Search

Subfamily Bathypogoninae The only published information on the eggs of the Bathypogoninae is for Bathypogon spp. There are at least seven eggs per oviposition in the soil. The eggs are cream colored and elongate. The eggs have not been examined with a SEM. There is no information on the larvae of Bathypogoninae and only general morphological information on pupae., Published as part of Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2013, Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3673 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/283950

Subfamily Trigonomiminae Genera in the subfamily Trigonomiminae drop 3 to 326 eggs onto the soil or possibly onto vegetation. The spherical to slightly oval or oval eggs are creamy white to light or dark brown. They range in length from 0.24 to 0.32 mm and width from 0.16 to 0.32 mm. Damalis eggs have hexagons and tiny spicules on the surface. The eggs of Holcocephala have irregular pentagons and hexagons with thick or tall, thin ridges. Aeropyles are present on the eggs of Holcocephala. Damalis and Holcocephala eggs have one micropyle with the micropyle of the latter in a broad, smooth or floral-like area. The egg stage of Damalis lasts 14 days and the larvae and pupae occur in the soil. First-instar larvae of Damalis have been described and figured. General information on Trigonomiminae pupae has been published., Published as part of Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2013, Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3673 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/283950

Machimus latapex Martin, 1975 (Figs. 1���3) Machimus latapex Martin, 1975: 20 This description is based on one pupal case and associated pinned male labeled, ���Riverside Cal. May 19, 1947, pupa in ground, Issued June 3, 1947, Timberlake Coll., Machimus latapex Mtn. det. J. Wilcox 76, UCR. USNMENT00876153���. Description. Pupal case straight. Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 16.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 3.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen 3.0 mm, tapering to 1.75 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Subshining light yellowish brown, smooth to variably rugose (wrinkled) or rugulose (minutely wrinkled). Spurs, dorsal spines, and antennal processes, and processes of abdominal segment 9 uniformly light reddish brown to darker apically; dorsolateral, postspiracular, and ventral bristlelike spines pale yellowish (Figs. 1��� 3). Head with pair of basally rugose, dorsally rounded to flattened, ventrally wedge shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base; with group of 3 subequal, basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; innermost process not widely separated from outermost processes; 2 outermost processes closer together, basally fused for greater distance; innermost and middle processes dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped; outermost process wide for entire length, dorsoventrally flattened, apically blunt; basal sensory pore present on proximal side of outer process, in flattened, oval to elongate, sclerotized area. Facial area lacking median and lateral spines. Labral sheath rugulose, with posterior rugose tubercle extending over proboscidal sheath. Proboscidal (= proboscial, olim, incorrect spelling) sheath about 1 / 3 longer than labral sheath, smooth, with shallow median groove extending to vertical posterior tubercle. Maxillary sheaths smooth to rugulose, extending 2 / 3 length of proboscidal sheath, lacking apical processes or tubercle-like swellings. Palpal sheaths not visible between maxillary and labral sheaths. Anterior coxal sheath smooth to irregularly rugulose, with anterior median longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath not visible, folded inward. Paired elongate oval prothoracic spiracles slightly directed posteriorly on stalk on small callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Pair of anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of mid leg sheaths, dorsally rounded to ventrally slightly wedge shaped or dosoventrally flattened; spines equal in size, basally rugose, straight or anterior spine slightly curved towards venter. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath large, smooth to rugose; with apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine with sclerotized edge. Wing sheath mostly smooth, but posterior third rugose; basal and medial tubercles absent. Thoracic area above wing sheaths smooth to rugulose, especially on posterior margin. Leg sheaths smooth to apically rugulose and slightly bilobed with small medial projection. Hind leg sheath reaching to slightly beyond posterior margin of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal segment 1 with slight median space dividing transverse row of long, recurved spurs. Abdominal segments 2���7 generally lacking dorsal median space dividing transverse row of spurs and spines, with or without median broad, bifurcate spine, with transverse rows of alternating long, recurved spurs and short, straight spines; some spines broad and apically blunt, spines generally slightly anterior to spurs, and some lateral spurs and spines becoming shorter. Dorsolateral and lateral postspiracular bristlelike spines generally become longer on posterior segments; some spines very close together and not equally spaced. Ventral bristlelike spines mostly long, subequal, some becoming shorter laterally. Abdominal segments 1���7 with spiracles situated along midline laterally, shining reddish brown, oval to elongate oval, on slight stalk or callosity that is smooth to rugose. Abdominal segment 1 with slight median space dividing anterodorsal transverse row of 10 long, equal, apically recurved spurs; lacking dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 3���4 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with short, broad, bifurcate dorsomedian spine flanked on each side by rows of 6 alternating long, straight to apically recurved spurs and short, straight spines; with 6���7 mostly long, equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 7���8 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with 8 mostly long ventral bristlelike spines extending under wing and leg sheaths on each side, becoming shorter towards midline. Abdominal segment 3 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13 straight, short spines alternating with straight to slightly apically recurved long spurs; with outer spine short on each side; with 5���6 mostly long, equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6���8 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 23 mostly long bristlelike spines, with median spine very short and indistinct. Abdominal segment 4 with short, slightly bifurcate dorsomedian spine flanked on each side by 6 alternating long spurs and short, straight to slightly apically recurved spines, with additional short spine on each side; with 6��� 8 mostly equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6���7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 18 mostly long bristlelike spines, with some short spines indistinct. Abdominal segment 5 with broad, slightly bifurcate dorsomedian spine flanked on each side by 6 alternating long, apically recurved spurs and short, straight, spines; with 5 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6���7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 20 mostly long bristlelike spines, some short spines indistinct. Abdominal segment 6 with short, broad, slightly bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 6 alternating apically recurved long spurs and straight, short spines; with 5 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 20 mostly long bristlelike spines, some short spines indistinct. Abdominal segment 7 with short, straight dorsomedian spines flanked on each side by 3 long, apically recurved spurs alternating with short, straight spines; with 2���3 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5���6 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 20 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 8 with dorsal transverse row of 5 mostly medium spines divided by wide dorsomedian space; with 7���8 mostly long lateral bristlelike spines; laterally with small spherical reddish brown spiracle flush with cuticle; with ventromedian pair of short bristlelike spines flanked on each side with 5 mostly long bristlelike spines, some apically bifurcate. Abdominal segment 9 with about equal length dorsal posterolateral and ventral posterolateral processes, apically curved towards each other; with very small anterior ventromedian tubercle and medium size midventral tubercle on each side of midline., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of three Nearctic species of Machimus (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 561-570 in Zootaxa 3683 (5) on pages 562-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/217203, {"references":["Martin, C. H. (1975) The generic and specific characters of four old and six new Asilini genera in the western United States, Mexico, and Central America (Diptera: Asilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 119, 107 pp."]}

Subfamily Ommatiinae Limited information has been published since 1972 on the immature stages of Ommatiinae. The eggs of Ommatius are dropped onto the ground. Some descriptive information has been published on the pupae, but only Ommatius spp. pupae have been described in detail with figures.

Laphria posticata Say (Figs. 10���11) Laphria posticata Say, 1824: 374. The following description is based on one pupal case with an associated pinned adult male labelled ���emg. April 21, 1919, E.F.C. Va, Raised by C.T.G., T.E.S. Collector, USNMENT00876526���. Description. Pupal case straight to abdominal segment 3, then gently curving ventrally (Fig. 10). Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 16.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 5.0 mm; greatest width of abdomen 5.0 mm, tapering to 1.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, becoming darker on head anteriorly and on median area between posterior antennal processes, dorsally on thorax, and at margins and apices of wing sheaths. Spines and other processes glistening reddish brown; spines mostly uniformly colored: processes of head and abdominal segment 9 darker apically. Head with pair of basally rugose, recurved, dorsally rounded, ventrally-wedge shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base with group of 4 basally rugose posterior antennal processes curving and becoming shorter posteriorly; inner or first posterior process dorsally rounded, ventrally concave, longer than and separated from outer processes by area of U-shaped cuticle; outer 3 posterior processes basally fused, approximate, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped; sensory pore on outermost process not visible. Facial area with 2 pairs of short, stout, dark, reclinate spines posterior to antennal processes; median facial spines bifurcate, each bearing a long, thin bristlelike spine posteriorly; lateral facial spines unbranched, laterally compressed; with apically rounded tubercle posterior to lateral facial spine. Labral sheath wide anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, smooth, with median furrow, apically divided on each side, with slightly rounded tip. Palpal sheaths not visible. Proboscidal sheath smooth, with median furrow, anteriorly narrow to ends of maxillary sheath, then broadening, with elongate rounded point extending over posterior coxal sheath. Maxillary sheath smooth, extending two thirds length of proboscidal sheath (Fig. 11). Anterior coxal sheath smooth, with anteromedian longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath smooth, folded inward. Prothoracic spiracle dark reddish brown, elongate oval, elevated on bulbous callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of, and apically, slightly extending over, mid leg sheaths, consisting of anterior pair of basally broad and fused, dorsoventrally flattened to rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight to posteriorly curved spines with sclerotized edges, and single basally broad, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped, posteriorly curved, posterior spine, widely separated from anterior pair; inner or first anterior spine longer than other spines that are about equal in length. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath slightly bulbous, with short, broadly rounded posterior mesothoracic spine consisting of sclerotized posterior ridge. Wing sheath smooth, with elongate grooves. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment 2 and middle of segment 3. Leg sheaths apically bilobed with median projection. Abdominal segments 1���7 each with dorsomedian transverse row of 1���2 short median spines and on each side irregular number of long and short spines, becoming larger and longer posteriorly and shorter laterally. Dorsolateral bristlelike spines slightly larger and longer than ventral bristlelike spines, both becoming longer posteriorly, and lateral or postspriracular bristlelike spines sometimes alternating long and short or with 1���3 short spines between long spines, and most ventral spine longest. Spiracles of abdominal segments 1���7 situated along midline laterally, light to dark reddish brown, medium size, spherical to elongate oval, slightly raised in light reddish brown sclerotized area of cuticle. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 40 spines consisting of a very short median spine, flanked on each side by 1 short spine, 3 long spines between which are 3���4 variable length, but short, spines, 6���8 long and short to very short spines (some spines alternating long and short), and 2���4 outer spines that are farther apart from the other spines and each other, and on one side outer spines very short; with 3���5 long and short or very short dorsolateral bristlelike spines, one with a basal spine; with 5 alternating long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with dorsal transverse row of 34 spines consisting of 2 short, equal median length spines, flanked on each side by 2 long spines between which are 3 short spines, then 1 short spine and 1 long spine, and 9 outer, generally shorter, spines; with 3���4 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5���6 alternating long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with 11���12 long, mostly equal ventral bristlelike spines on each side of, and extending under wing and leg sheaths, but not completely across venter. Abdominal segment 3 with dorsal transverse row of 35 spines consisting of very short median spine, flanked on each side by 1 short spine, 3 long spines between which are 1���2 short spines, and 9���10 outer, generally short, spines; with 3���4 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6 variable length postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 12���13 long, mostly equal length bristlelike spines on each side separated by median space. Abdominal segment 4 with dorsal transverse row of 34 spines consisting of very short median spine, flanked on each side by single short spines, 6 long spines, and 9���10 short, outer subequal spines; with 3���4 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5���6 long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 13���14 mostly long bristlelike spines on each side of 2 short, median bristlelike spines, but outer spine short to very short, on one side a single long spine apically bifurcate. Abdominal segment 5 with dorsal transverse row of 27 spines consisting of 2 short median spines, flanked on each side by 3���5 long spines and 8���9 subequal short outer spines; with 4 unequal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 4���5 variable length postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row consisting of 2 short, median bristlelike spines and 13 mostly long bristlelike spines on each side of midline, but a single outer spine short. Abdominal segment 6 with dorsal transverse row of 19 spines consisting of median very short spine, flanked on each side by 1 short spine, 2 long spines between which are 1���2 short spines, and then 4���5 variable length short spines becoming more bristlelike laterally; with 7���8 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines, but 1 short or very short spine on each side; with 5 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines, but 1���2 short or very short spines on each side; with ventral transverse row consisting of pair of very short median spines, and on each side 2 short spines becoming longer laterally, and 11���12 mostly long bristlelike spines, on one side 2 short outer spines. Abdominal segment 7 with dorsal transverse row of 13 spines consisting of median space, flanked on each side by 3 long spines between which are 1���2 short spines; with 6���8 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines, one basally bifurcate; with 8 long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral row consisting of median very short spine and flanked on each side by 1 short and 11 mostly long bristlelike spines. Segment 8 with 1���2 equal dorsal spines on each side of midline, basally fused on one side; dorsolateral, lateral and ventral spines and callosities absent. Spiracle small, elongate oval, flush in area of wrinkled, slightly darkened cuticle. Segment 9 with large, equal length processes; with dorsolateral processes dorsally rounded, ridged, ventrally wedge-shaped, incurved; with ventrolateral processes surrounded by 4���5 heavily sclerotized ridges; with large, ventally wedge-shaped, incurved, rugose ventral tubercles on each side of midline., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of four Nearctic species of Laphria (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 478-492 in Zootaxa 3681 (4) on pages 487-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224166, {"references":["Say, T. (1824) Appendix. Part 1. Natural History. § 1. Zoology. E. Class Insecta. In: Keating, W. H. (Ed.), Narrative of the expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods & c. Performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhous, Secretary of War, Under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U. S. T. E. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, pp. 268 - 378."]}

Subfamily Leptogastrinae Females in the genus Leptogaster drop, singly, 1 to 8 eggs to the ground as they are flying or resting on vegetation. The oval eggs are amber to light yellow-brown or light yellow. They range in length from 0.32 to 0.50 mm and width from 0.25 to 0.39 mm. The surface of the eggs of Leptogaster and Psilonyx is either smooth, or they have varying shapes of polygons without ridges. The eggs of Beameromyia and Tipulogaster are smooth without ridges. Aeropyles have not been observed on Leptogastrinae eggs. There are one or two micropyles in a smooth to elevated area. The egg stage lasts for 9 to 14 days. Leptogaster larvae develop in soil; those of Mesoleptogaster are said to develop in deciduous trees. Morphological information, including figures, is available for Leptogaster larvae and pupae, and Apachekolos pupal cases.

Machimus prairiensis (Tucker, 1907) Tolmerus prairiensis Tucker, 1907: 93 The following description is based on one pupal case with an associated pinned adult female labeled, ���A.C. 4934 Sp., Manhattan, Kan., McColloch-Hayes, Reared as 10705, Asilus prairiensis Tucker ��� 69 det. J. Wilcox. USNMENT00876155���. Description. Pupal case straight to abdominal segment 3 and then gently curving. Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 16.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 3.75 mm; greatest width of abdomen 3.0 mm, tapering to 1.25 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Subshining light yellowish brown, mostly rugose. Spurs, dorsal spines, antennal processes, and processes of abdominal segment 9 uniformly light reddish brown, processes darker apically; dorsolateral, postspiracular, and ventral bristlelike spines pale yellowish, most darker basally. Head with pair of basally rugose, dorsally rounded to flattened, ventrally wedge shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base; with group of 3 subequal, basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; 2 outermost processes widely separated from innermost process, closer together; innermost and middle processes tapered, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped; outermost process wide for entire length, dorsoventrally flattened, apically rounded; basal sensory pore located on proximal side of outer process, in flattened, elongate oval, sclerotized area. Facial area lacking median and lateral spines. Labral sheath short, rugose on either side of midline, with posterior rugose, almost vertical tubercle extending slightly over proboscidal sheath. Proboscidal sheath about twice length of labral sheath, rugulose on either side of midline, with posterior, almost vertical tubercle extending slightly over anterior coxal sheath; with short longitudinal groove anterior to tubercle. Maxillary sheaths smooth to rugulose, extending 1 / 2 ��� 2 / 3 length of proboscidal sheath, lacking apical processes or tubercle-like swellings. Palpal sheaths not visible between maxillary sheath and labral sheath. Anterior coxal sheaths smooth to rugulose, with anterior median longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath not visible, folded inward. Paired elongate oval prothoracic spiracles, raised on small callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Pair of anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of mid leg sheaths; anterior spine dorsally rounded to ventrally wedge shaped; posterior spine dorsally concave, dorsoventrally flattened; spines equal in size, basally rugose, straight. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath medium size, rugose; with apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine with sclerotized edge. Wing sheath smooth to rugose with posterior elongate grooves, lacking basal and medial tubercles. Thoracic area above wing sheaths smooth. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to anterior end or middle of abdominal segment 3, with apical median groove. Leg sheaths rugulose, apically slightly bilobed with small medial projection. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of apically recurved spurs divided by median space. Abdominal segments 2���7 lacking dorsomedian space, with or without median bifurcate spine, with transverse rows of alternating long, recurved spurs and short, straight spines; spines generally slightly anterior to spurs, and some lateral spurs and spines becoming shorter. Dorsolateral and postspiracular bristlelike spines generally about equal in length from anterior to posterior segments; ventral bristlelike spines generally becoming longer from anterior to posterior segments. Some bristlelike spines short or indistinct, apically, and not equally spaced. Abdominal segments 1���7 with spiracles situated along midline laterally, shining light to dark reddish brown, elongate oval, on stalk or flush on mostly smooth callosity. Abdominal segment 1 with anterodorsal transverse row of 13 long, subequal, strongly recurved spurs; lacking dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with broad, short, deeply bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 3 alternating long, apically recurved spurs and 2 straight, short spines, and 2���3 outer short spines; with 6���7 equal, mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 9���10 mostly long postspircular bristlelike spines; with 8 mostly long ventral bristlelike spines extending under wing and leg sheaths on each side, becoming shorter towards midline. Abdominal segment 3 with short, apically bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 3 alternating long straight to apically recurved spurs and short, straight spines, and 2���3 outer short spines; with 5���7 mostly long, equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 7���8 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 28 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 4 with apically bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 3 alternating, straight to apically recurved long spurs and straight, short spines; with 6���7 mostly equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 9 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 27 mostly long bristlelike spines, one pair basally fused. Abdominal segment 5 with short, apically bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 3 alternating long, straight to apically recurved spurs and 2���3 straight, short spines; with 5���6 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 8���9 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 27 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 6 with short, apically bifurcate dorsomedian spine, flanked on each side by 3 alternating straight to apically recurved long spurs and straight, short spines; with 4���5 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6���7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 22 mostly long bristlelike spines, some short spines indistinct. Abdominal segment 7 with dorsomedian, transverse row of 13 alternating straight, long spurs and straight, short spines; with 4 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 22 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 8 with dorsomedian row of 4 short, subequal spurs divided by median space; lacking dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 4 mostly long lateral bristlelike spines; with small, reddish brown, spherical, lateral spiracle, flush with cuticle; lacking ventral bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 9 with pair of long, mostly straight, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped dorsal posterolateral processes and pair of shorter, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped ventral posterolateral processes curved toward midline; with rugose bulbous area on each side of dorsal midline; with pair of short, tapered, basally rugose ventral tubercles between ventral processes; lacking midventral swellings, callosities, and tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of three Nearctic species of Machimus (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 561-570 in Zootaxa 3683 (5) on pages 567-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/217203, {"references":["Tucker, E. S. (1907) Some results of desultory collecting of insects in Kansas and Colorado. The Kansas University Science Bulletin, 4, 51 - 108."]}

Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. (2013): Pupal cases of three Nearctic species of Machimus (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa 3683 (5): 561-570, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.4

Subfamily Dasypogoninae Female Dasypogoninae oviposit 1 to 11 eggs in the soil, although Leptarthrus brevirostris (Meigen) has been observed to oviposit on a dead branch on the ground. The eggs are creamy white to white, and long-oval to elongate. They range in length from 0.87 to 1.11 mm and width from 0.02 to 0.51 mm. Megapoda has nipples, tubercles and aeropyles on the egg surface; and one micropyle in a circular area that has a thick evaginated rim. Like Antipalus varipes, Dasypogon diadema (Fabricius) has one to six eggs in a ���sand ball or cocoon��� from the sand in which they are oviposited. Between the eggs and the sand grains is a ���silky lining���; whereas, A. varipes oviposits only one egg that is covered with sand grains without a silky lining. The egg stage of D. diadema lasts from 6 to 17 days in the laboratory. Most Dasypogoninae larvae and pupae develop in the soil; those in the tribe Megapodini develop in plant roots and decaying stumps/logs. The larvae are reported to feed on Cerambycidae and Scarabaeidae larvae. There is no information on how long the larval stage lasts; the pupal stage of D. diadema is reported to last 27 days. Morphological information has been published on the larvae of D. diadema. Pupal case descriptions or descriptive information has been published for Comantella, Dasypogon, Diogmites, Megapodini, and Pseudorus., Published as part of Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2013, Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3673 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/283950

Subfamily Willistonininae Ablautus rufotibialis Back deposits one white egg per oviposition in the soil. The eggs of this species have not been examined using SEM. There is no information on the larvae and only a general description of Willistonininae pupae has been published., Published as part of Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2013, Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3673 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/283950

Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. (2013): Pupal cases of four Nearctic species of Laphria (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa 3681 (4): 478-492, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.9

Laphria canis Williston (Fig. 1) Laphria canis Williston, 1883: 31. The following description is based on two pupal cases. One case with a pinned female is labeled, ���Harrisburg PA June - 30 - 13, H.B. Collector, USNMENT00876523���; a separately pinned case on a point is labeled, ������ 1550 e Hopk. U.S., Tryon NC, W.F. Fiske Collector, USNMENT00876741���. The latter is believed to be the pupal case of a female that has crusted material on abdominal segments 8 and 9. In the USNM there is one Hopkins record card that indicates the following collection and identification information for specimen (i.e., pupal case) 1550 e, ��� Laphria canis Will. Det. C.T.G.; Chestnut, Saluda, N.C., May 20, 1903 ���. We believe that the reference to ���Chestnut��� indicates that the pupal case was recovered from a chestnut tree. The town of Saluda in North Carolina is approximately 6 miles from Tryon and both towns are often referred to as the Saluda/Tryon area. Description. Pupal cases mostly straight. Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 10.0���11.0 mm; greatest width of thorax 2.0��� 2.1 mm; greatest width of abdomen 1.5 ���2.0 mm, tapering to 1.0��� 1.1 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining light golden brown, becoming darker apically on wing sheaths and to a lesser extent on leg sheaths. Spines and other processes glistening reddish brown; spines uniformly colored or either darker basally or on apical half; processes of head and abdominal segment 9 darker apically (Fig. 1). Head with pair of basally rugose, recurved, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped anterior antennal processes, these processes not joined at base; with group of 4 basally rugose, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedgeshaped posterior antennal processes curving and becoming shorter posteriorly; inner or first posterior process longer than and separated from outer processes by flattened area of cuticle; outer 3 posterior processes basally fused and very close together, becoming shorter posteriorly; sensory pore on outermost process not visible. Facial area with 3 small, basally fused median spines on each side of midline; middle spine shortest, with basal, small posterior bristlelike spine; with single, larger, lateral spine. Labral sheath narrow, elongate, smooth with median furrow. Palpal sheaths not visible on each side of labral sheath. Proboscidal (=proboscial, olim, incorrect spelling) sheath smooth, with median furrow, posteriorly elongate and extending over posterior coxal sheath. Maxillary sheath smooth, extending 1 / 2 ��� 2 / 3 length of proboscidal sheath, with posterior, inner, darker sclerotized area. Anterior coxal sheath smooth, with anteromedian longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath smooth, folded inward. Prothoracic spiracle light reddish brown, spherical, on slight callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of and extending over mid leg sheaths, consisting of anterior pair of basally broad and fused, dorsoventrally flattened to rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight to posteriorly curved spines with sclerotized edges, and single, short basally broad, dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight, posterior spine widely separated from anterior pair. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath bulbous, with short, broadly rounded posterior mesothoracic spine consisting of sclerotized posterior ridge. Wing sheath smooth, with elongate grooves. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to between middle and posterior margin of abdominal segment 3. Leg sheaths apically bilobed with median projection. Abdominal segments 1���6 each with dorsomedian transverse row of long spines alternating with 1���3 short spines, becoming larger and longer posteriorly; segments 4���5 with 2 long spines on either side of midline curving anteriorly; segment 7 with more subequal, longer spines. Dorsolateral and ventral subequal bristlelike spines becoming longer posteriorly; long, lateral bristlelike spines becoming longer towards venter. Spiracles of abdominal segments 1���7 situated along midline laterally, light reddish brown, very small, spherical, flush or almost flush with cuticle. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 23���26 spines; median 2���4 spines short; lateral 3���8 spines long, with 1���3 short spines between long spines; 4���6 short dorsolateral spines present; dorsolateral bristlelike spines absent; 3 long postspiracular bristlelike spines present; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with dorsal transverse row of 21���24 spines consisting of 2���3 short median spines, flanked on each side by 5���6 long lateral spines with 1���2 short spines between each pair of long spines, then 3���8 dorsolateral short spines (some vestigial); with 3���4 dorsolateral bristlelike short spines; with 3 long bristlelike postspiracular spines; and with 1���3 ventral bristlelike spines on each side of wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 3 with dorsal transverse row of 21���24 spines consisting of 2���3 short median spines (one bifurcate, the other vestigial) and 5���7 spines on each side, some alternating long and short, then 5 short dorsolateral spines; with 3���4 short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 3���4 long bristlelike postspiracular spines; with 13���14 long and short ventral bristlelike spines, some median spines very short or rubbed-off by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 4 with dorsal transverse row of 19���21 spines consisting of 2���3 short median spines, flanked by 3���5 spines on each side, some alternating long and short, then 4���5 dorsolateral short spines; with 3���4 short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 3 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 13��� 15 long and short bristlelike spines with a median space Abdominal segment 5 with dorsal transverse row of 20 spines consisting of 2���3 short median spines, flanked by 2���5 spines on each side, some alternating long and short, then 3���7 dorsolateral short spines; with 4 dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 2���4 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 15���18 long and short bristlelike spines with a median space. Abdominal segment 6 with dorsal transverse row of 11���14 spines consisting of 2 short spines, 3���6 long and short spines, and 1���4 short outer spines on each side of median space; with 4���5 short dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 3���4 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 13���15 long and short bristlelike spines divided by a slight to obvious median space. Abdominal segment 7 with dorsal transverse row of 6���10 spines consisting l short spine and 2���5 long and short spines on each side of a median space; with 3���5 dorsolateral bristlelike short spines; with 3���4 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 15���16 long and short bristlelike spines, including 2���3 median short spines. Segments 8 and 9 slightly curved ventrally. Segment 8 with 1 dorsal spine on each side of midline; dorsolateral, lateral and ventral bristlelike spines absent; with midventral callosities forming a ���V��� on centerline; spiracle small, spherical to oval, light reddish brown, flush with cuticle. Segment 9 with small, short, basally rugulose dorsolateral processes curved towards each other, each with outer surface flat to rounded, inner surface slightly flattened to wedge-shaped; with larger, longer, straight, basally rugulose ventrolateral processes, each with outer surface flat, inner surface wedge-shaped., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of four Nearctic species of Laphria (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 478-492 in Zootaxa 3681 (4) on pages 479-481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224166, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1883) On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, Laphrinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 11, 1 - 35."]}

Key to known pupal cases of Nearctic Machimus species Dennis et al. (2008 a) provided a key to the pupal cases of five species of Machimus (M. lecythus, M. notatus, male M. occidentalis, M. paropus, and M. snowii). This key is revised below to include M. latapex and M. prairiensis, and the female pupal cases of M. occidentalis and M. erythocnemius (Hine, 1909). The latter was not included in the original key because Scarbrough and Kuhar (1995) did not mention the presence or absence of a tubercle-like swelling (i.e., the palpal sheath) on the maxillary sheath. However, they did indicate that the maxillary sheath is entirely smooth and thus, it is assumed that there is not a tubercle-like swelling or palpal sheath. 1. Palpal sheaths sometimes visible on inner margin of maxillary sheaths towards apex of labral sheath; abdominal segment 8 with 0���4 (usually 1���4, on M. lecythus they are absent) dorsolateral bristlelike spines............................... 2 - Palpal sheaths not visible on inner margin of maxillary sheaths towards apex of labral sheath; abdominal segment 8 lacking dorsolateral bristlelike spines........................................................................... 4 2. Palpal sheaths present; anterior mesothoracic spines equal or subequal in length and posteriorly curved................ 3 - Palpal sheaths present or absent; outer or lateral anterior mesothoracic spine 1.5���2 times as long as inner anterior spine that is posteriorly curved......................................................... Machimus lecythus (Walker, 1849) 3. Abdominal segments 2���6 lacking short, dorsolateral spines, with 6 long spurs alternating with 7 short spines that are not bifurcate; segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs and 1���2 dorsolateral bristlelike spines; male with 16 ventral bristlelike spines............................................................................... Machimus notatus (Wiedemann, 1828) - Abdominal segments 2���6 with 1���2 dorsolateral spines on each side and 6 long spurs alternating with 5���7 short spines that may be bifurcate; abdominal segment 8 with 4���8 (usually 6���8) dorsal spurs, dorsolateral bristlelike spines usually absent; with 1���9 (male) or 4���8 (female) ventral bristlelike spines.................................. Machimus paropus (Walker, 1849) 4. Abdominal segment 8 with 1���3 dorsal spurs on each side of midline; long single spur or inner spur usually longer than outer spur(s)............................................................................................. 5 - Abdominal segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of midline; spurs subequal in length.................................................................................................. Machimus prairiensis (Tucker, 1907) 5. Proboscidal sheath with or without posterior medial groove or furrow anterior to 1���2 horizontal or vertical tubercles; abdominal segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of midline..................................................... 6 - Proboscidal sheath lacking posterior medial groove or furrow anterior of single horizontal, terminal tubercle; abdominal segment 8 with 2���3 dorsal spurs on each side of midline........................... Machimus erythocnemius (Hine, 1909) 6. Proboscidal sheath with posterior medial groove or furrow anterior of single horizontal or vertical tubercle; posterior antennal processes innermost process not widely separated from outermost processes; interior and sometimes outer, anterior mesothoracic spines usually curved posteriorly................................................................... 7 - Proboscidal sheath with or without medial groove or furrow anterior of two indistinct to minute vertical terminal tubercles; posterior antennal processes innermost process widely separated from outermost processes; anterior mesothoracic spines straight................................................................. Machimus occidentalis (Hine, 1909) 7. Proboscidal sheath with horizontal terminal tubercle; abdominal segments 2���6 with row of 1���6 outer short dorsal spines on each side of alternating long spurs and short spines; segment 8 with 3���4 postspiracular bristlelike spines............................................................................................. Machimus snowii (Hine, 1909) - Proboscidal sheath with vertical posterior tubercle; abdominal segments 2���6 lacking row of short dorsal spines on each side of alternating long spurs and short spines; segment 8 with 5���6 postspiracular bristlelike spines.................................................................................................... Machimus latapex (Martin, 1975), Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of three Nearctic species of Machimus (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 561-570 in Zootaxa 3683 (5) on pages 569-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/217203, {"references":["Dennis, D. S., Barnes, J. K. & Knutson, L. (2008 a) Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 1868, 1 - 98.","Hine, J. S. (1909) Robberflies of the genus Asilus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2, 136 - 172.","Scarbrough, A. G. & Kuhar, T. P. (1995) Pupal cases of three species of Machimus Loew in Maryland (Diptera: Asilidae). The Maryland Entomologist, 4, 15 - 22.","Tucker, E. S. (1907) Some results of desultory collecting of insects in Kansas and Colorado. The Kansas University Science Bulletin, 4, 51 - 108.","Martin, C. H. (1975) The generic and specific characters of four old and six new Asilini genera in the western United States, Mexico, and Central America (Diptera: Asilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 119, 107 pp."]}

