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Triadelphia pulvinata is a rare dematiaceous fungus found in soil. We report the first case of invasive disease in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia who had a bloodstream infection with possibly both lung and brain involvement. Identification was by combined phenotypic features and fungal ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.

Cladophialophora bantiana is associated with central nervous system infection and a poor outcome. C. bantiana tends to be resistant to amphotericin B. Accordingly, we evaluated amphotericin B and three triazoles--posaconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole--for treatment of C. bantiana infection in mice. In immunosuppressed ICR mice infected intravenously, posaconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B prolonged survival. This improvement in survival corresponded with a reduction in brain fungal concentrations for mice which were given itraconazole and posaconazole, but not amphotericin B. In nonimmunosuppressed BALB/c mice infected intracerebrally, posaconazole showed dose-dependent responses in survival and reduction of brain tissue counts. These responses were observed for short, delayed, and prolonged therapy. Although posaconazole prolonged the survival of mice with reductions in brain fungal counts, it did not sterilize brain tissue with continuous therapy for 8 weeks. We concluded that posaconazole shows promise for the treatment of C. bantiana brain infections.

Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ramichloridium mackenziei is universally fatal. All reported cases with long-term follow-up have indicated 100% mortality despite antifungal therapy and surgical intervention. We describe the case of a 62-year-old patient who underwent renal transplantation and had a cerebral abscess caused by R. mackenziei. The infection progressed despite surgical evacuation and therapy with liposomal amphotericin B, itraconazole, and 5-flucytosine. The patient was subsequently treated with the investigational triazole posaconazole oral suspension, 800 mg/day, in divided doses. Treatment with posaconazole resulted in progressive clinical and radiologic improvement. The patient is alive four years after diagnosis and maintained on posaconazole therapy. This case supports the potential role of this extended-spectrum azole in the treatment of this serious fungal infection of the central nervous system.

Ramichloridium obovoideum ("Ramichloridium makenziei") is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. It has been, so far, geographically restricted to the Middle East. BALB/c mice were inoculated with two strains of R. obovoideum intracranially. Therapy with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or the investigational triazole SCH 56592 was conducted for 10 days. Half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. Recipients of SCH 56592 had significantly prolonged survival and lower brain fungal burden, and this result was found for mice infected with both of the fungal strains tested. Itraconazole reduced the brain fungal load in mice infected with one strain but not the other, while amphotericin B had no effect on brain fungal concentrations. This study indicates a possible role of SCH 56592 in the treatment of the serious cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to R. obovoideum.