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The article presents information on Modernists in the U.S., who got interested in cultural consciousness in the first half of the 20th century. These Modernists were attracted by the casual lifestyle and liberalism at California. The artists made remarkable paintings and sculptures related to the country, that transformed the aesthetics of the U.S. into modernity. The Modernists included Otis Oldfield, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, and Oskar Fischinger.

The article describes the work of artist James Turrell. It focuses on the works of Turrell in the mid-60s with the California avant-garde cutting holes in gallery walls and ceilings to cast natural and artificial light. It presents Turrell's project in the mid-70s using funds from a Guggenheim grant to transform a dormant volcano, Roden Crater, into an immense natural observatory and lighting showroom.

Focuses on modern artist Marc Chagall, in light of the Chagall retrospective at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California. Chagall's reputation; Biographical details; Focus of his art; His life as a Jew in Christian Europe; Influence of the Post-Impressionists; Career background; Examples of his works; Chagall's role in introducing Jewish life into the mainstream of Western art.