Machimus occidentalis (Hine, 1909) (Figs. 4���5) Asilus occidentalis Hine, 1909: 147 The pupal case of a male M. occidentalis was described by Dennis and Lavigne (1976; as Machimus sp., either callidus (Williston) or occidentalis (Hine)) with additional comments in Dennis et al. (2008 a). The following description is based on a pupal case and associated pinned female labeled, ���Arroyo Seco, Monterey Co., Calif. III- 25-56, Emerged IV- 22-56, D. Bundick Coll., Machimus occidentalis Hine det. J. Wilcox. USNMENT00876154���. Description. Pupal case mostly straight. Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 15.0 mm; greatest width of thorax 3.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen 3.0 mm, tapering to 1.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Subshining golden brown, smooth to rugose. Spurs, dorsal spines, and processes uniformly reddish brown; some spurs and dorsal spines darker apically, antennal processes and processes of abdominal segment 9 darker apically; dorsolateral, postspiracular, and ventral bristlelike spines pale yellowish. Head with pair of basally rugose, dorsally rounded to flattened, ventrally wedge shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base; with group of 3 basally fused, rugose posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; innermost (anterior) process widely separated from outermost (posterior) process (Figs. 4���5); 2 outermost processes fused basally for greater distance, thus appearing shorter than innermost process; one side of processes dorsally rounded to flattened, other side wedge shaped; innermost and outermost processes apically rounded to acute, middle process apically more acute; basal sensory pore present on proximal side of outer process, in slightly flattened, elongate oval area (Fig. 5). Facial area lacking median and lateral spines. Labral sheath short, rugose along and on either side of midline, with posterior rugose tubercle extending slightly over proboscidal sheath. Proboscidal sheath about three times length of labral sheath, smooth, with slight posterior, medial furrow. Maxillary sheaths smooth, extending 2 / 3 length of proboscidal sheath, lacking apical processes or tubercle-like swellings. Palpal sheaths not visible between maxillary sheath and labral sheath. Anterior coxal sheaths smooth to slightly rugulose, with anterior median longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath not visible, folded inward. Paired elongate oval prothoracic spiracles, tilted posteriorly, elevated on flattened area of callosity with sclerotized ridge, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Pair of anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of mid leg sheaths; spines mostly straight, basally rugose, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped; anterior spine slightly shorter, narrower, apically recurved and more pointed than posterior spine which is more straight. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath medium to large, rugose; with apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine with sclerotized edge. Wing sheath smooth to rugulose with posterior elongate grooves, lacking basal and medial tubercle like projections. Thoracic area above wing sheaths smooth to slightly rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to posterior half of abdominal segment 3, with apical median groove. Leg sheaths smooth to slightly rugulose, apically slightly bilobed with small medial projection. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of apically recurved spurs divided by median space. Abdominal segments 2���7 lacking dorsomedian space, with or without median bifurcate spine, with transverse rows of alternating long, apically recurved spurs and short, straight spines; some spines slightly anterior to spurs, and some lateral spurs and spines becoming shorter. Dorsolateral, postspiracular, and ventral bristlelike spines about equal in length from anterior to posterior segments. Some bristlelike spines short or indistinct and not equally spaced. Abdominal segments 1���7 with spiracles situated along midline laterally, shining light yellowish brown to reddish brown, spherical to oval, slightly raised to flush with cuticle, generally not on callosities. Abdominal segment 1 with anterodorsal transverse row of 4���7 long, equal, apically recurved spurs on each side separated by narrow dorsomedian space; lacking dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 3 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with short, broad, deeply bifurcate dorsomedian spine flanked on each side by 5���7 alternating long recurved spurs and short spines; with 6 long, subequal bristlelike spines; with 6 mostly long postspircular bristlelike spines; with 6 mostly long ventral bristlelike spines extending under wing and leg sheaths on each side. Abdominal segment 3 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13 alternating short spines and long spurs; with 4���6 mostly long, equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6���7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 14 or more (some missing) mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 4 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13 alternating short spines and long spurs; with 5���6 mostly equal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 21 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 5 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13 alternating short spines and long spurs; with 4���5 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 7 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 25 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 6 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13 alternating short spines and long spurs; with 4���6 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5���6 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 18 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 7 with deeply bifurcate dorsomedian spine flanked on each side by 2���3 long, apically recurved spurs alternating with short spines; with 4 mostly long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 6 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventromedian transverse row of 16 mostly long bristlelike spines. Abdominal segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on either side of midline, inner spurs larger and slightly longer than outer spurs; with 0���1 dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 5���6 mostly long postspiracular bristlelike spines; laterally with small, spherical, reddish brown spiracle flush with cuticle; ventrally on each side of midline with 1 long inner bristlelike spine curved towards midline and 1 shorter outer, bristlelike spine straight to slightly recurved. Abdominal segment 9 with pair of long, apically recurved, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge shaped dorsal posterolateral processes and pair of shorter, straight, rounded ventral posterolateral processes; with 2 short, wide, rugose tubercles between dorsal processes; with 2 short, tapered, basally rugose tubercles between ventral processes and small medial midventral callosity anterior to tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of three Nearctic species of Machimus (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 561-570 in Zootaxa 3683 (5) on pages 564-567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/217203, {"references":["Hine, J. S. (1909) Robberflies of the genus Asilus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2, 136 - 172.","Dennis, D. S. & Lavigne, R. J. (1976) Descriptions and notes on the pupae and pupal cases of ten species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 277 - 303.","Dennis, D. S., Barnes, J. K. & Knutson, L. (2008 a) Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 1868, 1 - 98."]}

Subfamily Asilinae Female robber flies in the subfamily Asilinae drop eggs onto the substrate or onto vegetation, or by inserting their ovipositor into the soil, dry cow or horse dung, or rabbit pellets (Asilus crabroniformis Linnaeus); or in vegetation (in particular between the sheath and stem or dry seed heads of grasses); or onto wire fences (i.e., Mallophora ruficauda (Wiedemann); Castelo & Corley 2004 a, Castelo et al. 2006). The number of eggs laid varies from 1 to 729 with most from 1 to 20. The largest numbers of eggs are produced by Mallophora spp., Megaphorus guildianus (Williston), and Porasilus barbiellini Curran, which deposit them in clusters and cover them with a soft chalky-white albumin. It seems that the more eggs produced per oviposition event, the smaller the size of the eggs. Eggs in ovipositions with 1 to 20 eggs, ranged in length from 0.80 to 2.80 mm and in width from 0.30 to 0.82 mm. For more extensive ovipositions, with 32 to 390 eggs, the eggs ranged in length from 0.80 to 1.01 mm and in width from 0.22 to 0.38 mm. Eggs are most often white to creamy white, but can be yellowish white, pearly (shiny) whitish to pinkish, yellowish brown, light brown, or light gray. Eggs are most frequently elongate or oblong, but some genera have more or less oval eggs. Asilinae eggs that have been examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) have surface features including striations, elevated bodies (nipples, tubercles), crevices, spherical bodies and globules, and reticulate sculpturing with different shapes of polygons. Antipalus varipes (Meigen) is unique in the subfamily Asilinae with eggs that have fine sand grains on them (except on one longitudinal side of the egg) from the sand in which they are oviposited. Aeropyles are present or absent on Asilinae eggs. They may be evenly spread over the surface, except in the area of the micropyle, or more concentrated. They may be located on cone-shaped structures or on flat areas of the chorion. A micropyle has been observed for some, but not all eggs. The immediate area around the micropyle is typically smooth. The egg stage lasts from 2 to 8 days with an average of approximately 6 days. When the larva emerges from the egg, it continues to live in the soil, decaying vegetable matter, or possibly dry horse and cow dung, where it feeds upon larvae in the insect families Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae, and possibly Asilidae. Scarabaeidae larvae have been the most frequently reported prey. The larval stage of Asilinae can be quite long, lasting from 1 to 3 years. The pupal stage is much shorter, lasting from 14 to 70 days. Information on larval morphology has generally been published on the first two instars and mature larvae. For a number of species there are descriptions of pupal cases, although there are not many detailed descriptions. The literature contains figures of both the larvae and pupal cases.

Subfamily Stenopogoninae Genera of Stenopogoninae deposit 3 to 20 eggs at a time in the soil. The eggs are suboval to elongate, and creamy white to white. The elongate eggs range in length from 0.90 to 2.29 mm and width from 0.52 to 0.77 mm. The suboval eggs of Archilestroides and Taperigna are 0.90 to 1.20 mm long and 0.60 to 0.72 mm wide. Archilestroides eggs have raised bodies of irregular shapes and sizes. The eggs of Taperigna have hexagonal chorionic sculpturing. Both genera have aeropyles spread homogeneously on the egg surface and one or two circular to elongate micropyles in smooth areas. Stenopogon larvae are known to feed on scarab beetle larvae and other insect larvae. The larvae of Grypoctonus in Japan have been described and figured, and Stenopogon spp. pupae have been described and figured., Published as part of Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2013, Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3673 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/283950

Key to known pupal cases of Laphriinae genera 1 Head with 5 basally fused posterior antennal processes; median facial spines bifurcate or trifurcate, face lacking median or anterior bristle between spines; abdominal segment 1 with broad dorsal, bifurcate or trifurcate spine; abdominal segment 3 with median space interrupting ventral transverse row of spines; abdominal segments 4–7 with no median space interrupting ventral row of spines, but median spines often shorter than surrounding spines............................... Lampria - Head with 3–5 basally fused posterior antennal processes; median facial spines usually not bifurcate or trifurcate, face with or without median, anterior or posterior bristle between spines; abdominal segment 1 usually without dorsal median bifurcate or trifurcate spine, but, if present, spine not broad; segments 3–7 with or without median space interrupting ventral transverse row of bristlelike spines, but if median space present it may become smaller posteriorly and/or have shorter median bristlelike spines than surrounding spines........................................................................... 2 2 Abdominal segments 3–7 or 4–6 with median space interrupting ventral transverse row of bristlelike spines; head with 3–5 basally fused posterior antennal processes; facial area with or without bristle between or posterior to median spines; abdominal segment 1 with or without dorsal median bifurcate spine, other dorsal spines sometimes bifurcate................ Laphria - Abdominal segments 4–7 without median space interrupting ventral transverse row of bristlelike spines; head with 3–4 basally fused posterior antennal processes, 4 th process small; facial area with bristle between or anterior to median spines; abdominal segment 1 without dorsal median bifurcate or trifurcate spines, although other spines sometimes bifurcate..... Andrenosoma

Laphria ferox Williston (Figs. 2���5) Laphria ferox Williston, 1883: 29. This description is based on one male (USNMENT00876524) and one female (USNMENT00876742) pupal case associated with separately pinned adults labeled, ��� 11828 Hopk. U.S., Reared May 25 - 14 CT Greene���. In the USNM there are six Hopkins record cards that have information related to specimens 11828 as follows: (1) ��� Laphria ferox, Will., Spruce - caged 5 / 26 / 13, Evaro, Mont., May 25, 1914 ��� Reared by C.T. Greene���; (2) ��� Laphria ferox. Will., May 25, ��� 14 Reared by CT Greene, from���; (3) ���Evaro Mont. Spruce; 5.26���13 ��� caged. 6���11 ��� 13 - Asemum sp. emerged. 6.26. 13 ��� Siricidae emerged ��� mtd. May 23 ��� 14 - (16) Asemum emerged ��� mtd. May 25 ��� 14 - (2) Asilidae ��� mtd. (to Greene). Aug. 3 ���14 - (1) adult emerged. Aug. 18 ��� 14 - (2) adults emerged. Cage Closed���; (4) ADULT, Asemum atrum Esch. Leptura obliterata Hald., Det. by W. S. Fisher���; (5) Asemum atrum Esch., Det. WSF., Picea, L. O. Schwarz, Colr., Reared May 23, 1914, Aug. 3, 1914, Aug. 18, 1914, June 11, 1913, ADULT ���; and (6) ��� Leptura obliterata Hald., Det. W.S.F. ��� We believe that this information indicates that the L. ferox larvae or pupae were initially recovered from a spruce (Picea) tree in or near Evaro, Montana, on May 26, 1913, placed in a rearing cage, and the adults emerged on May 25, 1914. Also found with the asilid immatures were the cerambycid beetles, Asemum atrum and Leptura obliterata, and a siricid wasp. Description. Pupal cases mostly straight. Greatest length of male case, including anterior antennal processes, 14.0 mm; greatest length of female case 18.0 mm; greatest width of male thorax 3.0 mm; greatest width of female thorax 3.5 mm; greatest width of male abdomen 2.5 mm, tapering to 1.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8; greatest width of female abdomen 3.5 mm, tapering to 2.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining, light golden brown, becoming darker apically on wing and leg sheaths, and slightly darker on anterior part of head. Spines and other processes glistening reddish brown; spines uniformly colored to darker on apical half; anterior antennal, posterior antennal, and dorsal and ventral posterolateral processes of abdominal segment 9 darker apically (Fig. 2). Head with pair of rugose, recurved, dorsally rounded, ventrally-wedge shaped, anterior antennal processes not joined at base; with group of 4 (male) or 5 (female) basally rugose, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped posterior antennal processes curving and becoming shorter posteriorly; inner or first posterior process longer than and separated from outer processes by flattened area of cuticle; outer 3 (male) or 4 (female) posterior processes basally fused and very close together, becoming shorter posteriorly; sensory pore on outermost process not visible. Facial area with 2 pairs of short, stout, dark, reclinate spines posterior to antennal processes; median facial spines bifurcate, bearing long, thin bristlelike spines posteriorly; lateral facial spines unbranched, laterally compressed (Fig. 3). Labral sheath narrow, elongate, heart-shaped, smooth with median furrow. Palpal sheaths tubercle-like, present on each side of labral sheath about half way down maxillary sheath. Proboscidal sheath smooth, with median furrow; sheath posteriorly flat in male, bulbous in female on each side of furrow; sheath apically bumpy. Maxillary sheath smooth, extending 2 / 3 ��� 3 / 4 length of proboscidal sheath. Anterior coxal sheath smooth, except for some median striations or furrows, with anteromedian longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath smooth, folded inward. Prothoracic spiracle light reddish brown, elongate oval, on slight callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above, and extending over, bases of mid leg sheaths, consisting of anterior pair of basally broad and fused, dorsoventrally flattened, straight to posteriorly curved spines with sclerotized edges, and single, short, posterior spine basally broad to narrow, dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight, widely separated from anterior pair. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath bulbous, with short, broadly rounded, posterior mesothoracic spine consisting of sclerotized posterior ridge. Wing sheath smooth, with elongate grooves. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3. Leg sheaths apically bilobed with median projection. Abdominal segments 1���7 each with dorsomedian transverse row of long and short spines in irregular patterns, becoming larger and longer posteriorly, and shorter laterally. Dorsolateral and ventral bristlelike spines about same length but becoming longer posteriorly, and postspiracular bristlelike spines mostly very long, with some shorter lateral spines, male spines more equal in length than female spines, and spine(s) toward venter longest. Some bristlelike spines bifurcate for almost entire length. Spiracles of abdominal segments 1���7 situated along midline laterally, light reddish brown, very small, spherical to elongate oval, flush or almost flush with cuticle. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 31���33 spines consisting of median pair of equal-length, short spines on each side, with 3���4 long spines between which are 1���2 short spines in male, then 8���10 variable length spines with lateral spine very small on each side in male and with 12���16 variable length spines on each side in female. Male with 1 light brown dorsolateral bristlelike spine on each side; female with 2���3 very small or vestigial spines; male with 7���9 postspiracular bristlelike spines, some small and very short; female with 6���8 alternating long and short spines; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Male abdominal segment 2 with dorsal transverse row of 28 spines consisting of 4 median short spines, 2 inner and 2 outer spines of equal lengths, flanked by 12���15 variable length spines, some alternating long and short or 2��� 3 short spines between long spines, lateral spine vestigial; female with 30 spines consisting of 3 short median spines, middle one shortest, flanked by 2 long spines between which are 4 short spines, then 7���8 variable length spines. Dorsolateral bristlelike spines on each side of male pupal case consisting of 3���5 long and short spines; in female pupal case 6 long and short spines with lateral spines shorter; male pupal case with 5���7 long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; female pupal case with 6���9 long postspiracular spines; male with 3���4 short ventral bristlelike spines on each side of wing and leg sheaths, female with 6���8 spines on each side of wing and leg sheaths. Male abdominal segment 3 with dorsal transverse row of 28 spines consisting of 4 short median spines, with inner 2 and outer 2 of equal lengths, and 10���13 variable length spines on each side, sometimes alternating long and short or with 3���4 short spines between long spines; female with dorsal transverse row of 35 spines consisting of 5 short, median spines, with outer 2 and middle 3 equal and middle spine slightly posterior to others, and on each side with 2 long spines with short spines in between and 10���12 variable length spines; male case with 3 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines, female with 4���5 long spines; male with 4���5 long bristlelike postspiracular spines; female with 7���8 long and short postspiracular spines; male with row of 23 mostly long, ventral bristlelike spines; female with row of 22 ventral spines, including 10 median short spines; male and female with median space in ventral row of spines. Male abdominal segment 4 with dorsal transverse row of 28 spines consisting of 3 short median spines, with middle spine shortest, flanked by 2 long spines between which is one short spine, then 7���8 variable length spines; female with dorsal transverse row of 28 spines consisting of 2 equal length short median spines flanked by 12���13 variable length spines; male with 3���4 long and short dorsolateral bristlelike spines, female with 3���6 long dorsolateral spines; male with 4���5 long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; female with 6���8 long postspiracular spines; male with ventral transverse row of 26 mostly long spines, 2 median short spines, median space absent; female with ventral transverse row of 23 mostly long spines, but median spine short, and slight median space present. Male abdominal segment 5 with dorsal transverse row of 28 spines consisting of 4 short median spines with middle 2 and 1 outer spine shortest, flanked by 11���12 variable length spines; female with dorsal transverse row of 30 spines consisting of 3 short median short spines with middle spine shortest, flanked by 12-15 variable length spines; male with 3���6 long dorsolateral bristlelike spines, female with 5���6 long dorsolateral spines; male with 4���5 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; female with 7 long postspiracular spines; male with ventral transverse row of 20 mostly long bristlelike spines, but 2 median spines short and outer spine on each side short; female with ventral transverse row of 23 bristlelike spines, including 12 median short spines. Male abdominal segment 6 with dorsal transverse row of 19 spines consisting of 3 short median spines (middle spine slightly longer) and 8���9 variable length spines on each side; female with dorsal transverse row of 33 spines consisting of 2 short median spines and 14���19 variable length spines on each side, some anterior to others, sometimes alternating long and short, and some close together and laterally flattened; male with 7 long dorsolateral bristlelike spines; female with 6���7 mostly long dorsolateral spines, but 2 anterior spines short; male with 4 long postspiracular bristlelike spines; female with 7���10 long postspiracular spines; male with ventral transverse row of 27 mostly long bristlelike spines, but median 3 spines and outer spine on each side short; female with ventral transverse row of 29 spines, including 10 median short spines. Male abdominal segment 7 with median space in dorsal transverse row of 20 spines, including on each side 1��� 2 equal length short spines, 2 long spines between which are 3 variable length spines and 3���4 variable length outer spines; female with median space in dorsal transverse row of 24 spines including on each side 1���2 short, equal spines, 2 long spines between which are 4 short spines and 2���4 variable length outer spines, outer spine on each side shorter; male with 6 long dorsolateral bristlelike spines, female with 6���10 long dorsolateral spines; male with 10���13 long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; female with 10���11 long postspiracular spines; male with ventral transverse row of 19 long and short bristlelike spines, including 4 short median spines; female with ventral transverse row of 26 mostly long spines, but 14 short median spines, extending almost to lateral bristlelike spines. Segments 8 and 9 curved ventrally (Fig. 2). Male abdominal segment 8 with 2 subequal dorsal spines on each side of midline, one inner spine with basal short spine; dorsolateral, lateral and ventral spines absent; female with 1 very short and 1 long dorsal spine on each side of midline, 1 short dorsolateral spine; lateral and ventral spines absent. Spiracle small, elongate oval, yellowish (male) to light reddish brown (female). Male segment 9 with pair of proximate dorsomedian callosities; with subequal dorsal and ventral posterolateral processes, with dorsal processes mostly smooth, dorsally wedge-shaped, ventrally flat to concave, curved ventrally or inwardly and ventral processes mostly smooth, dorsally flat to concave, ventrally wedge-shaped, curved dorsally; with pair of midventral tubercles (Fig. 4). Female segment 9 with pair of large dorsomedian callosities; with pair of short, rugose, dorsally wedge-shaped, ventrally flat, ventrally curved posterolateral processes; with pair of larger, slightly longer, rugose, ventrally wedge-shaped, dorsally flat, dorsally curved ventral posterolateral processes (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of four Nearctic species of Laphria (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 478-492 in Zootaxa 3681 (4) on pages 481-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224166, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1883) On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, Laphrinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 11, 1 - 35."]}

Laphria macquarti (Banks) (Figs. 6���9) Dasyllis macquarti Banks, 1917: 54. The following description is based on one pupal case associated with a separately pinned adult female. The adult is labeled, ��� 15112 a Hopk US, May 12-17 Reared, Victoria Tex, TE Snyder Collector, USNMENT00876525���. The pupal case is labeled, ��� 15112 a Hopk US, May 12-17 Reared, Smithsonian Institution, USNMENT00876525���. Description. Pupal case mostly straight (Fig. 6���7). Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes 25.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 6.0 mm; greatest width of abdomen 6.0 mm, tapering to 3.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, becoming darker on head anteriorly, at apices of wing sheaths, on abdominal segments 8���9, and to lesser extent at apices of leg sheaths. Spines and other processes glistening reddish brown; spines uniformly colored; processes of head and abdominal segment 9 darker apically. Head with pair of basally rugose, recurved, dorsally rounded, ventrally-wedge shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base; with group of 5 basally rugose, dorsally rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped posterior antennal processes curving and becoming shorter posteriorly; inner or first posterior process longer than, and separated from, outer processes by flattened area of cuticle; outer 4 posterior processes basally fused and very close together, becoming shorter posteriorly with basally thick, sclerotized area of overhanging cuticle; with 1���2 short, straight, rounded processes present between first and second outer processes; sensory pore on outermost process not visible. Facial area with 2 pairs of short, stout, dark, reclinate spines posterior to antennal processes and one pair of roughly rounded lateral facial tubercles posterior to lateral facial spines; median facial spines bifurcate, bearing long, thin bristlelike spine posteriorly (Figs. 8���9); lateral facial spines unbranched, laterally compressed. Labral sheath wide, smooth, with slight median furrow, apically incised. Palpal sheaths tubercle-like, present on each side of labral sheath about halfway down maxillary sheath. Proboscidal sheath smooth, with median furrow, posteriorly elongate, bulbous, with rounded point extending over posterior coxal sheath. Maxillary sheath smooth, extending to middle of proboscidal sheath (Fig. 8). Anterior coxal sheath smooth, with anteromedian longitudinal split. Posterior coxal sheath smooth, folded inward. Prothoracic spiracle dark reddish brown, elongate oval, on rugose, heavily sclerotized callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines present on each side of thorax above bases of, and extending over, mid leg sheaths, consisting of anterior pair of basally broad and fused, dorsoventrally flattened to rounded, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight to posteriorly curved spines with sclerotized edges, and single, short basally broad, dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge-shaped, straight posterior spine widely separated from anterior pair. Posterior mesothoracic callosity at base of wing sheath bulbous, with short, broadly rounded posterior mesothoracic spine consisting of sclerotized posterior ridge. Wing sheaths smooth, with elongate grooves. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth. Apex of hind leg sheath (leg sheath 3) reaching to between posterior margin of abdominal segment 2 and middle of segment 3, apically bilobed with median projection. Abdominal segments 1���7 each with dorsomedian transverse row of alternating long and short spines of irregular pattern, becoming larger and longer posteriorly. Dorsolateral bristlelike spines slightly larger and longer than ventral bristlelike spines, both becoming longer posteriorly, and lateral or postspiracular bristlelike spines sometimes alternating long and short, or with 1���3 short spines between long spines, and most ventral spine longest. Spiracles of abdominal segments 1���7 situated along midline laterally, dark reddish brown, medium size, spherical to elongate oval, slightly raised in light reddish brown sclerotized area of cuticle. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 40 spines consisting of 3 median, unequal length short spines, and on each side 3 long spines between which are 4���5 short spines and then 6���7 short spines, outer 2 on one side separated farther from other spines; with 1���2 dorsolateral bristlelike, short to very short spines present; with 6 unequal postspiracular bristlelike spines. Venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Abdominal segment 2 with incomplete dorsal transverse row of 30 spines consisting of 3 short, equal median spines and on each side 2 short spines between which are 5 shorter spines, and then 8 variable length spines; with 2 variable length dorsolateral bristlelike short spines present; with 7 unequal postspiracular bristlelike spines; with 13���14 mostly equal ventral bristlelike spines present on each side of, and extending under, wing and leg sheaths, but not completely across venter. Abdominal segment 3 with dorsal transverse row of 37 spines consisting of 4 short, subequal median spines, with middle 2 very close together, and on each side 15���18 alternating short and very short spines; with 2 variable length dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 4 alternating long and short (with 1 very short on one side) postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 26���32 subequal spines interrupted by median space. Abdominal segment 4 with dorsal transverse row of 33 short, mostly equal spines, with slight median space and some shorter outer spines; with 3 unequal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 4���5 unequal alternating long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 15���18 mostly equal length bristlelike spines on each side of slight median space. Abdominal segment 5 with dorsal transverse row of 30 spines consisting of slight median space and outer pair of short spines flanked by 13���15 generally subequal spines (outer spines shorter); with 4 unequal dorsolateral bristlelike spines, one very short; with 4 alternating long and short postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 16���18 mostly equal bristlelike spines on each side of median space. Abdominal segment 6 with dorsal transverse row of 19 short, but variable length, spines divided by median space and one vestigial spine on each side; with 7���8 unequal dorsolateral bristlelike spines; with 4���5 unequal, postspiracular bristlelike spines; with ventral transverse row of 17 mostly equal bristlelike spines, including 1 median short spine. Abdominal segment 7 with dorsal transverse row of 21 spines consisting of 8���10 short but variable length spines on each side of 2 very short median spines; with 3���5 unequal length dorsolateral bristlelike spines, one bifurcate to base; with 6���8 unequal, postspiracular bristlelike spines, 2 spines very short on one side; with ventral transverse row of 21 mostly equal bristlelike spines, including median short pair, some spines basally very close together. Segments 8 and 9 curved ventrally. Segment 8 with equal dorsal spines, 1 on each side of midline; dorsolateral, lateral and ventral spines and callosities absent. Spiracle small, elongate oval, darkened brownish to black area of cuticle. Segment 9 with pair of small, incurved, basally rugose dorsolateral processes, laterally flat to rounded, medially wedge-shaped; with small, shiny, rounded bulbous callosity dorsally between dorsolateral processes, on each side of midline; with large ventrolateral processes, basally rugose, laterally wedge-shaped, slightly curved towards dorsolateral processes., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve & Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2013, Pupal cases of four Nearctic species of Laphria (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 478-492 in Zootaxa 3681 (4) on pages 485-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224166, {"references":["Banks, N. (1917) Synopsis of the genus Dasyllis (Asilidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 12, 52 - 55."]}

