATS). The GANNATS was developed and applied to two country cases, including one for a high oil producer (Saudi Arabia) and one for a high oil consumer (China), to develop crude oil demand forecasts. The input variables of the neural network models include gross domestic product (GDP), the country's population, oil prices, gas prices, and transport data, in addition to transformed variables and functional links. The artificial intelligence predictive models of oil demand were successfully developed, trained, validated, and tested using historical oil-market data, yielding excellent oil demand predictions. The performance of the intelligent models for Saudi Arabia and China was examined using rigorous indicators of generalizability, predictability, and accuracy. The GANNATS forecasting models show that the crude oil demand for both Saudi Arabia and China will continue to increase over the forecast period but with a mildly declining growth, particularly for Saudi Arabia. This decreasing growth in the demand for oil can be attributed to increased energy efficiency, fuel switching, conversion of power plants from crude oil to gas-based plants, and increased utilization of renewable energy, such as solar and wind for electricity generation and water desalination. In this study, the feature engineering of variables selection techniques has been applied to identify and understand significant factors that impact and drive the crude oil demand. The proposed GANNATS methodology optimizes and upgrades the conventional process of developing oil demand forecasts. It also improves and enhances the predictability and accuracy of the current oil demand forecasting models. • Developed GANNATS models for modeling, analyzing and predicting the crude oil demand. • Identified and discussed the influential factors driving the crude oil demand of Saudi Arabia and China. • Predicted crude oil demand for Saudi Arabia and China for the short-term outlook. • Provided a guide for AI/ML generalization attributes. • Provided golden rules and tips for modeling GANNATS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in precipitation as a result of climate change are becoming a widespread issue all around the world. A lack of rainfall causes a meteorological drought. The short-term Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-6) index was used to estimate meteorological drought conditions in Saudi Arabia's Asir region from 1970 to 2017. Innovative trend analysis (ITA), the Modified Mann–Kendall test (MMK), the Sequential Mann–Kendall test, and Morlet wavelet transformation were used to detect trend and periodicity in meteorological drought conditions in the Asir region. In addition, the meteorological drought conditions were forecasted by integrating Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) ensemble machine learning algorithm and an artificial neural network (ANN). Droughts of varying severity have become more frequent in Asir, according to the findings. In most stations, ITA and MMK tests have revealed a significant increase in drought. In all stations, the SQMK test revealed a big sudden year-over-year drought trend. With the exception of one station, all stations experienced extreme drought frequency discovered using Morlet Wavelet Transformation over a long period of time (10 years or more) (station 34). The PSO-ANN hybrid learning algorithm predicted SPI-6 values that had a strong correlation with actual SPI-6 values and also had lower error values, indicating that this model performed well. The PSO-ANN model predicts that the Asir region of Saudi Arabia will experience major moderate to extreme drought events in the coming years (2018–2025). The findings of this analysis will assist planners and policymakers in planning for the acquisition of sustainable agriculture in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaporation losses are very high in warm-arid regions and their accurate evaluation is vital for the sustainable management of water resources. The assessment of such losses involves extremely difficult and original tasks because of the scarcity of data in countries with an arid climate. The main objective of this paper is to develop models for the simulation of pan-evaporation with the help of Penman and Hamon's equations, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and the Artificial Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The results from five types of ANN models with different training functions were compared to find the best possible training function. The impact of using various input variables was investigated as an original contribution of this research. The average temperature and mean wind speed were found to be the most influential parameters. The estimation of parameters for Penman and Hamon's equations was quite a daunting task. These parameters were estimated using a state of the art optimization algorithm, namely General Reduced Gradient Technique. The results of the Penman and Hamon's equations, ANN, and ANFIS were compared. Thirty-eight years (from 1980 to 2018) of manually recorded pan-evaporation data regarding mean daily values of a month, including the relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine duration, and temperature, were collected from three gauging stations situated in Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. The Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) evaluated the performance of pan-evaporation modeling techniques. The study shows that the ANFIS simulation results were better than those of ANN and Penman and Hamon's equations. The findings of the present research will help managers, engineers, and decision makers to sustainability manage natural water resources in warm-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to model the link between the implementation of ISO 14031 and ISO 14001. This study connects ISO 14031's guidelines as independent variables to a dependent variable expressed by the ISO 14001 certification situation of industrial organizations based on the judgments of environmental managers in Saudi Arabia. Applying the quantitative approach using a survey with 596 responses from organizations functioning in 30 economic activities, a multi-layered neural network was trained to examine the relationship between standards and predict whether the organization is ISO 14001 certified in addition to testing the developed network on a group of collected cases. The results demonstrated the ability of the network to classify the organization's certification status by 94.00% according to the training sample and its ability to predict 91.00% of the test sample, with an overall prediction efficiency of 91.30%. This work provides insights and adds to the environmental performance evaluation literature providing a neural network model based on ISO 14031 guidelines that can be extended to include other international standards such as ISO 9001. This study supports the merging of ISO 14001 with ISO 14031 into a binding standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]