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Microorganisms' degradation of agro-industrial waste produces bad odors and greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Consequently, eco-friendly, sustainable biotechnological alternatives to this waste are sought to provide additional value, which is why this study's objective was to develop a method of producing unicellular proteins from artichoke and asparagus agro-industrial waste using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa as a producer organism. Agricultural soil was collected from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (Peru), and R. mucilaginosa was isolated and identified using biochemical tests. Proteins and carotenoids were produced from artichokes and asparagus residues using the R. mucilaginosa yeast. Four substrate concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40%) and a pH range (5–8.1) were used. They were incubated at 30 °C for 72 h. The results showed that protein and carotenoid yield varied according to pH and substrate concentration. Artichoke residues reached a maximum protein yield of 25.98 mg/g and carotenoids of 159.26 μg/g at pH 5–6.6, respectively. Likewise, the asparagus residue showed a maximum protein yield of 20.22 mg/g and a carotenoid yield of 358.05 μg/g at a pH of 7.1 and 6.6, respectively. This study demonstrated the potential of artichoke and asparagus agro-industrial residues for the production of unicellular proteins and carotenoids using R. mucilaginosa. Further, it represents an appropriate alternative to properly managing agro-industrial waste, giving it an economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]