Diogmites bilobatus sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Diagnosis. Male 16.2���25.3 mm long (mean = 21.1 mm); female 17.0���26.5 mm long (mean = 22.5 mm). Average antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.6:4.1. Male wing 11.7���16.5 mm long (mean = 14.3 mm); female wing 12.2���18.4 mm long (mean = 15.6 mm). Phallus bilobed (Fig. 2 a). Female abdominal tergites 1���6 pollinose and opaque dorsally; tergites 7���8 glabrous dorsally, opaque laterally (Fig. 2 b). Description. Male body, excluding antennae, 16.2���25.3 mm long (mean = 21.1 mm); female 17.0���26.5 mm long (mean = 22.5 mm); golden brown to black in ground color; golden tomentose almost throughout. Head width 1.7 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Mystax a dense row of long, yellowish-white setae on extreme lower margin of face; upper face lacking setae. Frons golden tomentose, with scattered thin, pale, hair-like setae. Vertex brown, with scattered, thin, pale to black, hair-like setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with two long, strong, black setae and several short, thin, pale to black, hair-like setae. Postocular setae long, strong, pale. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, thin, pale, hair-like setae. Proboscis dark brown, somewhat laterally compressed, more than five times as long as deep; deepest near base, tapered to rounded apex. Palpus about as long as scape and pedicel combined, brown, bearing many long, pale, hairlike setae. Antenna brown, about 0.43 times head width; pedicel with several black setae dorsally and ventrally; flagellum with several black setae dorsally on basal half; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.6:4.1. Thorax with cervical sclerites covered with vestiture of long, pale setae. Antepronotum with row of long, slender, pale setae along anterior margin; postprontoum bearing sparse, long, pale, hair-like setae laterally; postpronotal lobe bearing 1���2 strong, black or pale setae and several short pale, hair-like setae. Proepisternum covered with short, thin, pale, hair-like setae. Prosternum lacking setae. Scutum golden brown to dark brown in ground color, golden tomentose laterally, with three dorsal longitudinal, golden tomentose vittae, lacking distinct dark makings; mid-dorsal vittae very narrow; anterior third and golden tomentose areas covered with short, black setae; with two strong, black notopleural setae, two supraalar setae, two postalar setae, 2���4 strong dorsocentral setae, and two strong, black setae on postalar callus. Scutellum low, not convex, with two strong, black marginal setae. Mediotergite and anatergite bare; katatergite with fan of 6���7 long, slender, pale setae. Mesopleural sclerites lacking setae. Legs yellowish brown. Coxae golden tomentose; fore and mid coxae with many long, slender, pale anterior setae; hind coxa with 1���2 strong, pale lateral setae and several thin, hair-like anterior and lateral setae. Trochanters golden tomentose; fore and mid trochanters with ventrolateral dark spots; hind trochanters with ventrolateral dark line and many, short, stout, pale, ventral setae. Femora, tibiae, and tarsi covered with many, short, thin, black setae. Fore femur with single, strong, stout, black anterior seta near basal fifth; row of 3���5 similar stout setae prosteriorly; and irregular row of shorter, stout, black setae anteroventrally. Mid femur with single strong, stout, black, anterior seta near basal fifth and row of shorter black anterior setae; single strong, stout, black posterior seta near apex and row of 4���5 shorter black posterior setae; and single strong, stout, black ventral seta near base. Hind femur with row of 4���8 short, stout, black anterior setae; row of 2���5 short, stout, black anteroventral setae; and similar row of posteroventral setae. All tibiae with several long, black, preapical setae. Fore tibia with anterodorsal, posterodorsal, and posteroventral rows of 5���8 short, stout, black setae; single short, stout, black ventral seta about one third distance from base; and single long, strong, black ventral seta about one third distance from apex. Mid tibia with dorsal, anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of short, stout, black setae, only posteroventral row extending from base to apex, other rows terminating about halfway from base; with two long black anterodorsal and two long, black ventral setae. Hind tibia with anterodorsal, posterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long, black setae; posterodorsal and distal anteroventral setae longest; posteroventral row extending only about halfway from base of tibia. Tarsi darkened apically, with many strong, black setae; first tarsomere about equal in length to following three tarsomeres. Fore tarsus about equal in length to fore tibia; mid and hind tarsi shorter than mid and hind tibiae, respectively. Claws black; pulvilli pale yellowish-brown. Wing 11.7���16.5 mm long in male (mean = 14.3 mm); 12.2���18.4 mm long in female (mean = 15.6 mm). Membrane lightly infuscate. Halter with stem and knob golden brown, knob somewhat darker. Abdomen golden brown to dark brown or black in ground color. Tergites 2���5 with diffuse, diagonal, dark brown to black patches laterally, subtended posteriorly by silver or golden tomentose patches. Phallus bilobed (Fig. 2 a). Female abdominal tergites 1���6 pollinose and opaque dorsally; tergites 7���8 glabrous dorsally, opaque laterally (Fig. 2 b). Both sexes with all abdominal sternites pollinose and opaque. Discussion. Diogmites bilobatus sp. nov. is much more consistent in size than is D. angustipennis, and on average it is slightly shorter in length, but its range of color variation is more extreme. Some specimens, especially those from southern Texas, have nearly black abdominal tergites. Specimens collected at more northerly sites tend to be lighter in color. Abdominal tergites of specimens collected in Do��a Ana County in southwestern New Mexico range across the entire spectrum, from golden orange to nearly black. The known range of D. bilobatus sp. nov. extends from northern Kansas south through Oklahoma and Texas to northeastern Mexico, and from Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas west to Arizona and southern California (Fig. 2 c). Labels on museum specimens indicate that adults are active from late May to mid October, but most museum specimens bear labels dated July, August, or September. The earliest and latest records refer to specimens collected in far southern reaches of the species��� range. G. S. Forbes (in litt.) collected many specimens in New Mexico and made the following observations: The new species probably originally inhabited the Rio Grande floodplain before they channeled the river and tore out the bosques. At the river it now seems to occur in flat sandy areas between the levee roads and the river edge. Although the sites are periodically mown and otherwise "managed" by the International Boundary and Water Commission, they often get quite weedy, with Astragalus, small tamarisks, Salsola, Bermuda grass, and rabbit brush, with Salix exigua along the bank. The Diogmites is a rather low flier, perching on weeds, grass stems, and often on the Salix. It is somewhat wary and doesn't perch for long at any one spot. Other perching sites I noted were Chrysothamnus and mesquite. The species has also extended into agricultural situations and was frequently found in alfalfa fields, where there were doubtless many prey items. The fly is also present in residential areas. It often perched on Bermuda grass. The only record I have from outside the Mesilla Valley was a male from the south end of the USDA Jornada Experimental Range, on the HQ road 6.6 mi. NW of Rt. 70, 19 vii 1982. This is an area of mixed creosotebush-snakeweed-yucca scrub with saltbush and mesquite along the washes. Along the road is a grassy area with tobosa grass and Scleropogon brevifolia. The species was locally common at times but I see it wasn't recorded at several of the riparian sites I collected, nor every time during the flight season. The most abundant I found it was on 2 Aug. 1982 on the E levee rd. 2 mi. (NW) of Picaho Ave, where I recorded 12 in about 1 1 / 4 hours. The only prey record I have is a female Efferia albibarbis. Triorla interrupta, a Machimus nr. erythocnemius, Megaphorus pulchrus, and Efferia albibarbis were found with it in weedy areas, and Proctacanthella cacopiloga, Efferia luna, Scleropogon duncani, Proctacanthus nearno, and Promachus giganteus occurred in some of the same sites at the proper time, although I didn't necessarily record them with the Diogmites. Some museum specimens examined during the course of this study have the following prey items pinned beneath them: Araneae: Lycosidae, Pirata sp, Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Orthoptera: Acrididae, Syrbula admirabilis (Uhler), Texas, Live Oak County, Choke Canyon State Park, 4.X. 1997 (BYU). Tettigoniidae (nymph), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 12.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Hemiptera: Coreidae, Anasa andresii (Gurin-Mneville), Texas, Hidalgo County, 8.IX. 1933 (USNM). Coreidae, Chariesterus antennator Fabricius, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 20.VIII. 1933 (TAMU). Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Onthophagus sp., Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Histeridae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 10.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Diptera: Asilidae, Efferia sp., Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 8.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Asilidae, Proctacanthella cacopiloga (Hine), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 19.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Syrphidae, Vollucella mexicana Macquart, Texas, Cameron County, 8.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Syrphidae, Eristalis sp., Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 7.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Calliphoridae, Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933. Tachinidae, Texas, Madison County, 22.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Melissodes sp., Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 3.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Melissodes sp., Texas, Hidalgo County, Donna, 8.X. 1933 (USNM). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 2.X. 1946 (USNM). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 6.VI. 1934 (TAMU). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 28.X. 1946 (USNM). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 14.X. 1945 (USNM). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Halictidae, Halictus sp., Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Ichneumonidae, Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Ichneumonidae, Texas, Live Oak County, Choke Canyon State Park, 4.X. 1997 (BYU). Nyssonidae, Gorytinae, Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 7.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Pompilidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 30.VII. 1932 (USNM). Sphecidae, Podium sp., Texas, Hidalgo County, Weslaco, 12.VIII. 1933 (USNM). Sphecidae, Tachytes sp., Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 15.VII. 1932 (USNM). Tiphiidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 17.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Scoliidae, Campsomeris tolteca Saussure, Texas, Hidalgo County, 12.VII. 1933 (USNM). Vespidae, Polistes, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 8.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Lepidoptera: Libytheidae, Libytheana carinenta (Cramer), Texas, Cameron County, 8.VIII. 1933 (USNM). One Blythe, California, specimen in the Charles H. Martin collection at the Florida State Collection of Arthropods bears a label stating, ���This species common Blythe area. They kill thousands of honey bees. It was captured in a cotton field on 22 July 1949. Type material. Holotype: The male holotype is deposited in the CAS collection. It is labeled ���San Antonio, Tex���, VI- 25-42 ���, E S Ross���; ��� Diogmites, symmachus, Lw ��� ��� 76, det. J. Wilcox���, ���HOLOTYPE���, ��� DIPTERA: ASILIDAE���, ��� Diogmites bilobatus���, ���Barnes���. It measures 20.4 mm long and wings are 13.1 mm long. The antennomere:scape ratios are 1.0:1.7:3.8. Paratypes: UNITED STATES. ARIZONA: Cochise County, 8 mi. NE of Douglas, 4.VIII. 1940, �� (UCR); 8 mi. E of Douglas, 8.VIII. 1958, �� (UCDC); 27 mi. E of Douglas, 9.VIII. 1966, �� (UCR); Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 5000 ', 9.VII. 1974, 2 �� (CUIC); 26.VII. 1974, �� (CUIC); San Bernardino Ranch, 3750 ', August, �� (CAS). Coconino County, Flagstaff, 25.VII. 1950, 2 �� (AMNH). Maricopa County, Mesa, VI. 1931, ��, �� (BYU); 17.VII. 1950, �� (EMUS). Mohave County, Mohave Valley, 1.VI. 1980, ��, �� (UAIC); 15.VII. 1980, 2 �� (UAIC); 25.VII. 1980, �� (UAIC). Pima County, 20.IX. 1925, �� (CAS); Tucson, 20.X. 1927, �� (CAS); X. 1931, �� (CAS); 21.IX. 1938, �� (CAS); 4.VIII. 1953, �� (UAIC); 13.VIII. 1954, �� (UCDC); 29.VIII. 1954, �� (UAIC); 16.VIII. 1955, �� (UAIC); laying eggs on soil, 31.VII. 1966, �� (UAIC). Yuma County, Roll, 19.VII. 1954, �� (UAIC). ARKANSAS: Pike County, Daisy, 4.VII. 1974, �� (WTAM). CALIFORNIA: Riverside County, Blythe, cotton field, killing honey bees, 22.VII. 1949, �� (FSCA). COLORADO: county unknown, Walker Hill, 6.VIII. 1933, 2 �� (CSUC, WSU). Alamosa County, Alamosa, Summer 1964, �� (FSCA). Baca County, S of Lamport, 2.VIII. 1933, ��, �� (CSUC). Bent County, Las Animas, 2.VIII. 1921, �� (CSUC); 12.IX. 1933, �� (WSU); 3887 ', 6.IX. 1938, �� (SEMC); Rd CC, SW of Caddoa, 17.VIII. 1995, �� (CSUC); Rd 26, along Caddoa Cr., 17.VIII. 1995, �� (CSUC). Crowley County, Ordway, 19.VII, �� (CSUC); 6.VIII. 1933, 2 �� (CSUC); 11.VIII. 1934, �� (CSUC); 12.VIII. 1934, �� (CSUC); 23.VIII. 1936, �� (CSUC); 6.VIII. 1937, �� (WSU). Las Animas County, Purgatoire River, Bent Canyon, 2.VII. 1989, �� (CSUC). Otero County, CO Rt. 109, Purgatoire R., 11.VIII. 1990, 2 ��, �� (CSUC). Prowers County, Hartman, 23.VIII. 1961, ��, �� (KSUC); Lamar, 25.VIII. 1925, 2 ��, 3 �� (UMMZ); Lamar, Arkansas River, 15.IX. 1992, �� (CSUC); Lamar, Willow Creek Park, 15���16.VIII. 1998, �� (CSUC). Pueblo County, Boone, 5000 ', 17.VIII, �� (KSUC). KANSAS: Hamilton County, 4000 ', 6.VIII. 1928, �� (KSUC); 8 km WNW of Syracuse, 25.VII. 1991, �� (CMNH). Meade County, 14.VIII. 1945, 2 ��, �� (SEMC). Morton County, 2800 ', 5.VIII. 1911, �� (OSEC). Rooks County, 1775 ft., 9.VIII. 1912, �� (OSU). Seward County, 2600 ', 18.VIII. 1911, 6 ��, 3 �� (OSU). Wallace County, 19.VIII, �� (KSUC). LOUISIANA: Acadia Parish, Crowley, 22.IX. 1911, �� (USNM). Calcasieu Parish, Sulphur, 23.VIII. 1992, �� (BYU); 14 mi. S Vinton, 8.IX. 1916 (USNM). Cameron Parish, Cameron, 2.VII. 1905, �� (OSU); 10.VII. 1905, 3 �� (OSU); Martin Beach off Hwy 82, 13.VIII. 2003, �� (CSUC). Lafayette Parish, Lafayette, �� (USNM); 11.X. 1932, �� (USNM); Southwestern Lafayette, 8.X. 1938, �� (USNM); 5.XII. 1938, �� (USNM). Madison Parish, Tallulah, �� (OSEC). NEW MEXICO: county unknown, northern New Mexico, �� (USNM). Bernalillo County, Albuqueque, VIII. 1894, ��, �� (OSU). Chaves County, 8.VII. 1927, �� (SEMC); Chaves, 6.VIII, �� (OSU). Do��a Ana County, alfalfa, 3.VIII. 1956, �� (NMSE); alfalfa, 16.VIII. 1956, �� (NMSE); swept from alfalfa, 9.VIII. 1956, �� (NMSE); 5 mi. N of Anthony, 16.VII. 1958, �� (WFBM); Las Cruces, 23.VIII, �� (USNM); 28.VIII. 1937, �� (USNM); 31.VII. 1961, �� (NMSE); Las Cruces, Mesquite Drive, 6.X. 1975, �� (NMSB); Las Cruces, Rio Grande, E levee road, 2 mi. N of Picacho, 25.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); 29.VII. 1982, 8 ��, 3 �� (BYU, NMSB); 2.VIII. 1982, 9 ��, �� (EMUS, NMSB); 23.VIII. 1982, 2 �� (EMUS, NMSB); Las Cruces, Rio Grande, W levee road, 1.5 mi. of Picacho Ave, 6.IX. 1982, �� (NMSB); Rio Grande, 1 mi. E of San Miguel, 3900 ', 18.VIII. 1993, �� (NMSB); Las Cruces, yard, 2 mi. N of NMSU, 12���14. VII. 1982, 2 �� (NMSB); 13.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); 18.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); 2 mi. N of NMSU campus, 22.VII. 1982, �� (BYU); 2 mi. N of NMSU campus, 3900 ', 25.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); 2 mi. N NMSU campus, 24.VII. 1983, �� (NMSB); 10 mi. S NMSU Exp. Farm, 6.VIII. 1982, ��, 4 �� (NMSB); 10 mi. S NMSU Exp. Farm, 3900 ', 7.VIII. 1982, �� (NMSB); playa 6.6 mi. N Rt. 70 / 82, 0.5 mi. E Joranda Rd., 4200 ', 19.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); Masilla Dam, 3800 ', 9.VIII. 1979, �� (NMSB); 16.VII. 1982, �� (NMSB); 31.VIII. 1982, �� (NMSB); Mesilla Park, alfalfa, 17.VIII. 1962, �� (NMSB); White Sands, 7.VIII. 1931, �� (KSUC). Eddy County, Carlsbad, 5.VIII. 1931, �� (KSUC); 2.IX. 1967, ��, 2 �� (UCR); Loving, 19.VI. 1963, �� (NMSE); Malaga, 11.VII. 1936, �� (CAS). Roosevelt County, 2.VII. 1968, �� (UCR); Dora, 7.VIII. 1965, �� (CAS). San Miguel County, Pecos, 16.VIII. 1938, �� (AMNH). Sierra County, Percha Dam State Park, Rio Grande River, 17.VII. 1989, �� (CSUC). Socorro County, La Joya Wilderness, 31.VII. 1993, �� (CSUC). OKLAHOMA: Beckham County, US 66 (I- 40) 10 Mi. E of Erick, 10.VIII. 1969, �� (CUIC). Logan County, near Coyle, banks of the Cimarron R., 18.VIII. 1959, 3 ��, 4 �� (OSEC). McCurtain County, Sherwood, 27.VI. 1937, �� (OSEC). TEXAS: county unknown, Buff Lake, 23.VIII. 1968, �� (ESUW). Aransas County, 6.VIII. 1928, 3 ��, 2 �� (SEMC, UAAM); 6.VIII. 1928, 2 �� (UAAM); Goose Island State Park, 11.VIII. 1985, ��, �� (TAMU). Baylor County, Lake Kemp, below Dam, 20.VIII. 1969, �� (ESUW). Bexar County, ��, �� (CAS); 2.X. 1932, ��, �� (CAS, FSCA); 2���8. X. 1932, 3 �� (CAS); 6.VI. 1934, �� (TAMU); 2.X. 1946, �� (USNM); 28.X. 1946, �� (USNM); 1.VII. 1952, �� (EMEC); San Antonio, 22���31.VIII, �� (CMNH); 25.VI. 1938, 2 �� (SEMC, UAAM); 25.VI. 1942, �� (CAS); 20 mi. N of San Antonia, 22.VI. 1942, �� (CAS). Blanco County, Blanco, 22.VII. 1962, �� (TAMU); Pedernales Falls State Park, 28.IX. 1991, �� (BYU). Bosque County, Valley Mills, 24.VII. 1932, �� (USNM). Brazoria County, Alvin, 9.XI. 1904, �� (AMNH). Brazos County, College Station, 13.VIII. 1921, �� (EMEC); 5.VII. 1932, �� (USNM); 15.VII. 1932, �� (USNM); 21���22.VII. 1932, ��, 2 �� (USNM); 28.VII. 1932, ��, 2 �� (USNM); 30.VII. 1932, �� (USNM); 3.VIII. 1932, �� (USNM); 8.VIII. 1932, 4 �� (USNM); 11.VIII. 1932, ��, 2 �� (USNM); 12.VIII. 1932, 2 �� (USNM); 15.VIII. 1932, �� (USNM); 17.VIII. 1932, 2 ��, 2 �� (USNM); 2��� 18. VIII. 1932, 8 �� (USNM); 18.VIII. 1932, �� (TAMU); 18���19. VIII. 1932, 3 ��, 2 �� (USNM); 21.VIII. 1932, �� (USNM); 20.VIII. 1933, 2 �� (CAS, TAMU); 26.VII. 1933, �� (USNM); 14.X. 1945, �� (USNM). Brewster County, Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village, trailer camp, 14.VIII. 1970, �� (FSCA). Cameron County, 3.VII. 1933, 2 ��, �� (USNM); 8.VIII. 1933, 5 �� (USNM); 18.VIII. 1933, �� (USNM); Brownsville, June, �� (SEMC); 23.X. 1960, �� (FSCA); 10.VII. 1970, �� (TAMU); 27.V. 1989, �� (UCR); 8 mi. E of Brownsville, 18.VII. 1962, �� (KSUC); 20 mi. E of Brownsville, alkaline flats, 30.VI. 1968, �� (FSCA); Harlingen, 4.IX. 1945, ��, 2 �� (ISUI); 3.X. 1945, �� (ISUI); 8.X. 1945, 2 �� (ISUI); Laguna Madre, 25 mi. SE Harlingen, 26.IX. 1945, 5 ��, 3 �� (ISUI); 9.X. 1945, 2 ��, 2 �� (ISUI). Childress County, Lake Childress, 24.VIII. 1948, ��, �� (AMNH). Collingsworth County, Salt Fork, Red River, Hwy 83, 11.VIII. 2003, ��, 2 &Psi, Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2010, Nearctic species related to Diogmites angustipennis Loew (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2545 on pages 3-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196750

Key to Nearctic Asilidae in the Diogmites angustipennis complex 1 Phallus bilobed (Fig. 2 a). Female abdominal tergites 1���6 pollinose and opaque dorsally; tergites 7���8 glabrous dorsally, opaque laterally (Fig. 2 b)........................................................................................ Diogmites bilobatus sp. nov. - Phallus not bilobed (Fig. 3 a). Female abdominal tergites 1���4 or 1���5 and sternites 1���5 pollinose and opaque; tergites 5���8 or 6���8 and sternites 6���8 polished (Fig. 3 b) ........................................................... Diogmites angustipennis Loew, Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2010, Nearctic species related to Diogmites angustipennis Loew (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2545 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196750

Diogmites angustipennis Loew (FIGS 1, 3, 4) Diogmites angustipennis Loew 1866: 23. Diogmites symmachus Loew 1872: 66. New synonymy. Deromyia pulchra Back 1909: 361 (= Diogmites pulcher). New synonymy. Diogmites grossus Bromley 1936: 236. New synonymy. Diagnosis. Male 16.5���28.9 mm long (mean = 23.4 mm); female 15.2���29.9 mm long (mean = 24.2 mm). Average antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.5:3.6. Male wing 13.8���20.6 mm long (mean = 16.8 mm); female wing 10.0���20.1 mm long (mean = 16.9 mm). Phallus not bilobed (Fig. 3 a). Female abdominal tergites 1���4 or 1���5 and sternites 1���5 pollinose and opaque; tergites 5���8 or 6���8 and sternites 6���8 polished (Fig. 3 b). Discussion. Diogmites angustipennis varies widely in size and color, but few specimens display the darkest pigmentation found among specimens of D. bilobatus sp. nov. There is a general tendency for specimens from more southern areas to be darker, but regional populations often display a wide range of coloration. Most specimens collected at College Station, Texas, have medium brown abdominal tergites, but a few have yellowish orange tergites. On the other hand, most specimens collected in Sedgwick County, Kansas, and Woodbury County, Iowa, have yellowish orange abdominal tergites, but a few have medium brown tergites. Specimens from Rooks County, Kansas, all collected 9 August 1912 at 1775 feet elevation, range from yellowish orange to nearly black. Of the 83 males collected in Garden Grove, Orange County, California in August and September, 1941, 41 specimens have black dorsal longitudinal thoracic stripes. Most females also have black thoracic stripes, but a few show the more typical pattern and lack dark thoracic markings. There is also a wide size range, even within the same population. The Sedgwick County females range from 20 mm long to 28 mm long. The Rooks County females range in length from 22 to 29 mm. Garden Grove males range from 20 to 28 mm long, and females from the same locality range from 26 to 32 mm long. Females usually have tergites 6���8 and the corresponding sternites completely glabrous. In some individuals, especially those that fit the descriptions of Diogmites grossus or D. pulcher, tergite 5 also is largely glabrous, except for the lateral edges, but sternite 5 is always pollinose and dull. Both ovipositor types can often be found in the same population. At Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado, the type locality of Diogmites grossus, some females have dull and pollinose tergite 5 while others have a largely glabrous tergite 5. Most of the seven specimens that I have seen from Masters, Weld County, Colorado have a glabrous tergite 5, but in one specimen this tergite is clearly pollinose dorsally. Most females from Utah that I have seen have a largely glabrous tergite 5, but most specimens from California have a pollinose tergite 5. Many of the specimens from the large series collected at Garden Grove, Orange County, California in August and September, 1941, have dark mesonotal stripes and wings yellowed around the veins, and they key to D. pulcher in Bromley���s (1936) key. Three-quarters of the females have the fifth tergite pollinose, but one quarter have the fifth tergite glabrous. Glabrous fifth tergites are found in some specimens from the following states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. However, there is a tendency toward regional consistency in both size and color. Specimens collected from agricultural lands, mostly cotton and soybean fields, in Conway County, Arkansas, in the late 1950 s and early 1960 s are shorter (19.1��3.0 mm; n = 27) than the average 23.8 mm length. They tend to be lightly pigmented, and their abdomens appear bright golden orange. Specimens collected from vineyards in northwest Arkansas in 2003 are much larger (25.9��2.6 mm; n = 31), and their abdomens are a fairly dark brown. It is tempting to speculate that prey availability and edaphic factors to which the soil-dwelling larvae are exposed, such as frequency of disturbance and insecticide concentrations, might account at least in part for the observed variation. The known range of D. angustipennis in North America north of Mexico extends from southeastern North Dakota to southeastern Alabama in the east, and from southeastern Oregon to southern California in the west (Fig. 3 c). This species also occurs in northern Mexico. Labels on museum specimens indicate that adults are active from April and May to late November in the southern part of the species��� range. However, most museum specimens bear labels dated July, August, or September. Specimens have been collected at College Station, Brazos County, Texas, from early April to late October. In Colorado, they have been collected from mid July to late September. In Platte County, southeastern Wyoming, Lavigne and Holland (1969) found that Diogmites angustipennis is a common denizen of the open plains, often found in rank and shrubby vegetation along intermittent stream beds. It is a strong flier, making flights up to 50 to 100 yards, often landing on tall vegetation. It tends to forage from the ground in the morning before the soil becomes too warm. Later in the day it forages from horizontal branches of various shrubs. These asilids usually take their prey in the air, although they will sometimes capture prey crawling on the ground or on vegetation. They take many kinds of prey in at least seven insect orders, 29 families, and 51 genera. However, they seem to have a clear preference for relatively large Hymenoptera. Out of 97 prey species recorded by Lavigne and Holland (1969), 63 % were Hymenoptera and 25 % were Diptera. Nearby, in Weld County, Colorado, O���Neill and Bjostad (1987) found that Diogmites angustipennis preys on males of the bee Nomia nevadensis bakeri Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The male bees congregate in large numbers and compete heavily for emerging virgin females. In their zeal to find and guard mates they become conspicuous targets for predation by D. angustipennis. Captured prey is enclosed within the fly���s spiny legs. The asilid carries it to a suitable perch, from which it hangs by one or both front tarsi (Fig. 4), earning it the nickname ���hanging thief. Once the prey is manipulated into a suitable position, the predator impales it with its proboscis, usually through the membranous cervix. Prey is usually held from above and behind, oriented facing the same direction as the fly. This helps the asilids to avoid the stings of aculeate Hymenoptera (Lavigne and Holland 1969). In the Wyoming study, most mating activity occurred during the middle of the day. On warm days, large numbers of males held their front tarsi high and out in front while flying slowly from shrub to shrub with their wings producing a loud buzz. When a male found another individual feeding or foraging, he began a courtship hover about one foot from his potential mate, with front legs held above the thorax. When the other individual was a receptive female, the couple mated in an end-to-end position for a period of several hours. Females oviposited in the morning. They dragged their ovipositors over the soil and thrust them from side to side, evidently sensing the soil texture. At appropriate sites, they pushed their ovipositors into the soil and jerked the terminal spines upward from time to time, displacing the soil as the abdomen sank down to the first segment. Eggs were deposited side by side in the soil in clutches of 5��� 14 eggs each. Bromley (1934) discussed the biology of D. angustipennis and D. symmachus in Texas. It is possible that some of the observations he relates were actually made on D. bilobatus, which occurs widely in Texas. He found the flies to be common in cotton fields, pastures, and waste lands, especially in areas of alluvial and sandy soils. They flew with a high-pitched buzz, darting among plants and preying on honey bees, wasps, and other insects. They could be pests around bee hives. They were also cannibalistic, the females often killing and devouring approaching males. Out of 113 prey items recorded in eight orders, 60 % were Hymenoptera and 24 % were Diptera, mostly Asilidae. These prey data are nearly identical to those recorded in the Wyoming study. Some museum specimens that I examined have the following prey items pinned beneath them: Orthoptera: Acrididae, Texas, Zavala County, Nueces River, 4 mi. E La Pryor, 9.IX. 1972 (SEMC). Hemiptera: Coreidae, Texas, McLennan County, 9.VII. 1945 (TAMU). Coreidae, Leptoglossus sp., Texas, Montague County, Forestburg, 26.IX. 1941 (USNM). Reduviidae, Texas, McLennan County, 17.VI. 1934 (CAS). Reduviidae, Sinea sp., Wyoming, Crook County, Devils Tower National Monument, 16���18.VIII. 1983 (ESUW). Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindela, Texas, McLennan County, 9.VII. 1933 (TAMU). Chrysomelidae, Texas, Montague County, Forestburg, 25.IX. 1941 (USNM). Scarabaeidae, Texas, McLennan County, 20.VI. 1934 (FSCA). Scarabaeidae, Texas, Victoria County, 15 mi. N Victoria, 28 IX. 1965 (UCDC). Diptera: Asilidae, Efferia sp., Wyoming, Platte County, Wheatland, 24.VIII. 1964 (ESUW). Asilidae, Machimus sp., Colorado, Douglas County, 28.VIII. 1969 (CSUC). Asilidae, Prolepsis tristis (Walker), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 30.IX. 1932 (USNM). Asilidae, Prolepsis tristis (Walker), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 23.IX. 1933 (USNM). Asilidae, Promachus bastardii (Macquart), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 21.VI. 1932 (USNM). Asilidae, Stichopogon trifasciatus (Say), Texas, Dickens County, Spur, 11.IX. 1932 (USNM). Bombyliidae, Texas, Montague County, Forestburg, 26.IX. 1941 (USNM). Muscidae, Wyoming, Platte County, Wheatland, 16.IX. 1973 (ESUW). Stratiomyidae, Hoplitimyia sp., Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 27.VIII. 1933 (TAMU). Stratiomyidae, Stratiomys meigenii (Wiedemann), McLennan County, Texas, Valley Mills, 24.VII. 1932 (USNM). Lepidoptera: Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 23.IX. 1933 (CAS). Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, California, Fresno County, Kingsburg, 6.VIII. 1952 (UCDC). Andrenidae, Utah, Millard County, Delta, 30.VII. 1949 (EMUS). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Colorado, Boulder County, Boulder, 25.VII (AMNH). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Kansas, Cherokee County, 5 km E Crestline, 2.VIII. 1985 (SEMC). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Kansas, Riley County, Manhattan, September (KSUC). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 2.X. 1931 (CAS). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 11.IX. 1931 (TAMU). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Bexar County, 8.X. 1931 (CAS). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Lavaca County, 10 mi. N Hallettsville, 28.IX. 1965 (UCDC). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Texas, Uvalde County, Nueces River, Highway 55, S of Campwood, 13.VI. 1992 (CSUC). Apidae, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Wyoming, Crook County, Devils Tower National Monument, 16���18 August 1983 (ESUW). Apidae, Bombus sp. Texas, Bexar County, 2.X. 1931 (CAS). Pompilidae, Oklahoma, Comanche Co., Punch Bowl Road, 2 mil. E Letra, 1.VII. 2003 (CSUC). Pompilidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 4.VI. 1933 (TAMU). Pompilidae, Texas, McLennan County, 16.VII. 1933 (TAMU). Pompilidae, Wyoming, Platte County, Glendo Road, 13 mi. W Glendo, 26.VII. 1998 (CSUC). Scoliidae, Scolia sp., Colorado, Las Animas County, Iron Canyon, Steinman���s Ranch., Purgatoire River, 14.VII. 1991. Sphecidae, Ammophila sp., Colorado, Las Animas County, Iron Canyon, Steinman���s Ranch., Purgatoire River, 14.VII. 1991 (CSUC). Sphecidae, Ammophila sp., Utah, Pine Valley, VIII. 1950 (USNM). Sphecidae, Sceliphron caementaria (Drury), Kansas, Riley County, Manhattan, 26.VII. 1955 (KSUC). Sphecidae, Sceliphron caementaria (Drury), Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 23.VIII. 1932 (USNM). Sphecidae, Tachytes sp., Oklahoma, Comanche County, Fort Sill, Quanah Range, 0.5 mi. E Falcon Gate, 19.IX. 2003. Sphecidae, Arizona, Yavapai County, Oak Creek Canyon, 15.VIII. 1938 (USNM). Sphecidae, Texas, McLennan County, 8.VII. 1934 (FSCA). Sphecidae, Utah, Westside Lake, 20.VIII. 1950 (USNM). Tiphiidae, Myzinum sp., Louisiana, Beauregard Parish, 16.VIII. 1928 (SEMC). Tiphiidae, Myzinum sp., Oklahoma, Comanche County, Fort Sill, West Range, short grass, 13���14 September 2002. Tiphiidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 19.VI. 1932 (USNM). Tiphiidae, Texas, Lavaca County, 15 mi. S Hallettsville, 28.IX. 1965 (UCDC). Vespidae, Eumenes sp., Kansas, Riley County, Manhattan, 5.IX. 1931 (KSUC). Vespidae, California, Tulare County, Vislia, 23.VIII. 1950 (UCDC). Vespidae, Kansas, Cherokee County, 5 km. E Crestline, 2.VIII. 1985 (SEMC). Vespidae, Oklahoma, Comanche County, Fort Sill, East Range, 10.VIII. 2002. Vespidae, Texas, Bexar County, 2.X. 1931 (CAS). Vespidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 5.VI. 1932 (TAMU). Vespidae, Texas, Brazos County, College Station, 24.X. 1945 (TAMU). Type material examined. Diogmites angustipennis was originally described from two female specimens collected in Kansas. I have examined both specimens, which are in the MCZ collection, and I hereby designate one of them as lectotype for clarification and to ensure stabilization in nomenclature. That specimen bears the following labels: ���Kansas���; ���Loew coll.���; ��� Type 12820 ���; ��� angustipennis ���; ��� Jan.���July 2003 MCZ image database���; ��� Lectotype, Diogmites angustipennis Loew, 1866, designated by J. K. Barnes 2004 ���. The paralectotype (MCZ) bears the following labels: ���Mat���; ���Loew coll.���; ��� Type 12820 ���. ���Mat probably refers to the collector, Matamoras, cited in the original description. Diogmites symmachus was originally described from a male and a female specimen, both collected in Texas. I have examined both specimens, which are in the MCZ collection, and I hereby designate the male specimen as lectotype for clarification and to ensure stabilization in nomenclature. That specimen bears the following labels: ���Texas Lafr.���; ���Loew coll.���; ��� Type 12826 ���; ��� symmachus Lw. Cent. X���; ��� Jan.���July 2003 MCZ image database���; ��� Lectotype Diogmites symmachus Loew, 1872, designated by J. K. Barnes 2004 ���. The female paralectotype (MCZ) bears the following labels: ���Texas Lafr.���; ���Loew coll.���; ��� Type 12826 ���. ���Lafr. might be a flawed reference to the collector of the specimens, Gustaf Wilhelm Belfrage, who was cited in the original description. Belfrage was a Swedish nobleman who spent the last 16 years of his life, 1867���1882, collecting insects in Texas, mostly in Bosque and McLennan Counties and surrounding areas of central Texas. He sold collections to many museums in the United States and Europe (Geiser 1948). The D. angustipennis female lectotype is 21.6 mm long, and its wing is 16.4 mm long. The D. symmachus male lectotype is 19.3 mm long, and its wing is 13.5 mm long. The D. angustipennis lectotype has a brown mesonotum and brown abdominal tergites, whereas the D. symmachus lectotype has a more orange or ochreous mesonotum and abdomen. In both the D. angustipennis lectotype and the D. symmachus female paralectotype, abdominal tergites 1���5 and the corresponding sternites are dull and pollinose, whereas tergites 6���8 and the corresponding sternites are glabrous except for the lightly pollinose extreme lateral edges of tergite 6. Diogmites pulcher was originally described from a single male collected in Los Angeles County, California. This holotype (USNM) bears the following labels: ��� Type No. 11027 U. S. N. M.���; ��� Type D. pulchra���; ��� Deromyia pulchra Back. ���. Diogmites grossus was originally described from a male holotype, three male paratypes, 12 female paratypes, and 19 paratypes of unspecified sex. I have examined the holotype and eight paratypes. The holotype (USNM) bears the following labels: ��� COLO. Prower Co., Lamar, 279, Aug. 25, 1925, F. M. Gaige���; ��� Deromyia bigoti Bellardi, Det. C. T. Greene 1928 ���; ��� Holotype ��, Diogmites grossus Bromley���; ���SWBromley Collection 1955 ���. The D. pulcher holotype is 26.3 mm long, and it wing is 17.6 mm long. It is a darkly pigmented specimen. The mesonotum bears three dark brown vittae. The middle vitta is divided longitudinally and reaches to the pronotum. The abdominal tergites are dark brown dorsally, and the otherwise hyaline wings are distinctly yellowed around the veins. The lateral flanges of the ventral aedeagal channel are not well developed. The D. grossus holotype is 29.8 mm long, and its wing is 19.0 mm long. The mesonotum lacks distinct vittae and the abdominal tergites are brown, about the same color as in the D. angustipennis lectotype. The lateral flanges of the ventral aedeagal channel are not well developed. The hyaline wings have some light yellowing around the veins. There is no pale bloom or sheen that distinctly sets this specimen apart from the D. angustipennis lectotype. Diogmites grossus paratypes in the USNM collection from Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado; Parma, Canyon County, Idaho; and Moab, Grand County, Utah have the typical D. angustipennis abdominal vestiture, with tergites 1���5 and the corresponding sternites dull and pollinose and tergites 6���8 and the corresponding sternites glabrous. One paratype from near Midvale, Salt Lake County, Utah, has abdominal tergites 1���4 dull and pollinose. Tergite 5 is glabrous dorsally and pollinose laterally. Sternite 5 is pollinose. Tergites and sternites 6���8 are glabrous. Other material examined. UNITED STATES. ALABAMA: Macon County, Tuskegee, 22.VII. 1930, �� (SEMC). ARIZONA: Apache County, Horseshoe Cienega, 12 mi. E McNairy on Rt. 73, 30.VII. 1962, �� (UAIC). Cochise County, Willcox, 1.VIII. 1909, �� (USNM); 14.VIII. 1958, 12�� (UCDC, UCR); 30.VIII. 1958, �� (UCDC); 27.VIII. 1959, 14�� (EMEC); 31.VIII. 1959, 20�� (EMEC); 1 mi. S Willcox, 23.VIII. 1961, 2�� (UAIC); 3 mi. SE Willcox, 31.VIII. 1959, �� (AMNH). Coconino County, 27 mi. N Cameron, 30.VIII. 1967, �� (UCR); Flagstaff, 5.VIII. 1973, �� (UCR); Grand Canyon, 11.IX. 1932, �� (EMUS); "General Springs", 6200 ', 28.VIII. 1935, �� (USNM); Oak Creek Canyon, 15.VIII. 1938, �� (USNM); 13.VIII. 1958, �� (EMEC); 1.VIII. 1962, �� (BYU); 4.VIII. 1982, �� (UCR); 10.VIII. 1991, �� (UCDC); 6000 ', August, 3 �� (AMNH, OSU); Oak Creek Canyon, Pine Flat Campground, 22.VIII. 1967, �� (UCR); West Fork of Oak Creek, 30.VIII. 1985, 2�� (BYU). Gila County, Carrizo, 1.IX. 1986, ��, �� (EMUS); 5 mi. N Payson, East Verde Park, 12.IX. 1969, �� (UCR); Sierra Ancha Mountains, August, �� (USNM); Sierra Ancha Mountains, 4.IX. 1932, �� (CAS). Maricopa County, Granite Reef, 12.IX. 1936, ��, �� (AMNH); Granite Reef Dam, 29.VIII. 1964, �� (EMEC); Granite Reef Dam, 16.IX., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2010, Nearctic species related to Diogmites angustipennis Loew (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2545 on pages 9-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196750, {"references":["Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria septima. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 10, 1 - 54.","Loew, H. (1872) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria decima. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 16, 49 - 115.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America, north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400.","Bromley, S. A. (1936) The genus Diogmites in the United States of America with descriptions of new species (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 44, 225 - 237.","Lavigne, R. J. & Holland, F. R. (1969) Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Mongraph, 18, 65 pp.","O'Neill, K. M., & Bjostad, L. (1987) The male mating strategy of the bee Nomia nevadensis (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): leg structure and mate guarding. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 63 (3), 207 - 217.","Bromley, S. W. (1934) The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27 (1), 74 - 113.","Geiser, S. W. (1948) Naturalists of the frontier. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 296 pp."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) elizabethae Brimley (FIGS 1 C, 1 D, 2 B, 4) Ceraturgus elizabethae Brimley, 1924: 8. Type material examined. Holotype, male, UNITED STATES: ���Raleigh, N. C., VI 13 1922, T. B. Mitchell���, ���A �� in coitu A �� ���, ��� 2.���, ��� Type No. 26831 U.S. N.M.��� [red label], ��� Type Ceraturgus elizabethae �� Brimley���, USNM. Allotype, female, UNITED STATES: ���Raleigh, N. C., VI 13 1922, T. B. Mitchell���, ���A �� in coitu A �����, Allotype No. 26831 U.S. N.M.��� [red label]. Paratype, female, UNITED STATES: ���Raleigh, N.C., 21 June 22, C. S. Brimley���, ��� NCSU, ex NCDA &CS, 2000 ���, ��� PARATYPE, Ceraturgus elizabethae Brimley ��� [red label, handwritten], NCSU. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. ALABAMA. Monroe County: Haines Island Park, 31 �� 43 ' 23 "N 37 �� 28 ' 10 "W, 26���31 May 1995, ��, J. A. McGown, MEM. ARKANSAS. Clay County: Chalk Bluff, 30 June 2005, ��, N. Lavers, UAAM. Craighead County: Jonesboro, woods, 26 June 2005, ��, N. Lavers, UAAM. Lee County: St. Francis National Forest, 22���23 June 1973, ��, NCSU; 9 June 2003, ��, N. Lavers, UAAM. Washington County: Fayetteville, 12���20 June 1973, ��, E. V. Gage, TAMU. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Chain Bridge, 24 July 1913, ��, H. B. Kirk, USNM. GEORGIA. Clarke County: 3 July 1983, ��, E. Vargo, BYU; Whitehall Forest 14���18 June 1979, R. H. Turnbow, Jr., FSCA; Whitehall Forest, 5���8 July 1979, insect flight trap, ��, R. H. Turnbow, Jr., CSCA. Thomas County: Thomasville, 18 May 1940, ��, W. H. Thames, Jr., UGCA. INDIANA. Harrison County: July 8, 1969, ��, H.R. Rush, CSCA; Owen County: Spencer, 11 July 1925, 2 ��, E. G. Anderson, USNM, UMRM; 12 July 1925, ��, E. G. Anderson, UMRM. KENTUCKY. Hardin County: Fort Knox, 11 July 1963, ��, P. E. Adams, FSCA. Rockcastle County: Livingston, ��, H. G. Hubbard, USNM. MARYLAND. Prince George's County: Beltsville, 16 July, ��, F. R. Cole, USNM. MISSISSIPPI. Grenada County: Grenada, 22 June 1971, ��, C. Bryson, MEM; T 21 N R 2 E, Sec. 12, 13N & R 3 E, Sec 7 S, 18 N, 5���11 June 1991, ��, ��, R. L. Brown, MEM. MISSOURI. St. Louis County: Ranken, 4 July 1935, ��, E. P. Meiners, UMRM. NORTH CAROLINA. Haywood County: Crestmont, 18 July 1922, ��, T. H. Hubbell, UMMZ. Nash County: Rocky Mount, 25 June 1924, ��, A. M. Woodside, NCSU. Wake County: 16 June 1955, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; Raleigh, 18 June 1926, 2 ��, C. S. Brimley, NCSU; 19 July 1932, ��, C. S. Brimley, NCSU. OHIO. Hocking County: Laurel Township, 20 June 1937, ��, E. S. & J. S. Thomas, OSU. OKLAHOMA. Ottawa County: Wyandotte, 4 June 1931, ��, W. D. Davis, USNM. Pushmataha County: Neshoba, 15 June 1934, 2 ��, A. E. Pritchard, USNM. PENNSYLVANIA. County unknown: Germantown, 2 July 1908, ��, USNM. Centre County: State College, 12 July 1928, ��, C. B. Lewis, MCZ. SOUTH CAROLINA. Pickens County: Rocky Bottom, 9 July 1931, ��, F. Sherman, CUAC. TEXAS. Brazos County: College Station, 21���25 April 1981, ��, R. Wharton & R. Turnbow, TAMU. Dallas County: Dallas, ��, MCZ. VIRGINIA. Arlington County: Glencarlyn, 10 July 1919, ��, USNM; 30 June, ��, MCZ. Fairfax County: Falls Church, ��, MCZ; Great Falls, 27 June 1913, ��, S. A. Rohwer, USNM; Scotts Run, 17 July 1917, ��, L. O. Jackson, USNM. Nelson County: 18 July 1913, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 20 June 1922, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 2 July 1927, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 11 July 1928, ��, W. Robinson, USNM. WEST VIRGINIA. Pocahontas County, Charles Creek, near Cranberry Glades, 3490 ft., 1 July 1967, ��, FSCA. Male. Body length: 14.0��� 18.5 mm (mean �� S.D.: 17.3 �� 1.8; N = 8). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Face golden tomentose, with mystax of long golden brown setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter golden brown setae almost reaching to antennal bases. Frons and vertex, including ocellar tubercle, shining dark brown, except for narrow golden pollinose line along inner compound eye margins. Frons covered with short, thin, golden brown setae, except along midline. Postcranium dark brown, except for broad golden pollinose bands along outer compound eye margins. Gena dark brown. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 12���16 long yellow or brown setae. Postocular setae pale yellow, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, dark brown or black hair-like setae. Proboscis brown, laterally compressed, about 4.6 times as long as deep, deepest near base, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, dark brown, both with long, golden brown hair-like setae. Antenna 6.1 mm long; scape shining reddish brown, with pale lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull reddish brown, with pale dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull black; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.9: 3.3: 0.6: 4.4. Thorax. Cervical sclerites dark brown in ground color, thinly golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, brown hair-like setae. Pronotum thinly golden brown pollinose, with dense pile of long, slender, apically crinkled, brown setae covering antepronotum and with lateral patch of shorter, straighter, paler setae on postpronotum; postpronotal lobe shining golden brown in ground color, thickly golden pollinose anteriorly, covered with long, slender, erect pale setae posteriorly. Propleuron brown pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, brown hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum thinly golden brown pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum shining brown in ground color, mostly devoid of pollen, but with narrow, golden pollinose line along transverse suture and broad, lateral, supra-alar golden pollinose band extending from postpronotal lobe almost to postalar callus, this band often weak between postpronotal lobe and transverse suture; with obscure, dark, central subshining vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum, divided by narrow line of short, pale setae along midline; with pair of broad, dark, posterolateral subshining bare patches, divided by narrow line of golden pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; subshining dark areas of scutum mostly devoid of vestiture of short or long setae, except for patch of long hair-like setae between transverse suture and scutellum; remainder of scutum with vestiture of shorter, hair-like setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker setae, with 1���2 strong, pale presutural setae and 6���7 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus shining golden brown in ground color; with short, pale hair-like setae laterally; long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly; and small patch of golden pollen posteromesially. Scutellum dark brown in ground color, golden pollinose posteriorly on disc, devoid of strong, marginal setae, with several weak, pale marginal hair-like setae about equal to length of scutellum. Mediotergite shining dark brown; anatergite thickly golden pollinose; katatergite thinly golden pollinose, with fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly golden pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on most of anterior and ventral anepisternum, most of lower katepisternum, lower anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining dark brown. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare pale golden pollinose. Katepisternum with small dorsal patch of fine, pale hair-like setae. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process golden brown pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Legs. Coxae pale golden pollinose. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slen- der, pale, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar hairlike setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All femora shining yellowish brown to reddish brown, darker dorsally than ventrally, with circlets of several stout, pale setae near apex; prothoracic femur with 1���2 stout, pale seta anteriorly on basal half; mesothoracic femur with 1���2 stout, pale setae anteriorly on basal half; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 4���5 pale bristles. Tibiae and tarsi wholly yellow. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short pale setae and posteroventral row of long pale setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long pale setae and posterodorsal row of short, pale setae; metathoracic tibia with anterior and dorsal rows of short pale setae and ventral row of long, pale setae. Length of first tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. Prothoracic pulvilli brown; mesothoracic and metathoracic pulvilli yellow. Wing (FIG. 1 C). 11.1 ���15.0 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 13.5 �� 1.2; N = 8). Membrane lightly infuscated apically, darker brown basally; lightly infuscated in cells cu p, and a 1, most heavily infuscated in cells c and sc, br, bm, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Halter with stem and knob brown or yellowish brown. Abdomen. Tergites 1���3 shining dark brown or black in ground color, with broad posterior pale yellow pollinose transverse band; each pollinose band mostly uniform in width, but narrowed at lateral margin and narrowed or obliterated at midline. Tergites 4���6 shining dark brown or black anteriorly, shining reddish brown posteriorly, mostly lacking pollen, but tergite 4 sometimes with small amount of yellow pollen at posterolateral angles or at midline. Tergite 1 with many long pale hair-like setae anterolaterally, many long pale setae posterolaterally. Tergites 2���6 with shorter, pale hair-like setae. Sternites 1���6 mostly devoid of yellow pollen, but sternite 2 sometimes with patches of yellow pollen in posterolateral corners, and with some long, slender, apically crinkled, brown hair-like setae, especially dense on sternites 5���6. Terminalia shining yellowish brown or reddish brown, with many long brown hair-like setae; gonocoxite and gonostylus as in FIG. 2 B. Female. Similar to male. Body length: 16.5���24.3 mm (mean �� S.D.: 20.3 �� 2.2; N = 15). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Mystax with long setae confined to oral margin. Antenna 6.0 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios: 1.0: 0.8: 3.4: 0.6: 4.2. Thorax. Scutellum with marginal hair-like setae shorter than length of scutellum. Wing (FIG. 1 D). 14.0���19.0 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 16.8 �� 1.3; N = 15). Membrane more extensively infuscated than in male; mostly infuscated dark brown throughout, lighter in center of some cells. Legs. Femora usually uniformly yellowish brown to reddish brown, rarely with dorsal side darker. All tibiae, tarsi, and pulvilli yellow. Abdomen. All tergites shining reddish brown to dark brown in ground color; tergites 5���8 usually lighter in color than tergites 1���4. Usually tergites 1���4 with posterior pale yellow pollinose transverse band; pollinose band sometimes absent from tergite 4, or represented by small posterolateral pollinose patch; pollinose band complete on tergite 1, usually narrowly or broadly interrupted at midline on tergites 2���4, rarely complete or slightly notched at midline. Tergites 5���8 wholly or mostly shining black; tergite 5 sometimes with small posterolateral pale yellow pollinose patch. Sternites 1���2 brown pollinose; sternites 3���4 sometimes shining brown with broad posterior brown pollinose band, sometimes completely shining. Sternite 2 or sternites 2���3 sometimes with posterolateral pale yellow pollinose patches; sternites 5���8 shining dark brown to reddish brown. Distribution (FIG. 4). Pennsylvania and Georgia west to Oklahoma and Texas. Discussion. Many pinned specimens have become greasy, and the grease tends to obliterate the yellow color of the pollinose bands on tergites 1���3. However, in lateral view, with the light reflecting from an appropriate direction, it is possible to detect the dullness produced by the pollen. Norman Lavers (personal communication) has provided some information about the specimens that he observed and collected in Arkansas. All were collected in upland sites well removed from running and standing water. The male collected in 2003 at St. Francis National Forest, Lee County, was found in a small island of saplings situated in the middle of a large grassy and weedy field. It was perched on a sapling, about one meter from the ground. The two individuals that he observed at Bell Slough Wildlife Management Area, Faulkner County, in 2005 were in glades, one perched on a small sapling and the other perched on low vegetation. The female collected at Jonesboro, Craighead County, in 2005, was in closed canopy woodland, perched on poison ivy leaves, carrying what appeared to be a small beetle. When disturbed, it flew down into the poison ivy and hung from a leaf by its forelegs. The female collected at Chalk Bluff, Clay County, in 2005, was also found on poison ivy under a closed forest canopy. Specimens of this species were sometimes observed in areas where sphecid wasps of the genus Tachytes were flying. The flies look quite similar to the wasps, which may serve as their mimicry models. A few specimens from Georgia, Alabama, and Texas have been collected from late April to late May, but most specimens have been collected from mid June to mid July., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 12-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Brimley, C. S. (1924) Three supposed new species of Ceraturgus (Diptera, Asilidae) from North Carolina. Entomological News, 35, 8 - 12."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) mitchelli Brimley (FIGS 1 A, 1 B, 2 A, 3) Ceraturgus mitchelli Brimley, 1924: 9. Type material examined. Holotype, male, UNITED STATES, ���Swannanoa, NC, 26 May 1923, T. B. Mitchell���, ��� Type No. 26830 U.S. N.M.��� [red label], ��� TYPE Ceraturgus mitchelli Brimley ��� [white label with double red outline], USNM. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. FLORIDA. Liberty County: Torreya State Park, 28 April 1952, ��, G. S. Walley, CNC; 13 May 1968, ��, G. H. Heinrich, FSCA; 15 May 1968, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 9-17 May 1968, ��, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 1 May 1973, ��, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr. FSCA; 22 April 1982, ��, L. L. Pechuman, CUIC. GEORGIA. County unknown: ��, H. R. Morrison, USNM. KENTUCKY. Rowan County: Daniel Boone National Forest, Ramey Cr., 1 June 1992, 2 ��, B. C. Kondradieff, CSUC; Ramey Cr., 0.5 mi. off CR-801, 1 June 1992, 2 ��, B. C. Kondratieff, CSUC; Ramey Cr., 28 May 1993, ��, Kondratieff & Kirchner, BYU; Ramey Cr., 28 May 1993, 7 ��, 7 ��, Kondradieff & Kichner, CSUC; Ramey Cr., Cave Run Lake, 25 May 2002, 5 ��, ��, B. Kondradieff & R. F. Kichner, CSUC. LOUISIANA. Tangipahoa Parish: 6 April 1979, ��, R. L. Stone, LSAM. MICHIGAN. Ingham County: East Lansing, 2 August 1937, ��, F. Parmelee, USNM. NEBRASKA. Douglas County: Omaha, 17 June 1923, ��, R. A. Leussler, EMEC. NORTH CAROLINA. Buncombe County: Black Mountain, 6 June 1927, ��, J. C. Crawford, NCSU. OHIO. Ashland County: Mohican State Park, 7 June 1982, ��, CMNH. Franklin County: Columbus, 23 June 1930, ��, H. W. Smith, OSU. Geauga County: Bainbridge, 22 June 1935, ��, M. E. Crago, OSU. Holmes County: Holmesville, 17 June 1937, ��, ��, R. T. Everly, OSU; 20 June 1937, �� pinned with a silphid (Nicrophorus marginatus Fabricius), R. T. Everly, OSU. Stark County: Massillon, 20 June 1961, ��, L. R. Ertie, KSUC. Summit County: 12���24 June 1936, L. J. Lipovsky, ��, �� (examined by JW, now apparently lost). Summit County: 11 June 1937, 4 ��, L. J. Lipovsky, SEMC; 3 ��, L. J. Lipovsky, USNM; 12 June 1937, ��, L. Lipovsky, FSCA; ��, ��, L. J. Lipovsky, SEMC; ��, L. J. Lipovsky, USNM; 24 June 1937, ��, L. Lipovsky, FSCA; 5 ��, L. J. Lopovsky, SEMC; 29 June 1937, 2 ��, L. J. Lipovsky, USNM; Ira, 1 July 1920, 1 ��, J. S. Hine, OSU. Wayne County: 4 June 1948, ��, R. H. Weesel, CSCA; East Union Township, 15 June 1937, 2 ��, D. J. Borror & D. W. Jenkins, OSU, USNM; Wooster, 15 June 1937, ��, ��, D. Jenkins & D. J. Borror, OSU; 18 June 1954, ��, W. E. Goslin, OSU; 30 May 1957, ��, W. E. Goslin, OSU. PENNSYLVANIA. Allegheny County: Wilmerding, 13 June 1914, ��, Zahrobsky, CLEV; 25 June, ��, Zahrobsky, CLEV. Butler County: Slippery Rock, 21 June 1929, ��, CMNH. Centre County: State College, 23 June 1934, ��, V. R. Haber, PSUC. Clearfield County: Shawville, 10 July 1940, 1 ��, J. Bauer, CMNH. Monroe County: ca. 2 mi. S of Bushkill, 10 June 1983, ��, C. S. Bergson, ANSP. TENNESSEE. Blount County: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cade's Cove, 1���6 June 1979, ��, Sharkey & Johnson, MCZ. Morgan County: Burrvillle, 25 May 1950, ��, B. Benesh, FMNH; 1 June 1953, ��, B. Benesh, CUIC; 16 May 1954, ��, B. Benesh, FMNH; 8 June 1954, ��, B. Benesh, FMNH; 15 May 1955, ��, B. Benesh, FMNH; 3���6 June 1958, 2 ��, B. Benesh, FMNH; 14���16 June 1958, 2 ��, B. Benesh, FMNH. TEXAS. Bastrop County: Lost Pines Biological Station, Stengl Ranch, between Buescher and Bastrop State Parks, 15���16 April 1994, ��, C. R. Nelson, BYU; Stengl Ranch, near Buescher State Park, 17 April 1993, 2 ��, C. R. Nelson & G. I. Baird, BYU. Brazos County: College Station, 11 April 1918, ��, H. J. Reinhard, TAMU. Colorado County: 11 April 1922, ��, G. Wiley, CAS. Dallas County: 19 April 1936, ��, Cheatum, USNM; Dallas, ��, MCZ. Montague County: Forestburg, 30 April 1942, 2 ��, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 18 May 1942, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 20 May 1942, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 30 May 1942, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM. Van Zandt County: Wills Point, 29 April 1937, ��, ��, R. W. Dawson, USNM. Male. Body length: 15.9���19.5 mm (mean �� S.D.: 18.1 �� 0.9; N = 24). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Face white tomentose. Frons, vertex, postcranium, and gena white pollinose; postcranium and gena only thinly pollinose; ocellar tubercle and narrow midfrontal area immediately below ocellar tubercle bare, shining black. Face with mystax of long white setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter white setae reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short, thin, white setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 14���16 long white setae. Postocular setae white, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Proboscis dark brown or black, laterally compressed, about 3.3 times as long as deep, deepest near base, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, dark brown, both with long, pale hair-like setae. Antenna 4.3 mm long, dark brown or black; scape shining, with pale lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull, with pale dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull; first flagellomere dorsally with only 2���3 short, inconspicuous, pale, proclinate setae; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.8: 2.9: 0.5: 2.2. Thorax. Cervical sclerites black in ground color, densely white pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Pronotum white to pale yellow pollinose, with dense pile of long, slender, apically crinkled, white setae covering antepronotum and with lateral patch of shorter, straight, white setae on postpronotum; postpronotal lobe thickly white pollinose, covered with long, slender, erect white setae. Propleuron white pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, white hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum thinly white pollinose, lacking setae or hair-like setae. Scutum black in ground color, with continuous, broad, white pollinose, lateral and posterior band extending from postpronotal lobe to postalar lobe and across prescutellar edge of scutum; with central subshining vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum, divided by narrow brown pollinose vitta along midline, flanked by pale pollinose bands extending and tapering from anterior end of scutum to transverse suture; with pair of broad posterolateral subshining black bare patches, divided by narrow line of white pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; subshining black areas of scutum mostly devoid of vestiture of short or long setae, except for patch of long hair-like setae between transverse suture and scutellum; pollinose areas of scutum with vestiture of shorter, hair-like setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker setae, with 3���4 strong, pale presutural setae and 8���12 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus mostly white pollinose, with short, pale hair-like setae laterally and long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly. Scutellum black in ground color, sparsely white pollinose on disc and margin, with about 8���12 moderately strong, long, erect pale marginal setae longer than or equal to length of scutellum and several marginal hair-like setae. Mediotergite shining black; anatergite thickly white pollinose; katatergite white pollinose, with fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly white pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on lower anepisternum, lower katepisternum, lower and posterior anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining or dull black. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal hair-like setae declinate, ventral hair-like setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare white pollinose. Katepisternum with dorsal line of fine, pale hair-like setae. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking stout setae or hair-like setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process white pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron white pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Legs. Coxae lightly dusted with white pollen. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, white, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All femora shining black except for brownish yellow extreme apices, with circlets of several stout, pale setae near apex; prothoracic femur with 0���1 stout, pale seta anteriorly near middle and 1���3 pale posterodorsal setae near apex; mesothoracic femur with 2 stout, pale setae anteriorly near middle and 3���4 pale posterodorsal setae near apex; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 5���8 white bristles and 1���2 pale posterodorsal setae near apex. Prothoracic tibia mostly yellow, with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short pale setae and posteroventral row of long pale setae; mesothoracic tibia variable in color, usually mostly yellow with brown anteroventral patch, sometimes mostly yellow with small apical brown or black ring, rarely completely black, with anterodorsal, antertoventral, posterodorsal, and posteroventral rows of long, pale, stout setae; metathoracic tibia black, except for brownish yellow extreme base, with dorsal and anterior rows of long, pale setae and ventral row of long pale to dark brown setae. Prothoracic tarsi with all tarsomeres brownish yellow. Mesothroacic tarsi with all tarsomeres brownish yellow basally, black apcially. Metathoracic tarsi with tarsomeres concolorous black. First tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. Prothoracic pulvilli brown; mesothoracic and metathoracic pulvilli yellow. Wing (FIG. 1 A). 11.8���16.1 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 14.0 �� 0.8; N = 24). Membrane hyaline or very lightly infuscated apically, infuscated darker brown basally; lightly infuscated in cells bm, cu p, and a 1, most heavily infuscated in cells c and sc, along anterior margin of cell br, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein rm. Halter with stem and knob brown or brownish yellow. Abdomen. Tergites 1���5 shining black in ground color, with broad posterior white pollinose transverse band; each pollinose band complete, mostly uniform in width, but much wider at lateral margin. Tergite 1 with many long pale hair-like setae anterolaterally, many long pale setae posterolaterally. Tergite 2 with many long, slender, pale hair-like setae laterally; tergites 3���6 with shorter pale hair-like setae. Tergite 6 shining black, with white pollinose posterolateral angles. Tergite 7 shining black. Sternites 1���6 with heavy dusting of white pollen, and with some long, slender, pale hair-like setae. Terminalia shining black, with many long dark hairlike setae; gonocoxite and gonostylus as in Fig. 2 A. Female. Similar to male. Body length: 17.2���23.7 mm (mean �� S.D.: 20.8 �� 1.6; N = 18). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Antenna 4.3 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios: 1.0: 0.8: 2.9: 0.5: 2.1. Wing (FIG. 1 B). 14.3 ���19.0 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 17.1 �� 1.4; N = 18). Membrane more extensively infuscated than in male; mostly lightly infuscated brown, darker in cells c and sc, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Legs. Femora variable in color, usually mostly black with small apical yellow ring, sometimes mostly black with broad to narrow apical and basal reddish brown rings, rarely mostly reddish brown, with central black patches. Mesothoracic tibia variable in color, usually mostly yellow with small brown apical ring, sometimes mostly yellow with anteroventral brown or black patch, sometimes completely yellow. All pulvilli yellow. Abdomen. All tergites shining black or dark brown in ground color. Tergites 1���4 with broad posterior white pollinose transverse band; each pollinose band complete, mostly uniform in width, but much wider at lateral margin. Tergite 6���8 wholly or mostly shining black; tergites 5���6 and sometimes tergite 7 with small posterolateral white pollinose patch. Sternites 1���8 shining black or dark brown in ground color; sternites 1���3 heavily dusted with white pollen; sternites 4���5 variable, usually only partially pollinose, especially laterally and posteriorly, but sternite 4 sometimes wholly pollinose; sternites 6���8 lacking pollen. Distribution (Fig. 3). Pennsylvania and Florida west to Nebraska and Texas. Discussion. Ceraturgus mitchelli can be distinguished from other North American members of the genus by the fact that the posterior pollinose bands on male tergites 2���5 and female tergites 2���4 extend forward at the lateral margins of the tergites. The bands are thus widest at the lateral margins in this species only. This species has been commonly misidentified as C. dimidiatus, presumably because Back���s (1909) key leads to this species, which is now placed in the genus Taracticus. Most females from Texas differ from typical females in that the femora are mostly black with broad to narrow apical and basal reddish brown rings. This, plus the odd, seemingly patchy distribution of the species, with most known specimens collected in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and eastern Texas, suggests that we might be identifying more than one species as C. mitchelli. However, comparison of the male genitalia of one specimen from Wilmerding, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, with those of a specimen from Forestburg, Montague County, Texas (FIG. 2 A), has revealed no significant difference. Specimens from Florida, Louisiana, and Texas have been collected from early April to late May. Most specimens from more northerly states have been collected from mid May to late June, although there is one record of specimen collected in early August in Michigan. One female from Holmesville, Holmes County, Ohio, is pinned with its presumed prey, a specimen of Nicrophorus marginatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Silphidae) prey., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 7-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Brimley, C. S. (1924) Three supposed new species of Ceraturgus (Diptera, Asilidae) from North Carolina. Entomological News, 35, 8 - 12."]}

Ceraturgus Wiedemann (1824) Ceraturgus Wiedemann, 1824: 12. Type species: Dasypogon aurulentus Fabricius, by monotypy. Body length, excluding antennae, less than 28 mm. Head width 1.5���1.6 times eye height; face in profile produced beyond eye margin, lacking pronounced tentorial pits; mystax occupying lower half or more of face; sides of frons more or less parallel sided, not strongly converging or diverging dorsally; compound eye with anterior ommatidia greatly enlarged; ocellar tubercle low, bearing several stout setae and shorter hair-like setae; occipital pile dense. Proboscis laterally compressed, apically blunt; palpus 2 -segmented. Antennae exceptionally long, much longer than head, with 5 antennomeres, including 3 elongate flagellomeres; scape and pedicel subequal; first flagellomere less than twice length of scape and pedicel combined; second flagellomere short, about half length of scape; antennal bases on raised area. Thorax with scutum typically vittate, bearing sparse or dense pile of short or long, erect or reclinate, hair-like setae shorter or longer than scape; anepisternum and katepisternum bearing many long or short setae; katatergite bearing fan of long setae; anatergite tomentose, lacking long setae; scutellem low convex, bearing band of long marginal bristles; postmetacoxal area membranous. Femora stout but not swollen, usually with apical circlet of stout setae; fore and mid femora with 0���5 stout anterior setae; hind femur usually with anterior row of 2-8 stout setae. Fore tibia with all apical bristles straight, usually with anterodorsal and posterodorsal rows of short, stout setae and posteroventral row of long, stout setae; mid tibia with apical ventral bristles directed distally, not toward body, usually with anterodorsal, anteroventral, posterodorsal, and posteroventral rows of stout setae; hind tibia with anterior, dorsal, and ventral rows of stout setae; pulvilli present. Wing hyaline to moderately infuscated; vein C continuing around posterior wing margin to wing base; R 2 + 3 ending in C, its apex not directed sharply forward before ending in C; R 4 not unusually arched and sinuate; apical portion of M 3 at an angle to crossvein mm; CuA 2 and A 1 ending separately; cell m 3 open at wing margin; cell cu p closed or narrowly open at wing margin. Prosternum not fused to proepisternum. Abdomen usually black with conspicuous white to yellow pollinose posterior fascia; segment 2 not unusually elongate; gonocoxite often bilobed, bearing tuft of long, stout setae; tergite 10 with strong bristles in female. Discussion. Wiedemann (1824) described the genus Ceraturgus to receive the single distinctive species Dasypogon aurulentus Fabricius, known at that time from a single specimen, ���Habitat in New-York Americes Dom. de Sehestedt��� (Fabricius 1805). His brief description distinguished the genus primarily on antennal characters: antennae porrect, long, 5 -segmented: segments 1���3 subclavate, segment 4 cup-shaped, 5 with obtuse apex; body naked. The Asilidae have not yet been subjected to thorough phylogenetic analysis, although work is presently underway. Higher classification within the family remains unstable. Artigas and Papavero (1991 a) included the genera Ceraturgus and Myelaphus in their new tribe Ceraturgini of the subfamily Stenopogoninae. Stenopogoninae are recognized by the following combination of characters: prothoracic tibia lacking a differentiated apical spur (stouter than others, or twisted and sigmoid), vein R 2 + 3 ending in vein C, prosternum not fused to proepisternum, ovipositor with acanthophorite spines (Wood 1981, Artigas and Papavero 1988). These features are presumed to be plesiomorphic, so the subfamily probably is not monophyletic. Female Ceraturgus, like many other orthorrhaphous Brachycera (e.g. Mydidae, Apioceridae, Therevidae, Scenopinidae, and Dolichopodidae, and some other Asilidae), have tergite 10 divided into a pair of spinebearing hemitergites called ancathophorites, used for digging during oviposition (McAlpine 1981). According to Papavero (1973), primitive asilid female terminalia have spined acanthophorites. Reduction of spines and fusion and elongation of the two acanthophorites led to the formation of several types of ovipositors found in other groups of robber flies. He found spined acanthophorites in only some genera of Stenopogoninae, Dasypogoninae, Apocleinae, and Asilinae. He found them lacking in Laphystiinae, Laphriinae, Ommatiinae, and Trigonomiminae. Ceraturgini have the head wider than high, antennae with 3 flagellomeres (total of 5 antennomeres), third flagellomere pubescent and as wide or wider than first flagellomere (Artigas and Papavero 1991 a). Ceraturgus lacks the deep clefts at the apices of the first and second flagellomeres that are found in Myelaphus. The name Ceraturgus is derived from the Greek word Keratourgos, meaning horn-maker., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1824) Munus rectoris in Academia Christiana Albertina aditurus analecta entomologica ex Museo Regio Havniensi. Kiliae, 60 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antiatorum secundum ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunsvigae, 373 pp.","Artigas, J. N. & Papavero, N. (1991 a) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. VII. 1. Subfamily Stenopogoninae Hull. A preliminary classification into tribes. Gayana Zoologia, 55 (2), 139 - 144.","Wood, G. C. (1981) Asilidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Coords.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs, 27, 549 - 573.","Artigas, J. N. & Papavero, N. (1988) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. I. Key to subfamilies and subfamily Leptogastrinae Schiner. Gayana Zoologia, 52 (1 - 2), 95 - 114.","McAlpine, J. F. (1981) Morphology and Terminology - Adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Vockeroth, J. R. & Wood, D. M. (Coords.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs, 27, 2 - 63.","Papavero, N. (1973) Studies of Asilidae (Diptera) systematics and evolution. I. A preliminary classification in subfamilies. Arquivos de Zoologia, 23 (3), 217 - 274."]}

Subgenus Ceraturgopsis Ceraturgopsis Johnson, 1903: 111. Type species: Dasypogon cornutus Wiedemann, here fixed. Johnson (1903) described the new genus Ceraturgopsis with D. cornutus as the type species, although the specimens before him at that time actually belonged to an undescribed new species. Martin (1965) described Ceraturgus johnsoni from Johnson���s misidentified Florida specimens. He believed that ������ Ceraturopsis being based on a name and not on a species, is not a valid genus,��� and he declared, ��� Ceraturgopsis is not only invalid but if it were valid, it would be a synonym of Ceraturgus.��� Subsequent authors have treated it as a synonym of Ceraturgus, even in the most recent catalog of robber fly genera (Geller-Grimm 2003). According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 70.3 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), ���If an author discovers that a type species was misidentified ���, the author may select, and thereby fix as type species, the species that will, in his or her judgment, best serve stability and universality, either���the nominal species previously cited as type species���or the taxonomic species actually involved in the misidentification.��� Ceraturgopsis is here treated as a subgenus, and the type species is fixed as Ceraturgus cornutus (Wiedemann). Back (1909) stated that the third flagellomere of Ceraturgopsis is ���entirely naked.��� However, close examination of the third flagellomeres of all three species included in this subgenus reveals them to have dense, very short pubescence. This character, and the fact the third flagellomere is short, about as long as the scape, are sufficient to separate the species of this subgenus from those of subgenus Ceraturgus., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. (1903) A new genus and four new species of Asilidae. Psyche, 10, 111 - 114.","Martin, C. H. (1965) Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, a newspecies, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 38 (2), 110 - 134.","Geller-Grimm, F. (2003) A world catalogue of the general of the family Asilidae (Diptera). Studia dipterologica, 10 (2), 473 - 526.","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) fasciatus Walker (FIGS 1 G, 1 H, 2 D, 6) Ceraturgus fasciatus Walker, 1849: 367. Type material (photographs examined): Holotype, male, UNITED STATES: ��� HOLOTYPE, Ceraturgus fasciatus Walker [handwritten], det. J.E. Chainey, 1983 ��� (with attached round ��� Holotype ��� label with red margin); ���presented by E. Doubleday, Not. Ent. Club.��� (handwritten label); ���One of Walker���s series so named. EAW.��� (��� Ceraturgus fasciatus Walker ��� on back); ��� Type ��� (round label with green margin); ��� 44.90 ��� (handwritten, meaning 90 th lot of 1844; ���N. York��� on back���; round label); U.S.A. New York. R. Foster. Pres. by E. Doubleday. 44-90 ��� (handwritten); ���R Foster New York��� (handwritten), BMNH. Additional material examined. CANADA. ONTARIO. Ancaster, 10 July 1965, ��, C. E. H. Martin, CNC; 22 July 1996, ��, B. de Jonge, CNC; Normandale, 28 June 1939, ��, G. E. Shewell, CNC. UNITED STATES. CONNECTICUT. Fairfield County: Ridgebury, 12 June 1938, �� [pinned with meloid beetle], USNM. Stamford, 13 June 1925, ��, USNM; 16 June 1929, ��, CAS; 30 June 1929, ��, USNM; 22 June 1930, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], USNM; 23 June 1935, ��, USNM; 1 July 1935, ��, USNM; 17 July 1935, ��, USNM; 7 July 1929, ��, USNM. Stamford, Poundridge, 23 June 1935, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], USNM; 23 June 1935, �� [pinned with formicid], USNM; 1 July 1935, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], USNM. Litchfield County: Colebrook, 1 August 1900, ��, AMNH; Cornwall, 1 July 1923, ��, Chamberlain, USNM; Twin Lakes, July 1931, ��, 2 ��, USNM; West Cornwall, July 1941, ��, USNM. New Haven County: Mount Carmel, 30 June 1936, 2 ��, Sommerman, INHS; South Meriden, 10 April 1910, ��, H. Johnson, ANSP; 1 August 1912, 2 ��, H. Johnson, KSUC, ANSP; 10 July 1914, ��, ANSP; Waterbury, 20 June 1959, ��, C. W. O'Brien, EMEC. New London County: Lyme, ��, C. T. Greene, USNM; 16 July 1915, ��, A. B. Champlain, USNM; 13 June 1918, ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; 15 June 1918, 2 ��, ��, A. B. Champlain, USNM; 16 June 1918, 2 ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; 18 June 1918, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], W. S. Fisher, USNM; 25 June 1918, ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; 28 June 1918, ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; 29 June 1918, ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; 30 June 1918, ��, C.T. Greene, USNM; 3 July 1918, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], C. T. Greene, USNM; 10 July 1918, �� [pinned with elaterid beetle], USNM; 15 July 1918, ��, A. B. Champlain, USNM. DELAWARE. New Castle County: Newark, White Clay Creek, 15 July 2003, ��, UDCC. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington, ��, MCZ; 22 June, ��, Townsend, USNM; 16 June 1899, ��, OSU; 25 June 1944, ��, USNM. MAINE. Franklin County: Dryden, 4 August 1970, ��, G. H. Heinrich, FSCA. York County: Biddeford, July 1908, ��, BMNH. MARYLAND. Ann Arundel County: Camp Meade, ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM. Baltimore County: Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, 26 June 1981, ��, C. S. Bergson, ANSP. Frederick County: Old Minx Campground, 16���18 July 1971, ��, W. H. Tyson, USNM. Harford County: Fallston, 5 July 1964, ��, L. L. Deitz, NCSU. Montgomery County: Cabin John, 27 June 1923, ��, USNM; Great Falls, 26 June, ��, G. M. Green, USNM; 2 July 1919, ��, ��, W. L. McAtee, USNM; Plummers Island, 29 June 1913, ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM. Prince George's County: 16 July, ��, ��, F. R. Cole, USNM; 3 July 1960, ��, J. P. McCoy, MEM; Beltsville, 13 July 1912, ��, W. L. McAtee, USNM; College Park, 29 June 1913, ��, F. Knab, USNM; on Rhus, 2 July 1931, ��, L. P. Ditman, USNM; 5 July 1931, ��, L. P. Ditman, USNM; 7 July 1931, ��, USNM; 12 July 1931, ��, ��, L. P. Ditman, LSAM; 23 July 1932, ��, L. P. Ditman, USNM. MASSACHUSETTS. Essex County: Manchester, 20 July 1924, ��, MCZ. Franklin County: Mount Toby, 8 August 1926, ��, K. A. Salman, CNC. Hampden County: Wales, 5 July 1937, ��, O. E. Sette, CAS. Hampshire County: Amherst, 18 July 1905, ��, USNM; 26 July 1956, ��, R. Lavigne, ESUW; 13 June 1963, ��, A. Lavallee, UGCA; 1 July 1963, ��, A. G. Lavallee, WFBM; Amherst, Notch South, 5 August 1905, ��, USNM; Cummington, 1200 ft., ovipositing in soft earth, 10 July 1933, ��, A. B. Gurney, USNM; Cummington, 1400 ft., emerging from soil in garden, 23 June 1933, ��, A. B. Gurney, USNM; Mount Tom, ��, G. Dimmock, USNM; Mount Tom, 24 June 1896, ��, CNC; Southampton, 10 July 1894, ��, ANSP; Ware, 23 June 1968, 5 ��, A. Lavallee, UGCA; Ware, 24 July 1971, �� [pinned with scarab beetle], A. Lavallee, UGCA. Harford County: Tyngsboro, 4 August 1967, ��, Blanchard, USNM. Middlesex County: Framingham, 20 July 1969, ��, T. Lavallee, UGCA; 19 July 1970, ��, A. Lavallee, UGCA; Holliston, 3 August, ��, MCZ; 8 August, ��, N. Banks, MCZ; Sherborn, ��, MCZ; 23 July 1922, ��, CNC; Stoneham, 24 July 1921, �� [pinned with �� formicid], C. V. Blackburn, KSUC. Norfolk County: Blue Hills Reservation, ��, MCZ; Dover, ��, MCZ; Ellis, 25 July 1915, ��, MCZ; Needham, 18 August 1907, ��, A. P. Morse, MCZ; Westwood, 9 July 1910, ��, MCZ. Plymouth County: Humarock, 2 July 1935, ��, Darlington, MCZ. Worcester County: Northboro[ugh], 2 July 1936, ��, C. A. Frost, CUIC; Princeton, Mt. Wachusett, 1500���2000 ft., 1 July 1918, ��, T. M. Forbes, CUIC; Southbridge, 20 July 1912, ��, USNM; Webster, 15 July 1928, ��, USNM; 15 July 1928, �� [pinned with formicid], USNM. MICHIGAN. Iosco County: State Game Refuge, 24 July 1935, ��, A. L. Olson & L. K. Gloyd, UMMZ. MISSISSIPPI. Oktibbeha County: Mississippi State, 22 April 1980, ��, Polk, MEM. Panola County: Sardis Lake, June 1960, ��, F. M. Hull, CNC. Webster County: 2 mi. S of Cumberland, 6 June 1971, ��, C. Bryson, MEM. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Carroll County: White Mountains, North Conway, Solidago, 8 August 1969, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA. Coos County: Shelburne, ��, ��, G. Deane, MCZ. Grafton County: Hanover, ��, C. M. Weed, USNM. Sullivan County: South Acworth, 17 July 1971, ��, A. G. Lavallee, UGCA. NEW JERSEY. Bergen County: Alpine, 10 June 1918, ��, MCZ; July 1937, ��, USNM; Bear Swamp, near Ramsey, 10 July 1910, ��, AMNH; Dumont, 14 July 1929, ��, USNM; Englewood Cliffs, 12 July 1930, ��, CAS; 8 July 1933, ��, USNM; Fort Lee, 18 June 1922, ��, USNM; Palisades, 3 July 1918, ��, CSUC; Ramsey, 2 August 1934, ��, W. Gertsch, FSCA; 2 July 1934, ��, W. Gertsch, AMNH; 13 July 1934, ��, EMUS; 20 July 1934, ��, EMUS; 21 June 1935, ��, AMNH; 15 July 1935, ��, USNM. Cape May County: Cape May Point, 8 July 1917, ��, ANSP. Essex County: Forest Hill, June, ��, AMNH; Hemlock Falls, June, ��, AMNH. Mercer County: Trenton, 11 July, ��, ANSP. Middlesex County: July 1912, ��, MCZ. Passaic County: Greenwood Lake, 20 July 1937, ��, USNM. Sussex County: Newton, ��, AMNH; Ogdensburg, 5 July 1929, ��, AMNH; Stockholm, 10 July, ��, MCZ. Union County: Plainfield, 2 ��, MCZ; 4 July, 2 ��, AMNH; Summit, 12 July 1910, ��, MCZ. NEW YORK. County unknown: Homewood, 5 June 1922, ��, OSU; Pond Ridge, 19 June 1938, 2 ��, Bromley & Blanton, CUIC. Albany County: Albany, 27 June 1906, ��, NYSM; Albany Pine Bush, 42 �� 42 ' 57 "N 73 �� 52 ' 48 "W, 19 July 1991, ��, T. McCabe, NYSM; Bethlehem, 22 June 1870, ��, J. A. Lintner, NYSM; Clarksville, 10 July 1956, ��, J. A. Wilcox, NYSM; Partridge Run State Game Area, 4 mi. N of Rensselaerville, 19 July 1970, ��, G. & K. Eickwort, CUIC; West Albany, 28 June 1931, ��, N. K. Bigelow, NYSM; 2 July 1931, ��, N. K. Bigelow, NYSM. Bronx County: Mosholu, ��, MCZ; 2 July 1922, ��, F. E. Watson, AMNH; Westchester, ��, MCZ. Chenango County: Oxford Township, Mud Pond, 4 August 1964, �� [pinned with sphecid wasp], L. L. Pechuman, CUIC. Columbia County: Copake Falls, July 1938, ��, CAS. Delaware County: Mud Lake, 2 �� mi. SE of Davenport, 7 August 1963, ��, Pechuman, CSCA; East Meredith, 7 August 1963, ��, Pechuman, CSCA. Madison County: Georgetown, 16 July 1976, ��, M. H. Evans, CUIC. Nassau County: Long Island, Oyster Bay, 13 May 1913, ��, AMNH. Niagara County: Rapids, 6 July 1934, ��, CUIC. Orange County: Fort Montgomery, 19 July 1914, ��, F. M. Schott, USNM; 16 July 1921, ��, F. M. Schott, USNM; Tuxedo, 30 July 1928, ��, AMNH; Tuxedo, Station for the Study of Insects, 28 July 1928, ��, USNM. Putnam County: Patterson, 14 June 1935, ��, ��, FSCA; 10 June 1936, ��, SEMC; Peach Lake, 12 June 1937, �� [pinned with meloid beetle], USNM; 17 July 1937, ��, USNM; Putnam Valley, 16 June 1941, ��, R. M. Schuster, CUIC; 17 June 1941, ��, R. M. Schuster, CUIC. Queens County: Long Island, Flushing, ��, CAS; North Beach, Long Island, 27 July 1917, ��, F. M. Schott, MCZ. Rockland County: Bear Mountain, 1 August 1948, ��, EMEC. Schuyler County: Texas Hollow, 1 July 1981, ��, L. L. Pechuman, CUIC. Suffolk County: Long Island, Napeague, 8 May 1946, ��, R. Latham, CUIC. Tioga County: ex Erigeron sp., 6 July 1961, ��, G. Brayshaw, CUIC; North Spencer, 2 August 1971, �� [pinned with cercopid], L. L. Pechuman, CUIC. Tompkins County: Erigeron strigosus, 5 July 1961, G. Grayshaw, CSCA; Ithaca, July, ��, USNM; 22 June 1915, ��, CAS; 5 July 1916, ��, E. G. Anderson, USNM; 24 July 1917, ��, E. C. VanDyke, EMEC; 12 July 1926, ��, USNM; 10 July 1940, ��, J. N. Belkin, OSU; 5 July 1947, ��, C. Robinson, CNC; 1 July 1960, ��, H. E. Evans, CSCA; 4 July 1961, ��, L. D. Uhler, CUIC; McLean, 19 July 1916, ��, UMRM; 31 July 1917, ��, E. G. Anderson, USNM; 14 July 1926, ��, ��, J. D. Hood, NYSM; 23 June 1940, ��, J. N. Belkin, OSU; 5 July 1940, ��, J. N. Belkin, OSU; 6 July 1928, ��, Klots, CUIC; 27 July 1958, ��, CSCA. Michigan Hollow, 29 June 1932, ��, SEMC; Ringwood, 13 June 1922, ��, L. S. West, CUIC; Ringwood, R 14 July 1917, ��, CUIC; 26 June 1922, ��, CUIC; 25 July 1928, ��, TAMU; Six Mile, 22 June 1958, ��, D. F. Beneway, SEMC. Ulster County: Accord, July 1958, ��, F. Hough, USNM. Washington County: Salem, 5 July 1941, ��, CSCA. Westchester County: Armonk, 18 June 1935, ��, H. Dietrich, FSCA; Hartsdale, 9 June 1941, ��, G. P. Englehardt, CSCA; 1 August 1940, ��, G. P. Englehardt, CAS; Katonah, June 1908, 2 ��, ��, W. Beutenmuller, AMNH; Katonah, June 1908, ��, W. Beutenmuller, FSCA; North Salem, 16 June 1940, ��, USNM; 7 July 1940, ��, USNM; Pelman, 29 June 1926, ��, TAMU; Pocantico Hills, 22 June 1935, ��, ��, C. W. Sabrosky, USNM; Rye, ex grass with Hydroecia sp, ex Apamea ryensis Bird, 15 June 1911, ��, AMNH; White Plains, 1 July 1923, ��, MCZ. NORTH CAROLINA. Avery County: Pineola, 5 July 1936, ��, D. L. Wray, NCSU; 9 July 1936, ��, D. L. Wray, NCSU. Buncombe County: Asheville, 1 July 1924, ��, USNM; Black Mountain, ��, AMNH; Swannanoa, 5 July 1917, ��, R. W. Leiby, NCSU; valley of Black Mts., 24���30 June 1906, ��, W. Beutenmuller, AMNH. Burke County: Linville Falls, 6 June 1920, ��, F. Sherman, NCSU. Macon County: Highlands, Blue Valley Lookout, 3500 ft., 29 June 1957, ��, J. R. Vockeroth, CNC. Transylvania County: Cedar Mountain, 11���18 July 1954, ��, D. H. Janzen, EMEC; L. Toxaway, 8 July, ��, AMNH. Wake County: Raleigh, 15 June 1952, �� [pinned with chrysomelid beetle], H. & A. Howden, CNC. Yancey County: Mt. Mitchell Game Refuge, 18 August 1938, ��, NCSU. OHIO: County unknown: Waterloo, 2 June 1899, ��, OSU. Ashland County: Loudonville, 10 June 1899, 3 ��, MCZ; 14 June 1900, 2 ��, 4 ��, BMNH. Hocking County: Good Hope Township, 4 August 1940, ��, E. S. Thomas, OSU. Knox County: Jackson Township, 14 June 1937, ��, D. J. Borror & D. W. Jenkins, OSU. Ross County: Rt. 50 at Scioto River, 4 July 1989, ��, R. A. Androw, CMNH. Tuscarawas County: Oxford Township, 14 June 1937, ��, ��, D. J. Borror & D. W. Jenkins, OSU. Vinton County: Brown Township, 11 July 1937, ��, R. Goslin, OSU. Wayne County: East Union Township, 15 June 1937, ��, D. J. Borror & D. W. Jenkins, OSU. PENNSYLVANIA. County unknown: ��, Heinz, CUIC; Halfway, 29 June 1964, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; 2 July 1960, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; Halfway Park, 19 June 1955, ��, PSUC; Penn-Roosevelt Dam, 14 June 1917, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; Rockville, 5 July 1908, ��, INHS; 5 July 1988, ��, W. F. Rapp, Jr., INHS; The Rock, 3 July 1946, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC. Allegheny County: Buena Vista, 3 July 1936, ��, R. H. McCauley, FSCA. Blair County: 30 June 1978, ��, CSUC; 14 July 1978, ��, S. Bonta, BYU. Centre County: 4.3 km SSW of Marysville, State Game Lands 176, Scotia Barrens, scrub oak sand barrens, 370 m, 10 July 1996, ��, C. W. Bier, CMNH; Bear meadows, 3 June 1944, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; Boalsburg, 7 July 1931, ��, MCZ; 19 June 1957, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; 24 June 1957, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; Forest, 24 July 1931, ��, A. Seeger, MCZ; Furgeson Township, 5 July 1969, ��, D. L. Bierlein, CSCA; Oak Hall, 23 June 1943, ��, V. R. Bater, PSUC; Rockview, 2 July 1931, ��, MCZ. Centre County: State College, 15 July 1928, ��, C. B. Lewis, MCZ; June 1938, �� [pinned with pentatomid bug], S. W. Frost, PSUC; 15 June 1944, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; 15 June 1944, ��, S. W. Frost, PSUC; 6 July 1946, ��, L. J. Stannard, PSUC; 24 June 1955, ��, JAC, PSUC. Chester County: Kennett Square, 30 July 1934, ��, C. H. Thomas, PSUC. Clearfield County: Forest, 28 July 1928, ��, A. Seeger, MCZ; Shawville, ��, J. Bauer, CMNH. Cumberland County: Carlisle Junction, 1 July 1909, ��, W. R. Walton, USNM. Dauphin County: June 1915, ��, W. R. Walton, USNM; Harrisburg, 14 June, ��, W. R. Waltonb, ANSP; 16 June, ��, W. R. Walton, ANSP; 18 June, ��, W. R. Walton, USNM; 23 June, 2 ��, USNM; 25 June, ��, ANSP; 25 June, ��, W. R. Walton, ANSP; 26 June, ��, W. R. Walton, ANSP; Heckton Mills, 8 July 1910, ��, P. R. Myers, USNM; Hummelstown, 20 July, ��, J. N. Knull, CNC; Inglenook, 22 June 1917, ��, W. S. Fisher, USNM; Linglestown, 16 July 1913, ��, A. B. Champlain, USNM. Elk County: 4.7 km NE of Clarington along Millstone Creek, 41 �� 22 ' 10 "N, 79 ��04' 37 "W, 24 July 1993, ��, W. Zanol & M. Klingler, CMNH. Forest County: Kellettville, 28 June 1958, ��, J. Bauer, CMNH; Tionesta, 18 July 1924, ��, Zahrobsky, CLEV; 19 July 1924, ��, Zahrobsky, CLEV. Lackawanna County: Scranton, 23 April 1911, ��, AMNH. Lehigh County: Lehigh Gap, 11 July 1897, 2 ��, USNM. Philadelphia County: Manayunk, July, ��, P. Laurent, ANSP. Potter County: Ole Bull, streamside, 25 June 1955, ��, WRH, PSUC. Tioga County: Marshlands, 10���13 July 1959, ��, J. Bauer, CMNH. Union County: Buffalo Flat, between Buffalo and Branch Mt., 5 mi. W of Hartleton, 2600 ft., 30 July��� 1 August 1938, ��, Rehn, Pate, & Rehn, ANSP. Westmoreland County: 19 July 1958, ��, CSCA. York County: York, ��, M. C. Farley, BYU. SOUTH CAROLINA. Pickens County: Clemson College, 19 June 1931, ��, F. Sherman, CUAC; Rocky Bottom, 21 June 1933, ��, O. L. Cartwright, CUAC; 26 June 1934, ��, F. Sherman, CUAC; 31 July 1934, ��, F. Sherman, CUAC. TENNESSEE. Sevier County: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, 16 June 1942, ��, FMNH. VERMONT. Orleans County: East Charleston, 2 August 1967, ��, AMNH. Rutland County: Sudbury, 23 June 1905, 4 ��, BMNH. Washington County: Warren Mt., 17 July 1952, ��, CNC. VIRGINIA. County unknown: Dixie Landing, 22 June, ��, UAAM; Shenandoah National Historical Park, 24 June 1980, ��, D. Riley, TAMU. Arlington County: Glencarlyn, 11 June, ��, MCZ; 16 June, ��, MCZ; 24 June, ��, MCZ; 13 July, ��, MCZ; 8 July 1915, ��, C. T. Greene, USNM; 17 June 1917, ��, W. L. McAtee, USNM; Glencarlyn to mouth 4 mile Run, 17 June 1914, ��, W. L. McAtee, AMNH; Rosslyn, 11 July 1913, ��, R. C. Shannonb, EMEC. Fairfax County: Chain Bridge, 23 June 1923, ��, J. M. Aldrich, USNM; 26 June 1923, ��, J. M. Aldrich, USNM; Dead Run, 20 June 1916, ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM; Falls Church, 27 June, ��, CSUC; 5 July, ��, CSUC; 6 July, ��, MCZ; 8 July 1916, ��, ��, J. N. Knull, USNM; Great Falls, 16 June, ��, MCZ; 19 June, 2 ��, MCZ; 27 June, ��, CSUC; 26 July 1914, ��, USNM; 9 July 1920, ��, USNM; Herndon, 22 July 1945, ��, M. T. James, WSU; Vienna, 18 June 1936, ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM. Nelson County: 9 July 1917, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 22 June 1926, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 2���3 July 1927, 2 ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 24 June 1928, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 11 July 1928, ��, W. Robinson, USNM; 20 July 1928, ��, ��, W. Robinson, USNM. Rockingham County: 4 mi. E of Timberville, 30 August 1980, ��, J. M. Coffman, CSCA. Male. Body length: 13.4���19.2 mm (mean �� S.D.: 16.7 �� 1.0, N = 117). Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Face golden tomentose, with mystax of long bronze setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter bronze setae almost reaching to antennal bases. Frons mostly shining brown; golden pollinose along inner eye margin; covered with short, thin, brown setae, except along midline. Vertex, including ocellar tubercle, shining dark brown, except for narrow golden brown pollinose band along inner compound eye margins. Postcranium dark brown in ground color, broadly pale yellow pollinose. Gena shining brown. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 12���16 long pale setae. Postocular setae pale, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, dark brown or black hair-like setae. Proboscis brown, laterally compressed, about 4.1 times as long as deep, deepest near base, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, dark brown, both with long, dark brown or black hair-like setae. Antenna 5.6 ���6.0 mm long; scape shining dark brown, with pale lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull brown, with pale dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull black; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.9: 3.5: 0.6: 4.2. Thorax. Cervical sclerites dark brown in ground color, thinly golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, dark brown or black hair-like setae. Pronotum sparsely golden brown pollinose, with dense pile of long, slender, apically crinkled, brown to pale setae covering antepronotum and with lateral patch of shorter, straighter, paler setae on postpronotum; postpronotal lobe thickly golden pollinose, covered with long, slender, erect pale setae. Propleuron densely golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, pale brown hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate pale hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum sparsely golden pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum shining dark brown in ground color, with pale yellow pollinose. lateral band extending from postpronotal lobe to postalar lobe and across part of prescutellar edge of scutum, divided at prescutellar edge; with central dull, dark vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum, divided by narrow brown vitta along midline, flanked anteriorly by pair of short narrow golden pollinose bands and pair of small golden pollinose patches at level of transverse suture; with pair of broad posterolateral dull black bare patches, divided by transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; shining dull black areas of scutum mostly devoid of vestiture of short or long setae, except for patch of long hair-like setae between transverse suture and scutellum; pollinose and shining brown areas of scutum with vestiture of shorter, hair-like s, Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 19-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Walker, F. (1849) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 231 - 484.","Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part I. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409.","Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. Third fascicle, Asilidae. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 51 pp.","Petch, C. E. (1934) Errata and additions to the insects of the Province of Quebec; Part II, Diptera. Annual Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 25 - 26 (1932 - 1934), 88 - 90."]}

Key to the species of Ceraturgus Wiedemann occurring in North America north of Mexico 1 Third flagellomere long, as long as or longer than scape and pedicel combined, densely covered with long pubescence........................................................................subgenus Ceraturgus Wiedemann................... 2 - Third flagellomere short, about as long as scape, densely covered with short pubescence.. subgenus Ceraturgopsis Johnson...................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Larger species, rarely under 16 mm long; wings distinctly infuscated, especially anteriorly, near base; male prothoracic pulvilli brown, female pulvilli yellow............................................................................. 3 - Smaller species, rarely over 14 mm long, wings mostly or completely hyaline, or only lightly uniformly infuscated; male and female pulvilli all yellow........................................................................................... 6 3 Face white or pale yellow pollinose; mystax white; third flagellomere much shorter than first flagellomere; scutellar margin with many moderately strong bristles as long as or longer than scutellum; hind tibia and tarsus black, often lighter at articulations; wings lightly infuscated at base; abdominal tergites 2���3 with white posterior pollinose bands produced forward at lateral margins; Pennsylvania and Florida west to Nebraska and Texas............................................................. Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) mitchelli Brimley - Face golden pollinose; mystax yellowish brown to brown; third flagellomere about as long as or longer than first flagellomere; scutellar margin with only very weak hair-like setae shorter than or equal to length of scutellum; all tibiae and tarsi yellow; wings infuscated throughout, especially at base; abdominal tergites 2���3 with yellow posterior pollinose bands not produced forward at lateral margins.......................... 4 4 Postalar callus mostly shining brown, with small patch of golden pollen posteromesially; abdominal tergites 1���3 usually with posterior pollinose bands; band on tergite 1 usually complete; bands on tergites 2���3 usually broken in middle; tergite 4 sometimes with pollinose patch in posterolateral corner, rarely with complete posterior band; tergite 5 rarely with pollinose patch in posterolateral corner; tergites 6���7 lacking pollen; sternites 2���6 mostly devoid of pale pollen, but sternite 2 or sternites 2���3 sometimes with posterolateral pale yellow pollinose patches; Pennsylvania and Georgia west to Oklahoma and Texas.................. ........................................................................................... Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) elizabethae Brimley - Postalar callus mostly white to golden yellow pollinose; abdominal tergites 1���6 or 1���7 with complete posterior pollinose bands; sternites 2���6 almost completely pale pollinose or with broad posterior pale yellow pollinose bands............................................................................................................................................ 5 5 Male face white tomentose; male mystax sordid white; female face pale golden tomentose; female mystax golden yellow; frons mostly white or pale yellow pollinose, except at midline; postgena, stipes and palpi with dense vestiture of white hair-like setae; male sternites 2���6 almost completely white pollinose; female sternite 2 completely or almost completely yellow pollinose; Midwest................................................................................................................................................................ Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) cruciatus (Say) - Male and female face rich golden tomentose laterally, brown centrally; male and female mystax brown or bronze; frons mostly shining dark brown, except for golden brown pollinose band along inner eye margin; postgena, stipes and palpi with dense vestiture of dark brown or black hair-like setae; male sternites 2���6 mostly brown, with elongate yellow pollinose patches in posterolateral corners; female sternite 2 with complete or broken posterior yellow pollinose band; southern Ontario, Maine and South Carolina west to Michigan and Mississippi......................................................... Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) fasciatus Walker 6 Occipital setae golden; femora and tibia mostly yellow with dark brown or black apices; small species; rarely over 11 mm long; Massachusetts to Georgia and Michigan............................................................... .......................................................................................... Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) aurulentus (Fabricius) - Occipital setae black; femora wholly dark brown or black; tibiae variable; larger species, usually over 12 mm long...................................................................................................................................................... 7 7 Tibiae mostly yellow, dark brown or black apically; Vermont and Massachusetts west to New York and West Virginia ................................................................................. Ceraturgs (Ceraturgus) similis Johnson - Tibiae black; North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee....................................................... ................................................................................................. Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) nigripes Williston 8 Scutum white pollinose laterally and posteriorly; smaller species, rarely over 14 mm long; wings nearly hyaline; femora, tibiae, and tarsi dark brown to black; female abdominal tergites 1���5 with white posterior pollinose band; Texas and Oklahoma..................... Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) oklahomensis (Bromley) - Scutum yellow or white pollinose laterally and posteriorly; larger species, usually over 14 mm long; wings distinctly infuscated; femora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow to reddish brown; female abdominal tergites 1���5 or 1���7 with yellow posterior pollinose bands; southeastern United States.......................................... 9 9 Dark brown, non-pollinose areas of the scutum lacking hair-like setae, except for a narrow median longitudinal line and prescutellar patch of short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae; male sternites 1���7 mostly covered with yellow pollen; only female abdominal tergites 1���5 with yellow posterior pollinose bands; female tergites 6���7 shining; larger species, 17.9���19.5 mm long; southeastern United States...................... .................................................................................... Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) cornutus (Wiedemann) - Scutum covered with short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae throughout, including non-pollinose areas; male sternites 1���2 mostly covered with yellow pollen; male sternites 3���7 mostly shining brown, with yellow pollinose lateral and posterior margins; female abdominal tergites 1���7 with yellow posterior pollinose bands; smaller species, 13.7���17.6 mm long; Florida ............. Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) johnsoni Martin, Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) similis Johnson (FIG. 8) Ceraturgus similis Johnson, 1912: 152. Type material examined. Holotype, male, UNITED STATES: ��� 2 mi. above Bashbish Falls, Mass., VI. 27.12 ���, ���C. W. Johnson���, ��� HOLOTYPE No. 624 (red label)���, ���M. C. Z. Type 27048 ��� (red label), ��� Jan.��� July 2003 MCZ Image Database���, MCZ. Bashbish Falls is located in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Allotype, female, UNITED STATES: ���Mt. Equinox, Vt, VI. 5.10 ���, ���C. W. Johnson���, ���ALLOTYPE No. 625 ��� (red label), ���M. C. Z AlloType 27048 (red label)���, MCZ. Mt. Equinox is located in Bennington County, Vermont. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. MASSACHUSETTS. Middlesex County: Middlesex Falls, on granite ledge, 23 July 1939, Frost, ��, USNM. NEW YORK. Livingston County: Portage, 22 June 1916, W. T. Davis, ��, USNM. WEST VIRGINIA. Pocahontas County: 12.3 km S of Slatyfork on Rt. 150, 38�� 18 ��� 29 ���N 80 ��08���09���W, from blooms of Kalmia, 1 July 2001, R. Androw & K. Karns, ��, CMNH. Male. Body length: 13.0��� 13.4 mm. Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Frons and vertex, including ocellar tubercle, shining black, except for narrow golden pollinose line above antennal bases and along inner compound eye margins. Postcranium and gena silvery to pale golden pollinose. Face with mystax of long golden setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter golden setae almost reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short, black setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 18 long black setae. Postocular setae black, many with proclinate apices. Occiput and postgena with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, black hair-like setae. Stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Proboscis black, laterally compressed, about 4.3 times as long as deep, deepest near base in lateral view, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, black, both with long, golden hair-like setae. Antenna 3.7 mm long, black, scape shining black, with black lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull black, with black dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull black; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.9: 2.8: 0.6: 3.7. Thorax. Cervical sclerites black, sparsely golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Pronotum sparsely silvery pollinose, with sparse pile of long, slender, golden setae covering antepronotum and posterolateral corners of postpronotum; postpronotal lobe golden pollinose, covered with long, slender, erect golden hair-like setae. Propleuron with proepisternum silvery pollinose and proepimeron pale golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, golden hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum silvery pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum black or dark brown in ground color, silvery to golden pollinose, with bare central brown vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum and pair of broad posterolateral bare patches, each divided by narrow line of pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; lateral scutal pollen golden from postpronotal lobe to supra-alar area, otherwise pale golden or silvery; vestiture of short or long, erect or slightly reclinate setae restricted to pollinose areas surrounding vittae; anterior marginal and posterior marginal (prescutellar) setae pale, others black; postsutural setae longer than presutural setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker black setae, with 3 strong, pale presutural setae and 3 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus with short, pale hair-like setae laterally and long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly. Scutellum shining black and bare at center of disc, otherwise sparsely silvery pollinose, with about 12 moderately strong, long, erect pale marginal setae, about as long as scutellum, and several marginal hair-like setae. Mediotergite shining brown, anatergite golden pollinose, katatergite silvery pollinose with fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly golden pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on lower anepisternum, lower katepisternum, lower and posterior anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining or dull black. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare silvery pollinose. Katepisternum with a few fine, golden hair-like setae posterodorsally. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process golden pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Legs. Coxae black in ground color; pale golden pollinose on anterior and lateral surfaces, black on posterior surface. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All trochanters and femora shining black; femora covered with long golden hair-like setae, lacking long, stout setae. Tibiae shining golden brown, with dark brown apical ring; prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short golden setae and posteroventral row of long golden setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, posterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior and ventral rows of long golden setae. Tarsi shining golden brown, each tarsomere darker at apex; length of first tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. All pulvilli pale yellowish brown. Wing. 9.9���10.3 mm long; lightly to moderately infuscated; most lightly infuscated in, and posterior to, cells br, d, and m 2, more heavily infuscated apically and anteriorly; most heavily infuscated in apical portions of cells c and sc, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Halter with stem and knob light brown. Abdomen. Tergite 1 shining black in ground color; with posterior pale silvery pollinose band, narrow at midline, reaching to anterior margin laterally, with many long pale hair-like setae anterolaterally, many long pale setae posterolaterally. Tergites 2���6 shining black in ground color, with broad, posterior, golden pollinose, transverse band; bands not extending forward at lateral margin of tergite; each pollinose band with narrow anterior V-shaped notch at midline; tergite 2 with many long, slender, golden hair-like setae laterally; tergites 3���6 with shorter golden hair-like setae. Tergite 7 black. Sternites 1���7 black, covered with sparse, pale pollen and many long slender, golden, hair-like setae; setae especially heavy and dense on sternites 5���7. Terminalia black, with many long golden hair-like setae. Female. Similar to male except as follows: Body length: 11.3���13.5 mm. Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Antenna 3.9 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios (allotype specimen) 1.0: 0.9: 3.1: 0.6: 3.6. Wing. 10.8���11.7 mm long, nearly hyaline to lightly infuscated. Legs. All pulvilli pale yellow. Abdomen. Tergites 2���6 with posterior pollinose bands lacking narrow anterior V-shaped notch at midline. Tergites 7���8 black. Sternites 2���6 black, covered with heavy, pale, golden pollen and many long slender, golden hair-like setae; sternite 7 black; setae especially heavy and dense on sternites 6���7. Distribution (FIG. 8). Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, and West Virginia. Discussion. C. similis ranks among the rarest of robber flies. Only five specimens are known to exist, and they are all from the Northeast, collected early June to late July., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. (1912) New and interesting Diptera. Psyche, 19, 151 - 153."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) cruciatus (Say) (FIGS 1 E, 1 F, 2 C, 5) Dasypogon cruciatus Say, 1823: 52. Ceraturgus cruciatus: Brauer 1883: 56. Type material. In his original description, Say (1823) simply stated, ���Inhabits Arkansa.��� He did not elaborate on how many specimens he worked with, or what sex he saw. Osten Sacken (1878) indicated that the type was a female. According to Back (1909), the type is lost. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. ILLINOIS. Coles County: Charleston, May 1916, ��, INHS. IOWA. Delaware County: Robinson, 15���24 July, ��, N. K. Bigelow, CNC; 22 June 1924, ��, N. K. Bigelow, CNC. Story County: Ames, 1 July 1923, ��, CNC; 26 June 1925, ��, P. Spong, KSUC; 14 July 1931, ��, H. A. Scullen, CAS. KANSAS. Ellis County: Fort Hays, 20 June 1871, ��, J. A. Allen, MCZ. Norton County: 5 July 1925, 3 ��, H. J. Grady, CNC. Scott County: 19 June 1925, ��, H. Deay, CAS; 24 June 1925, 2 ��, 3 ��, H. Deay, SEMC; 25 June 1925, ��, R. H. Beamer, CNC; 25 June 1925, 7 ��, 2 ��, R. H. Beamer, CAS; 25 June 1925, ��, H. J. Grady, WSU; 25 June 1925, ��, R. H. Beamer, TAMU. Sumner County: 1189 ft., 1916, ��, R. H. Beamer, WSU. MINNESOTA. Clay County: Felton Prairie, 47 ��03' 37 "N 96 �� 26 ' 11 "W, 17 July 1971, ��, T. L. McCabe, NYSM. Goodhue County: E. Frontenac, Lake Pepin, 29 May 1941, ��, USNM. Houston County: Winnebago Creek Valley, 3���4 mi. NE of Eitzen, 31 May 1941, ��, E. L. Dery, UMSP. MISSOURI. Laclede County: Mark Twain National, Forest, Gasconade River, Rt. 32, 1 mi. E of Falcon, 25 June 1989, ��, B. Kondratieff & M. Harris, CSUC. NEBRASKA. Douglas County: Omaha, 17 June 1923, 5 ��, R. A. Leussler, CAS; 17 June 1923, 2 ��, ��, R. A. Leussler, EMEC. OKLAHOMA. Pushmataha County: Tuskahoma, 23 May 1928, ��, L. A. Stephenson, CAS. WISCONSIN. Crawford County: Gays Mills, 23 June 1942, ��, IRCW. Dane County: 4 July 1917, ��, W. S. Marshall, IRCW; 7 July 1917, ��, W. S. Marshall, IRCW; 9 June 1952, ��, J. T. Medler, IRCW; 21 June 1981, ��, W. Gould, IRCW; Madison, 6 June 1932, ��, CAS; June 1934, ��, ��, IRCW; 13 June 1934, ��, C. L. Fluke, CAS; 16 June 1949, ��, 2 ��, W. J. Hanson, EMUS. Dodge County: Beaver Dam, 30 June 1909, ��, W. E. Snyder, ANSP. Iowa County: Rt. 23, 1 mi. from Governor Dodge State Park, 26 June 1971, �� [pinned with a pentatomid], L. J. Baker, ESUW. Sauk County: 3 mi. SE of Sauk City, 13 June 1962, ��, G. Lachmund, UGCA; Sauk Marsh, 25 June 1962, ��, G. Lachmund, UGCA. Male. Body length: 16.1���20.5 mm (mean �� S.D.: 18.1 �� 1.5; N = 10). Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Face white tomentose, with mystax of long sordid white setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter white setae almost reaching to antennal bases. Frons mostly white pollinose, covered with short, thin, white setae, except along midline. Vertex, including ocellar tubercle, shining dark brown, except for narrow white pollinose band along inner compound eye margins. Postcranium dark brown in ground color, broadly white pollinose. Gena shining brown, with sparse white pollen. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 12���16 long white setae. Postocular setae white, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, sordid white hair-like setae. Proboscis brown, laterally compressed, about 4.1 times as long as deep, deepest near base, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, dark brown, both with long, sordid white hair-like setae. Antenna 5.1���5.3 mm long; scape shining dark brown, with pale lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull brown, with pale dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull black; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.9: 3.4: 0.5: 3.3. Thorax. Cervical sclerites dark brown in ground color, thinly golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Pronotum with white pollen heaviest on antepronotum, with dense pile of long, slender, apically crinkled, white setae covering antepronotum and with lateral patch of shorter, straighter, paler setae on postpronotum; postpronotal lobe yellowish brown or reddish brown in ground color, thickly white pollinose anteriorly, covered with long, slender, erect pale setae. Propleuron white pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, pale hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum sparsely white pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum black in ground color, with broad, white pollinose lateral and posterior band extending from postpronotal lobe to postalar lobe and across prescutellar edge of scutum, narrowed or divided at prescutellar edge; with central dull dark vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum, divided by narrow brown or pale pollinose vitta along midline, flanked by pale pollinose bands extending and tapering from anterior end of scutum to transverse suture and small pale pollinose patches at level of transverse suture; with pair of broad posterolateral dull black bare patches, divided by transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; dull black areas of scutum mostly devoid of vestiture of short or long setae, except for patch of long hair-like setae between transverse suture and scutellum; pollinose areas of scutum with vestiture of shorter, hair-like setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker setae, with 2���4 strong, pale presutural setae and 6���8 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus mostly pale pollinose with short, pale hair-like setae laterally and long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly. Scutellum black in ground color, white pollinose posteriorly on disc, devoid of strong, marginal setae, with several pale hair-like setae on disc and margin; some marginal hair-like setae equal in length to length of scutellum. Mediotergite shining dark brown; anatergite heavily white pollinose; katatergite heavily white pollinose, with fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly white pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on most of lower anepisternum, most of lower katepisternum, lower anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining dark brown. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, pale, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare white pollinose. Katepisternum with small dorsal patch of fine, pale hair-like setae. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process white pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron white pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Legs. Coxae white pollinose. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, pale hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All femora shining yellowish brown or reddish brown, often somewhat lighter below, usually slightly darker than tibiae and tarsi, with circlets of stout setae near apex; prothoracic femur lacking stout seta anteriorly on basal half; mesothoracic femur with 1���2 stout, pale setae anteriorly on basal half; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 4���5 pale bristles. Tibiae and tarsomeres mostly yellowish brown; apical tarsomeres and sometime metathoracic tibia brown distally. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short pale setae and posteroventral row of long, pale, hair-like setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long pale setae and posterodorsal row of short, pale setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal and anterior rows of short pale setae and ventral row of long, pale setae. Length of first tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. Prothoracic pulvilli brown; mesothoracic and metathoracic pulvilli yellow. Wing (FIG. 1 E). 12.7���15.5 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 13.9 �� 1.1; N = 9). Membrane usually hyaline apically; lightly infuscated in cells cu p, and a 1, most heavily infuscated in cells c and sc, br, bm, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Halter with stem and knob brown or yellowish brown. Abdomen. Tergites 1���6 shining black in ground color, with broad posterior white pollinose transverse band; each pollinose band mostly uniform in width. Tergite 1 with many long pale setae laterally. Tergites 2���6 with shorter pale hair-like setae. Sternites 2���6 almost completely white pollinose, with some long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae, especially dense on sternites 5���6. Terminalia shining brown, with fans of long, sordid white hair-like setae; gonocoxite and gonostylus as in FIG. 2 C. Female. Similar to male. Body length: 15.3���21.1 mm (mean �� S.D.: 19.6 �� 1.6; N = 11). Head. Width 1.5���1.6 times eye height. Frons mostly pale yellow pollinose, shining dark brown at midline only. Antenna 6.1 mm long;.antennomere:scape ratios: 1.0: 0.8: 3.4: 0.6: 3.3. Thorax. Scutellum with marginal hair-like setae shorter than length of scutellum. Wing (FIG. 1 F). 13.7���17.4 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 16.1 �� 1.0; N = 11). Membrane more extensively infuscated than in male; lightly infuscated apically and posteriorly, most darkly infuscated in cells c, sc, br, bm, bases of r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Legs. Femora usually uniformly yellowish brown to reddish brown, rarely with dorsal side darker. All tibiae, tarsi, and pulvilli yellow. Abdomen. Tergites 1���6 shining dark brown to black in ground color; tergites 7���8 shining reddish brown in ground color. Tergites 1���7 with posterior pale yellow pollinose transverse band. Sternite 2 completely pale yellow pollinose; sternites 3���7 shining brown or black in ground color with broad posterior pale yellow pollinose band. Distribution (FIG. 5). Midwest; Illinois to Kansas, and Minnesota to Oklahoma. Discussion. Unfortunately, the type specimen, like so many of Say���s types, apparently has not survived. The Diptera in Say���s collection were entirely ruined soon after his death in 1834 (Weiss & Ziegler 1931). Say (1823) described a rather large robber fly, nine-tenths of an inch long, or 22.9 mm, with a yellow face; black thorax broadly margined with yellow; ferruginous wings; and black abdomen with wide, yellow, posterior annulations. Unfortunately, he did not mention the structure of the antennae. The only Ceraturgus species collected in Arkansas since 1823 are C. cornutus and C. elizabethae. C. elizabethae do not have abdomens with wide, yellow, posterior annulations. Since the publication of the description of C. cruciatus, this species has been recognized as one of the larger species in the genus with a long third flagellomere, thus eliminating C. cornutus, with its short third flagellomere, as a possibility. Although C. cruciatus has not been found in Arkansas again, is has been collected near the northern border in Missouri and near the western border in Oklahoma. The very similar Ceraturgus fasciatus has been collected near the eastern border of the state, in Mississippi. In 1820, while on his return from Major Long���s expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Say traveled across Arkansas from Fort Smith in the northwestern part of the state to Cape Girardeau in southeastern Missouri, then down the Mississippi River along the entire eastern border of Arkansas to New Orleans (Weiss & Zeigler 1931). It is therefore impossible to say with certainty which species Say had before him. In the interest of stability, the traditional definition of C. cruciatus is adopted here, but C. fasciatus, the darker form with a more eastern distribution, is removed from synonymy with it. Back (1909) illustrated the antenna and female lateral aspect, Hull (1962) published six illustrations of various structures, and Artigas and Papavero (1991 b) illustrated the spemathecae. Each of these authors failed to state the provenance of the illustrated specimens. They could have been either Ceraturgus cruciatus or C. fasciatus. Most specimens have been collected in June and July. One specimen that I have examined is pinned with its presumed prey, a pentatomid bug., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3 (1), 9 - 54, 73 - 104.","Brauer, F. (1883) Ueber die Gattung Isopogon Loew. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 2, 53 - 56.","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America, second edition. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 270, 276 pp.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400.","Weiss, H. B. & Ziegler, G. M. (1931) Thomas Say: Early American Naturalist. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 260 pp.","Hull, F. M. (1962) Robberflies of the World. The genera of the family Asilidae. United States National Museum Bulletin, 224 (1 - 2), 907 pp.","Artigas, J. N. & Papavero, N. (1991 b) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. VII. 2. Subfamily Stenopogoninae Hull - Tribes Acronychini, Bathypogonini (with description of a new genus) and Ceraturgini, and a catalogue of the neotropical species. Gayana Zoologia, 55 (3), 247 - 255."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) cornutus (Wiedemann) (FIGS 10 B, 10 C, 12) Dasypogon cornutus Wiedemann, 1828: 382. Ceraturgopsis cornutus Johnson: 1903: 111. Ceraturgus cornutus: Martin 1965: 120. Type material examined. Lectotype, female: ���North American?���, ��� cornutus, = cruciatus, Alte Sammlung, Type, Wdm���, ��� Type ��� [red label], ��� cornutus, det. Hermann���, ��� Ceraturgus cornutus Wied. ��� [gray label, handwritten], NMW. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. ALABAMA. Monroe County: 1 mi. SE of Franklin, 31 �� 42 ��� 32 ���N 87 �� 23 ��� 21 ���W, 27 May 1995, T. L. Schiefer, ��, MEM. ARKANSAS. Benton County, 7 June 1933, ��, S. A. Summerland, UAAM. Washington County: 5 June 1960, 12 June 1939 and 17 June 1941, one with a second label, Oenothera, 3 ��, UAAM (examined by JW, now apparently lost). FLORIDA. Liberty County: Torreya State Park, 14 May 1964, ��, R. E. White, FSCA; 5 April 1967, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 9 May 1968, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 9���17 May 1968, Malaise trap, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr.; 13 May 1968, 3 ��, H. V. Weems, Jr. and G. H. Heinrich; 14 May 1968, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 6���7 May 1969, ��, H. V. Weems, FSCA; 16 May 1970, ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA; 1 May 1973, 2 ��, 2 ��, H. V. Weems, Jr., FSCA. GEORGIA. Effingham County: New Ebenezer Center, 5 mi. NE of Rincon, 4 May 1997, C. R. Nelson, ��, BYU; 6 May 1997, C. R. Nelson, ��, BYU. TENNESSEE. Marion County: Chattanooga, 23 June 1952, W.J. Hanson, ��, EMUS. Female. Body length: 15.3���26.9 mm (mean �� S.D.: 19.0 �� 3.2, N = 14). Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Frons, vertex except for ocellar tubercle, postcranium, and gena golden pollinose. Face with sparse mystax of golden setae confined to lower fifth; upper face with sparse, short golden setae reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short golden setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with 8���10 golden setae. Postocular setae golden, stout. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Proboscis brown, laterally compressed, about 4 times as long as deep. Palpal segments about equal in length, golden pollinose, both segments with long golden setae. Antenna 3.9���4.4 mm long; scape golden pollinose, with golden ventrolateral setae; pedicel and flagellomeres dark brown; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 3.7: 0.5: 1.1. Thorax. Cervical sclerites brown, sparsely golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Pronotum golden pollinose, with sparse pile of long, slender, golden setae covering antepronotum and posterolateral corners of postpronotum; postpronotal lobe with erect golden setae along anterior edge and short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae on disc. Propleuron with dense vestiture of long, declinate, golden hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum golden pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum reddish brown in ground color, golden pollinose except for central brown vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum and pair of broad posterolateral patches, each divided by narrow line of golden pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; with sparse, short, reclinate golden hair-like setae on golden pollinose areas and narrow mid-dorsal longitudinal line and with prescutellar patch of longer, reclinate, golden hair-like setae; non-pollinose areas mostly devoid of setae. Lateral margin of scutum with 3 strong, pale presutural setae and 6���8 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus with 3���4 stout golden setae and many short hair-like setae. Scutellum golden pollinose, with short golden hair-like setae on disc and 6���8 moderately strong, golden setae and several fine hair-like setae along margin; marginal scutellar setae shorter than or equal to length of scutellum. Mediotergite brown. Anatergite and katatergite golden pollinose; katatergite with a fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Mesopleural sclerites mostly golden pollinose, less so on lower katepisternum and meron. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare light golden pollinose. Katepisternum with few fine, golden, hair-like setae centrally. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process golden pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Legs. Uniformly brown. Coxae golden pollinose; prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, golden hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces; metathoracic coxa with similar hairlike setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi shining golden brown; all claws black with brown base. All femora with circlets of several stout, golden setae near apex; prothoracic and mesothoracic femora with single golden seta anteriorly basad of middle; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 5���6 golden bristles. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short golden setae and anteroventral and posteroventral row of long golden setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden setae, posterodorsal row with weaker setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior, and anteroventral rows of long golden setae. First tarsomere subequal in length to second and third combined. All pulvilli pale yellow. Wing (FIG. 10 C). 11.7���17.3 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 14.9 �� 1.8, N = 13). Almost uniformly medium brown, somewhat lighter posteriorly, with small dark area near anterior margin in vicinity of apex of vein Sc; small area of membrane at base of cell r 1 and corresponding area across vein R 1 in cell sc hyaline; small area of membrane at base of cell d hyaline. Halter with stem golden brown, knob brown. Abdomen. Tergites 1���5 with broad shining brown anterior margin and broad golden pollinose posterior marginal bands; bands not wider at lateral margins of tergites than at midline; tergites 2���5 with anterior longitudinal dark bands at midline, with pollinose bands broadest near middle; tergite 1 with long, slender, apically crinkled, golden, anterolateral hair-like setae and about 9���12 stout, posterolateral, golden setae; tergites 6���7 brown, shining. Sternites 2���4 golden pollinose; sternite 5 shining brown, golden pollinose posteriorly and laterally; sternites 1���3 with long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae; sternites 4���5 with shorter hair-like setae than preceding sternites; sternites 6���7 shining brown. Male. Similar to female except as follows: Body length: 13.8���19.5 mm (mean �� S.D.: 15.7 �� 2.6, N = 4). Head. Mystax dense, consisting of many long, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Antenna 3.9 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 3.8: 0.3:1.0. Thorax. Hair-like setae of postpronotal lobe and prescutellar area of scutum dense and long. Marginal scutellar setae as long as or longer than length of scutellum. Legs. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, apically crinkled golden hair-like setae. All femora reddish brown to dark brown, with many long, apically crinkled golden hair-like setae ventrally; prothoracic and metathoracic femora lacking setae anteriorly; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 3���4 golden setae. Prothoracic tibia with thick ventral brush of very long, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae; mesothoracic tibia with sparse anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden hairlike setae. All pulvilli pale yellow. Wing (FIG. 10 B). 12.1���13.9 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 12.7 �� 0.8, N = 4). Similar to female wing. Abdomen. Tergites 1���6 with broad shining brown anterior margin and broad white or pale golden pollinose posterior margin. Sternites 1���7 mostly pale golden pollinose. Distribution (FIG. 12). Southeastern; Georgia and Florida west to Arkansas. Discussion. This species is similar to C. johnsoni. Martin (1965) found one female syntype in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, which he designated as lectotype. Abdominal tergites 2���5 of the lectotype have broad, yellow pollinose bands posteriorly, and abdominal tergites 6���8 are polished. Sternites 1���4 are mostly yellow pollinose. The remaining sternites have been destroyed by museum pests. Female C. johnsoni have posterior pollinose bands on tergites 2���7. Males of C. cornutus have the posterior margins of tergites 1���6 white or pale golden pollinose; sternites 1���7 are mostly pale golden pollinose. However, as in the females, the dark brown, non-pollinose areas of the scutum lack hair-like setae, except for a narrow median longitudinal line and a prescutellar patch of short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae. These bare areas are sufficient to separate C. cornutus from the smaller C. johnsoni, which has the scutum covered with short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae throughout. Compared to females, the males have a denser mystax of longer, apically crinkled hair-like setae; a denser ventral brush of longer, apically crinkled hair-like setae on the anterior tibiae, and femora that are much darker than other leg segments. Back (1909) illustrated the antenna and female dorsal aspect. Most specimens have been collected in May., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1828) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten, volume 1. Hamm. 608 pp.","Johnson, C. W. (1903) A new genus and four new species of Asilidae. Psyche, 10, 111 - 114.","Martin, C. H. (1965) Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, a newspecies, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 38 (2), 110 - 134.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) johnsoni Martin (FIGS 10 D, 10 E, 13) Ceraturgus johnsoni Martin, 1965: 119. Type material examined. Holotype, female, UNITED STATES: ��� Holotype, Ceraturgus johnsoni Chas. H. Martin ��� (pink label), ���FLORIDA���, ���C. W. Johnson Collection���, ���M. C. Z. Holotype 32752 ��� (red label), " Ceraturgus johnsoni Martin det. C. H. Martin 1963 ���, ��� Jan.���July 2003 MCZ image database���, MCZ. Paratype, female, UNITED STATES: ���FLORIDA���, ���C. W. Johnson Collection���, " Paratype Ceraturgus johnsoni Chas. H. Martin ��� (yellow label), ���M. C. Z. Paratype 32752 ��� (pink label), MCZ. Paratype, male, UNITED STATES: ���FLORIDA���, ���C. W. Johnson Collection���, " Ceraturgopsis cornutus (Wd.) ��� (handwritten label with red outline), USNM. These specimens were incorrectly identified by Johnson as C. cornutus. They are the basis for the genus Ceraturgopsis Johnson. According to Johnson (1903), they were collected in Ormond (Volusia County), Florida, in April by Mrs. Annie T. Slosson. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. FLORIDA. County unknown: ���S. Fla.���, March 1923, J. S. Hine, ��, OSU; ���Florida���, C. W. Johnson, ��, USNM; ���Fla.���, A. T. Slosson, ��, AMNH. Citrus County: 20 March 1957, H. V. Weems, Jr., ��, CSCA. Levy County: Gunntown (Gulf Hammock), March, P. Laurent, 2 ��, ANSP; Gulf Hammock, 23 April 1952, J. R. Vockeroth, ��, CNC. Liberty County: Torreya State Park near Rock Bluff, 21 April 1989, J. M. Cumming, ��, CNC. Volusia County: Ormond, A. T. Slosson, ��, AMNH. Female. Body length: 13.7���17.6 mm (mean �� S.D.: 14.8 �� 1.4). Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Frons, vertex except for ocellar tubercle, postcranium, and gena golden pollinose. Face with mystax of golden setae confined to lower fifth; upper face with sparse, short golden setae reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short golden setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 14 golden setae. Postocular setae golden, stout. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Proboscis brown, laterally compressed, about 4 times as long as deep. Palpal segments about equal in length, basal segment brown, apical segment golden pollinose, both segments with long golden setae. Antenna 3.2���3.4 mm long; scape golden pollinose, with golden ventrolateral setae; pedicel and flagellomeres dark brown (holotype flagellomeres missing); antennomere:scape ratios (allotype specimen) 1.0:1.0: 3.4: 0.4: 1.1. Thorax. Cervical sclerites brown, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Pronotum golden pollinose, with sparse pile of long, slender, golden setae covering antepronotum and posterolateral corners of postpronotum; postpronotal lobe with erect golden setae along anterior edge and short, reclinate, golden hair-like setae on disc. Propleuron with dense vestiture of long, declinate, golden hairlike setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum golden pollinose centrally, brown laterally, lacking setae. Scutum reddish brown in ground color, golden pollinose except for wide central brown vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum and pair of broad posterolateral patches, each divided by narrow line of golden pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; with sparse, short, reclinate golden hair-like setae throughout, including non-pollinose areas, and prescutellar patch of longer, reclinate, golden hair-like setae. Lateral margin of scutum with 3���5 strong, pale presutural setae and 5���7 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus with 3���4 stout golden setae and many short hair-like setae. Scutellum golden pollinose, with short, golden hair-like setae on disc and 6 moderately strong golden setae and several fine hair-like setae along margin; marginal scutellar setae shorter than or equal to length of scutellum. Mediotergite brown. Anatergite and katatergite golden pollinose; katatergite with a fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Mesopleural sclerites mostly golden pollinose, less so on lower katepisternum and meron. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare silvery pollinose. Katepisternum with a few fine, golden hair-like setae centrally. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process golden pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Legs. Uniformly golden brown. Coxae golden pollinose on anterior and lateral surfaces, brown on posterior surface; prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces; metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi shining golden brown; all claws black with brown base. All femora with circlets of several stout, golden setae near apex and 2���4 golden setae on anterior surface near middle. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short golden setae and posteroventral row of long golden setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden setae, posterodorsal row with weaker setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior and anteroventral rows of long golden setae. First tarsomere subequal in length to second and third combined. All pulvilli pale yellow. Wing (FIG. 10 E). 10.7���14.2 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 12.5 �� 1.1). Almost uniformly medium brown, somewhat lighter posteriorly, with small dark area near anterior margin in vicinity of apex of vein Sc; small area of membrane at base of cell r 1 and corresponding area across vein R 1 in cell sc hyaline; small area of membrane at base of cell d hyaline. Halter with stem golden brown, knob brown. Abdomen. Tergites 1���7 with broad shining brown anterior margin and broad golden pollinose posterior marginal bands; pollinose bands of tergites 2���5 broadest in middle, not significantly widened at lateral margins; tergite 1 with long, slender, apically crinkled, golden anterolateral hair-like setae and about 9���12 posterolateral golden setae. Sternites 1���4 golden pollinose, with long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae; sternites 5���7 golden pollinose, but with anterior shining brown areas and shorter hair-like setae than preceding sternites. Male. Similar to female except as follows: Body length: 14.4 ���16.0 mm. Head. Mystax dense, consisting of many long, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Antenna 3.3 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 3.7: 0.4:1.0. Thorax. Hair-like setae of postpronotal lobe and prescutellar area of scutum dense and long. Marginal scutellar setae as long as or longer than length of scutellum. Legs. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, apically crinkled golden, hair-like setae. All femora with many long, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae ventrally; metathoracic femora with anterior row of 2���3 golden setae; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 4���5 golden setae. Prothoracic tibia with thick ventral brush of very long, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae, mesothoracic tibia with sparse anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden hair-like setae. All pulvilli pale yellow. Wing (FIG. 10 D). 11.7���12.9 mm long (mean: 12.3). Similar to female wing. Abdomen. Tergites 1���6 with broad shining brown anterior margin and broad golden pollinose posterior margin. Sternites 1���6 golden pollinose, 3���6 shining brown anteromedially. Distribution (FIG. 13). Florida. Discussion. Martin (1965) figured the antenna of C. johnsoni and the wing and abdominal tergites of C. johnsoni and C. cornutus. Specimens have been collected in March and April., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Martin, C. H. (1965) Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, a newspecies, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 38 (2), 110 - 134.","Johnson, C. W. (1903) A new genus and four new species of Asilidae. Psyche, 10, 111 - 114."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgopsis) oklahomensis (Bromley) (FIGS 10 A, 11) Ceraturgus oklahomensis Bromley, 1934: 225. Type material examined. Holotype, male, UNITED STATES: ��� Caddo County, Okla., 16.IV. 33, R. Dahms���, ��� HOLOTYPE Ceraturgopsis oklahomensis Bromley ��� [red label, handwritten], ���SW Bromley Collection 1955 ���, USNM. Allotopotype, female, UNITED STATES, ���Caddo Co, Okl, April 16, 1933, R. Dahms���, ���Allotopotype, Ceraturgopsis oklahomensis Bromley ���, ���A. E. Pritchard Collection, 1962 ��� (red label, handwritten), USNM. Paratype, female, UNITED STATES, ���Norman, Okla., 9.IV. 1932, R. D. Bird���, PARATYPE, Ceraturgopsis oklahomensis Bromley ��� [red label, handwritten], SW Bromley Collection 1955 ���, ���Ceratrugopsis oklahomensis Bromley Det. S. W. Bromley 1934 ���, USNM. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. OKLAHOMA. Cleveland County: Norman, 11 April 1932, ��, R. D. Bird, USNM. Grady County: Verden, 22 April 1934, ��, R. Dahms, CUIC. Payne County: 12 April 1925, ��, W. J. Brown, USNM. Payne County: Ripley, 21 April 1934, ��, ��, A. E. Pritchard, BMNH; 5 ��, ��, A. E. Pritchard, CAS; ��, ��, A. E. Pritchard, CSCA; ��, A. E. Pritchard, CUIC; ��, ��, A. E. Pritchard, FSCA; ��, A. E. Pritchard, JSUC; ��, ��, A. E. Pritchard, MCZ; 15 ��, 7 ��, A. E. Pritchard, USNM; 2 ��, A. E. Pritchard, OSEC; 6 June 1934, ��, A. E. Pritchard, USNM. Payne County: Stillwater, 29 April 1932, ��, W. D. Davis, USNM; 21 April 1934, 2 ��, 2 ��, A. E. Pritchard, AMNH. Woods County: 2 May 1936, sex unknown, R. Kaiser, OSEC. Woodward County: 9.6 km NE of Woodward, on Pyrropapus grandiflorus, 12 May 1984, ��, J. Wenzel, R. Brooks, C. Michener, & D. Wahl, SEMC. TEXAS. Blanco County: Pedernales Falls State Park, 16 April 1990, ��, 2 ��, A. Hook, BYU; 18 March 1994, ��, A. W. Hook, BYU. Montague County: Forestburg, 6 April 1941, 2 ��, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 10 April 1941, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 14 April 1941, ��, H. Bridwell, WSU; 14 April 1941, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 15 April 1941, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 18 April 1941, ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 24 March 1942, ��, L. H. Bridwell, MCZ; 30 March 1942, 3 ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM; 31 March 1942, 2 ��, L. H. Bridwell, AMNH; 31 March 1942, 2 ��, L. H. Bridwell, WSU; 31 March 1942, 2 ��, L. H. Bridwell, MCZ; 31 March 1942, 6 ��, 6 ��, L. H. Bridwell, USNM. Potter County: Wildcat Bluff, NW edge of Amarillo, 18 April 1997, ��, D. Sissom & A. Roberts, WTAM. Travis County: Austin, 14 March 1986, ��, J. Neff, BYU; 28 March 1993, ��, A. W. Hook, BYU; 11 April 1993, ��, A. W. Hook, BYU. Male. Body length: 10.4���14.6 mm (mean �� S.D.: 12.2 �� 1.2; N = 18). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Face white tomentose. Frons, vertex, ocellar tubercle, postcranium, and gena white pollinose; ocellar tubercle, narrow midfrontal area immediately below ocellar tubercle, and gena only thinly pollinose. Face with mystax of long white setae confined to lower half; upper face with shorter white setae reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short, thin, white setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 10���14 long white setae. Postocular setae white, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Proboscis dark brown or black, laterally compressed, about 3.3 times as long as deep, deepest near base, tapering to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, dark brown, both with long, pale hair-like setae. Antenna 2.7 mm long, dark brown or black; scape shining, with pale lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull, with pale dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull; first flagellomere with conspicuous dorsal row of many short, pale, proclinate setae on basal half; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 3.2: 0.4:1.0. Thorax. Cervical sclerites dark brown, sparsely white pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Pronotum sparsely light golden pollinose, with dense pile of long, slen- der, apically crinkled, white setae covering antepronotum and with lateral patch of shorter, straight, white setae on postpronotum; postpronotal lobe thickly white pollinose, covered with long, slender, erect white setae. Propleuron white pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, white hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum thinly white pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum dark brown in ground color, with continuous, broad, white pollinose, lateral and posterior band extending from postpronotal lobe to postalar lobe and across prescutellar edge of scutum; with central brown vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum, divided by thin brown pollinose vitta along midline, flanked anteriorly by short pale golden pollinose bands; with pair of broad posterolateral shining brown patches, divided by narrow line of white pollen along transverse suture, lightly dusted with brown pollen, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; completely covered with vestiture of short or long, erect or slightly reclinate pale setae; postsutural setae longer than presutural setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker setae, with 6���10 strong, pale presutural setae and 8���10 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus with short, pale hair-like setae laterally and long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly. Scutellum black in ground color, sparsely white pollinose on disc and margin, with about 14 moderately strong, long, erect pale marginal setae, about as long as, or longer than, scutellum, and several marginal hair-like setae. Mediotergite shining black; anatergite thickly white pollinose; katatergite silvery pollinose with fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, white hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly golden pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on lower anepisternum, lower katepisternum, lower and posterior anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining or dull black. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, pale, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare pale pollinose. Katepisternum, anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process white pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron white pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, pale hair-like setae. Legs. All segments shining dark brown or black in ground color. Coxae lightly dusted with white pollen. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, white, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. All femora with circlets of several stout, pale setae near apex; prothoracic femur with 1 stout, white seta anteriorly near middle; mesothoracic femur with 2 stout, white setae anteriorly near middle; metathoracic femur with anterior row of 5���8 white bristles. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short pale setae and posteroventral row of long pale setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posteroventral rows of long golden setae and posterodorsal row of short, white setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior and ventral rows of long pale setae. Length of first tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. All pulvilli pale yellowish brown. Wing (FIG. 10 A). 8.2���11.3 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 9.4 �� 0.9; N = 18). Hyaline throughout, except for some light infuscation along some veins and crossveins. Halter with stem and knob brown or brownish yellow. Abdomen. Tergite 1 shining black in ground color; with posterior white pollinose band, narrow at midline, reaching to anterior margin laterally, with many long pale hair-like setae anterolaterally, many long, stout, pale setae posterolaterally. Tergites 1���5 shining black in ground color, with broad posterior white pollinose transverse band; bands not extending forward at lateral margins of tergites 2���5; each pollinose band usually complete, but sometimes anteriorly notched or interrupted at midline by narrow patch of brown pollen. Tergite 2 with many long, slender, pale hair-like setae laterally; tergites 3���6 with shorter, pale hair-like setae. Tergites 6���7 shining black. Sternites 1���7 shining black, with dusting of brown pollen and some long, slender, pale hairlike setae. Terminalia black, with many long pale hair-like setae. Female. Similar to male. Body length: 9.8 ���16.0 mm (mean �� S.D.: 12.6 �� 1.9; N = 12). Similar to male wing. Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Antenna 3.7 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios: 1.0: 1.1: 3.3: 0.3: 0.9. Wing. 8.2���11.4 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 9.8 �� 1.1; N = 12). Legs. All segments reddish brown to yellowish brown. All pulvilli pale yellow. Abdomen. All tergites shining black or dark brown in ground color. Tergites 2���5 with broad posterior white pollinose transverse bands; bands often notched anteriorly at midline. Tergite 6���7 wholly shining black, lacking pollen. Sternites 1���8 shining black or dark brown, with light dusting of brown pollen and some long, slender, pale hair-like setae. Distribution (FIG. 11). Oklahoma and Texas. Discussion. In males, the legs are usually dark brown and concolorous with the remainder of the body. In females, the legs are reddish brown to yellowish brown, and usually considerably lighter than the remainder of the body. Hull (1962) illustrated the head, antenna, wing, and male postabdomen. Most specimens have been collected from late March to late April., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Bromley, S. W. (1934) Two new dasypogonine robber flies from the Southwest (Asilidae: Diptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 42, 225 - 226.","Hull, F. M. (1962) Robberflies of the World. The genera of the family Asilidae. United States National Museum Bulletin, 224 (1 - 2), 907 pp."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) nigripes Williston (FIG. 9) Ceraturgus nigripes Williston, 1886: 287. Ceraturgus mabelae Brimley, 1924: 11. NEW SYNONYMY. Type material examined. C. nigripes holotype, male, UNITED STATES, ���det. by S. W. Williston���, SEMC. C. mabelae holotype, female, UNITED STATES, ���About 4000 ft., F. Sherman���, Linville Falls, NC, L May 1920 ���, ��� Type No. 26832 U.S. N.M.��� [red label], ��� TYPE Ceraturgus mabelae Brimley ��� [white label with double red outline], USNM. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. FLORIDA. County unknown: ��, USNM. GEORGIA. Habersham County: Tray Mountain, 13 May 1953, ��, H. R. Dodge, WSU. Lumpkin County: Blood Mountain, 25 May 1940, ��, P. W. Fattig, UGCA; 20 June 1951, ��, P. W. Fattig. Rabun County: Rabun Bald, 13 June 1933, ��, O. L. Cartwright, CUAC; 6 June 1937, ��, P. W. Fattig, UGCA. Union County: Brasstown Bald, 5���8 June 1981, ��, R. L. Penrose, CSCA. White County: Unicoi Gap, 17 May 1951, ��, ��, P. W. Fattig, UGCA. NORTH CAROLINA. County unknown: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Andrews Bald, 16 June 1946, ��, G. Steyskal, UMMZ; Great Smoky Mountians National Park, Forney Ridge, 6000 ft., 18 June 1940, ��, C. P. Alexander, UGCA. Buncombe County: Black Mountain, 26 May, ��, AMNH; 19 June, ��, AMNH; May 1910, 2 ��, F. Sherman, NCSU, CUAC; 2 May 1979, ��, L. L. Pechuman, CUIC; Mount Graybeard, 23 May, ��, ANSP; ��, FSCA; 2 ��, �� MCZ. Burke County: Linville Falls, about 4000 ft., May 1920, 3 ��, NCSU; ��, USNM; 3 ��, F. Sherman, NCSU; June 1920, ��, USNM; Pisgah National Forest, holltop of Table Rock, ca. 4000 ft., 35 �� 53.5 'N 81 �� 53.0'W, 27 May 1999, 2 ��, J. E. O'Hara, CNC; Table Rock Mountain, 4000 ft., 27 May 1999, 2 ��, J. M. Cumming, CNC. Cherokee County: Andrews, May 1908, ��, F. Sherman, NCSU; ��, ��, F. Sherman, OSU. Haywood County: Cataloochee Divide, 5000 ft., 9���14 June 1940, ��, C. A. Frost, USNM; Nellie, June 1924, ��, NCSU; Sunburst, May, 3 ��, C. S. Brimley, NCSU; Sunburst, 1 May 1913, ��, NCSU. Jackson County: Balsam, 1 June 1956, ��, D. J. & J. N. Knull, FSCA; ��, 2 ��, D. J. & J. N. Knull, OSU. Macon County: May 1908, ��, F. Sherman, OSU; ��, F. Sherman, NCSU; between Highlands and Franklin, 2200���4000 ft., May 1908, ��, F. Sherman, NCSU; Highlands, 15 June 1936, ��, C. P. Alexander, USNM; Highlands, 15 June 1940, ��, C. P. Alexander, UGCA; Highlands, 3���5000 ft., May 1936, 9 ��, 5 ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM. Swain County: Andrews Bald, 24 July 1923, ��, NCSU; Bryson City, 2���5000 ft., May 1936, 1 ��, 1 ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM; Bryson City, 2���5000 ft. [pinned with cerambycid], May 1936, ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM; Bryson City, 3���5000 ft., May 1936, 2 ��, R. C. Shannon, USNM. Swain County: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Clingman's Dome, 5500 ft., ��, J. Bequaert, MCZ. Swain County: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee, Newfound Gap, 4200 ft., 4 June 1962, ��, J. R. Vockeroth, CNC. Wake County: Raleigh, 1 June 1956, ��, D. J. & J. N. Knull, CAS. SOUTH CAROLINA. Oconee County: CCC Camp F2, 6 May 1938, ��, ��, O. L. Cartwrigth, CUAC. Pickens County: Rocky Bottom, 15 May 1931, ��, O. L. Cartwright, CUAC; 22 May 1934, ��, O. L. Cartwright, CUAC. TENNESSEE. Sevier County: Mount LeConte, 12 June 1937, 2 ��, O. L. Cartwright, USNM, CUAC. Male. Body length: 9.6 ���14.0 mm (mean �� S.D.: 12.8 �� 1.2; N = 17). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Frons and vertex, including ocellar tubercle, shining black, except for narrow golden pollinose line along inner compound eye margins. Postcranium and gena silvery to pale golden pollinose. Face with mystax of long golden setae confined to lower third; upper face with shorter golden setae almost reaching to antennal bases. Frons laterally with short, black setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, with about 15 long black and golden setae. Postocular setae black, many with proclinate apices. Postgena and with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, black hair-like setae. Stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Proboscis black, laterally compressed, about 4.6 times as long as deep, deepest near base in lateral view, tapered to rounded apex. Palpal segments about equal in length, black, both with long, dark hair-like setae. Antenna 3.8 mm long, black; scape shining black, with black lateral setae along entire length; pedicel dull black, with black dorsolateral and ventrolateral setae at apex; flagellomeres dull black; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0: 0.8: 2.3: 0.5: 2.6. Thorax. Cervical sclerites black, sparsely golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Pronotum sparsely light golden pollinose, with sparse pile of long, slender, golden setae covering antepronotum and posterolateral corners of postpronotum; postpronotal lobe thickly deep golden pollinose, covered with long, slender, erect golden hair-like setae. Propleuron with proepisternum pale golden pollinose and proepimeron deep golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, declinate, golden hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hair-like setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum pale golden pollinose, lacking setae. Scutum black or dark brown in ground color, golden pollinose, with bare central brown vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum and pair of broad posterolateral bare patches, each divided by narrow line of pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; lateral scutal pollen golden from postpronotal lobe to supra-alar area, otherwise pale golden or silvery; vestiture of short or long, erect or slightly reclinate setae mostly restricted to pollinose areas surrounding bare vittae; anterior marginal and posterior marginal (prescutellar) setae pale, others black; postsutural setae longer than presutural setae; lateral margin of scutum, in addition to several weaker black setae, with 2���3 strong, pale presutural setae and 3���6 strong, pale postsutural, supra-alar setae. Postalar callus with short, pale hair-like setae laterally and long, strong, pale reclinate setae posteriorly. Scutellum shining black and bare at center of disc, otherwise sparsely silvery pollinose, with about 12 moderately strong, long, erect pale marginal setae, about as long as, or longer than, scutellum, and several marginal hair-like setae. Mediotergite shining brown, anatergite golden pollinose, katatergite silvery pollinose with fan of long, slen- der, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Most mesopleural sclerites at least partly golden pollinose, but pollen sparse or lacking on lower anepisternum, lower katepisternum, lower and posterior anepimeron, and meron, these areas appearing shining or dull black. Posterior half of anepisternum covered with long, fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae; dorsal setae declinate, ventral setae reclinate. Anterior basalare brown; posterior basalare pale golden pollinose. Katepisternum with a few fine, golden hair-like setae posterodorsally. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process golden pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Metepisternum and metepimeron golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Legs. All segments shining black or dark brown in ground color. Coxae pale golden pollinose on anterior and lateral surfaces, black on posterior surface. Prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces. Metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. Femora covered with long, fine, golden hair-like setae, with circlet of stout setae near apex; mesothoracic and metathoracic femur with anterodorsal row of 3��� 5 long, stout setae. Prothoracic tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal row of short golden setae and posteroventral row of long golden setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, posterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior and ventral rows of long golden setae. Tarsi shining black or dark brown; length of first tarsomere longer than or equal to length of second and third combined. All claws black with golden brown base. All pulvilli pale yellowish brown. Wing. 8.5���10.7 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 9.6 �� 0.8; N = 17); lightly to moderately infuscated; most lightly infuscated in, and posterior to, cells br, d, and m 2; more heavily infuscated apically and anteriorly; most heavily infuscated in apical portions of cells c and sc, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Halter with stem and knob light brown or brownish yellow. Abdomen. Tergite 1 shining black in ground color; with posterior pale silvery pollinose band, narrow at midline, reaching to anterior margin laterally, with many long pale hair-like setae anterolaterally, many long pale setae posterolaterally. Tergites 2���6 shining black in ground color, with broad posterior golden pollinose transverse band; bands not extending forward at lateral edge of tergites; each pollinose band usually anteriorly notched at midline; tergite 2 with many long, slender, golden hair-like setae laterally; tergites 3���6 with shorter golden hair-like setae. Tergite 7 black. Sternites 1���7 black, covered with sparse, pale pollen and many long slender, golden, hair-like setae; setae especially heavy and dense on sternites 5���7. Terminalia black, with many long golden hair-like setae. Female. Similar to male. Body length: 11.7���15.9 mm (mean �� S.D.: 13.3 �� 1.1; N = 15). Head. Width 1.6 times eye height. Antenna 3.7 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios: 1.0: 0.8: 2.9: 0.4: 2.4. Wing. 9.6���14.4 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 11.2 �� 1.1; N = 15); hyaline to lightly infuscated. Legs. All pulvilli pale yellow. Abdomen. Tergites 2���8 shining black in ground color. Tergites 2���6 with broad posterior golden pollinose transverse bands; bands often notched anteriorly at midline. Tergite 7 with narrow posterior golden pollinose transverse band. Tergite 8 black, lacking pollen. Sternites 2���6 black, covered with heavy, pale golden pollen and many long slender, golden hair-like setae; sternite 7 black; hair-like setae especially heavy and dense on sternites 6���7. Distribution (FIG. 9). North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Johnson (1913) and Bromley (1950 a) reported that there was a specimen of this species from Florida in the USNM. I did not find one in that collection, and I consider this an erroneous record. Fattig (1945) recorded one specimen collected at Neel Gap, Georgia, in May. Discussion. Some specimens, such as those from Highlands, North Carolina, have hyaline wings, while others, such as those from Linville Falls, Bryson City, and Cataloochee Divide, North Carolina, have distinctly smoky wings. Willison (1886) described C. nigripes from a single male specimen collected in Georgia, but he did not refer to that specimen as the type or the holotype. Back (1909) stated that the type was at the University of Kansas, but it is not listed in the Diptera type catalog for that collection (Byers et al. 1962). A single male specimen from the University of Kansas collection labeled simply ���det. by S. W. Williston��� is assumed to be the holotype and is now so labeled. The holotype of C. mabelae appears to be merely a pale female specimen of C. nigripes. It is the only specimen ever to have been identified as C. mabelae, and it was collected at the same place and same time as many typical specimens of C. nigripes. As in typical specimens of C. nigripes, the femora and tibiae are uniformly dark. The antennomere:scape ratios are 1.0: 0.8: 2.7: 0.5: 2.4, similar to those reported here for C. nigripes, and the wings are hyaline. One specimen that I examined is pinned with its presumed prey, a cerambycid beetle. Fattig (1945) reported Auplopus architectus (Say) (as Pseudagenia architecta (Say)) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) as prey of this species. In most respects, C. nigripes appears to be nearly identical to C. similis, although it is easily distinguished from the latter by its completely black legs. Most specimens have been collected from early May to late June., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1886) Dipterological notes and descriptions. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 13, 287 - 307.","Brimley, C. S. (1924) Three supposed new species of Ceraturgus (Diptera, Asilidae) from North Carolina. Entomological News, 35, 8 - 12.","Johnson, C. W. (1913) Insects of Florida. I. Diptera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 37 - 90.","Bromley, S. W. (1950 a) Florida Asilidae (Diptera) with description of one new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 43: 227 - 239.","Fattig, P. W. (1945) The Asilidae or robber flies of Georgia. Emory University Museum Bulletin, 3, 1 - 33.","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400.","Byers, G. W., Blank, F., Hanson, W. J., Beneway, D. F. and Fredrickson, R. W. (1962) Catalogue of the types in the Snow Entomological Museum. Part III (Diptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 43 (5), 131 - 181."]}

Ceraturgus niger Macquart Ceraturgus niger Macquart, 1838: 25. Macquart (1838) described Ceraturgus niger ���de l���Am��rique bor��ale.��� Walker (1854) later listed it from Mexico. Osten Sacken (1878) transferred it to Taracticus without explanation. Brauer (1883) did not find the stout, enlarged spine at the apex of the fore tibia that is found in Taracticus. He and Williston (1884) felt that C. niger did not belong in Taracticus. Macquart���s (1838) illustrations show five antennomeres, with the third flagellomere longer than the scape, and much shorter than the first flagellomere. He described it as a small (about 8.5 mm long), black species with grayish yellow face and front, yellowish mystax, yellowish wings, having white spots on some of the abdominal segments. Macquart���s C. niger cannot be a species of Taracticus, but no known North American species of Ceraturgus fits its description., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on page 43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1838) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Vol. 1, Pt. 2. Paris, pp. 5 - 207.","Walker, F. (1854) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Supplement II. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 331 - 506.","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America, second edition. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 270, 276 pp.","Brauer, F. (1883) Ueber die Gattung Isopogon Loew. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 2, 53 - 56.","Williston, S. W. (1884) On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, Laphrinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 11, 1 - 35."]}

Ceraturgus (Ceraturgus) aurulentus (Fabricius) (FIG. 7) Dasypogon aurulentus Fabricius, 1805: 166. Ceraturgus aurulentus: Macquart 1834: 289. Type material examined. Holotype, sex unknown, UNITED STATES: ��� Type ��� (orange label), ���D: aurulentus,..New York [?Bohr]��� (handwritten label), ZMUC. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. DELAWARE. ���Del.���, ��, ANSP. GEORGIA. Union County: Blood Mountain, 17 September 1939, ��, P. W. Fattig, USNM. MASSACHUSETTS. Norfolk County: Wellesley, 31 July 1966, ��, F. C. Thompson, CAS. MICHIGAN. Washtenaw County: Ann Arbor, 17 August 1925, ��, W. W. Newcomb, UMMZ. NEW JERSEY. Camden County: Lucaston, near Lindenwold, 3 September 1987, 3 ��, C. S. Bergson, ANSP. Gloucester County: Westville, 21 August 1892, ��, C. W. Johnson, MCZ. NEW YORK. Westchester County: Van Cortlandtville, ��, USNM. NORTH CAROLINA. Burke County: Table Rock, 7 August 1937, ��, D. L. Wray, NCSU. Macon County: Highlands, 3865 feet, 11 August 1958, 2 ��, J.G. Franclemont, CUIC, FSCA. PENNSYLVANIA. Centre County, Ferguson Township, 22 August 1968, ��, D. L. Bierlein, CSCA. RHODE ISLAND. Washington County: Shannock, 27 August 1969, ��, UGCA. SOUTH CAROLINA. Oconee County: Cherry Hill Recreation Area, Route 107, 2000 ft., 7 September 1958, ��, J. G. Franclemont, CUIC. VIRGINIA. Fairfax County: near Plummers Island, Maryland, 18 September 1924, ��, A. Busck, USNM. Female. Body length: 9.4���11.2 mm (mean �� S.D.: 10.4 �� 0.7). Head. Width 1.5 times eye height. Face golden tomentose. Frons, vertex except for ocellar tubercle, postcranium, and gena golden pollinose. Face with sparse mystax of golden setae confined to lower fifth; upper face with sparse, short golden setae reaching to antennal bases, these setae much shorter than scape. Frons laterally with few fine, short golden setae. Ocellar triangle tuberculate, black, with 8 golden setae. Postocular setae golden, stout. Postgena and stipes with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hairlike setae. Proboscis short, black, nearly cylindrical, more or less parallel-sided in lateral view, about 5 times as long as deep, not reaching far beyond level of face. Palpal segments about equal in length, black, both segments with long golden setae. Antenna 2.5 ���3.0 mm long; scape shining, with golden ventrolateral setae; pedicel and flagellomeres dull black; pedicel with golden lateral setae; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 2.4: 0.8: 2.2. Thorax. All sclerites black in ground color, mostly covered in dense golden pollen. Cervical sclerites densely golden pollinose, with dense vestiture of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Pronotum sparsely golden pollinose, with sparse pile of long, slender, golden setae covering antepronotum and lateral corners of postpronotum; postpronotal lobe with sparse golden pollen, covered with erect golden. Propleuron with dense vestiture of long, declinate, golden hair-like setae on proepisternum and reclinate hairlike setae on anterior portion of proepimeron. Prosternum golden pollinose except along midline, lacking setae. Scutum black in ground color, golden pollinose except for wide black vitta extending from pronotum nearly to scutellum and pair of broad posterolateral patches, each divided by narrow line of golden pollen along transverse suture, reaching from behind postpronotal lobes almost to scutellum; with sparse, short, reclinate golden hair-like setae throughout, including non-pollinose areas, and with prescutellar patch of longer, reclinate golden hair-like setae; setae of anterior portion of scutum shorter than scape. Lateral margin of scutum with 3 strong, golden, presutural bristles and 3 strong, golden, postsutural bristles in addition to smaller setae. Postalar callus with 3���4 golden bristles and many short hair-like setae. Scutellum golden pollinose along posterior margin, with short, sparse, golden hair-like setae on disc and 6���8 longer, weak, golden setae and several fine hair-like setae along margin. Mediotergite shining black. Anatergite and katatergite golden pollinose; katatergite with a fan of long, slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Mesopleural sclerites mostly densely golden pollinose. Anepisternum and dorsal portion of katepisternum covered with fine, golden, apically crinkled hair-like setae. Anterior and posterior basalare densely golden pollinose. Anepimeron, katepimeron, and meron lacking setae. Basal swelling of pleural wing process densely golden pollinose. Subalar sclerite black. Metepisternum and metepimeron densely golden pollinose; metepimeron with long, fine, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae. Legs. Coxae densely golden pollinose; prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae densely covered with long, slender, golden hair-like setae on anterior and lateral surfaces; metathoracic coxa with similar hair-like setae anteroventrally and posterolaterally. Trochanters dark brown or black. Femora yellow on basal third to twothirds, dark brown or black to apex, lacking circlet of stout setae near apex. Prothoracic femur covered with short, hair-like setae on most surfaces, the setae longer dorsally near base and ventrally on basal half or more. Mesothoracic and metathoracic femora similar to prothoracic tibia, but with 3���4 stronger, stout setae dorsally near apex. Tibiae yellow, with dark brown or black apices. Prothoracic tibia with posterodorsal row of short golden setae and anteroventral and posteroventral row of long golden setae; mesothoracic tibia with anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral rows of long golden setae, posterodorsal row with weaker setae; metathoracic tibia with dorsal, anterior and anteroventral rows of long golden setae. Tarsi mostly yellow, each tarsomere with dark apex; first tarsomere longer than second and third combined; all claws black with brown bases. All pulvilli yellow. Wing. 7.7���9.1 mm long (mean �� S.D.: 8.3 �� 0.4). Almost uniformly hyaline, lightly fumose in cells c and in cell sc near apex of vein Sc, at base of cells r 1 and r 2 + 3, and around crossvein r-m. Halter light yellowish brown. Cell cu p open to wing margin. Abdomen. Tergites 1���6 black, with broad golden pollinose bands at posterior margins; bands not extending forward at lateral margins; pollinose bands of tergites 2���6 V-notched in middle; tergites 1���2 with long, slender, apically crinkled, golden, lateral hair-like setae; remaining tergites with shorter lateral hair-like setae; tergites 6���7 black, shining. Sternites 1���6 predominantly golden pollinose; sternites 1���2 bearing sparse, long slender, apically crinkled, golden hair-like setae; sternites 3���6 bearing sparse, long, slender, predominantly straight, golden hair-like setae; sternites 6���7 dark brown to black, shining. Male. Similar to female except as follows: Body length: 9.4 ���10.0 mm. Head. Face above oral margin and long mystax bristles with golden hair-like about as long as scape. Antenna 2.6���2.8 mm long; antennomere:scape ratios 1.0:1.0: 2.4: 0.8: 2.1. Thorax. Hair-like setae of anterior portion of scutum about as long as scape; hair-like setae of prescutellar area of scutum dense and long. Wing. 6.6���7.5 mm long. Abdomen. Sternites 1���6 bearing dense, golden, hair-like setae. Distribution (FIG. 7). Massachusetts to Georgia and Michigan. Discussion. C. aurulentus is a distinctive species, readily recognized by its small size, rich golden pollen, bicolored femora and tibiae, and short, thin, parallel-sided proboscis. Most of the holotype of D. aurulentus has been destroyed. All that remains is a scrap of the right side of the thorax measuring about 2 mm high by 1.2 mm wide. It includes a small portion of the scutum, extreme base of the wing, anterior and posterior basalares with an attached fragment of the anepisternum, and the basal swelling of the pleural wing process with an attached fragment of the anepimeron. The scutal fragment has a lateral, golden, pollinose stripe, about 0.6 mm wide, that bears several pale setae. The portion of mesonotum above the stripe is black. The other structures mentioned are heavily golden pollinose. The basalares together measure 0.4 mm high and 0.4 mm wide at the widest point. The specimens that I identify as C. aurulentus match this holotype. The only other species from the vicinity of New York with such small basalares is D. similis, and it does not have the heavy golden pollen found on the D. aurulentus holotype. C. R. W. Wiedemann had access to the Fabricius collection (Stone 1980), and he probably worked with the type specimen when he redescribed and figured this species (Wiedemann 1828). No other specimens were known to exist until Dr. C. W. Johnson (1903) collected one in 1892. Wiedemann (1828) stated that the species measures 4 lines long, or 8.5 mm. In addition to the localities cited above, specimens have been reported from Connecticut (Stamford, 2 August 1936) (Bromley 1946, 1950b), Georgia (Blood Mountian, 17 September 1939) (Bromley 1950 b), New York (New York City, Van Cortlandt Park) (Anonymous 1919), Ohio (Jackson County, Washington Township, male) (Bromley 1950 b), and Pennsylvania (Delaware County, Castle Rock; Lehigh Gap, 11 July) (Johnson 1903). None of these specimens have been located in museums, despite extensive searches. C. aurulentus is a remarkably rare species. Apparently fewer than two dozen specimens have been collected in the past 200 years. Nonetheless, it is known to range from New England south to Georgia and west to Michigan. Specimens have been collected from late July to early September. Bromley (1946) found the Connecticut specimen, a teneral female, resting on a freshly cut black birch stump in a woodland clearing. He had visited the area regularly for many years, and searched intensively after finding this specimen, but he failed to find any others., Published as part of Barnes, Jeffrey K., 2008, Review of the genus Ceraturgus Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1766 on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182011, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antiatorum secundum ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunsvigae, 373 pp.","Macquart, J. (1834) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Dipteres, Tome premier. Paris, 578 pp.","Stone, A. (1980) History of Nearctic Dipterology. Volume 1 (Handbook), Part 1 in G. C. D. Griffiths (ed.), Flies of the Nearctic Region. 62 pp.","Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1828) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten, volume 1. Hamm. 608 pp.","Johnson, C. W. (1903) A new genus and four new species of Asilidae. Psyche, 10, 111 - 114.","Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. Third fascicle, Asilidae. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 51 pp.","Bromley, S. W. (1950 b) Ohio robber flies V. (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio Journal of Science, 50, 229 - 234."]}

Diogmites neoternatus (Bromley) (Fig. 27) The following description is based on four pupal cases. One male case with pinned adult from the United States National Museum is labeled "coll. Bryant, Fla.; pupa obtained from muck soil heavily infested with larvae of Dyscinetus morator (F.); emerged June 28, 1950; W.H. Thames, Jr." and one damaged case with a pinned female is labeled "Lakin, Kans.; 27 July 91." A male and female case from the Illinois Natural History Survey, with pinned adults, are labeled "Springfield, Ill.; Aug. 8, '15." Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 20.4–21.6 mm, ♀ 22.3 mm; greatest width of thorax ♂ 5.8–6.8 mm, ♀ 7.1 mm; greatest width of abdomen ♂ 4.8–5.3 mm, ♀ 5.1 mm, tapering to ♂ 2.2–2.6 mm, ♀ 2.7 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining dark golden brown; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically except for spurs that are uniformly colored; several segments mottled yellowish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped, apically rounded to blunt anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 subequal, apically rounded to blunt, basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; median process with outer basal pore. Labral sheath smooth except for long, length­wise grooves posteriorly and 4 short grooves along midline; distinct posterior keel or callosity absent. Proboscial sheath smooth, with short median groove posteriorly and small, oval callosity with small tubercle directly posterior to groove. Maxillary sheath smooth, extending two­thirds length of proboscial sheath, minute inner tubercle at juncture of labral and proboscial sheaths. Anterior coxal sheath smooth, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate­oval, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax on small callosity with 2 anterior ridges. Anterior mesothoracic spines above base of mid leg sheath paired, long, narrow, medially bent, posteriorly curved, apically pointed; basal area of cuticle surrounding spines highly rugose. Posterior mesothoracic callosity small, smooth to slightly rugulose, with small, apically rounded and heavily sclerotized posterior mesothoracic spine. Wing sheath mostly smooth, except for longitudinal grooves; median and basal tubercles absent. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching between middle and posterior margin of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles elongate­oval, reddish brown, situated along midline laterally on small callosities. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 19 long, subequal, apically recurved spurs; 5–7 spurs on each side of midline spatulate, becoming wider apically, sometimes bifurcate, sometimes with short basal spines; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; 8–9 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–7 with dorsal transverse row of 8 long, narrow, recurved spurs alternating with 7 shorter, wide, straight, sometimes apically bifurcate or trifurcate spines; spines becoming narrow, long, and more similar to long spurs posteriorly; 5–8 dorsolateral bristle­like spines on each side and 12–16 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; some bristle­like spines bifurcate or of irregular length. Segment 2 with 5–8 ventral bristle­like spines on each side of hind leg sheaths; segments 3–7 with complete transverse row of 37–46 ventral bristle­like spines reclining almost flat against integument. Segment 8 with 3–5 dorsal spurs on each side of midline and 8–11 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; spiracle and ventral spines absent. Segment 9 with small, dorsomedial callosity on each side of midline, pair of long dorsal posterolateral processes that curve toward each other, and pair of short ventral posterolateral processes fused basally to and curved toward dorsal posterolateral processes., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Mallophora fautrix Osten Sacken (Fig. 34) This description is based on a pupal case with a pinned male from the United States National Museum labeled "Coquillett; Los Angeles, Cal." Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, 27.0 mm; greatest width of thorax 6.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen 5.0 mm, tapering to 2.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, with some orange to tan mottling; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 subequal, basally fused posterior antennal processes; outer or third posterior process elbowed, middle and outer posterior processes round to flat apically, inner or first posterior process rounded. Labral sheath rugulose anteriorly, with apical keel surrounded by 2 dark, concentric rings. Proboscial sheath with 2 indistinct tubercles on each side of midline posteriorly and larger, posteriorly convex posterior tubercle. Maxillary sheath with large, posterior, apically rounded process, base and area on each side of labral sheath highly rugulose. Anterior coxal sheath mostly smooth with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate, surrounded by ring of cuticle flush with prothoracic area, situated laterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines consisting of pair of subequal, apically rounded spines above base of sheath of mid legs; thoracic area above spines rugose. Posterior mesothoracic callosity large, at base of wing sheath, with posterior median spine, rugose and indented near dorsal surface. Wing sheath apically rugulose, rugose and pitted above spiracle of abdominal segment 1; tubercle near base and shorter tubercle medially. Thoracic area above wing sheath and near anterior mesothoracic spines rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 2. Abdominal spiracles C­shaped, shining brown, situated along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 16 dorsoventrally flattened, straight to apically recurved spurs; median pair and dosolateral spurs short; 3 lateral bristle­like spines behind and below spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent. Segments 2–7 with dorsomedian transverse row of 13–20 alternating long, narrow spurs and short, straight to slightly recurved spines; short spines slightly anterior to long spurs; with 2–4 dorsolateral bristlelike spines, often basally fused. Segment 2 with 5 ventral bristle­like spines on each side of hind leg sheath; some spines fused basally. Abdominal segments 3–4 with 21–29 ventral bristle­like spines; segments 5–7 with 16–18 bristle­like spines; some spines bifurcate, apically round to more acute or pointed. Segments 2–7 with 6–8 bristle­like spines behind spiracles, some spines bifurcate or close together but not fused basally. Segment 8 with 4 dorsal spurs on each side of midline, 2 dorsolateral spines on each side, 2–3 very broad lateral bristle­like spines, and 6 ventral spines; spiracle absent. Segment 9 with pair of long dorsal posterolateral processes curved upward; pair of short ventral posterolateral processes fused basally to dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of large, midventral, apically rounded tubercles; and pair of large, rugose, posteroventral tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Promachus vertebratus (Say) (Figs 40–42) The following description is based on four male and five female pupal cases from the United States Nation Museum collection. The males are labeled "Crown Point, Ind.; IV­24­34; reared from Lachnosterna ?; Luginbill & Painter Colls," "Dayton, Ind.; VII­27­35; reared from Phyllophaga ?; P. Luginbill and H. R. Painter Colls," "Lafayette, Ind.; VIII­8­39; McCoy field; reared from Phyllophaga ?; P. Luginbill and H. R. Painter Colls," and "Lafayette, Ind., VII­27­39, McCoy field; reared from Phyllophaga ?; P. Luginbill and H. R. Painter Colls." Three females are labeled "Crown Point, Ind.; IV­24­34; reared from Lachnosterna ?; Luginbill & Painter Colls," one female is labeled "Crown Point, Ind.; IX­12­36; reared from Lachnosterna ?; P. Luginbill & H. R. Painter Colls," and one female is labeled "Merrillville, Ind.; VII­29­35; reared from Phyllophaga ?" The pupal case of P. vertebratus was described by Malloch (1915, 1916, 1917) and Davis (1919). Because these descriptions are incomplete we are redescribing the pupal cases here. Redescription: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 21.0–26.0 mm, ♀ 19.0–27.0 mm; greatest width of thorax ♂ 6.0– 6.5 mm, ♀ 6.0– 6.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen ♂ 4.5–5.5 mm, ♀ 5.0–6.0 mm, tapering to ♂ 1.5–2.0 mm and ♀ 1.5–2.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining, light golden brown; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer posterior processes closer together and fused basally for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner process; middle and outer posterior processes rounded apically; inner posterior process more acute apically, especially on posterior margin. Labral sheath rugose, with apical keel. Proboscial sheath rugose, with 2 tubercles on each side and large, basally concave median tubercle posteriorly; innermost tubercle smaller than outer tubercle and somewhat hidden in rugoseness. Maxillary sheath with large, apically rounded posterior process, rugose about process and often along innermost margin, especially on margin next to labral sheath. Anterior coxal sheath irregularly rugulose, with anterior, median, longitudinal split; with 1–2 small rugulose callosities on each side of proboscial sheath. Prothoracic spiracle on very rugose area, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines consisting of pair of dorsoventrally flattened, subequal spines on each side of thorax above mid leg sheaths; anterior spine broader basally than posterior spine, curved posteriorly and acute along posterior margin; posterior spine straight and medially acute, sometimes more wedge­shaped ventrally; thoracic area above spines rugose. Posterior mesothoracic callosity large, slightly rugose, with sclerotized margin, situated at base of each wing sheath; posterior mesothoracic spine short, apically rounded, located medially on posterior margin of callosity. Wing sheath with posterior half rugose; large, apically rounded, spine­like tubercle near base; 2 small median tubercles posteriorly; and small, circular, upraised area posterior to median tubercles and more toward outer edge of wing sheath. Thoracic area above wing sheath irregularly rugose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching between middle and posterior margin of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles C­shaped, shining reddish brown, situated along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 12–13 (usually 12) apically recurved spurs along anterior margin; outermost spur and sometimes second spur on each side of midline shorter than other subequal spurs; dorsolateral bristle­like spurs absent; 3 lateral bristle­like spines behind spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–6 with dorsomedian transverse row of 11–14 alternating broad, long, straight to apically recurved spurs and narrow, short, straight spines pointing posteriorly; spines slightly in front of long spurs; some short spines bifurcate or irregularly furcate. Segment 7 with dorsomedian transverse row of 6 long, sagittate, straight to apically recurved spurs; rarely with small spine between large spurs. Segments 2–7 with 5–9 dorsolateral bristle­like spines of unequal size, often basally fused; segments 2–6 and segment 7 with 8–10 and 6–7 narrow, mostly long bristle­like spines behind each spiracle, respectively; outermost spine on each side and sometimes other spines one­third to three­fourths as long as most spines; rarely with some spines bifurcate. Segment 2 with 4–7 long, median, ventral bristle­like spines on each side of hind leg sheath. Segments 3– 7 with ventral transverse row of 16–21 median bristle­like spines in male, with 20–24 ventral spines in female; some cases with median space on segment 3 or with bristle­like spines missing where hind leg sheath presumably rubbed against venter; median pair of spines on some segments darker and slightly in front of surrounding spines or slightly fused basally and diverging apically; some spines bifurcate and/or smaller than others. Segments 8–9 frequently bent ventrally at 45–90 0 angle so that ventral bristle­like spines on segment 7 touch venter of segment 8. Segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of midline, outermost spur usually shorter than innermost spur; spiracle not visible; with 3–4 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; males with 2 long, median, diverging ventral spines and 2 short ventrolateral spines; females lacking ventral spines. Segment 9 with pair of long dorsal posterolateral processes pointed dorsally and pair of small ventral posterolateral processes fused basally to dorsal posterolateral processes; with 2 terminal ventromedian tubercles just anterior to ventral posterolateral processes and 2 midventral tubercles shorter and closer together in females., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 67-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1915) Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 11, 305 - 363.","Malloch, J. R. (1916) A comparison of the pupae of Promachus vertebratus and Promachus fitchi. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 11, 66 - 68.","Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409.","Davis, J. J. (1919) Contributions to a knowledge of the natural enemies of Phyllophaga. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 13, 53 - 133."]}

Key to known pupal cases of Nearctic species of Mallophora 1 Maxillary sheath with small median process on each side of labral sheaths; prothoracic spiracle on rugose upraised area; abdominal segment 1 with all or some dorsal spurs expanded, sagittate, broad basally; segments 3–7 usually with median space in transverse row of ventral bristle­like spines (except male Mallophora bomboides)........................................................................................................................................2 ­ Maxillary sheath without median process on each side of labral sheaths; prothoracic spiracle almost flush with prothoracic area; dorsal spurs on abdominal segment 1 not basally expanded or sagittate; segments 3–7 without median space in ventral row of bristle­like spines..................................................................3 2 Anterior coxal sheath with suborbital spine at base; wing sheath with 2 median tubercles; abdominal segments 3–7 with ventral transverse row of 7–14 sometimes bifurcate bristle­like spines; abdominal segment 8 with 10 dorsal spurs.................................................................. Mallophora leschenaulti Macquart ­ Anterior coxal sheath without suborbital spine at base; wing sheath with 1 median tubercle; abdominal segments 3–7 with ventral transverse row of 20–36 unforked bristle­like spines; abdominal segment 8 with 2–3 dorsal spurs....................................................................... Mallophora bomboides (Wiedemann) 3 Posterior mesothoracic callosity with 1 median spine; abdominal segment 1 with 7–8 spurs in transverse row and 2 shorter median spines on anterior margin; segments 2–4 with dorsal transverse row of 16–20 alternating long, narrow spurs and short, wide, unforked bristle­like spines; segments 3–7 with ventral transverse row of 16–29 bristle­like spines; segment 8 with 4 dorsal spurs and lateral spines on each side.................................................................................................................... Mallophora fautrix Osten Sacken ­ Posterior mesothoracic callosity with 2 subequal spines; abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 16 spurs, outermost spine on each side short, 2 median spines three­fourths as long as adjacent spines; segments 2–4 with dorsal transverse row of 13–14 bifurcate or unforked spurs and spines of equal size; segments 3–7 with ventral transverse row of 10–14 bristle­like spines; segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs and 3 lateral spines on each side.................................................................... Mallophora orcina (Wiedemann), Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Machimus notatus (Wiedemann) (Fig. 52) The pupal case of Machimus notatus was briefly described by Malloch (1915, 1917) and Bromley (1946) under the name Asilus notatus Wiedemann. The redescription presented here is based on a male pupal case with associated pinned adult from the United States National Museum. It is labeled "Staten Isl., N.Y.; VI, 17, '28; S.W. Bromley Collection 1955." Redescription: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, 16.0 mm; greatest width of thorax 3.8 mm; greatest width of abdomen 3.5 mm, tapering to 1.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining light yellow tan, head and thorax slightly darker; bristle­like spines pale yellowish; head processes light reddish brown; anterior antennal processes darker apically, posterior processes more uniformly colored; spines and other processes of abdominal segment 8–9 darker reddish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes; middle and outer posterior processes fused for greater distance, appearing slightly shorter than inner posterior process; outer posterior process apically pointed on inner margin, with flattened, basal, oval area toward dorsum projecting slightly posteriorly beyond process; inner and middle posterior processes apically rounded. Labral sheath small, slightly rugose, especially near posteromedian tubercle. Proboscial sheath laterally rugulose, with median groove posteriorly, slightly ridged on each side, with flattened area of cuticle between groove and small, round, terminal tubercle. Maxillary sheath rugose anteriorly, slightly rugulose posteriorly, with minute tubercle­like swelling on inside margin halfway between sheath tip and posterior margin of labral sheath. Anterior coxal sheath mostly smooth, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate­oval, tilted posteriorly on small, smooth, anteriorly ridged callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines subequal, short, apically acute, situated above base of sheath of mid legs; both spines directed posteriorly; anterior spine more curved on inner margin than posterior spine; posterior spine straight sided, at sharp angle to thoracic surface. Posterior mesothoracic callosity smooth, with apically rounded to acute posterior mesothoracic spine at base of each wing sheath. Wing sheath rugose on posterior half. Thoracic area above wing sheath mostly smooth, except for rugoseness near posterior mesothoracic callosity. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles elongate­oval, reddish brown, similar to thoracic spiracles. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 10 long, apically recurved spurs, 2 median spines pointing laterally; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; with 5 bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–6 with dorsomedian transverse row of 6 long, straight spurs alternating with 7 short spines; segment 2 with short, apically blunt spines; segments 3–7 with spines apically rounded, similar to long spurs. Segments 2–7 with 4–7 (usually 6–7) dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 5–9 (usually 7–9) lateral bristlelike spines behind each spiracle; dorsolateral and lateral bristle­like spines frequently bent at right angle apically. Segment 2 with 8–11 straight to apically recurved bristle­like spines on each side of, and extending under, hind leg sheath; segments 3–5 with complete transverse row of 27–30 straight to apically recurved ventral bristle­like spines; segments 6 and 7 with 23 and 21 bristle­like spines, respectively. Segment 8 with 1 dorsal spur on each side of midline, 1–2 dorsolateral spines, small reddish­brown spiracle at lateral midline, 5–6 lateral bristle­like spines on each side, and complete transverse row of 16 overlapping ventral bristle­like spines. Segment 9 with pair of long dorsal posterolateral processes curved toward each other for entire length; pair of ventral posterolateral processes apically bent at a right angle toward each other, not fused basally to dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of approximate terminal posteroventral tubercles slightly anterior to ventral posterolateral processes, and pair of widely separated midventral tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 86-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1915) Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 11, 305 - 363.","Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409.","Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 1 - 48."]}

Apachekolos tenuipes (Loew) (Fig. 8) This description is based on one pupal case associated with an adult female in alcohol, from the United States National Museum of Natural History. It is labeled "Tenn.: Anderson Co.; on rt. 116, 12– 24 mi. W. on rt. 25 (Lake City); Aug. 30–31, 1966; F. A. Coyle." Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, 11.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 2.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen 2.5 mm, tapering to 1.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, margins of wing and leg sheaths slightly darker; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown; hair­like processes uniformly reddish brown to lighter apically. Head with pair of large, dorsoventrally flattened anterior antennal processes joined at base and small posterior antennal processes comprising median spine and 2 terminal, posteriorly pointed to rounded, widely separated tips; posterior antennal processes apparently separate from anterior antennal processes or slightly joined basally by rugulose ridge. Facial area smooth, with small pit centrally on each side of midline. Labral sheath smooth, with slight median ridge. Proboscial and maxillary sheaths smooth; maxillary sheath threefourths as long as proboscial sheath. Anterior coxal sheath smooth, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle round, raised on small callosity or flush with surface, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines lacking. Indistinct posterior mesothoracic callosity present, with long, slender, hair­like process near anterior margin. Dorsal surface of thorax with long, slender, hair­like process on each side of midline. Wing sheath smooth, lacking grooves or tubercles. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth. Apex of fore leg sheath projecting slightly beyond apex of wing sheath; apex of mid leg sheath reaching between anterior margin and middle of abdominal segment 3; apex of hind leg sheath reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of abdominal segment 4. Abdominal spiracles small, C­shaped, reddish brown, flush with cuticle, situated along midline laterally on abdominal segments 1­8. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 18 long, slender, hair­like processes, longer than length of segment, alternating with 5 short, reclinate spines located slightly anterior to hair­like processes, the middle 4 hair­like processes slightly shorter than others; segment 1 with 6–7 lateral spurs on slight callosity behind spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–7 similar to segment 1, with dorsal transverse row of 12–15 long, slender, hair­like processes of about equal length alternating with 5 short, reclinate spines about 2–3 times larger than spines on first segment; segments 2–4 also with 1 short spine on each side, lateral to larger spines; segments 2–6 with 4–6 (usually 5 or 6) long, lateral hair­like processes behind each spiracle; segment 7 with 3–4 long, lateral bristle­like spurs behind each spiracle. Segments 2–5 with 2 long, lateral hair­like processes; venter of segments 6–7 with 3 long, lateral hair­like processes. Segment 8 with dorsal transverse row of 10 long hair­like processes and lateral row of 3 long hair­like processes on each side separated from dorsal spurs by spiracles; venter smooth, lacking hair­like processes. Segment 9 with pair of short, dorsoventrally­flattened dorsomedian processes and pair of longer, coneshaped, ventral posterolateral processes separated from each other; all processes curved downward toward the venter., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Promachus bastardii (Macquart) (Fig. 38) The following description is based on six pupal cases with pinned adults from the United States National Museum collection. Four males are labeled "Agawam, Mass.; 8 VII 15; H.E. Smith Coll.; W. Springfield No. 915339; W. R. Walton Coll.," "Agawam, Mass.; 10 VII 15; H.E. Smith Coll.; W. Springfield No. 915297," "Agawam, Mass.; 5 VII 15; H.E. Smith Coll.; W. Springfield No. 91510; W. R. Walton Coll.," and " W. Springfield No. 9159; 5 VI 16; W. R. Walton Coll." Two females are labeled " Agawam, Mass.; 8 VII 15; H.E. Smith Coll.; W. Springfield No. 915293," and " Cass Co., Minn.; Cass Lake, Minn.; from soil; May 21, 1937; pupated June 22, 1937, emerged July 11, 1937; R. H. Nagel. " The latter label indicates that under some circumstances the pupal stadium for this species can be 19 days. Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 18.5–21.0 mm, ♀ 21.0–22.0 mm; greatest width of thorax, ♂ 5.0– 5.5 mm, ♀ 5.5 mm; tapering to ♂ 2.0– 2.5 mm and ♀ 1.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer posterior processes fused basally for a greater distance and appearing shorter than inner posterior process; middle and outer posterior processes rounded apically, inner and middle posterior processes acute. Labral sheath very rugose, with slight keel to apically rounded tubercle often surrounded by 2–3 dark, sclerotized concentric rings. Proboscial sheath usually with 2 tubercles on each side of midline posteriorly, outer tubercles rounded or concave apically, inner tubercles more concave apically; with larger posterior tubercle on midline, rugose around tubercles and to each side of midline. Maxillary sheath with posterior, apically rounded, rugose process, often with minute median processes, rugulose on either side of labral sheaths. Anterior coxal sheath smooth to rugulose along side and posteriorly; anterior third with median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle difficult to see in rugose ring of thickened cuticle nearly flush with thoracic area, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines subequal, acuminate, on each side of thorax above bases of sheaths of mid legs. Thoracic area above spines rugulose. Posterior mesothoracic callosity large, rugose, located at base of wing sheath, often with minute, median, posterior mesothoracic spine toward dorsum. Wing sheath rugulose posteriorly and along edges, with short tubercle near base and 2 minute tubercles medially, often hidden in rugulose area. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath usually reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3 or slightly beyond. Abdominal spiracles C­shaped, shining reddish brown, located along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 12–14 dorsally flattened, apically recurved spurs along anterior margin; outermost spurs shorter than others; median spur one­fourth to one­third as long as others, some spurs fused basally; with 3 bristle­like spines behind spiracles; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–3 with dorsomedian row of 14–15 alternating straight to slightly apically recurved long spurs and straight, short spines; 2 outer spines sometimes bifurcate; all other spines bifurcate to quadrifurcate, with teeth of unequal size, except for unforked median spine; spurs sometimes bifurcate, with teeth of unequal size. Segments 4–6 similar to 2–3, but with fewer short spines and more single­toothed spines posteriorly. Segment 7 usually with 6 long dorsal spurs, but sometimes with alternating short spines. Segments 2–7 with 4–7 dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 5–9 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; spines sometimes bifurcate. Segment 2 with 5–8 long ventral bristle­like spines on each side of hind leg sheath. Segments 3–6 with complete transverse row of 22–29 ventral bristle­like spines. Segment 7 with 12–17 ventral bristle­like spines. Segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of dorsal midline, small spiracle at lateral midline, 3–5 lateral bristle­like spines, and 4 ventral spines in males; ventral spines absent in females. Segment 9 with pair of long dorsal posterolateral processes and pair of very short ventral posterolateral processes fused basally to dorsal posterolateral processes, pair of small median tubercles midventrally on posterior part of segment 9 and pair of midventral median tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 62-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Key to known pupal cases of Nearctic species of Ommatius 1 Outer or third posterior antennal process rounded and ridge­like; proboscial sheath smooth, except for slight rugoseness posteriorly; thoracic area above wing sheath with yellowish dorsomedian bristle­like spine behind posterior mesothoracic callosity; segment 1 without dorsolateral bristle­like spine on each side; venter of segment 8 with 15 bristle­like spines......................................... Ommatius gemma Brimley ­ Outer or third posterior antennal process apically acute; proboscial sheath smooth with rugose swellings on each side of midline posteriorly and median concave tubercle separated from swellings by narrow ridge of cuticle; thoracic area above wing sheath without dorsomedian bristle­like spine; segment 1 with 1 dorsolateral bristle­like spine on each side; venter of segment 8 with 4 bristle­like spines.............................................................................................................................................................. Ommatius tibialis Say, Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Efferia aestuans (Linnaeus) (Fig. 44) Descriptions of the pupae of Efferia aestuans were given in Bromley's (1946) key to Connecticut robber fly pupal cases and by Malloch (1917) and Riley (1870). Although Malloch's (1917) description of a male pupal case is fairly complete, it is not presented in a style parallel to ours. We therefore redescribe this species utilizing both male and female material. This description is based on five pupal cases with associated, pinned adults from the United States National Museum; two male cases are labeled "Lockport, N.Y.; 12 July 1945; L.L. Pechuman; from larva in garden soil; S.W. Bromley Collection 1955," and "E. Baton Rouge Par.; Hylandia Road; 18 July 1969; Mac Tidwell; reared from pupae, emerged 28 July 1969." Three female cases are labeled "Lockport, N.Y.; 24 July 1945; L.L. Pechuman; from larva found in garden soil; S.W. Bromley Collection 1955," "Acc. 15.4; Tidwell; Idlewild Ex. Farm; E. Feliciana Par.; 7 April 1965; reared from larvae, pupated 8 July, emer. 6 Aug," and "Stamford, Conn.; July 15, 1929; B.T.R. Lab.; Col. S.W. Bromley Collection 1955." Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 14.5–18.5 mm, ♀ 16.5–17.5 mm; greatest width of thorax, ♂ 4.0 mm, ♀ 4.0– 4.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen, ♂ 3.0– 3.3 mm, ♀ 3.5–4.3 mm, tapering to ♂ 1.3 mm and ♀ 1.0– 1.5 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, wing sheath darker apically; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically, except for uniformly colored dorsal abdominal spines; bristle­like spines yellowish to reddish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer posterior processes closer together and fused for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner posterior process; outer posterior process usually broad, with outer flattened area basally; inner and middle posterior processes narrow, acute to slightly rounded apically, with middle posterior process sometimes smaller than inner process. Labral sheath smooth to rugose, usually with a slight apical keel. Proboscial sheath smooth to rugose on each side of midline, with small, rugose, ridge­like tubercle on each side of midline and small, ventrally concave, median tubercle posteriorly. Maxillary sheath rugose on inner margin, with small posterior tubercle; sometimes with minute, yellowish tubercle just above anterior margin of proboscial sheath on each side of labral sheath. Anterior coxal sheath irregularly rugulose, with anterior, median, longitudinal split; sometimes with minute anterior tubercle on each side of midline directly posterior to small lateral tubercles of proboscial sheath. Prothoracic spiracles elongate­oval, slightly upraised, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines consisting of pair of long, posteriorly curved, pointed spines above base of sheath of mid legs; posterior spine wider basally than anterior spine. Posterior mesothoracic callosity medium sized, smooth to slightly rugulose, with small, apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine. Wing sheath irregularly rugose, lacking basal tubercles. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to irregularly rugose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles semi­oval, upraised, situated along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 12–13 long, apically recurved spurs, outermost spur on each side sometime very short; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; 3 bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–7 with dorsomedian transverse row of 6 long spurs alternating with 8–14 short spines; spines broad, slightly in front of long spurs, sometimes bifurcate apically; 4–8 long dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 5–8 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; some dorsolateral spines bifurcate or trifurcate; lateral spine toward dorsum and some other lateral spines about one­half as long as surrounding spines. Segment 2 with 7–11 long, apically recurved ventral bristle­like spines on each side of and extending under hind leg sheaths; segments 3–7 with complete transverse row of 20–31 long, straight to apically recurved ventral bristle­like spines. Segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of dorsal midline; small dark­brown spiracle at lateral midline; and 5–6 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; venter of female with 3 long bristle­like spines on each side of and curved toward ventral midline; male cases with 4–6 bristle­like spines on each side of midline and 1–2 median bristle­like spines. Segment 9 with pair of long, straight to slightly apically recurved dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of short ventral posterolateral processes not fused to but curved toward dorsal posterolateral processes; and pair of small posteroventral and posteromedain tubercles; males with pair of large, widely separated, acuminate anteroventral tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 71-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 1 - 48.","Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409.","Riley, C. V. (1870) Second Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Missouri State Board of Agriculture, Jefferson City, Missouri, 135 pp."]}

Efferia triton (Osten Sacken) (Fig. 45) In the United States National Museum there is one male Efferia triton pupal case with associated pinned adult labeled " S. Rita Mts., Ar.; 30­5; Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz." Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, 19.5 mm; greatest width of thorax 4.5 mm; greatest width of abdomen 4.0 mm, tapering to 2.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining light golden brown; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, spines on dorsum of abdomen more glistening reddish; bristle­like spines light reddish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer processes closer together and fused for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner process; outer posterior process wide, apically blunt, slightly curved medially, with flattened underside basally toward dorsum; inner and middle posterior processes narrow, apically rounded and straight; with small space underneath outer posterior process. Labral sheath slightly rugose, with apical keel. Proboscial sheath rugose on each side of midline and around elongate tubercle on each side of midline posteriorly; with median, basally concave tubercle slightly posterior to lateral tubercles. Maxillary sheath rugose, with apically rounded process. Anterior coxal sheath irregularly rugulose and rugose on each side of midline, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate­oval, slightly elevated, not on callosity, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines consisting of pair of short, apically acute, subequal spines at base of sheath of mid legs; posterior spine broad basally, straight; anterior spine narrower, curved posteriorly. Posterior mesothoracic callosity large, mostly smooth, except for rugose anterior margin, with small, apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine; posterior and dorsal margins sclerotized. Wing sheath mostly rugulose with small basal and median tubercles. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to slightly rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles semi­oval, light reddish brown, slightly elevated, situated along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 18 mostly long, straight to apically recurved spurs; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; with 6 alternately long and short lateral bristle­like spines behind spiracle on each side; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segment 2 with dorsomedian transverse row of 12 alternating long, straight spurs and short spines; pair of short dorsomedian spines; 5 short dorsolateral spines; 4 dorsolateral bristle­like spines; and 6–8 bristle­like spines behind each spiracle. Segments 3–6 similar to segment 2, but with 1–4 short dorsolateral spines, single short median spine, 3–5 dorsolateral bristle­like spines, and 6 bristle­like spines behind each spiracle. Segment 7 with dorsal, transverse row of 13 alternating long spurs and short spines, 3 dorsolateral bristlelike spines, and 5 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle. Segment 2 with 5 ventral bristle­like spines on each side of and slightly extending under sheaths of mid legs; segments 3–7 with 13–22 ventral bristle­like spines of irregular length. Segment 8 with 3 long dorsal spurs on each side of midline; spiracle not visible; with 6–8 lateral bristlelike spines of irregular length; and ventral transverse row of 16 bristle­like spines on posterior margin. Segment 9 with pair of short dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of still shorter ventral posterolateral processes; pair of very small posteroventral tubercles; and pair of small ventromedial tubercles; male with pair of larger, widely separated anteroventral tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 74-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591

Asilus sericeus Say (Figs 54–56) A good description of an Asilus sericeus female pupal case was given by Malloch (1917). This species was also included in a key to the pupal cases of Connecticut robber flies by Bromley (1946). The following description is based on 3 male and 3 female pupal cases from the United States National Museum and 2 females from the Charles A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Ohio State University. A male preserved in alcohol without an associated adult is labeled " Asilus sericeus Say; Stoughton, Mass.; May 1924; D. H. Blake coll." The other 2 male pupal cases and 2 females from the National Museum are pinned with adults and labeled "Stoughton, Mass.; June 1924; D. H. Blake coll." Among the Stoughton material collected in June 1924, one female case is pinned with an adult male and two male cases are pinned with adult females. The last National Museum female is labeled "Falls Church, Va.; May 13, 23; in earth under rotten manure; pupated May 16, 1923, emerged June 4, 1923." The 2 females from the Ohio collection are pinned with associated adults and labeled "Columbus, O.; issued 6.10.03." Redescription: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 14.5–15.5 mm, ♀ 14.5–20.00 mm; greatest width of thorax ♂ 3.5–4.0 mm; ♀ 3.5–5.0 mm; greatest width of abdomen ♂ 2.8–3.3 mm, ♀ 3.0– 4.3 mm, tapering to ♂ 1.0– 1.5 mm and ♀ 1.0–2.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, wing and leg sheaths darker apically; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically except for uniformly colored dorsal abdominal spines; bristle­like spines yellowish to yellowish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer posterior processes closer together and fused for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner posterior process; inner posterior process usually somewhat thicker than middle and outer posterior processes; outer posterior process with posteriorly lipped, outer, oval flattened area toward dorsum; all 3 posterior processes apically rounded to acute, outer posterior process often more so anteriorly; 1 male with very small middle posterior process almost completely lying against outer posterior process and with small spine­like process between middle and inner posterior process. Labral sheath slightly rugulose, especially along midline, and with elongate, tubercle­like posterior keel. Proboscial sheath smooth to slightly rugulose on each side of midline, with very shallow median groove posteriorly and small tubercle separated from groove by area of flattened cuticle. Maxillary sheath smooth to rugose on inner margin, especially on each side of labral sheath; posterior and median processes or tubercles absent. Anterior coxal sheath smooth to irregularly minutely rugulose, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate­oval, directed posteriorly on small callosity with slight anterior ridge, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines long, subequal, posteriorly curved, situated above base of sheath of mid legs; posterior spine apically rounded, 2–3 times as wide as apically acute anterior spine. Posterior mesothoracic callosity smooth to irregularly rugulose near apically rounded posterior spine, usually irregularly rugulose to rugose on margin, at base of each wing sheath. Wing sheath rugose on posterior third, smooth to irregularly rugulose anteriorly; basal and median tubercles absent. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to irregularly rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching between middle and posterior margin of abdominal segment 3. Abdominal spiracles reddish brown, elongate­oval, elevated along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 12–15 (usually 12) long, apically recurved spurs; sometimes with smaller spur between larger spurs, outer spurs sometimes slightly shorter than others; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; with 5–7 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–5 with 1–4 short outer spines on each side and dorsomedian row of 6 long, straight to apically recurved spurs alternating with 4–6 short, straight spines; spines slightly anterior to spurs; median short spine sometimes bifurcate; segments 6–7 with row of 6 long spurs alternating with 7 short spines, with or without short, median, bifurcate spine. Segments 2–6 with 4–7 (usually 4–5) dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 7–9 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; segment 7 with 2–7 dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 6–8 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; dorsolateral bristle­like spines usually subequal, straight to strongly recurved; lateral bristle­like spines of unequal size, straight to apically recurved. Segment 2 with 6–8 bristle­like spines on each side of and extending slightly under hind leg sheath; segments 3–7 with complete transverse row of 22–30 ventral bristle­like spines; spines usually long, sometimes short, straight to apically recurved. Segment 8 with 2 long dorsal spurs and rarely 1–2 dorsolateral bristle­like spines on each side of dorsal midline; small brown spiracle at lateral midline; with 3–5 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; male with median row of 12–16 ventral bristle­like spines; female with 1–2 ventral bristle­like spines on each side of midline. Abdominal segment 9 with pair of long, recurved dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of short, apically recurved ventral posterolateral processes not fused to dorsal posterolateral processes; and pair of long, widely separated terminal posteroventral processes not joined basally; male with pair of large, widely separated ventromedian tubercles; female lacking ventromedian tubercles., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409.","Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 1 - 48."]}

Megaphorus guildiana (Williston) (Fig. 50) A description of a male pupal case was given by Dennis & Lavigne (1976a) (as Mallophorina guildiana (Williston)). A specimen deposited in the United States National Museum is labeled "Jack Jones Pl., Wheatland, Wyo.; VII–29–1973; S. Dennis Collector. " The description should include the following: abdominal spiracles reddish brown, elongate­oval, situated along midline laterally., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Dennis, D. S. & Lavigne, R. J. (1976 a) Descriptions and notes on the pupae and pupal cases of ten species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 277 - 303."]}

Machimus lecythus (Walker), new combination (Fig. 51) The following description is based on one male and two female pupal cases of M. lecythus with associated pinned adults from the United States National Museum. All three specimens are labeled "Agawam, Mass.; on 15 VI 15; H.E. Smith collector.” The male is also labeled " W. Springfield No. 915342;" the two females bear similar labels, but with the numbers 915276 and 915332. Martin & Wilcox (1965) listed this species among a total of 38 cataloged in the genus Asilus in North American north of Mexico. Martin (1975) transferred the species to Eutolmus (misspelled as Eutolmerus), and it thus became the only Nearctic representative of an otherwise Palaearctic genus. In their updated catalog of Nearctic robber flies, Fisher and Wilson (in litt.) have transferred 14 North American Asilus species to Machimus, including A. lecythus. They transferred the other species to Dicropaltum, Negasilus, Neomochtherus, Polacantha, Prolatiforceps, and Wyliea, leaving only Asilus sericeus Say in an otherwise widespread genus. Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes, ♂ 16.0 mm, ♀ 16.5–18.0 mm; greatest width of thorax ♂ 3.5 mm, ♀ 4.0 mm; greatest width of abdomen ♂ 3.3 mm, ♀ 3.5 mm, tapering to ♂ 1.0 mm and ♀ 1.0 mm at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically except for uniformly colored dorsal abdominal spurs and spines; bristle­like spines yellowish to yellowish brown. Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 subequal, basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side, middle and outer posterior processes closer together and fused for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner posterior process; outer posterior process wide entire length, apically blunt to more acute and with oval flat area, with an outer lip basally toward dorsum; inner and middle posterior processes tapering and rounded to more acute apically. Labral sheath rugose with posterior tubercle­like keel. Proboscial sheath smooth to rugulose posteriorly and on each side of midline; with shallow median groove posteriorly separated from small tubercle by area of flattened cuticle. Maxillary sheath rugulose on inner margin, otherwise smooth to irregularly rugulose; posterior processes absent, but sometimes with small tubercle­like swelling on inner margin near middle of proboscial sheath. Anterior coxal sheath smooth to irregularly rugulose, especially on margins, with anterior, median, longitudinal split. Prothoracic spiracle elongate­oval, directed somewhat posteriorly, on small callosity with small anterior ridge, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines apically acute, situated above bases of sheaths of mid legs; posterior spine straight, about 2 times as wide as and 1.5–2.0 times as long as posteriorly curved anterior spine. Posterior mesothoracic callosity smooth except for rugose margin, with apically rounded to acute posterior mesothoracic spine. Wing sheath rugose on posterior third, irregularly rugose on anterior two­thirds; basal and median tubercles absent. Thoracic area above wing sheath irregularly rugulose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3 in female, between middle and posterior margin of segment 3 in male. Abdominal spiracles elongate­oval, reddish brown, elevated slightly along midline laterally. Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 10–11 long, apically recurved spurs, sometimes with short outer spines; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; with 3 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths. Segments 2–6 with 1–3 small, short dorsolateral spines on each side and dorsomedian row of 6 long, straight to slightly recurved, apically acute spurs alternating with 5 short, straight spines; spines apically blunt on anterior segments and more acute on posterior segments; segment 7 similar to 2–6, but outermost short spine sometimes absent on 1 or both sides. Segments 2–7 with 8–12 dorsolateral and 4–7 lateral, straight to apically recurved, unequal bristle­like spines on each side; with fewer bristle­like spines on progressively posterior segments. Segment 2 with 7–9 recurved ventral bristle­like spines on each side of and extending under hind leg sheaths; segments 3–6 and 7 with complete ventral transverse row of 25–31 and 21–24 straight to apically recurved bristle­like spines, respectively. Segment 8 of male with 1 long and 1 shorter dorsolateral reddish­brown spur on each side of dorsal midline; segment 8 of female with 1–2 subequal dorsolateral spurs on each side of dorsal midline; both male and female with small, reddish­brown spiracle at lateral midline; with 4–7 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; venter of male with transverse row of 17 bristle­like spines, with outer spines curved toward midline; venter of female with 1–2 ventrolateral bristle­like spines curved toward midline, outermost spines sometimes straight. Segment 9 with pair of long, recurved dorsal posterolateral processes and pair of short, apically recurved ventral posterolateral processes. Female with pair of fairly long, approximate, terminal posteroventral tubercles; pair of low, basally fused ventromedian tubercles; and pair of low, basally fused tubercles at the junction of abdominal segments 8 and 9. Male with pair of widely separated terminal posteroventral processes, pair of widely separated ventromedian processes, and rugose area at junction of segments 8 and 9., Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on pages 84-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591, {"references":["Martin, C. H. &. Wilcox, J. (1965) Family Asilidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of Diptera of North America. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, 276, 360 - 401.","Martin, C. H. (1975) The generic and specific characters of four old and six new Asilini genera in the western United States, Mexico, and Central America (Diptera: Asilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 119, 1 - 107."]}

Key to known pupal cases of Nearctic genera of Leptogastrinae 1 Facial area without bristles, median tubercles, or callosities; anterior and posterior antennal processes present, the former without lateral process, the latter palmate; abdominal segment 9 with short dorsomedian processes and long ventral posterolateral processes........................................................ Apachekolos ­ Facial area with median callosities or tubercles and bristles; anterior or posterior antennal processes lacking, but head with callosities or tubercles; anterior callosity or tubercle with lateral bristle on each side; posterior callosity or tubercle sometimes ridge­like and pointed posteriorly; abdominal segment 9 with only dorsal posterolateral processes, ventral posterolateral processes absent........................... Leptogaster, Published as part of Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2008, Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 1868 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5133591